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Affolter VK, Yager JA, von Tscharner C, Mauldin E. Pattern analysis for the diagnosis of inflammatory skin lesions in domestic animals: An overview. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:723-731. [PMID: 37515547 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231189456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Pattern analysis of inflammatory skin diseases is a technique that offers a systematic approach to the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases. First introduced to human dermatopathology in the 1970s, it was widely adopted by veterinary pathologists for the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases in animals. As the inflammatory pattern reflects, to varying extents, aspects of the underlying disease pathogenesis, its use has contributed to the recognition of novel skin diseases in domestic animals, particularly in dogs and cats. Alternative diagnostic approaches used in human dermatopathology, such as "tissue-reaction pattern" and a purely "anatomic approach" have not been as widely used in veterinary pathology. However, veterinary pathologists often combine pattern analysis with anatomic and etiologic factors. This overview outlines the technique, introduces the patterns, and discusses advantages and limitations of pattern analysis in veterinary diagnostic dermatopathology. While molecular analytic techniques and image informatics will undoubtedly prove to be revolutionary in many areas of diagnostic pathology, it is recognized in both human and veterinary arenas that the light microscopic interpretation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections will remain the mainstay of routine dermatopathology diagnosis for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie A Yager
- Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Faccin M, Wiener DJ, Rech RR, Santoro D, Rodrigues Hoffmann A. Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:796-811. [PMID: 37264789 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin covers the external surface of animals, and it is constantly exposed to and inhabited by different microorganisms, including bacteria. Alterations in the skin barrier allow commensal and/or pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and penetrate deep into the lower layers of the skin. Being the first barrier to the external environment, the skin is prone to injuries, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that may lead to severe deep infections. Companion animals, especially dogs, are prone to bacterial infections, often secondary to allergic dermatitis. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats can develop superficial infections, such as those caused by Dermatophilus congolensis. Deep inflammation is commonly caused by Mycobacterium spp., which results in granulomatous to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Likewise, bacteria such as Nocardia spp. and Actinomyces spp. can cause deep pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacteria that lead to deep necrotizing lesions (eg, necrotizing fasciitis/flesh-eating bacteria) can be severe and even result in death. This review includes an overview of the most common cutaneous bacterial infections of domestic animals, highlighting the main features and histologic morphology of the bacteria, cutaneous structures involved, and the type of inflammatory infiltrates.
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3
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Bohm M. Resolution of feline
Mycobacterium
panniculitis despite protracted treatment with methylprednisolone acetate. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022; 93:109-111. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Bohm
- King Edward Veterinary Referral Hospital,
South Africa
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4
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Pray B, Diaz Campos D, van Balen JC, Cole L, Jennings RN. Diagnostic challenge in veterinary pathology: Chronic ulcerative pododermatitis in a cat. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:890-893. [PMID: 35899370 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221115422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Cole AL, Kirk NM, Wang L, Hung CC, Samuelson JP. Mycobacterium fortuitum abortion in a sow. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:116-120. [PMID: 34448422 PMCID: PMC8689021 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211042289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two aborted Chester White pig fetuses were presented to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Illinois. Postmortem examination identified no gross abnormalities. Histologic evaluation revealed multifocal necrosis of chorionic epithelial cells, coalescing areas of mineralization in the placenta, and focal accumulations of viable and degenerate neutrophils in the lung. Intra- and extracellular acid-fast bacilli were identified in the lesions in both the placenta and lungs. Bacterial culture of stomach contents yielded heavy growth of Mycobacterium fortuitum, a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM), which was further confirmed through whole-genome sequencing. NTM are opportunistic pathogens commonly found in the soil and in contaminated water supplies. In animals, M. fortuitum is typically introduced through cutaneous wounds leading to infections limited to the skin, with systemic infection being uncommon. To our knowledge, abortion caused by M. fortuitum has not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa L. Cole
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Natalie M. Kirk
- Departments of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Current address: Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chien-Che Hung
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Samuelson
- Jonathan P. Samuelson, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S Lincoln, M/C 002, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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6
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Wu CY, Diaz S, Ellis A, Jones R, Pucheu-Haston C. Cutaneous Mycobacterium goodii infection in an immunocompetent cat in Louisiana: clinical presentation, molecular identification, antimicrobial susceptibility and management. JFMS Open Rep 2022; 8:20551169221090442. [PMID: 35462863 PMCID: PMC9021483 DOI: 10.1177/20551169221090442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-year-old spayed female domestic shorthair cat was presented to a referral hospital for management of recurring non-healing ulcerations and a subcutaneous mass on the ventral abdomen. Prior treatment included antibiotics (cefovecin followed by clindamycin), wound cleaning and surgical debulking, but the ulcerations and mass recurred 1 month after surgical removal. At this point, the cat was started on doxycycline and pradofloxacin and referred for further work-up. The culture of skin biopsy specimens obtained at the time of referral revealed a population of bacterial colonies with two distinctly different phenotypes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified both colonies as Mycobacterium goodii. A diagnosis of a cutaneous infection of rapidly growing mycobacteria was made, and treatment with oral pradofloxacin and doxycycline was initiated. The ulcerations resolved within 4 months, and the subcutaneous mass gradually decreased in size until it was no longer palpable, even 4 months after the cessation of antibiotics. Relevance and novel information This is the second reported feline cutaneous M goodii infection in North America. The organism was not visualized on histopathology but was successfully cultured from tissue obtained by skin punch biopsy. A phenotypic switching phenomenon affecting the susceptibility results was suspected, possibly explaining the presence of phenotypically different but genetically identical strains. This case highlights the importance of submitting aseptically obtained tissue, fluid or fine-needle aspirates for culture and species identification, as well as histopathology, when infection with higher bacteria, such as rapidly growing mycobacteria, is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Rebekah Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Cherie Pucheu-Haston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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7
