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Kural MH, Djakbarova U, Cakir B, Tanaka Y, Chan ET, Arteaga Muniz VI, Madraki Y, Qian H, Park J, Sewanan LR, Park IH, Niklason LE, Kural C. Mechano-inhibition of endocytosis sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:440. [PMID: 38909035 PMCID: PMC11193792 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The transmembrane death receptor Fas transduces apoptotic signals upon binding its ligand, FasL. Although Fas is highly expressed in cancer cells, insufficient cell surface Fas expression desensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. Here, we show that the increase in Fas microaggregate formation on the plasma membrane in response to the inhibition of endocytosis sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. We used a clinically accessible Rho-kinase inhibitor, fasudil, that reduces endocytosis dynamics by increasing plasma membrane tension. In combination with exogenous soluble FasL (sFasL), fasudil promoted cancer cell apoptosis, but this collaborative effect was substantially weaker in nonmalignant cells. The combination of sFasL and fasudil prevented glioblastoma cell growth in embryonic stem cell-derived brain organoids and induced tumor regression in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrate that sFasL has strong potential for apoptosis-directed cancer therapy when Fas microaggregate formation is augmented by mechano-inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet H Kural
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
- Humacyte Inc., Durham, NC, 27213, USA.
| | | | - Bilal Cakir
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Department of Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Emily T Chan
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Yasaman Madraki
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
- Humacyte Inc., Durham, NC, 27213, USA
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Lorenzo R Sewanan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.
- Humacyte Inc., Durham, NC, 27213, USA.
| | - Comert Kural
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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2
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Melia F, Udomjarumanee P, Zinovkin D, Arghiani N, Pranjol MZI. Pro-tumorigenic role of type 2 diabetes-induced cellular senescence in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:975644. [PMID: 36059680 PMCID: PMC9434004 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.975644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The disease still remains incurable and highly lethal in the advanced stage, representing a global health concern. Therefore, it is essential to understand the causes and risk factors leading to its development. Because age-related cellular senescence and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recognised as risk factors for CRC development, the recent finding that type 2 diabetic patients present an elevated circulating volume of senescent cells raises the question whether type 2 diabetes facilitates the process of CRC tumorigenesis by inducing premature cell senescence. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms according to which T2D induces cellular senescence and the role of type 2 diabetes-induced cellular senescence in the pathogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. Lastly, we will explore the current therapeutic approaches and challenges in targeting senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Melia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Palita Udomjarumanee
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Zinovkin
- Department of Pathology, Gomel State Medical University, Gomel, Belarus
| | - Nahid Arghiani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol,
| | - Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Nahid Arghiani, ; Md Zahidul Islam Pranjol,
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3
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Niu Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Li Y, Gong X, Zeng Q, Zhang B, Xi J, Pei X, Yue W, Han Y. Development and Validation of a Novel Survival Model for Cutaneous Melanoma Based on Necroptosis-Related Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852803. [PMID: 35387121 PMCID: PMC8979066 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Necroptosis is crucial for organismal development and pathogenesis. To date, the role of necroptosis in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is yet unveiled. In addition, the part of melanin pigmentation was largely neglected in the bioinformatic analysis. In this study, we aimed to construct a novel prognostic model based on necroptosis-related genes and analysis the pigmentation phenotype of patients to provide clinically actionable information for SKCM patients. Methods We downloaded the SKCM data from the TCGA and GEO databases in this study and identified the differently expressed and prognostic necroptosis-related genes. Patients’ pigmentation phenotype was evaluated by the GSVA method. Then, using Lasso and Cox regression analysis, a novel prognostic model was constructed based on the intersected genes. The risk score was calculated and the patients were divided into two groups. The survival differences between the two groups were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis. The ROC analysis was performed and the area under curves was calculated to evaluate the prediction performances of the model. Then, the GO, KEGG and GSEA analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Differences in the tumor microenvironment, patients’ response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and pigmentation phenotype were analyzed. In order to validate the mRNA expression levels of the selected genes, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed. Results Altogether, a novel prognostic model based on four genes (BOK, CD14, CYLD and FASLG) was constructed, and patients were classified into high and low-risk groups based on the median risk score. Low-risk group patients showed better survival status. The model showed high accuracy in the training and the validation cohort. Pathway and functional enrichment analysis indicated that immune-related pathways were differently activated in the two groups. In addition, immune cells infiltration patterns and sensitivity of ICIs showed a significant difference between patients from two risk groups. The pigmentation score was positively related to the risk score in pigmentation phenotype analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, this study established a novel prognostic model based on necroptosis-related genes and revealed the possible connections between necroptosis and melanin pigmentation. It is expected to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Niu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yujian Xu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Gong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zeng
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafei Xi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Pei
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Yue
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, AMMS, Beijing, China.,South China Research Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, SCIB, Guangzhou, China.,Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Plundrich D, Chikhladze S, Fichtner-Feigl S, Feuerstein R, Briquez PS. Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Immunomodulation in the Microenvironment of Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2782. [PMID: 35269922 PMCID: PMC8910988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains one of the most important health challenges in our society. The development of cancer immunotherapies has fostered the need to better understand the anti-tumor immune mechanisms at play in the tumor microenvironment and the strategies by which the tumor escapes them. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular interactions that regulate tumor inflammation. We particularly discuss immunomodulatory cell-cell interactions, cell-soluble factor interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cell-microbiome interactions. While doing so, we highlight relevant examples of tumor immunomodulation in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Plundrich
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Chikhladze
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 900048, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 900048, USA
| | - Stefan Fichtner-Feigl
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhild Feuerstein
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Soluble CD95L in cancers and chronic inflammatory disorders, a new therapeutic target? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188596. [PMID: 34324950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although CD95L (also known as FasL) is still predominantly considered as a death ligand that induces apoptosis in infected and transformed cells, substantial evidence indicate that it can also trigger non-apoptotic signaling pathways whose pathophysiological roles remain to be fully elucidated. The transmembrane ligand CD95L belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. After cleavage by metalloprotease, its soluble form (s-CD95L) fails to trigger the apoptotic program but instead induces signaling pathways promoting the aggressiveness of certain inflammatory disorders such as autoimmune diseases and cancers. We propose to evaluate the various pathologies in which the metalloprotease-cleaved CD95L is accumulated and analyze whether this soluble ligand may play a significant role in the pathology progression. Based on the TNFα-targeting therapeutics, we envision that targeting the soluble form of CD95L may represent a very attractive therapeutic option in the pathologies depicted herein.