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Mitchell JL, Stanley P, McDonald K, Burr P, Rhodes SG, Gunn-Moore DA, Hope JC. Diagnostic accuracy of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for cases of feline mycobacteriosis. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105409. [PMID: 34126470 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for diagnosing infections with members of the Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis-complex (MTBC) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in domestic cats, and to generate defined feline-specific cut-off values using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to improve test performance. Records of 594 cats that had been tested by IGRA were explored to identify individuals that had a culture and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed case of mycobacterial disease, and those that had a final diagnosis of non-mycobacterial disease. A total of 117 cats - 80 with mycobacterial disease and 37 diagnosed with a condition other than mycobacteriosis - were identified for further detailed analysis. This population was used to estimate test sensitivity and specificity, as well as likelihood ratios for the IGRA to correctly identify a cat with or without mycobacterial disease. Agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR using current and proposed new cut-off values was also determined. ROC analysis of defined confirmed infected and non-mycobacterial disease control cats allowed an adjustment of current test cut-offs that increased the overall test sensitivity for MTBC infections from 83.1 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 71.5-90.5 %) to 90.2 % (95 % CI: 80.2-95.4%), and M. bovis infection from 43 % (95 % CI: 28.2-60.7%) to 68 % (95 % CI: 51.4-82.1%) while maintaining high test specificity (100 % in both cases). Overall agreement between IGRA results and culture/PCR, while recognising that neither culture nor PCR tests have perfect sensitivity, improved from weak (κ = 0.57) to moderate (κ = 0.71) using new proposed IGRA test cut-off values. Application of these results, based upon the statistical analysis of accumulated test data, can improve the diagnostic performance of the feline IGRA, particularly for identifying infections with M. bovis, without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Mitchell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Stanley
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kieran McDonald
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Burr
- Biobest Laboratories Ltd, 6 Charles Darwin House, Edinburgh Technopole, Milton Bridge, Near Penicuik, EH26 0PY, United Kingdom
| | - Shelley G Rhodes
- Animal & Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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8
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Apostolopoulos N, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Wildermuth B, Moser I, Hillemann D, Nobach D, Herden C, Ewers C, Thom N. Mycobacterium setense isolated from a cat with atypical mycobacterial panniculitis. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:390-396. [PMID: 34169497 DOI: 10.1055/a-1528-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical mycobacterial panniculitis was diagnosed in a cat. Mycobacterium setense was identified as causative agent by 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This a gram-positive rod-shaped acid-fast bacterium belonging to Mycobacterium fortuitum group was never reported before in diseased animals. Resistance to doxycycline and clarithromycin was detected. During treatment with pradofloxacin, additional resistance to fluoroquinolones developed which was due to a mutation in the gyrase gene gyrA (S90W exchange). Despite of antimicrobial treatment for 33 months the patient did not fully recover. Species identification and susceptibility testing for choosing adequate antimicrobial treatment is recommended in cases of feline mycobacterial panniculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irmgard Moser
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Doris Hillemann
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Daniel Nobach
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nina Thom
- Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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9
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Munro MJL, Byrne BA, Sykes JE. Feline mycobacterial disease in northern California: Epidemiology, clinical features, and antimicrobial susceptibility. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:273-283. [PMID: 33346952 PMCID: PMC7848370 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterial infections in cats are challenging to treat and incompletely described. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To describe the features of mycobacterial infections in cats from northern California. ANIMALS Nineteen cats, all with nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections; 4 with Mycobacterium avium infection, 15 with rapid-growing mycobacterial (RGM) infection. METHODS Retrospective study. Cases with positive mycobacterial culture, species identification, and susceptibility testing were included. Descriptive statistics were used. Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparisons between M avium and RGM infections (P ≤ .05). RESULTS Rapid-growing mycobacterial cases included Mycobacterium smegmatis (9), Mycobacterium fortuitum (4), Mycobacterium abscessus (1), and Mycobacterium thermoresistibile (1). Mycobacterium avium infections were more likely than RGM infections to be disseminated (3/4 vs 0/15; P = .004). Disease of the skin/subcutis (15/15 vs 0/4; P < .001) and outdoor access (14/15 vs 0/4; P = .001) were primary features of RGM infections. Resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides was common among M avium isolates. A high prevalence of resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins was noted in RGM species. Death/euthanasia was noted only in M avium cases (3/4). Twelve of 15 cats with RGM infection had available follow-up; 4 of these cats achieved remission. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The most prevalent RGM species isolated from cats from northern California are M smegmatis and M fortuitum. Susceptibility to prescribed antimicrobials does not appear to guarantee treatment success. Combination drug treatment is recommended. Repeat culture and susceptibility testing should be performed when disease is persistent/relapsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J L Munro
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara A Byrne
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Giuliano A, Watson P, Owen L, Skelly B, Davison L, Dobson J, Costantino‐Casas F. Idiopathic sterile pyogranuloma in three domestic cats. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:202-205. [PMID: 29761888 PMCID: PMC7166439 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyogranulomatous inflammation has been extensively described in cats, in particular in cases of feline infectious peritonitis and also associated with Mycobacteria, Actinomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and fungal infections. Idiopathic sterile pyogranulomatous dermatitis has also been described. In this case series we describe the clinical presentation, histopathology and outcome of three cases of feline idiopathic sterile steroid-responsive pyogranuloma with different presentation and different locations of the lesion, but with the common feature of having a mass with no superficial skin involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - P. Watson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - L. Owen
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - B. Skelly
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - L. Davison
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - J. Dobson
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
| | - F. Costantino‐Casas
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, CB3 0ESUK
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11
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Cutaneous Pyogranulomas Associated with Nocardia jiangxiensis in a Cat from the Eastern Caribbean. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040130. [PMID: 31627308 PMCID: PMC6958412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia spp. are worldwide, ubiquitous zoonotic bacteria that have the ability to infect humans as well as domestic animals. Herein, we present a case of a five-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat (from the island of Nevis) with a history of a traumatic skin wound on the ventral abdomen approximately two years prior to presenting to the Ross University Veterinary Clinic. The cat presented with severe dermatitis and cellulitis on the ventral caudal abdomen, with multiple draining tracts and sinuses exuding purulent material. Initial bacterial culture yielded Corynebacterum spp. The patient was treated symptomatically with antibiotics for 8 weeks. The cat re-presented 8 weeks after the initial visit with worsening of the abdominal lesions. Surgical intervention occurred at that time, and histopathology and tissue cultures confirmed the presence of Nocardia spp.-induced pyogranulomatous panniculitis, dermatitis, and cellulitis. Pre-operatively, the patient was found to be feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-positive. The patient was administered trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMS) after antimicrobial sensitivity testing. PCR amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed Nocardia jiangxiensis as the causative agent. To our knowledge, N. jiangxiensis has not been previously associated with disease. This case report aims to highlight the importance of a much-needed One Health approach using advancements in technology to better understand the zoonotic potential of Nocardia spp. worldwide.
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12
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Stavinohova R, O'Halloran C, Newton JR, Oliver JAC, Scurrell E, Gunn-Moore DA. Feline Ocular Mycobacteriosis: Clinical Presentation, Histopathological Features, and Outcome. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:749-760. [PMID: 31132943 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819844819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study describes clinical and histopathological features, treatment, and outcome of cats diagnosed with ocular mycobacteriosis. Cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2017 were reviewed for (a) histopathological evidence of ocular (pyo)granulomatous inflammation containing acid-fast bacilli with mycobacterial morphology, (b) positive mycobacterial culture and/or mycobacterial DNA identified by polymerase chain reaction of ocular tissue, or (c) presumed mycobacteriosis based on ophthalmic examination and positive interferon-gamma release assay. Twenty-five cats (31 eyes) were included; 14 cats (17/31 eyes, 55%) were blind at presentation (unilateral: n = 12 cats; bilateral: n = 2 cats); one unilaterally affected cat later became bilaterally blind. Another 5 cats (7/31 eyes, 23%) became blind after initially being bilaterally visual (unilateral: n = 3 cats; bilateral: n = 2 cats). The commonest ocular finding was uveitis (87%). The main histopathological features were granulomatous to pyogranulomatous chorioretinitis with retinal detachment, anterior uveitis, optic neuritis, episcleritis, scleritis, and/or retrobulbar cellulitis. Nineteen cats (76%) had systemic signs, with disseminated disease being diagnosed in 9, defined by interstitial pulmonary disease, generalized lymphadenopathy, and/or nonocular infection. Nine cats were diagnosed with Mycobacterium bovis, 2 with Mycobacterium microti, 1 with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and 1 with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex. The infecting species was unknown in the remaining cats. Combined surgery (enucleation: n = 5 cats; biopsy: n = 3 cats) and systemic treatment with 2 or 3 appropriate antibiotics for 2 to 7 months resulted in remission in 8 of the 10 cats treated; however, the cat treated with dual therapy relapsed after 8 months. A total of 16 cats (64%) were euthanized; 2 were lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Stavinohova
- 1 Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | - Conor O'Halloran
- 2 The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jonathan Richard Newton
- 3 Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Department, Centre for Preventive Medicine, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | - James Andrew Clive Oliver
- 1 Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology, Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | | | - Danièlle Audry Gunn-Moore
- 2 The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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13
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Niederhäuser S, Klauser L, Bolliger J, Friedel U, Schmitt S, Ruetten M, Greene CE, Ghielmetti G. First report of nodular skin lesions caused by Mycobacterium nebraskense in a 9-year-old cat. JFMS Open Rep 2018; 4:2055116918792685. [PMID: 30186616 PMCID: PMC6113737 DOI: 10.1177/2055116918792685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 9-year-old cat was referred with multiple, raised, ulcerative skin nodules in the region of the neck and dorsal head. Histopathological findings of a biopsied nodule were granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis without multinucleated giant cells or caseous necrosis. In addition, by Ziehl–Neelsen staining numerous acid-fast intracellular bacilli were observed within the lesions. Mycobacterial culture showed growth of rough scotochromogenic colonies after 3 weeks of incubation. Molecular characterisation of the isolate identified Mycobacterium nebraskense as the cause of the infection. No phenotypic resistance was detected for the antimycobacterial agents tested. The cat was successfully treated with a combination of surgical excision and a 12 week course of antimicrobial therapy, including rifampicin combined with clarithromycin. Relevance and novel information To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of mycobacterial granulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis due to M nebraskense infection in a cat. The successful surgical and antimycobacterial treatment regimen is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ute Friedel
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Craig E Greene
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Giovanni Ghielmetti
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Backel K, Cain C. Skin as a marker of general feline health: Cutaneous manifestations of infectious disease. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:1149-1165. [PMID: 29068251 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17735764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Infectious disease in feline patients often presents a diagnostic challenge. This article reviews the most relevant viral, bacterial and protozoal diseases and their cutaneous manifestations. Many of the diseases discussed have overlapping presentations or may mimic more common noninfectious disease processes. The purpose of the article is to reinforce knowledge of common and uncommon infectious diseases, help practitioners identify possible infectious dermatoses, create a comprehensive and prioritized differential list, and provide guidance for the diagnosis of these diseases. A working knowledge of these clinical syndromes is important if what is thought to be a case of a common disease does not respond to conventional management. AUDIENCE This review is aimed at veterinarians who treat cats and especially those with an interest in feline dermatology. Tables are included to allow the reader to formulate a concise list of differential diagnoses for clinically similar presentations. The diagnostic approach to a case of ulcerative facial dermatitis is reviewed in a Case Notes quiz. Evidence base: This article includes up-to-date information regarding dermatologic manifestations of less commonly encountered feline cutaneous infectious diseases. Information has been drawn from the published, peer-reviewed literature and the most recent textbook chapters with a particular aim of describing and differentiating clinical lesions and the diagnostic approach to cutaneous disease, especially in unusual cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Backel
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Cain
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 3900 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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O'Brien CR, Malik R, Globan M, Reppas G, McCowan C, Fyfe JA. Feline leprosy due to Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis': Further clinical and molecular characterisation of eight previously reported cases and an additional 30 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:919-932. [PMID: 28838294 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17706470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper, the last in a series of three on 'feline leprosy', provides a detailed description of disease referable to the previously unnamed species, Candidatus 'Mycobacterium lepraefelis', a close relative of the human pathogens Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. METHODS Cases were sourced retrospectively and prospectively for this observational study, describing clinical, geographical and molecular microbiological data for cats definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. RESULTS A total of 145 cases of feline leprosy were scrutinised; 114 'new' cases were sourced from the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (VIDRL) records, veterinary pathology laboratories or veterinarians, and 31 cases were derived from six published studies. Thirty-eight cats were definitively diagnosed with Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' infection. Typically, cats tended to be middle-aged or older when first infected, with a male predilection. Affected cats typically had widespread cutaneous lesions, in some cases after initially localised disease. Advanced cases were often systemically unwell. All cats had outdoor access. The histological picture was lepromatous in the majority of patients, although two cases had tuberculoid disease. In one case that underwent necropsy, lesions were evident in the liver, spleen and lungs. Treatment was varied, although most cats received a combination of oral clarithromycin and rifampicin. Prognosis for recovery was variable, but typically poor. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Candidatus 'M lepraefelis' typically causes high bacterial index (lepromatous) feline leprosy that in some cases progresses to systemic mycobacteriosis. The disease has a variable clinical course and prognosis. Many cases either died or were euthanased due to the infection. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals a heterogeneous picture and further analysis of draft genome sequencing may give clues to the taxonomy and epidemiology of this organism. Prospective treatment trials and/or additional drug susceptibility testing in specialised systems would further inform treatment recommendations. Comparative aspects: This paper finishes with a discussion of comparative aspects of infection caused by the three feline leproid disease agents that have been the subject of this series: Candidatus 'Mycobacterium tarwinense', Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Candidatus 'M lepraefelis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R O'Brien
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- 2 Centre for Veterinary Education, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- 3 Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - George Reppas
- 4 Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.,5 Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Janet A Fyfe
- 3 Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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16