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6
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Mohr A, Chu T, Clarkson CT, Brooke GN, Teif VB, Zwacka RM. Fas-threshold signalling in MSCs promotes pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2021; 519:63-77. [PMID: 34171406 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) belong to the tumour microenvironment and have been implicated in tumour progression. We found that the number of MSCs significantly increased in tumour-burdened mice driven by Fas-threshold signalling. Consequently, MSCs lacking Fas lost their ability to induce metastasis development in a pancreatic cancer model. Mixing of MSCs with pancreatic cancer cells led to sustained production of the pro-metastatic cytokines CCL2 and IL6 by the stem cells. The levels of these cytokines were dependent on the number of MSCs, linking Fas-mediated MSC-proliferation to their capacity to promote tumour progression. Furthermore, we discovered that CCL2 and IL6 were induced by pancreatic cancer cell-derived IL1. Importantly, analysis of patient transcriptomic data revealed that high FasL expression correlates with high levels of MSC markers as well as increased IL6 and CCL2 levels in pancreatic tumours. Moreover, both FasL and CCL2 are linked to elevated levels of markers specific for monocytes known to possess further pro-metastatic activities. These results confirm our experimental findings of a FasL-MSC-IL1-CCL2/IL6 axis in pancreatic cancer and highlights the role of MSCs in tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mohr
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Tianyuan Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Christopher T Clarkson
- School of Life Sciences, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Greg N Brooke
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Vladimir B Teif
- School of Life Sciences, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Gene Regulation Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Ralf M Zwacka
- School of Life Sciences, Protein Structure and Mechanism of Disease Group, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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7
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Lin JC, Chen ZH, Chen XD, Wang SB. Circulating sFasL Levels Predict the Severity and Outcome of Burn Injury: A Prospective Observational Study. J Surg Res 2021; 265:1-10. [PMID: 33862353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe burn injury activates shock, inflammation, and blood cell system, but inappropriate reactions may lead to adverse outcomes. Soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) participates in apoptosis and inflammatory response. The circulating sFasL levels we investigated in association with the burn severity, shock, inflammation, blood cells, and mortality in patients with severe burns. METHODS A total of 56 patients with severe burns were recruited. The levels of sFasL and the biomarkers reflecting shock, organ damage, inflammation, and blood cells at 48 h postburn were analyzed. We compared the practical situation of patients that stratified by median sFasL levels and investigated the predictive value of sFasL for mortality. RESULTS High circulating sFasL levels were associated with the higher degrees of burn index, shock index, lactate, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-8, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and complement 3, and the lower degrees of oxygenation index, lymphocytes, and platelets. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the higher tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001) and the lower oxygenation index (P = 0.031) and lymphocytes (P = 0.043) were associated with the higher sFasL. High sFasL (a unit is 50 ng/L) (odds ratio [OR] 5.50 [95% CI 1.04-29.20], P = 0.045) was an independent predictor of increased mortality by multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS High circulating sFasL at 48 h postburn in patients with severe burns reflect shock, proinflammatory response, organ damage, and lymphocyte reductions and predict 30-day mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Chang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhao-Hong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shun-Bin Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Burn and Trauma, Fujian Burn Institute, Fujian Burn Medical Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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8
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Muraki M. Sensitization to cell death induced by soluble Fas ligand and agonistic antibodies with exogenous agents: A review. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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9
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Soni H, Kaminski D, Gangaraju R, Adebiyi A. Cisplatin-induced oxidative stress stimulates renal Fas ligand shedding. Ren Fail 2018; 40:314-322. [PMID: 29619879 PMCID: PMC6014303 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2018.1456938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a significant complication of cisplatin chemotherapy is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent renal cell death, but the cellular targets of ROS in cisplatin nephrotoxicity are not fully resolved. Here, we investigated cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage and tested the hypothesis that ROS-dependent shedding of death activator Fas ligand (FasL) occurs in cisplatin nephropathy. We show that intraperitoneal injection of sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (Captisol™)-solubilized cisplatin elevated the level of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde in mouse kidneys and urinary concentration of oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. Cisplatin increased mouse kidney-to-body weight ratio and the plasma or urinary levels of predictive biomarkers of AKI, including creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, microalbumin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and cystatin C. Histological analysis and dUTP nick end labeling of kidney sections indicated tubular injury and renal apoptosis, respectively in cisplatin-treated mice. Whereas the plasma concentration of soluble FasL (sFasL) was unaltered, urinary sFasL was increased ∼4-fold in cisplatin-treated mice. Real-time quantitative live-cell imaging and lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that cisplatin stimulated caspase 3/7 activation and cytotoxicity in a human proximal tubule epithelial cell line which were attenuated by inhibitors of the FasL/Fas system and poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase-1. Moreover, TEMPOL, an intracellular free radical scavenger mitigated cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress and injury, AKI biomarker and urinary sFasL elevation, and proximal tubule cell death. Our findings indicate that cisplatin-induced oxidative stress triggers the shedding of membrane-bound FasL to sFasL in the kidney. We demonstrate that cisplatin elicits nephrotoxicity by promoting FasL/Fas-dependent oxidative renal tubular cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Soni
- a Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Damian Kaminski
- b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- b Department of Ophthalmology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.,c Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- a Department of Physiology , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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10
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Soni H, Adebiyi A. Early septic insult in neonatal pigs increases serum and urinary soluble Fas ligand and decreases kidney function without inducing significant renal apoptosis. Ren Fail 2017; 39:83-91. [PMID: 27767365 PMCID: PMC6014332 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1244082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of renal tubular and glomerular cells during kidney disease involves activation of Fas ligand (FasL)-dependent death pathway. The significance of FasL in neonates with septic acute kidney injury (AKI) is unresolved, but an increase in renal FasL production, and/or infiltration of circulating FasL into the kidneys may occur following initial septic insult. Here, we examined whether soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) levels are altered during early phase of septic AKI in neonates. Six hours of polymicrobial sepsis elicited by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) (a bacteremia and sepsis marker) concentration in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated neonatal pigs. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were increased by ∼39% and 46%, respectively, following 6 h of CLP in the pigs. The urinary level of NGAL, an early marker of AKI was also elevated by ∼71% in the septic pigs. The basal concentration of sFasL in the serum and urine of neonatal pigs was similar. Six hours of CLP significantly increased serum and urine sFasL levels in the pigs by ∼24% and 68%, respectively. However, there was no evidence of caspase activation to suggest an induction of cellular apoptotic process in the kidneys of the septic pigs. These findings suggest that an increase in circulating and urinary sFasL during early septic AKI in neonatal pigs is not associated with renal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Soni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adebowale Adebiyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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11
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Functional significance and therapeutic implication of ring-type E3 ligases in colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2017; 37:148-159. [PMID: 28925398 PMCID: PMC5770599 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulative studies revealed that E3 ubiquitin ligases have important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. The pathogenic mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and progression are complex and heterogeneous, involving somatic mutations, abnormal gene fusion, deletion or amplification and epigenetic alteration, which may cause aberrant expression or altered function of E3 ligases in CRC. Defects of E3 ligases have been reported to be involved in the molecular etiology and pathogenesis of CRC. The aberrant expressed E3 ligases can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors depending on ubiquiting target substrates in CRC. Recently, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the potential roles of E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitylation in colorectal carcinogenesis. There are mainly two subtypes of E3 ubiquitin ligases in humans, as defined by the presence of either a HECT domain or a RING finger domain on the basis of structural similitude. Most cancer-associated E3 ligases participate in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis, gene transcription, cell signaling and DNA repair, the critical parts of CRC tumorigenesis. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive summary of abnormally expressed E3 ligases and their related pivotal mechanistic effects in CRC. In particular, we have highlighted the function of RING-type E3 ubiquitin enzymes in modulating cancer signaling pathways, immunity and tumor microenvironment in CRC development and progression; their mechanism(s) of action in CRC involving both ubiquitylation-dependent and ubiquitylation-independent effects; and the potential of RING E3 ligases as molecular biomarkers for predicting patient prognosis and as therapeutic targets in CRC. A better understanding of E3 ligase-mediated substrates' ubiquitylation involved in the development of CRC will provide new insights into the pathophysiology mechanisms of CRC, and unravel novel prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies for CRC.
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Ceramide mediates FasL-induced caspase 8 activation in colon carcinoma cells to enhance FasL-induced cytotoxicity by tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30816. [PMID: 27487939 PMCID: PMC4973238 DOI: 10.1038/srep30816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FasL-mediated cytotoxicity is one of the mechanisms that CTLs use to kill tumor cells. However, human colon carcinoma often deregulates the Fas signaling pathway to evade host cancer immune surveillance. We aimed at testing the hypothesis that novel ceramide analogs effectively modulate Fas function to sensitize colon carcinoma cells to FasL-induced apoptosis. We used rational design and synthesized twenty ceramide analogs as Fas function modulators. Five ceramide analogs, IG4, IG7, IG14, IG17, and IG19, exhibit low toxicity and potent activity in sensitization of human colon carcinoma cells to FasL-induced apoptosis. Functional deficiency of Fas limits both FasL and ceramide analogs in the induction of apoptosis. Ceramide enhances FasL-induced activation of the MAPK, NF-κB, and caspase 8 despite induction of potent tumor cell death. Finally, a sublethal dose of several ceramide analogs significantly increased CTL-mediated and FasL-induced apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells. We have therefore developed five novel ceramide analogs that act at a sublethal dose to enhance the efficacy of tumor-specific CTLs, and these ceramide analogs hold great promise for further development as adjunct agents in CTL-based colon cancer immunotherapy.
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Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by a very little apoptosis, ie, genetically programmed cell death. Aberrations in apoptotic pathways are central to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and overall tumor growth and regression in response to chemotherapy. It is now increasingly accepted that chemotherapeutic drug efficacy is partially related to its ability to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis, therefore, represents not only a vital target in cancer therapy but also a unique biomarker opportunity that has thus far been largely unexploited. In response to therapy, tumor cells undergo apoptosis and release their cellular components in the circulation. As such, these materials may serve as biomarkers to assess response. Apoptosis markers in breast cancer include circulating soluble FasL, granzyme B, and cytochrome c that increase following chemotherapy. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information in the literature with respect to this approach. As such, large-scale prospective studies are clearly needed to validate this approach and more fully elucidate clinical usefulness.
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14
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Ramutton T, Buccheri S, Dieli F, Todaro M, Stassi G, Meraviglia S. γδ T cells as a potential tool in colon cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:989-99. [PMID: 25341120 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are capable of recognizing tumor cells and exert potent cellular cytotoxicity against a large range of tumors, including colon cancer. However, tumors utilize numerous strategies to escape recognition or killing by patrolling γδ T cells, such a downregulation of NKG2D ligands, MICA/B and ULBPs. Therefore, the combined upregulation of T-cell receptorand NKG2D ligands on tumor cells and induction of NKG2D expression on γδ T cells may greatly enhance tumor killing and unlock the functions of γδ T cells. Here, we briefly review current data on the mechanisms of γδ T-cell recognition and killing of colon cancer cells and propose that γδ T cells may represent a promising target for the design of novel and highly innovative immunotherapy in patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiranut Ramutton
- Department of Biopathology & Biomedical Methodologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Sun L, Liu B, Lin Z, Yao Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Chen J, Yu D, Tang Z, Wang B, Zeng S, Fan S, Wang Y, Li Y, Song E, Li J. MiR-320a acts as a prognostic factor and Inhibits metastasis of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma by targeting ITGB3. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:96. [PMID: 25924850 PMCID: PMC4423101 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary Adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) patients with local invasion and lung metastasis are often resistant to conventional therapy such as operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To explore the underling mechanisms, we studied the roles of miRNA in regulating invasiveness of SACC cells. METHODS MicroRNA profiling was done in SACC cells with microarray. MiRNA mimics or antisense oligonucleotide was transfected and invasiveness of SACC cells was evaluated by adhesion assay and transwell assay. The target gene of miRNA was identified by luciferase reporter assay and "rescue" experiment. Tumor metastasis was evaluated by BALB/c-nu mice xenografts. MiRNA and its target gene expression were identified by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry respectively, in 302 patients from affiliated hospitals of Sun Yat-sen University and in 148 patients from affiliated hospitals of Central South University, and correlated to the clinicopathological status of the patients. RESULTS MiR-320a was down-regulated in high lung metastatic ACCM and SACC-LM cells compared with the corresponding low metastatic ACC2 and SACC-83 cells, and inhibited adhesion, invasion and migration of SACC cells by targeting integrin beta 3 (ITGB3). In vivo, enforced miR-320a expression suppressed metastasis of SACC xenografts. In the two independent sets, miR-320a was downregulated in primary SACCs with metastasis compared to those without metastasis, and low expression of this miRNA predicts poor patient survival and rapid metastasis. Multivariate analysis showed that miR-320a expression was an independent indicator of lung metastasis. CONCLUSIONS MiR-320a inhibits metastasis in SACCs by targeting ITGB3 and may serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic marker in salivary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Bodu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Zhaoyu Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yandan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yanyang Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Jianing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Bosheng Wang
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.
| | - Shuguang Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Song Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Youyuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Yilin Li
- Xaverian Brothers High School, Westwood, MA, 02090, USA.
| | - Erwei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Sun Yatsen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Jinsong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Sun Yatsen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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The role of CD95 and CD95 ligand in cancer. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:549-59. [PMID: 25656654 PMCID: PMC4356349 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and its ligand, CD95L, have long been viewed as a death receptor/death ligand system that mediates apoptosis induction to maintain immune homeostasis. In addition, these molecules are important in the immune elimination of virus-infected cells and cancer cells. CD95L was, therefore, considered to be useful for cancer therapy. However, major side effects have precluded its systemic use. During the last 10 years, it has been recognized that CD95 and CD95L have multiple cancer-relevant nonapoptotic and tumor-promoting activities. CD95 and CD95L were discovered to be critical survival factors for cancer cells, and were found to protect and promote cancer stem cells. We now discuss five different ways in which inhibiting or eliminating CD95L, rather than augmenting, may be beneficial for cancer therapy alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy or immune therapy.
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Kadam CY, Abhang SA. Serum levels of soluble Fas ligand, granzyme B and cytochrome c during adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:98-102. [PMID: 25139496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticancer agents used in chemotherapy for tumors induce apoptosis in malignant cells. Soluble Fas ligand, granzyme B and cytochrome c are key elements in the process of apoptosis. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the changes in the serum concentrations of these parameters in breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty patients with histopathologically proven breast cancer were included in the present study. The blood samples were taken after surgery before chemotherapy and after 3weeks of administration of the first cycle of chemotherapy. Thirty healthy female controls were selected for comparison. Soluble FasL, granzyme B and cytochrome c were estimated from serum by ELISA. RESULTS Significantly increased concentrations of soluble FasL, granzyme B and cytochrome c were found in stage II and stage III of breast cancer patients after chemotherapy compared with concentrations before chemotherapy (P<0.0001). A significant positive correlation was found between soluble FasL and cytochrome c as well as between granzyme B and cytochrome c in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Serum concentrations of apoptotic markers such as soluble FasL, granzyme B and cytochrome c were increased after administration of the first cycle of chemotherapeutic drugs. The measurement of these circulating apoptotic markers may help clinicians in evaluating treatment efficacy in breast cancer.