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Graham KJ, Brain PH, Spielman D, Martin PA, Allan GS, Malik R. Concurrent Infection with Cryptococcus Neoformans/Gattii Species Complex and Mycobacterium Avium Affecting the Subcutis and Bone of a Pelvic Limb in a Cat. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 13:776-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a cat with severe localised infections with Cryptococcus neoformans/gattii species complex and Mycobacterium avium affecting the subcutis and underlying fascia and bone of the right pelvic limb. The simultaneous isolation of both pathogens in this patient was unexpected and posed unique issues concerning both diagnosis and clinical management. The aetiopathogenesis of this infection is discussed in relation to aspects of diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Graham
- North Shore Veterinary Specialist Centre, 64 Atchison Street, Crows Nest, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Philip H Brain
- Veterinary Specialist Centre, Delhi Road, Ryde, Sydney, 2113, Australia
| | - Derek Spielman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, B14, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia A Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, B14, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Graeme S Allan
- Veterinary Imaging Associates, St Leonards, Sydney, 1590, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, B22, The University of Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Abstract
‘Wound man’ refers to a stylised diagram used in early medical textbooks to illustrate the various injuries that the human body can sustain in battle. We have adapted this concept to create ‘Wound cat’, as a way to emphasise the type and location of injuries cats may inflict on one another during combat. We have further extended this concept to include wounds that may result from interactions with rodents and snakes. It is hoped that our ‘Wound cat’ concept will assist less experienced clinicians locate sites of cat bites and scratches, and to recognise why certain infections arise in particular stereotyped locations. In addition, this approach should assist veterinarians in determining which pathogens are most likely to be involved in wounds located in a given anatomical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation of Veterinary Science, Conference Centre, Building B22, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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18
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Vishkautsan P, Reagan KL, Keel MK, Sykes JE. Mycobacterial panniculitis caused by Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916672786. [PMID: 28491439 PMCID: PMC5362841 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916672786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY A domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for chronic, bilateral, ulcerative dermatitis affecting the inguinal region and lateral aspects of both pelvic limbs. Histopathologic examination of skin biopsies collected throughout the course of disease revealed chronic pyogranulomatous ulcerative dermatitis. Aerobic bacterial skin cultures yielded growth of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium amycolatum. Upon referral the clinical findings were suggestive of a non-tuberculous Mycobacterium species infection. Previously obtained skin cultures failed to yield growth of mycobacterial organisms. A deep skin biopsy was collected and submitted for mycobacterial culture. At 5 weeks of incubation Mycobacterium thermoresistibile was isolated. In previous reports, M thermoresistibile has been isolated after 2-4 days of incubation, suggesting that this strain may have been a slower growing variant, or other factors (such as prior antimicrobial therapy) inhibited rapid growth of this isolate. The cat was hospitalized for intravenous antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement of wounds, vacuum-assisted wound closure therapy and reconstruction procedures. The wounds were ultimately primarily closed and the cat was discharged to the owner after 50 days of hospitalization. Seven months after hospitalization, the ulcerative skin lesions had healed. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION To our knowledge, only two cases of M thermoresistibile panniculitis have been reported in cats. In the only detailed report of feline M thermoresistibile panniculitis, treatment was not attempted. The second case only reported detection of M thermoresistibile by PCR without a clinical description of the case. In our case report, severe chronic skin infection with M thermoresistibile was addressed using prolonged specific antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement and reconstructions, and treatment of secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Vishkautsan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Krystle L Reagan
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - M Kevin Keel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Bettenay SV, Lappin MR, Mueller RS. An Immunohistochemical and Polymerase Chain Reaction Evaluation of Feline Plasmacytic Pododermatitis. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:80-3. [PMID: 17197627 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-1-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sections of 14 skin biopsies of cats with plasmacytic pododermatitis and a clinical follow-up of 12–36 months were stained with a polyclonal anti- Mycobacterium bovis (Bacille Calmette-Guerin = BCG) antibody cross-reactive to a broad spectrum of fungi and bacteria. All sections were negative for organisms within the actual footpad tissue with the anti-BCG antibody stains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that amplify the DNA of Bartonella spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Chlamydophila felis, Mycoplasma spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) were applied to tissue digests. DNA of those pathogens assessed was not amplified from tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Bettenay
- Tierdermatologie Oberhaching, Oberhaching, Germany
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20
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Bennie CJM, To JLK, Martin PA, Govendir M. In vitro interaction of some drug combinations to inhibit rapidly growing mycobacteria isolates from cats and dogs and these isolates' susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:40-5. [PMID: 25622709 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether selected drug combinations used to treat rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) have drug-drug interactions that affect efficacy and to investigate each isolate's susceptibility to cefovecin and clofazimine, individually. DESIGN In vitro susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates. METHODS Initially, five feline isolates and one canine isolate from both Mycobacterium fortuitum and M. smegmatis clusters (n = 12) underwent microbroth susceptibility testing to individual drugs to establish minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefovecin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, clofazimine, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, trimethoprim and sulfanilamide (the latter two as a combination). Checkerboard assays were then performed for susceptible M. smegmatis isolates for the following combinations: clarithromycin (one isolate only) versus enrofloxacin, clarithromycin vs doxycycline, clarithromycin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide; enrofloxacin vs doxycycline (six isolates); enrofloxacin vs trimethoprim/sulfanilamide (six isolates). Susceptible M. fortuitum isolates were tested against enrofloxacin versus doxycycline (four isolates only). RESULTS All six M. fortuitum isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin, but only four of six were susceptible to doxycycline. All six M. smegmatis isolates were susceptible to doxycycline, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfanilamide. A single isolate from the 12, a M. smegmatis isolate, was susceptible to clarithromycin. The fractional inhibitory concentration of each drug ranged from 0.64 to 1.84, indicating that neither synergism nor antagonism was evident. All 12 isolates were resistant to cefovecin. The clofazimine MIC50 to inhibit isolate growth was approximately 3.3 μg/mL for both strains. CONCLUSION Drugs commonly used for treatment of RGM, when tested as combinations, do not appear to antagonise one another in vitro. Cefovecin is not efficacious for treatment of RGM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J M Bennie
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, McMaster Building, B14, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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21
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Woerde DJ, Martin PA, Govendir M. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from Australian cats to ivermectin, moxidectin, ceftiofur and florfenicol. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1065-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14565497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) infections in cats typically manifest as a panniculitis, requiring long-term antimicrobial therapy for resolution. The search for novel antimicrobial therapies to reduce treatment duration and improve the rate of clinical resolution is imperative. Accordingly, RGM isolates underwent susceptibility testing to some avermectins and other antibacterial drugs currently available. Methods Five Mycobacterium fortuitum and six Mycobacterium smegmatis isolates obtained from Australian cats underwent susceptibility testing by microbroth dilution to ivermectin, moxidectin, ceftiofur and florfenicol. Results All isolates were resistant to the highest concentrations of ivermectin, moxidectin and ceftiofur tested (1024 µg/ml, 256 μg/ml and 32 μg/ml, respectively). All isolates of M fortuitum were resistant to the highest concentration of florfenicol tested (128 µg/ml). The minimum inhibitory concentration range of florfenicol that inhibited growth of M smegmatis isolates was 32–64 µg/ml. Conclusions and relevance All drugs appear to have no efficacy in vitro for the treatment of RGM infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Woerde