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Stathaki M, Armakolas A, Dimakakos A, Kaklamanis L, Vlachos I, Konstantoulakis MM, Zografos G, Koutsilieris M. Kisspeptin effect on endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP-II)-associated lymphocyte cell death and metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Mol Med 2014; 20:80-92. [PMID: 24395571 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is an antimetastatic agent in some cancers that has also been associated with lymphoid cell apoptosis, a phenomenon favoring metastases. Our aim was to determine the association of kisspeptin with lymphocyte apoptosis and the presence of metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Blood was drawn from 69 colon cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Tissue specimens from healthy and pathological tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed for kisspeptin and endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP-II) expression. Blood EMAP-II and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) levels were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression and secretion levels in the DLD-1 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas lymphocyte viability was assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of kisspeptin on the viability of colon cancer cells was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Exogenous, synthetic and naturally produced, kisspeptin induces through the G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54; also known as the kisspeptin receptor) the EMAP-II expression and secretion in colon cancer cell lines, inducing in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis, as verified by the use of an anti-EMAP-II antibody. These results were reversed with the use of kisspeptin inhibitors and by kisspeptin-silencing experiments. Tumor kisspeptin expression was associated with the tumor EMAP-II expression (p < 0.001). Elevated kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tissues was associated with lack of metastases (p < 0.001) in colon cancer patients. These data indicate the antimetastatic effect of tumor-elevated kisspeptin in colon cancer patients that may be mediated by the effect of kisspeptin on EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tumors in patients with normal serum EMAP-II levels. These findings provide new insight into the role of kisspeptin in the context of metastases in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Vlachos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manoussos M Konstantoulakis
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Saito H, Takaya S, Osaki T, Ikeguchi M. Increased apoptosis and elevated Fas expression in circulating natural killer cells in gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2013. [PMID: 23179366 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cells undergo extensive apoptosis in patients with cancer, which may be related to immune evasion by cancerous cells. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between natural killer (NK) cell apoptosis and Fas expression in gastric cancer patients. METHODS NK cell apoptosis and Fas expression were evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry. Soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The frequency of apoptotic NK cells in gastric cancer patients was significantly higher than in normal controls (p = 0.0016). Moreover, their frequency was related to the progression of gastric cancer. Fas-positive NK cells were significantly more common in gastric cancer patients compared with normal controls (p = 0.034). Furthermore, Fas expression was closely related to the frequency of NK cell apoptosis (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). The frequency of tumor-infiltrating NK cell apoptosis was significantly higher than that of circulating NK cell apoptosis (p = 0.035). Furthermore, Fas-positive NK cells in gastric cancer tissues occurred significantly more often than in peripheral blood (p = 0.029). FasL concentration in gastric cancer patients was lower than that in normal controls, and the difference tended to be significant (p = 0.057). Apoptotic circulating NK cells significantly decreased after surgery compared to before surgery (p = 0.023). Furthermore, Fas expression on circulating NK cells also significantly decreased after surgery compared with before surgery (p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of Fas expression on NK cells is related to increased apoptosis of circulating NK cells in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University School of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8504, Japan,
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Functional Investigation of Fas Ligand Expressions in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Its Clinical Implications. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 95:412-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Owonikoko TK, Hossain MS, Bhimani C, Chen Z, Kim S, Ramalingam SS, Sun SY, Shin DM, Waller EK, Khuri FR. Soluble FAS ligand as a biomarker of disease recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer. Cancer 2013; 119:1503-11. [PMID: 23340930 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable predictive biomarkers are required to address the challenge of disease recurrence after thyroid cancer surgery. For this study, the authors assessed the association of cellular-based and serum-based immunologic mediators with thyroid cancer recurrence. METHODS Leukocyte subset counts and immune regulatory cytokine levels were determined in peripheral blood samples using multiparameter flow cytometry and 51-panel, multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. The functional activity of circulating B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and natural killer lymphocytes was assessed ex vivo. Differences in mean biomarker levels between defined patient groups and correlations between biomarkers and cancer recurrence were assessed using t tests or Wilcoxon tests and by univariate and multivariate analyses with Cox models. Optimal cutoff values of significantly correlated biomarkers that best predicted disease recurrence after surgery were established by receiver operating characteristics and were validated by using an optimal cutpoint determination algorithm. RESULTS In total, 35 patients were enrolled (median age, 49.4 year), including 24 women and 15 patients with recurrent disease; and there were 21 individuals in the control group. Patients without recurrence had higher levels of soluble FAS (tumor necrosis receptor superfamily, member 6) ligand (sFASL), transforming growth factor-β, regulatory T cells, and programmed death 1/ programmed death ligand 1-expressing leukocytes. sFASL (hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.95; P = .031) and interferon-α (hazard ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.34; P = .038) were associated significantly with disease recurrence. There was a significant difference in progression-free survival between patient groups stratified by an sFASL optimal cutpoint of 15 pg/mL (log-rank P = .0009). CONCLUSIONS sFASL and IFN-α levels were correlated significantly with thyroid cancer recurrence and may be useful for risk-adapted surveillance strategies in patients with thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Sejima T, Iwamoto H, Morizane S, Hinata N, Yao A, Isoyama T, Saito M, Takenaka A. The significant immunological characteristics of peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and Fas ligand expression incidence in nephrectomized tumor in late recurrence from renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2011; 31:1343-9. [PMID: 22153754 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to characterize the significance of immune system function in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we investigated the interactive relationships among the following parameters: metastatic characteristics, expression of Fas ligand (FasL) in nephrectomized specimens, immunological parameters, and patient's prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with advanced RCC were stratified into 3 groups according to the characteristics of metastasis timing, at first presentation (mFP), within 5 years of nephrectomy (early-recurrence), after 5 years (late-recurrence). Immunological parameters [hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), serum albumin, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS), and Charlson Comorbidity Index], FasL expression in RCC, and patient prognosis from occurrence of metastasis were compared among the groups. Thirty-five patients were also stratified into 2 groups according to FasL positivity and individual parameters. Patient's prognosis and the remaining immunological parameters were compared between groups. RESULTS The NLRs of the late-recurrence group were significantly lower than those of the mFP (P = 0.0004) and early-recurrence (P = 0.013) groups. The FasL mRNA positivity of the late-recurrence group was significantly lower than those of the mFP (P = 0.001) and early-recurrence (P = 0.0277) groups. The prognosis of the late-recurrence group was significantly better than that of the early-recurrence group (P = 0.0255). NLRs were significantly lower in the FasL-negative group than in the -positive group (P = 0.0182). The cause-specific survival rates of the ECOG PS 0 group were significantly higher than that of the ECOG PS > 0 group (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest the associations of the prognosis in advanced RCC with peripheral blood NLR and FasL expression in nephrectomized tumor. The characteristics of lower values of NLR and FasL expression positivity in late-recurrence compared with other metastatic timings suggest strong host immune activity, and may imply relatively long survival. On the other hand, elucidation of the patient's general condition obtained not only by chemical data but also by ECOG PS is crucial in the management of patients with advanced RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Sejima
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Tottori-ken, Japan.
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Sun L, Yao Y, Liu B, Lin Z, Lin L, Yang M, Zhang W, Chen W, Pan C, Liu Q, Song E, Li J. MiR-200b and miR-15b regulate chemotherapy-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human tongue cancer cells by targeting BMI1. Oncogene 2011; 31:432-45. [PMID: 21725369 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been reported to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, which is a critical step in the process of metastasis leading to cancer spreading and treatment failure. However, the underlying mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced EMT remain unclear, and the involvement of microRNAs (miRNA) in this process is poorly understood. To address these questions, we established stable chemotherapy-resistant tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) cell lines CAL27-res and SCC25-res by exposing the parental CAL27 and SCC25 lines to escalating concentrations of cisplatin for 6 months. CAL27-res and SCC25-res cells displayed mesenchymal features with enhanced invasiveness and motility. MiRNA microarray illustrated that miR-200b and miR-15b were the most significantly downregulated microRNAs in CAL27-res cells. Ectopic expression of miR-200b and miR-15b with miRNA mimics effectively reversed the phenotype of EMT in CAL27-res and SCC25-res cells, and sensitized them to chemotherapy, but inhibition of miR-200b and miR-15b in the sensitive lines with anti-sense oligonucleotides induced EMT and conferred chemoresistance. Retrieving the expression of B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (BMI1), a target for miR-200b and miR-15b, in the presence of the miRNA mimics by transfecting CAL27-res cells with pcDNA3.1-BMI1-carrying mutated seed sequences of miR-200b or miR-15b at its 3'-UTR recapitulated chemotherapy-induced EMT. In vivo, enforced miR-200b or miR-15b expression suppressed metastasis of TSCC xenografts established by CAL27-res cells. Clinically, reduced miR-200b or miR-15b expression was associated with chemotherapeutic resistance in TSCCs and poor patient survival. Our data suggest that reduced expression of miR-200b and miR-15b underscores the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced EMT in TSCC, and may serve as therapeutic targets to reverse chemotherapy resistance in tongue cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sun
- Department of Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Paunel-Görgülü A, Flohé S, Scholz M, Windolf J, Lögters T. Increased serum soluble Fas after major trauma is associated with delayed neutrophil apoptosis and development of sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2011; 15:R20. [PMID: 21232130 PMCID: PMC3222054 DOI: 10.1186/cc9965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Deregulated apoptosis and overshooting neutrophil functions contribute to immune and organ dysfunction in sepsis and multiple organ failure (MOF). In the present study, we determined the role of soluble Fas (sFas) in the regulation of posttraumatic neutrophil extrinsic apoptosis and the development of sepsis. Methods Forty-seven major trauma patients, 18 with and 29 without sepsis development during the first 10 days after trauma, were enrolled in this prospective study. Seventeen healthy volunteers served as controls. Blood samples from severely injured patients were analyzed at day 1, day 5 and day 9 after major trauma. sFas levels, plasma levels of neutrophil elastase (PMNE) and levels of interleukin (IL)-6 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and related to patients' Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS). Neutrophil apoptosis was determined by propidium iodide staining of fragmented DNA and flow cytometry. sFas-mediated effects on neutrophil apoptosis were investigated in cells cultured with agonistic anti-Fas antibodies in the presence of recombinant sFas, sFas-depleted serum or untreated serum from septic patients. Results Serum levels of sFas in patients who later developed sepsis were significantly increased at day 5 (P < 0.01) and day 9 (P < 0.05) after trauma compared with patients with uneventful recovery. Apoptosis of patient neutrophils was significantly decreased during the observation period compared with control cells. Moreover, Fas-mediated apoptosis of control neutrophils was efficiently inhibited by recombinant sFas and serum from septic patients. Depletion of sFas from septic patient sera diminished the antiapoptotic effects. In septic patients, sFas levels were positively correlated with SOFA at day 1 (r = 0.7, P < 0.001), day 5 (r = 0.62, P < 0.01) and day 9 (r = 0.58, P < 0.01) and with PMNE and leukocyte counts (r = 0.49, P < 0.05 for both) as well as MODS at day 5 (r = 0.56, P < 0.01) after trauma. Conclusions Increased sFas in patients with sepsis development impairs neutrophil extrinsic apoptosis and shows a positive correlation with the organ dysfunction scores and PMNE. Therefore, sFas might be a therapeutic target to prevent posttrauma hyperinflammation and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Liu K. Role of apoptosis resistance in immune evasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:399-406. [PMID: 21160903 PMCID: PMC3000453 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i11.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune system functions as a guardian against tumor development. It has been demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxic pathways function to inhibit or delay human colorectal cancer development. However, the host anti-tumor immune responses also 'edit' the tumor and select for more aggressive variants, resulting in immune evasion and tumor escape. Fas is a death receptor that mediates one of the major cytotoxic effector mechanisms of the CTLs. Fas is highly expressed in normal human colon epithelial cells but is frequently silenced in colorectal carcinoma, especially in metastatic colorectal carcinoma, suggesting that loss of Fas expression and function may be an immune evasion and tumor escape mechanism. In addition, recent studies indicated that Fas also mediates cellular proliferation signaling pathways to promote tumor development. Therefore, the death receptor Fas may not only transduce death signals to suppress tumor development but also activate cellular proliferation and the migration process to promote tumor growth and progression. Thus, understanding the mechanisms by which the Fas receptor and its associated protein complex transduces the death and survival signals may identify molecular targets for the development of therapeutic strategy to enhance the Fas-mediated death signals to increase the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Liu
- Kebin Liu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
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Yildiz R, Benekli M, Buyukberber S, Kaya AO, Ozturk B, Yaman E, Berk V, Coskun U, Yamac D, Sancak B, Uner A. The effect of bevacizumab on serum soluble FAS/FASL and TRAIL and its receptors (DR4 and DR5) in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2010; 136:1471-6. [PMID: 20155284 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bevacizumab-based chemotherapy has become the standard of care in metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). We aimed to measure the levels of serum soluble FAS, FASL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), and its death receptors DR4 and DR5 in MCRC patients and to define prognostic significance of these parameters in response to bevacizumab in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The levels of these parameters in serum samples were quantified by a commercially available ELISA kit in 31 MCRC patients before and after 2 cycles of therapy and 25 healthy controls. RESULTS Pretreatment sFAS levels in MCRC patients was significantly lower than the levels of controls (p = 0.043). There was no significant difference in sFAS and sFASL levels in MCRC patients before and after bevacizumab-based treatment. There was no significant difference in sFAS/sFASL ratio in MCRC patients before and after treatment and controls. Soluble DR5 levels were significantly higher in pretreatment serum samples compared with controls (p = 0.008). However, pretreatment sTRAIL and sDR4 levels were similar to the levels of controls. There was no significant difference in sTRAIL, sDR4, and sDR5 levels in MCRC patients before and after treatment. When patients were grouped according to treatment response (responders vs. non-responders), post-treatment sFAS/sFASL ratio was significantly lower in responding patients compared with non-responders (p = 0.029). Significant correlations were observed between post-treatment sFASL and sDR4, sFAS and sTRAIL, sTRAIL and sFAS/sFASL ratio, and sFASL and sDR5. CONCLUSION Non-significant changes in apoptotic markers with bevacizumab-based chemotherapy showed that they have no prognostic significance in MCRC patients. Significant change in sFAS/sFASL ratio according to treatment response could be an indicator of chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Yildiz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey
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Kloor M, Michel S, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Immune evasion of microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1001-10. [PMID: 20198617 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) develop through 2 major pathways of genetic instability. In contrast to the majority of CRCs, which are characterized by chromosomal instability, high-level microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) CRCs arise as a consequence of the loss of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) functions and show accumulation of insertion and deletion mutations particularly in microsatellite sequences. MSI-H occurs in about 15% of CRCs, and virtually all CRCs occurring in the context of the hereditary cancer-predisposing Lynch syndrome. These tumors are characterized by a comparably good prognosis and a low frequency of distant metastases. Because of the expression of a defined set of tumor-specific antigens, MSI-H CRCs elicit a strong local and systemic antitumoral immune response of the host and therefore use different strategies to evade the control of the immune system. In this review, we will summarize novel molecular mechanisms that at the same time drive pathogenesis, immunogenicity and immune evasion during the development and progression of MSI-H CRCs. We will focus on the current knowledge about alterations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigen presentation and discuss how immune evasion-while offering protection against local antitumoral immune responses-paradoxically might interfere with the ability of the tumor to form distant organ metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), Heidelberg, Germany