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patricia A Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Merran Govendir
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Pesciaroli M, Alvarez J, Boniotti M, Cagiola M, Di Marco V, Marianelli C, Pacciarini M, Pasquali P. Tuberculosis in domestic animal species. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Gunn-Moore DA. Feline mycobacterial infections. Vet J 2014; 201:230-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Elze J, Grammel L, Richter E, Aupperle H. First description of Mycobacterium heckeshornense infection in a feline immunodeficiency virus-positive cat. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15:1141-4. [PMID: 23729496 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13490711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old cat was presented to the veterinary clinic with poor condition, vomiting and a reduced appetite. A painful abdomen was diagnosed because of tension and defence reactions on palpation. Diagnostic laparotomy showed a thickening of the colon and caecal intestinal wall. Histopathological investigation of intestinal biopsies revealed focal severe granulomatous inflammation with numerous acid-fast bacilli in the tela submucosa. The complete blood count test showed a severe lymphopenia and anaemia, and the cat tested positive for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cat was euthanased and necropsied. Multifocal granulomatous nodules were present in the intestines, liver and kidneys. The gastric lymph node was markedly enlarged and showed a caseous cut surface. Histopathology revealed a systemic mycobacteriosis affecting intestine, lymph nodes, liver and kidneys. The mycobacterial strain was cultured and determined by its unique 16S rRNA gene sequence as Mycobacterium heckeshornense. This is the first reported case of M heckeshornense in a cat. It was suspected that the disseminated mycobacteriosis was supported by the FIV infection.
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25
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Gunn-Moore D. TB or not TB? J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:617-9. [PMID: 24283415 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danièlle Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian
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26
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Katayama M, Kawakami Y, Katayama R, Shimamura S, Okamura Y, Uzuka Y. Preliminary study of effects of multiple oral dosing of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 76:431-3. [PMID: 24189617 PMCID: PMC4013371 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarithromycin (CLM) has been known to increase the cyclosporine (CsA) trough
level in human and feline organ transplant patients. However, the interaction of CLM with
CsA has not been reported in dogs. In this study, the effects of multiple dosing of CLM on
the pharmacokinetics of CsA in three healthy beagles were investigated. The treatments
included CsA 10 mg/kg alone and CsA 10 mg/kg + multiple-dose of CLM 10 mg/kg.
Co-administration of CLM with CsA resulted in significant increases of oral
bioavailability of CsA. The results of our study suggest that administration of multiple
therapeutic doses of CLM may decrease the required CsA dosage in CsA-based
immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplanted dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Katayama
- Division of Small Animal Surgery, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Reppas G, Fyfe J, Foster S, Smits B, Martin P, Jardine J, Lam A, O'Brien C, Malik R. Detection and identification of mycobacteria in fixed stained smears and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues using PCR. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:638-46. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Reppas
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - J. Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory; North Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - S. Foster
- Vetnostics; North Ryde New South Wales 2113 Australia
| | - B. Smits
- Gribbles Veterinary; Hamilton New Zealand
| | - P. Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Sydney; B14 New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - J. Jardine
- Vetpath; Ascot Western Australia 6104 Australia
| | - A. Lam
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital; Richardson Place North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - C. O'Brien
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - R. Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Conference Centre B22; The University of Sydney; New South Wales Australia
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Lloret A, Hartmann K, Pennisi MG, Gruffydd-Jones T, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Hosie MJ, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U, Horzinek MC. Mycobacterioses in Cats. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:591-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Overview: Mycobacterial infections are important in humans and animals. Cats can be infected by several Mycobacterium species, which may cause different syndromes, mainly tuberculosis, atypical or non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis and leprosy. In recent years, awareness has increased about how to recognise and confirm these infections. More cases are diagnosed today, which probably means that the disease has escaped detection in the past. Infection: Most cases in cats are cutaneous, presenting as nodules in the skin and draining tracts, ulceration and local lymphadenopathy; however, systemic dissemination may also occur. Diagnosis: Definitive diagnosis is difficult when the bacterium cannot be detected by histology or culture. However, species confirmation is essential for treatment and prognosis, so material for culture and polymerase chain reaction should be submitted in every suspected case. Treatment: Treatment is challenging. A combination of two or three antibiotics is needed, and treatment must be continued for some months, which makes owner compliance especially difficult in cats. Zoonotic risk: There is a zoonotic risk associated with some mycobacterial species. Concerns should be communicated in every case of an immunocompromised owner in contact with an infected cat.
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Wolff KA, Nguyen L. Strategies for potentiation of ethionamide and folate antagonists against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 10:971-81. [PMID: 23106273 PMCID: PMC3971469 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antifolates inhibit de novo folate biosynthesis, whereas ethionamide targets the mycolate synthetic pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These antibiotics are effective against M. tuberculosis but their use has been hampered by concerns over toxicity and low therapeutic indexes. With the increasing spread of drug-resistant forms, interest in using old drugs for tuberculosis treatment has been renewed. Specific inhibitors targeting resistance mechanisms could sensitize M. tuberculosis to these available, clinically approved drugs. This review discusses recently developed strategies to boost the antituberculous activity of ethionamide and antifolates. These approaches might help broaden the currently limited chemotherapeutic options of not only drug-resistant but also drug-susceptible tuberculosis, which still remains one of the most common infectious diseases in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin A Wolff
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Liem Nguyen
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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30
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Infectious Diseases. THE CAT 2012. [PMCID: PMC7161403 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Govendir M, Norris J, Hansen T, Wigney D, Muscatello G, Trott D, Malik R. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria and Nocardia isolates from cats and dogs to pradofloxacin. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:240-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mycobacterial Disease in Cats in Great Britain: I. Culture Results, Geographical Distribution and Clinical Presentation of 339 Cases. J Feline Med Surg 2011; 13:934-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated 339 cases of feline mycobacterial disease from cats with cutaneous lesions or masses found at exploratory laparotomy. Tissue samples were submitted to the Veterinary Laboratories Agency for mycobacterial culture over a 4-year period to December 2008. The study assessed which species of culturable mycobacteria were involved, where the cats lived, and their clinical presentation (physical findings, serum biochemistry, radiography, feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus status). Mycobacterium microti was cultured from 19%, Mycobacterium bovis 15%, Mycobacterium avium 7%, non- M avium non-tuberculous mycobacteria 6%, with no growth in 53% of samples. M microti, M bovis and M avium were found in almost mutually exclusive clusters within Great Britain (GB) (ie, M bovis in South-West England/Wales/Welsh Border, M avium in eastern England and M microti south of London and in South-West Scotland). While differences were seen in the clinical presentation and distribution of lesions caused by the different infections, these were not sufficiently different to be diagnostic. Cats commonly presented with single or multiple cutaneous lesions (74%), which were sometimes ulcerated or discharging, located most frequently on the head (54%). Lymph nodes were usually involved (47%); typically the submandibular nodes. Systemic or pulmonary signs were rarely seen (10–16%). When a cat is suspected of having mycobacteriosis, accurate identification of the species involved helps to determine appropriate action. Our findings show that knowing the cat's geographic location can be helpful, while the nature of the clinical presentation is less useful. Most cases of feline mycobacterial disease in GB are cutaneous.
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Wilson VB, Rech RR, Austel MG, Bauer CL, Latimer KS, Sanchez S, Howerth EW. Pathology in practice. Cutaneous mycobacteriosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:171-3. [PMID: 21235368 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Wilson
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Govendir M, Hansen T, Kimble B, Norris J, Baral R, Wigney D, Gottlieb S, Malik R. Susceptibility of rapidly growing mycobacteria isolated from cats and dogs, to ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and moxifloxacin. Vet Microbiol 2011; 147:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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35
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Reppas G, Nosworthy P, Hansen T, Govendir M, Malik R. Inguinal panniculitis in a young Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) caused byMycobacterium mageritense. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:197-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Phan TA, Relic J. SporotrichoidMycobacterium marinuminfection of the face following a cat scratch. Australas J Dermatol 2010; 51:45-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2009.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Clinical outcome of cutaneous rapidly growing mycobacterial infections in cats in the south-eastern United States: A review of 10 cases (1996–2006). J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:627-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous infection caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria is a relatively uncommon condition in cats, with variable response rates to surgical debulking and aggressive antibiotic therapy. To date, there have been very few case reports of this disease, especially in the United States. This study reviews a series of cases of cats with rapidly growing cutaneous mycobacterial infections from the south-eastern United States. A majority of the cats were spayed female domestic shorthairs. The median age at onset of clinical signs was 8 years. A majority of cats presented with characteristic lesions in multiple locations, and half of the cats had a known incidence of trauma preceding the development of clinical signs. Mycobacterium fortuitum was the most frequently cultured organism. Cats were treated with a variety of antibiotics for a median of 12 months, and half of them underwent surgical debulking of infected tissue. Five out of the 10 cats reached clinical resolution, while five did not. Those that did resolve required a median of 7 months of antibiotic treatment following diagnosis, and had been lesion-free for a median of 24 months at the time this study was completed. Those that did not resolve were treated for a median of 20 months following diagnosis, two of which were still being treated at the time this study was completed.
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Lamagna B, Paciello O, Ragozzino M, Papparella S, Montagnaro S, Lamagna F. Isolated lepromatous conjunctivo-corneal granuloma in a cat from Italy. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:97-101. [PMID: 19261164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2008.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a case of a conjunctivo-corneal mass in a cat associated with acid-fast bacilli. METHODS A 2-year-old female black European Short-Hair cat, living outdoors in a suburban environment in Italy, was referred for evaluation of a nodular, vascularized mass of 2 weeks duration. The mass involved the dorsal bulbar conjunctiva at the temporal canthus of OS and invaded the sclera and cornea. Routine ophthalmic and systemic examination, serologic testing, cytology and histology of the mass were performed. Mycobacterium specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of variable regions 1, 2 and 3 of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was also performed. RESULTS Neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages and giant cells with intracytoplasmic acid-fast bacilli were seen on cytological examination. The histological examination confirmed the presence of a granulomatous lesion with acid-fast bacilli within macrophages. Bacteriological culture of the material from the lesion was negative for Mycobacterium spp. Mycobacterium 16S rRNA gene specific PCR was positive. A diagnosis of feline leprosy was made. The owners refused any treatment, and 1 year later the lesion was still present. CONCLUSIONS Veterinary ophthalmologists should be aware of conjunctivo-corneal leproma as an unusual symptom of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lamagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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De Lorenzi D, Solano-Gallego L. Tracheal granuloma because of infection with a novel mycobacterial species in an old FIV-positive cat. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:143-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santoro D, Prisco M, Ciaramella P. Cutaneous sterile granulomas/pyogranulomas, leishmaniasis and mycobacterial infections. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 49:552-61. [PMID: 19006488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous "sterile" granulomas represent a group of uncommon skin disorders of unknown aetiopathogenesis. Many diseases are included in this group (for example, sterile granuloma/pyogranuloma syndrome and reactive histiocytosis). The definition of sterile is based on the exclusion of other possible aetiological agents (for example, microorganisms or foreign body). Many techniques are used to rule out a microbial aetiology including cytology, histology, immunohistochemistry and culture. However, some organisms are "fastidious" and difficult to culture or to identify with routine methods, and molecular studies are necessary. This is particularly true for mycobacteria (for example, canine leproid granuloma syndrome) and Leishmania. Recently, studies in human and veterinary medicine have proved the presence of microorganisms (mycobacteria and Leishmania) using a polymerase chain reaction technique in specimens previously diagnosed as sterile. Therefore, it is very important, with the development of new technologies, to use a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach to definitively rule out any microorganism before declaring a disease sterile.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Santoro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Elsner L, Wayne J, O'Brien CR, McCowan C, Malik R, Hayman JA, Globan M, Lavender CJ, Fyfe JA. Localised Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a cat in Australia. J Feline Med Surg 2008; 10:407-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old castrated male domestic cat domiciled in eastern Victoria (Australia) was presented for a subcutaneous mass on its nasal bridge in November 2006. Cytological examination of an aspirate demonstrated pyogranulomatous inflammation. At surgery, the lesion consisted of an encapsulated mass containing viscid fluid. Histological examination of the resected lesion revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation surrounding a central zone of necrosis. Sections stained with the Ziehl–Neelsen method revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli, intracellularly within macrophages and extracellularly. Molecular studies established the infection was caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. As histology demonstrated that the infection extended to the margin of the excised tissues, the cat was treated subsequently with clarithromycin (62.5 mg orally once daily for 7 days, then twice daily for 3 months). The surgical wound healed unremarkably. The infection has not recurred at the time of writing, 1 year following discontinuation of treatment. Although M ulcerans infections have been recorded in variety of mammals, this is the first known case in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Elsner
- Longford Veterinary Centre, Sale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie Wayne
- Gippsland Veterinary Pathology, PO Box 1290, Traralgon 3844, Australia
| | - Carolyn R. O'Brien
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Christina McCowan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - John A. Hayman
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Maria Globan
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Caroline J. Lavender
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Janet A. Fyfe
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
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Jassies-van der Lee A, Houwers DJ, Meertens N, van der Zanden AGM, Willemse T. Localised pyogranulomatous dermatitis due to Mycobacterium abscessus in a cat: a case report. Vet J 2008; 179:304-6. [PMID: 18083608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case of pyogranulomatous dermatitis, caused by Mycobacterium abscessus, an unusual opportunistic Mycobacterium spp., is described in a cat. Histopathological examination of the affected skin confirmed the diagnosis and Ziehl-Neelsen staining revealed acid-fast rods. A rapidly growing mycobacterium was found after culture on a Löwenstein-Jensen medium. Real-time polymerase chain reaction for the 16S rDNA (434bp) sequence and the sequence of the rpoB gene (359bp) revealed 99% and 100% matches, respectively, with M. abscessus. This is the first report of a feline infection caused by this organism in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jassies-van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Beccati M, Peano A, Gallo MG. Pyogranulomatous panniculitis caused byMycobacterium alveiin a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:664. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Beccati
- Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Turin, Italy
| | - A. Peano
- Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Turin, Italy
| | - M. G. Gallo
- Department of Animal Productions, Epidemiology and Ecology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Turin, Italy
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Malik R, Krockenberger MB, O'Brien CR, White JD, Foster D, Tisdall PLC, Gunew M, Carr PD, Bodell L, McCowan C, Howe J, Oakley C, Griffin C, Wigney DI, Martin P, Norris J, Hunt G, Mitchell DH, Gilpin C. Nocardia infections in cats: a retrospective multi-institutional study of 17 cases. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:235-45. [PMID: 16879126 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To record 17 cases of nocardiosis in cats from eastern Australia and to compare this series with cases previously reported. DESIGN Retrospective/prospective study. RESULTS Nocardia spp infections were diagnosed in 17 cats over 14 years from the three eastern states of Australia. There were no isolates from dogs during this period, but one isolate from a koala and two from dairy cows. The majority of cats presented with spreading lesions of the subcutis and skin associated with draining sinus tract(s). Early cutaneous lesions consisted of circumscribed abscesses. Infections spread at a variable rate, generally by extension to adjacent tissues. Lesions were generally located in regions subjected to cat bite or scratch injuries, including limbs, body wall, inguinal panniculus and nasal bridge. In some other cases, lesions were situated on distal extremities. The clinical course was variable, from chronic, indolent, initially localised infections to acute fulminating disease. Of the 17 cats, 14 were domestic crossbreds and three were purebreds. There was a preponderance of male cats (12 castrated, 1 entire young adult, 1 entire kitten). Nine of 17 cats were 10 years or older. Interestingly, the majority of infections were attributable to N nova. Immediate and/or predisposing causes could be identified in all cases, and included: renal transplantation [one cat]; chronic corticosteroid administration [three cats]; catabolic state following chylothorax surgery [one cat]; fight injuries [seven cats]; FIV infections [three of seven cats tested]. Of the 17 cats, three were apparently cured. Four were thought to be cured, but infection recurred after several months. Three cats responded partially but were euthanased, while another was improving when it died of unrelated complications. Two died despite treatment and two were euthanased without an attempt at therapy. For two cats there were either insufficient records or the patient was lost to follow up. CONCLUSION Nocardiosis is a rare, serious disease. Currently it is more common in cats than dogs. Nocardial panniculitis may be clinically indistinguishable from the syndrome caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. Although the prognosis is guarded, patients with localised infections caused by N nova often respond to appropriate therapy. If definitive treatment is delayed because of misdiagnosis, the disease tends to become chronic, extensive and refractory. Insufficient duration of therapy leads to disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, Conference Centre, Building B22, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Davies JL, Sibley JA, Myers S, Clark EG, Appleyard GD. Histological and genotypical characterization of feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis: a retrospective study of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:155-62. [PMID: 16674729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine cases presumptively diagnosed as feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis were evaluated microscopically with haematoxylin and eosin and modified Fite's stained sections using archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Lesions were characterized histologically as feline leprosy (7 cases lepromatous and 16 cases tuberculoid) or atypical mycobacteriosis (3 cases); three cases did not fit these criteria and were classified as 'miscellaneous'. Actinomycetales-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of variable regions 1, 2 and 3 of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and subsequent sequence analysis of the amplicons were performed to identify the species of mycobacteria associated with each case. Together, this study identified 10 different Actinomycetales organisms with greater than 98% nucleotide sequence identity to named species, nine were of the genus Mycobacterium and eight were associated with feline leprosy (both lepromatous and tuberculoid). Based on this study, we conclude that feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis should be considered as a syndrome with varied clinical and histological presentations associated with a variety of different Mycobacterium species, organisms other than Mycobacterium sp. may be associated with feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis lesions, and molecular diagnostic techniques can be an important tool for identifying agents associated with lesions of feline cutaneous mycobacteriosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/microbiology
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cats
- Female
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/microbiology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/pathology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/veterinary
- Male
- Mycobacterium/classification
- Mycobacterium/genetics
- Mycobacterium Infections/microbiology
- Mycobacterium Infections/pathology
- Mycobacterium Infections/veterinary
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/microbiology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/pathology
- Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/veterinary
- Mycobacterium leprae/classification
- Mycobacterium leprae/genetics
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/classification
- Nontuberculous Mycobacteria/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Sequence Alignment/veterinary
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/microbiology
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/pathology
- Skin Diseases, Bacterial/veterinary
- Species Specificity
- Staining and Labeling/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Davies
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5B4
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Baral RM, Metcalfe SS, Krockenberger MB, Catt MJ, Barrs VR, McWhirter C, Hutson CA, Wigney DI, Martin P, Chen SCA, Mitchell DH, Malik R. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium infection in young cats: overrepresentation of Abyssinian cats. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 8:23-44. [PMID: 16226469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) infection was diagnosed in 10 young cats (1-5 years of age) from Australia or North America between 1995 and 2004. A further two cats with disseminated mycobacteriosis (precise agent not identified) were recognised during this period. Of the 12, 10 were Abyssinian cats, one was a Somali cat and one was a domestic shorthair cat. None of the cats tested positive for either FeLV antigen or FIV antibody. The clinical course of these infections was indolent, with cats typically presenting for weight loss, initially in the face of polyphagia, with a chronicity of up to several months. Additional clinical features included lower respiratory tract signs and peripheral lymphadenomegaly. A marked diffuse interstitial pattern was evident in thoracic radiographs, even in cats without overt respiratory involvement. Hair clipped to perform diagnostic procedures tended to regrow slowly, if at all. Diagnosis was generally made by obtaining representative tissue specimens from mesenteric lymph nodes, liver or kidney at laparotomy, or from a popliteal lymph node. The primary antecedent event was most likely colonisation of either the alimentary or respiratory tract, followed by local invasion and eventual lymphatic and haematogenous dissemination. Nine cases were treated using combination therapy with agents effective for MAC infection in human patients. Two cats are still undergoing initial therapy and have responded. Of the remaining seven, all responded during long courses (5-14 months) of clarithromycin combined with either clofazimine or rifampicin, and a fluoroquinolone or doxycycline. Of these, three cats remain well (with durations between 2 months and 2 years following therapy); two developed recurrent disease (at 3 months and 2 years, respectively, following therapy) and have restarted therapy. The remaining two cats improved 1 year and 5 months, respectively, after diagnosis but ultimately succumbed. The two cats in which therapy was restarted have improved dramatically. Certain lines of Abyssinian and Somali cats likely suffer from a familial immunodeficiency that predisposes them to infection with slow-growing mycobacteria such as MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph M Baral
- Paddington Cat Hospital, 183 Glenmore Road, Paddington, NSW 2021, Australia.