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Davies DM, Maher J. Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy of cancer using chimeric antigen receptor-grafted T cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:165-78. [PMID: 20373147 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the power of the immune system to target cancer has long been a goal of tumor immunologists. One avenue under investigation is the modification of T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Expression of such a receptor enables T-cell specificity to be redirected against a chosen tumor antigen. Substantial research in this field has been carried out, incorporating a wide variety of malignancies and tumor-associated antigens. Ongoing investigations will ensure this area continues to expand at a rapid pace. This review will explain the evolution of CAR technology over the last two decades in addition to detailing the associated benefits and disadvantages. The outcome of recent phase I clinical trials and the impact that these have had upon the direction of future research in this field will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marc Davies
- King's College London School of Medicine, Research Oncology Section, Division of Cancer Studies, Third Floor Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital Campus, St Thomas Street, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Weinlich R, Brunner T, Amarante-Mendes GP. Control of death receptor ligand activity by posttranslational modifications. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1631-42. [PMID: 20306114 PMCID: PMC11115959 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The death receptor ligands are involved in many physiological and pathological processes involving triggering of apoptosis, inflammation, proliferation, and activation. The expression of these molecules is reported to be tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. However, over the last few years, an increasing number of data demonstrated that the control of transcription is only one of the mechanisms that manage the expression of the death receptor ligands. Thus, this review is focused on posttranslational regulation of the three main members of this family, namely FasL, TNF-alpha, and TRAIL. We discuss here the importance of distribution, storage, and degranulation of these molecules, as well as their shedding by proteases on the control of death receptor ligands expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weinlich
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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30
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Peach G, Kim C, Zacharakis E, Purkayastha S, Ziprin P. Prognostic significance of circulating tumour cells following surgical resection of colorectal cancers: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1327-34. [PMID: 20389297 PMCID: PMC2865760 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of colorectal cancers (CRCs) is well understood for patients with stage-I or stage-III disease. Its efficacy for those with stage-II disease remains much less clear. Many investigators have sought to identify prognostic markers that might clarify which patients have the highest risk of recurrence and would, therefore, be most likely to benefit from chemotherapy. This systematic review examines evidence for the use of peripherally sampled, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) as such a prognostic marker. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was used to identify studies reporting on the significance of CTCs in the postoperative blood of CRC patients. Results: Fourteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Six of the nine studies that took blood samples 24 h or more postoperatively found detection of postoperative CTCs to be an independent predictor of cancer recurrence. Conclusion: The presence of CTCs in peripheral blood at least 24 h after resection of CRCs is an independent prognostic marker of recurrence. Further studies are needed to clarify the optimal time point for blood sampling and determine the benefit of chemotherapy in CTC-positive patients with stage-II disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Peach
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK.
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Jansen T, Tyler B, Mankowski JL, Recinos VR, Pradilla G, Legnani F, Laterra J, Olivi A. FasL gene knock-down therapy enhances the antiglioma immune response. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:482-9. [PMID: 20406899 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a lethal form of brain cancer that is very difficult to treat. The aggressive behavior of these neoplasms and their limited responsiveness to therapy has been attributed in part to the ability of these tumors to evade the immune system. Gliomas, like many other solid tumors, express components of numerous immune escape mechanisms, including immunosuppressive proteins such as TGF-beta, IL-10, and FasL. Here, we show that FasL expression can support the growth of experimental intracranial glioma. We show that FasL is readily detected in human glioblastoma multiforme clinical specimens. FasL was found to be expressed by three well-characterized rat glioma cell lines (9L, F98, and C6) and glioma cell-derived FasL mediated the death of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated Jurkat T-lymphocytes when cocultured with glioma cells in vitro. We asked if inhibiting 9L-derived FasL altered the growth of experimental glioma. FasL expression knockdown using shRNA reduced the growth of subcutaneous and intracranial 9L gliomas by approximately 50% in immune competent Fisher 344 rats. In contrast, FasL expression knockdown had no affect on the growth of intracranial 9L glioma in T-cell deficient athymic rats. Intracranial tumors derived from FasL knockdown 9L glioma cells contained up to 3-fold more tumor infiltrating T-cells than tumors derived from control 9L cells. These results demonstrate that down-regulating FasL expression and/or function in glial malignancies can enhance T-cell tumor infiltration and inhibit tumor growth. The findings suggest that targeting endogenous FasL in glial malignancies could enhance the efficacy of emerging immune-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Jansen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale C Besta, Milan, Italy
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Li J, Huang H, Sun L, Yang M, Pan C, Chen W, Wu D, Lin Z, Zeng C, Yao Y, Zhang P, Song E. MiR-21 indicates poor prognosis in tongue squamous cell carcinomas as an apoptosis inhibitor. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3998-4008. [PMID: 19509158 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aim to examine miR-21 expression in tongue squamous cell carcinomas (TSCC) and correlate it with patient clinical status, and to investigate its contribution to TSCC cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MicroRNA profiling was done in 10 cases of TSCC with microarray. MiR-21 overexpression was quantitated with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in 103 patients, and correlated to the pathoclinical status of the patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of TPM1 and PTEN, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP labeling to evaluate apoptosis. Moreover, miR-21 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) was transfected in SCC-15 and CAL27 cell lines, and tumor cell growth was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, adherent colony formation, and soft agar assay, whereas apoptosis was determined by Annexin V assay, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 assay. Tumorigenesis was evaluated by xenografting SCC-15 cells in nude mice. RESULTS MiR-21 is overexpressed in TSCC relative to adjacent normal tissues. The level of miR-21 is reversely correlated with TPM1 and PTEN expression and apoptosis of cancer cells. Multivariate analysis showed that miR-21 expression is an independent prognostic factor indicating poor survival. Inhibiting miR-21 with ASO in TSCC cell lines reduces survival and anchorage-independent growth, and induces apoptosis in TSCC cell lines. Simultaneous silencing of TPM1 with siRNA only partially recapitulates the effect of miR-21 ASO. Furthermore, repeated injection of miR-21 ASO suppresses tumor formation in nude mice by reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS miR-21 is an independent prognostic indicator for TSCC, and may play a role in TSCC development by inhibiting cancer cell apoptosis partly via TPM1 silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Li
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Breast Tumor Center, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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33
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Matar P, Alaniz L, Rozados V, Aquino JB, Malvicini M, Atorrasagasti C, Gidekel M, Silva M, Scharovsky OG, Mazzolini G. Immunotherapy for liver tumors: present status and future prospects. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:30. [PMID: 19272130 PMCID: PMC2662798 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that immune responses are involved in the control of cancer and that the immune system can be manipulated in different ways to recognize and attack tumors. Progress in immune-based strategies has opened new therapeutic avenues using a number of techniques destined to eliminate malignant cells. In the present review, we overview current knowledge on the importance, successes and difficulties of immunotherapy in liver tumors, including preclinical data available in animal models and information from clinical trials carried out during the lasts years. This review shows that new options for the treatment of advanced liver tumors are urgently needed and that there is a ground for future advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Matar
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, (2000) Rosario, Argentina.