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Malik R, Vogelnest L, O'Brien CR, White J, Hawke C, Wigney DI, Martin P, Norris JM. Infections and some other conditions affecting the skin and subcutis of the naso-ocular region of cats--clinical experience 1987-2003. J Feline Med Surg 2005; 6:383-90. [PMID: 15546771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the skin or subcutis of the naso-ocular region develop through two mechanisms. Cases with lesions but without concomitant signs of nasal disease probably result from cat scratch injuries. Under certain circumstances, such lacerations result in the introduction of saprophytic microorganisms in such large numbers that host defence mechanisms are overwhelmed. This results in localised, variably invasive, disease in an otherwise immunocompetent host. An unpredictable range of organisms can give rise to such infections including a variety of fungal and bacterial genera. Causal organisms will likely vary from one geography to another as a result of differences in soil type and related environmental factors. Accordingly, procurement of appropriate tissue specimens for culture and susceptibility testing is essential to guide therapy, as these cases require medical and sometimes surgical intervention in order to effect a favourable outcome. In contrast, patients with naso-ocular lesions and concurrent signs of nasal disease have a different pathogenesis. Primary infection of the sinonasal region likely results from the inhalation of infectious propagules, with the infection subsequently penetrating overlying bones to invade the subcutaneous space. These lesions are typically the result of cryptococcosis or aspergillosis and must be distinguished from invasive nasal malignancies. An approach to the investigation and treatment of these patients is presented together with photographs of representative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Conference Centre, Building B22, New South Wales 2006 Australia.
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Bryden SL, Burrows AK, O'hara AJ. Mycobacterium goodii infection in a dog with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Dermatol 2004; 15:331-8. [PMID: 15500486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract A 9-year-old Boston terrier was diagnosed with multifocal, nodular panniculitis caused by an organism belonging to the Mycobacterium smegmatis group by histological evaluation and bacteriological identification. The mycobacterial species was identified by direct gene sequence analysis and confirmed to be Mycobacterium goodii. Treatment using doxycycline and ciprofloxacin was successfully implemented for the mycobacterial panniculitis over a period of 9 months. Concurrent pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) was also identified using routine diagnostic methods and mitotane therapy was implemented. There was follow-up for 14 months after cessation of antimicrobial therapy with no recurrence of mycobacterial infection. Although cutaneous infections are frequently recognized as complications of canine pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, concurrent mycobacterial panniculitis due to any rapidly growing mycobacterium has not previously been reported. This is the first confirmed case of mycobacterial panniculitis due to M. goodii infection in a dog and also the first of any rapidly growing mycobacterial infection in a dog with concurrent endogenous Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Bryden
- Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, Division of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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49
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Malik R, Shaw SE, Griffin C, Stanley B, Burrows AK, Bryden SL, Titmarsh J, Stutsel MJ, Carter SA, Warner A, Martin P, Wigney DI, Gilpin C. Infections of the subcutis and skin of dogs caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Small Anim Pract 2004; 45:485-94. [PMID: 15517689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nine dogs with panniculitis due to rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) were examined over 17 years. Dogs were two to 15 years; five were male, four were female. All were obese or in good condition. Antecedent injury, typically a dog bite or vehicular trauma, could be identified in some patients, while one bitch had hyperadrenocorticism. Infections involved different locations, although the cervicothoracic region, dorsum or flank were most often affected. Patients were systemically well, apart from one dog with pyrexia and two with pain or lameness. Cytology demonstrated pyogranulomatous inflammation, but in only one case was it possible to see acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in smears. Histology demonstrated chronic active pyogranulomatous panniculitis and dermatitis; AFB could be detected in only four specimens. Culture of aspirates or resected tissues demonstrated RGM in all cases, comprising six Mycobacterium smegmatis group and three Mycobacterium fortuitum group isolates. Resection of infected tissues, perioperative injectable antimicrobials and long courses of oral antimicrobials chosen according to susceptibility data generally effected a cure, although some cases recurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Malik
- Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, Conference Center, Building B22, The University of Sydney, Australia
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50
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Dietrich U, Arnold P, Guscetti F, Pfyffer GE, Spiess B. Ocular manifestation of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in a cat. J Small Anim Pract 2003; 44:121-5. [PMID: 12653327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated mycobacterial disease was diagnosed in an eight-year-old domestic shorthaired cat, with involvement of the skin, lungs, lymph nodes and one eye. Mycobacterium simiae was cultured from skin biopsies on solid agar and in liquid media. This organism is known to cause pulmonary, cutaneous or disseminated infection in human patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome but has never been encountered as a pathogen in companion animals. Combination treatment with rifampicin, enrofloxacin and clarithromycin resulted in complete clinical remission within six months, with no side effects. No recurrence was observed in a 22-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Dietrich
- Department of Small Animal Surgery (Ophthalmology), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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