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34
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Luce A, Courtin A, Levalois C, Altmeyer-Morel S, Romeo PH, Chevillard S, Lebeau J. Death receptor pathways mediate targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiations in breast cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:432-9. [PMID: 19126655 PMCID: PMC2650794 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cell death by mitotic catastrophe is a frequent mode of solid tumor cell death after γ-irradiation, a widely used treatment of cancer. Whereas the mechanisms that underlie the early γ-irradiation-induced cell death are well documented, those that drive the delayed cell death are largely unknown. Here we show that the Fas, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α death receptor pathways mediate the delayed cell death observed after γ-irradiation of breast cancer cells. Early after irradiation, we observe the increased expression of Fas, TRAIL-R and TNF-R that first sensitizes cells to apoptosis. Later, the increased expression of FasL, TRAIL and TNF-α permit the apoptosis engagement linked to mitotic catastrophe. Treatments with TNF-α, TRAIL or anti-Fas antibody, early after radiation exposure, induce apoptosis, whereas the neutralization of the three death receptors pathways impairs the delayed cell death. We also show for the first time that irradiated breast cancer cells excrete soluble forms of the three ligands that can induce the death of sensitive bystander cells. Overall, these results define the molecular basis of the delayed cell death of irradiated cancer cells and identify the death receptors pathways as crucial actors in apoptosis induced by targeted as well as non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Luce
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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35
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Suppression of FasL expression in tumor cells and preventing TNF-induced apoptosis was better for immune cells survival. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:1043-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Zhang J, Xu G. Suppression of FasL expression in tumor cells and preventing tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis by adenovirus 14.7K is an effective escape mechanism for immune cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 179:112-7. [PMID: 18036397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2007.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate if the Fas/FasL signal pathway participates in the immune escape of tumor cells, and if contemporary Fas/FasL and tumor necrosis factor (TNF))-induced apoptosis is better for immune cell survival than just blocking Fas/FasL-induced apoptotic signal. FasL expression in mouse H22 hepatocellular cancer cells was suppressed by the siRNA technique. The wild-type Ad5 14.7K gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and transduced into Jurkat T-cells. Apoptosis of target Jurkat cells was detected by flow cytometry. TNF-alpha in the culture supernatant of H22 cells by ELISA was seen. FasL and 14.7K gene expression in stably transfected or transduced clones were determined by Western blotting. As a result, FasL expression in H22 cells was down-regulated after stable transfection with a plasmid encoding antisense FasL cDNA. Down-regulation of FasL expression in H22 cells had no effect on tumor growth in vitro. There was an apparent decrease in the number of apoptotic Jurkat T-cells after coculture with transfected H22 cells, relative to coculture with FasL-expressing untransfected cells. Compared with untransduced Jurkat cells, apoptotic rates in 14.7K-transduced Jurkat cells were significantly reduced in three different E/T ratios (P < 0.01), respectively. We conclude that Fas/FasL signal pathway participates in the immune escape of tumor cells by inducing immune cells apoptosis. Reducing the expression of FasL in tumor cells can decrease the apoptotic rate of immune cells, further blocking the apoptotic signal pathway of immune cells by preventing TNF-induced apoptosis can increase the survival of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangguo Zhang
- Department of Morphology, Medical College of Huzhou Teachers No. 1, Xueshi Road, Huzhou 313000, China.
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37
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Shi Y, Guan JM, Han D. Progress in studies on the Fas/FasL expression system and colon carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:3830-3835. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i36.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell apoptosis or programmed cell death is the term used to describe active cell death to maintain stability under physiological and pathological conditions. Interaction of the death receptor and death ligand is one of the main ways to induce apoptosis, of which, the Fas/FasL system is considered as the major signal transduction pathway to mediate apoptosis. Colon carcinoma is one of the common malignant tumors that are a threat to human health. The occurrence and development of colon carcinoma is related to the regulation imbalance of cell apoptosis. This article reviews the relationship between the Fas/FasL expression system and the occurrence and development of colon carcinoma.
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Wu S, Xing W, Peng J, Yuan X, Zhao X, Lei P, Li W, Wang M, Zhu H, Huang B, Huang L, Shen G. Tumor transfected with CCL21 enhanced reactivity and apoptosis resistance of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2007; 213:417-26. [PMID: 18472050 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine CCL21 can effectively attract CCR7(+) dendritic cells (DCs), however its role in this event is poorly understood. In this report, we investigated the effect of exogenous CCL21 expressed in breast cancer MCF-7 on human monocyte-derived DCs. CCL21-transfected MCF-7 stimulation prompted DC functions: migration, antigen-uptake and presentation. The stimulated DCs facilitated Th1 type cytokines production, perforin-forming CD8(+) T cell transformation and final T cell-associated clearance of MCF-7. Moreover, the MCF-7-resourced CCL21 protected DCs from apoptosis significantly, involving up-regulations of Bcl-2 expression and NF-kappaB activity, and reduction of caspase-3. This study provides evidence that tumor-derived CCL21 increases the presentation and apoptosis resistance of DCs, suggesting such a mechanism may be useful for the improvement of tumor cell immunogenicity and anti-tumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Wu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medicine Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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Houston AM, Michael-Robinson JM, Walsh MD, Cummings MC, Ryan AE, Lincoln D, Pandeya N, Jass JR, Radford-Smith GL, O'Connell J. The "Fas counterattack" is not an active mode of tumor immune evasion in colorectal cancer with high-level microsatellite instability. Hum Pathol 2007; 39:243-50. [PMID: 17961631 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is an alternative pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis. It is found in 10% to 15% of sporadic colorectal neoplasms and is characterized by failure of the DNA mismatch-repair system. High-level MSI (MSI-H) is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and a favorable prognosis. Expression of Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) by cancer cells may mediate tumor immune privilege by inducing apoptosis of antitumor immune cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between FasL expression and MSI status in primary colon tumors. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected FasL expression in 91 colorectal carcinoma specimens, previously classified according to the level of MSI as MSI-H (n = 26), MSI-low (MSI-L) (n = 29), and microsatellite stable (n = 36). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte density was quantified by immunohistochemical staining for CD3. MSI-H tumors were significantly associated with reduced frequency (P = .04) and intensity (P = .066) of FasL expression relative to non-MSI-H (ie, microsatellite stable and MSI-L) tumors. Higher FasL staining intensity correlated with reduced TIL density (P = .059). Together, these findings suggest that the abundance of TILs found in MSI-H tumors may be due to the failure of these tumor cells to up-regulate FasL and may explain, in part, the improved prognosis associated with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen M Houston
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Cork, Clinical Science Building, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland.
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Yoshikawa T, Saito H, Osaki T, Matsumoto S, Tsujitani S, Ikeguchi M. Elevated Fas expression is related to increased apoptosis of circulating CD8+ T cell in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Res 2007; 148:143-51. [PMID: 18561948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive apoptosis of immune cells occurs in patients with cancer, and is possibly related to immune evasion by cancer cells. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between apoptosis levels and Fas expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS The expression of apoptosis markers (annexin V binding and caspase-3 activation) and the death receptor Fas in CD8+ T cells was evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry. Soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) in the sera was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In patients with gastric cancer, 18.7% +/- 10.5% (mean +/- SD) of CD8+ T cells bound annexin V compared with 11.7% +/- 7.9% in normal controls (P = 0.0282). Fas expression in CD8+ T cells was higher in patients with gastric cancer (69.2% +/- 15.3%) than normal controls (50.6% +/- 15.3%) (P = 0.0051). The proportion of apoptotic CD8+ T cells was significantly correlated with Fas expression in CD8+ T cells (r = 0.409, P = 0.0214). In patients, Fas+CD8+ T cells preferentially underwent apoptosis and showed high caspase-3 activation. Moreover, the proportion of apoptotic CD8+ T cells was inversely correlated with serum levels of soluble Fas ligand (r = -0.324, P = 0.0359). Fas expression in tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells was significantly more frequent (80.3% +/- 13.4%) than in circulating CD8+ T cells (67.9% +/- 15.5%) (P = 0.0046). A decrease in the percentage of Fas+CD8+ T cells was observed after surgery (54.1% +/- 12.8%) compared with before surgery (65.9% +/- 17.0%) (P = 0.0284). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that up-regulation of Fas expression in CD8+ T cells is related to increased apoptosis of circulating CD8+ T cells in patients with gastric cancer. Further investigations into the detailed mechanism of apoptosis induction in Fas-positive CD8+ T cells are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Tottori University School of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Cancer immune surveillance is considered to be an important host protection process to inhibit carcinogenesis and to maintain cellular homeostasis. In the interaction of host and tumour cells, three essential phases have been proposed: elimination, equilibrium and escape, which are designated the 'three E's'. Several immune effector cells and secreted cytokines play a critical role in pursuing each process. Nascent transformed cells can initially be eliminated by an innate immune response such as by natural killer cells. During tumour progression, even though an adaptive immune response can be provoked by antigen-specific T cells, immune selection produces tumour cell variants that lose major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens and decreases amounts of tumour antigens in the equilibrium phase. Furthermore, tumour-derived soluble factors facilitate the escape from immune attack, allowing progression and metastasis. In this review, the central roles of effector cells and cytokines in tumour immunity, and the escape mechanisms of tumour cells during tumour progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Centre, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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42
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K. Cancer immunoediting from immune surveillance to immune escape. Immunology 2007. [PMID: 17386080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immune surveillance is considered to be an important host protection process to inhibit carcinogenesis and to maintain cellular homeostasis. In the interaction of host and tumour cells, three essential phases have been proposed: elimination, equilibrium and escape, which are designated the 'three E's'. Several immune effector cells and secreted cytokines play a critical role in pursuing each process. Nascent transformed cells can initially be eliminated by an innate immune response such as by natural killer cells. During tumour progression, even though an adaptive immune response can be provoked by antigen-specific T cells, immune selection produces tumour cell variants that lose major histocompatibility complex class I and II antigens and decreases amounts of tumour antigens in the equilibrium phase. Furthermore, tumour-derived soluble factors facilitate the escape from immune attack, allowing progression and metastasis. In this review, the central roles of effector cells and cytokines in tumour immunity, and the escape mechanisms of tumour cells during tumour progression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Centre, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Arihiro K. Tumor-driven evolution of immunosuppressive networks during malignant progression. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5527-36. [PMID: 16740684 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumors evolve mechanisms to escape immune control by a process called immune editing, which provides a selective pressure in the tumor microenvironment that could lead to malignant progression. A variety of tumor-derived factors contribute to the emergence of complex local and regional immunosuppressive networks, including vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta, prostaglandin E(2), and soluble phosphatidylserine, soluble Fas, soluble Fas ligand, and soluble MHC class I-related chain A proteins. Although deposited at the primary tumor site, these secreted factors could extend immunosuppressive effects into the local lymph nodes and the spleen, promoting invasion and metastasis. Vascular endothelial growth factors play a key role in recruiting immature myeloid cells from the bone marrow to enrich the microenvironment as tumor-associated immature dendritic cells and tumor-associated macrophages. The understanding of the immunosuppressive networks that evolve is incomplete, but several features are emerging. Accumulation of tumor-associated immature dendritic cells may cause roving dendritic cells and T cells to become suppressed by the activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and arginase I by tumor-derived growth factors. Soluble phosphatidylserines support tumor-associated macrophages by stimulating the release of anti-inflammatory mediators that block antitumor immune responses. Soluble Fas, soluble FasL, and soluble MHC class I-related chain A proteins may help tumor cells escape cytolysis by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, possibly by counterattacking immune cells and causing their death. In summary, tumor-derived factors drive the evolution of an immunosuppressive network which ultimately extends immune evasion from the primary tumor site to peripheral sites in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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Ryan AE, Shanahan F, O'Connell J, Houston AM. Addressing the "Fas counterattack" controversy: blocking fas ligand expression suppresses tumor immune evasion of colon cancer in vivo. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9817-23. [PMID: 16267003 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fas ligand (FasL/CD95L) is a transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that can trigger apoptotic cell death following ligation to its receptor, Fas (CD95/APO-1). Expression of FasL may help to maintain tumor cells in a state of immune privilege by inducing apoptosis of antitumor immune effector cells-the "Fas counterattack." However, the ability of FasL to mediate tumor immune privilege is controversial due to studies that indicate FasL has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities. To resolve this controversy and functionally define the role of FasL in tumor immune evasion, we investigated if suppression of endogenously expressed FasL in colon tumor cells resulted in reduced tumor development and improved antitumor immune challenge in vivo. Specifically, FasL expression in CMT93 colon carcinoma cells was down-regulated following stable transfection with a plasmid encoding antisense FasL cDNA. Down-regulation of FasL expression had no effect on tumor growth in vitro but significantly reduced tumor development in syngeneic immunocompetent mice in vivo. Tumor size was also significantly decreased. Reduced FasL expression by tumor cells led to increased lymphocyte infiltration. The overall level of neutrophils present in all of the tumors examined was low, with no difference between the tumors, irrespective of FasL expression. Thus, down-regulation of FasL expression by colon tumor cells results in an improved antitumor immune challenge in vivo, providing functional evidence in favor of the "Fas counterattack" as a mechanism of tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen E Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Cork University Hospital, and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, National University of Ireland Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Nadal C, Maurel J, Gallego R, Castells A, Longarón R, Marmol M, Sanz S, Molina R, Martin-Richard M, Gascón P. FAS/FAS Ligand Ratio: A Marker of Oxaliplatin-Based Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance in Advanced Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4770-4. [PMID: 16000573 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxaliplatin-5-fluorouracil combinations have increased responses in first-line therapy up to 40% in advanced colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, those patients who will respond are unknown and initially sensitive patients become rapidly resistant to current therapies. FAS (CD95) and FAS ligand (FASL; CD95L) have been implicated in chemosensitivity through leading to apoptosis in response to DNA-damaging drugs. Whereas the proapoptotic role of FAS and FASL is well characterized, the function of their soluble forms as predictors of chemosensitivity remains unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 68 patients with advanced colorectal cancer who received oxaliplatin-5-fluorouracil combinations in first-line therapy. Computed tomographic scans were done every 3 months and responses were evaluated by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. ELISA soluble FAS and soluble FASL analysis were done before treatment and every 3 months until disease progression. Ratios between soluble FAS and soluble FASL were established and its values and variations through time were related to treatment responses. RESULTS We found a significant increase in soluble FAS levels and a significant decrease in FASL at 3 months compared with baseline (13.2 versus 10.02 ng/mL; P=0.0001; 0.07 versus 0.14 ng/mL; P=0.007, respectively). A significant increase in the soluble FASL levels up to 9 months (fourth to fifth extractions; 0.26 ng/mL) of therapy compared with first to third extractions (0.11 ng/mL; P=0.003) was also found. A random effect regression statistical model determined that >1.2-fold increase in soluble FAS/soluble FASL ratio was a marker of chemosensitivity (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These data strongly indicate that an increment of soluble FAS/soluble FASL ratio after treatment could be an excellent marker of chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer. On the other hand, a decreased ratio after treatment can be a predictor of chemoresistance despite an initial response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nadal
- Medical Oncology, Institut Malalties Hemato-Oncologiques, Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Bimédiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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46
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McKechnie A, Robins RA, Eremin O. Immunological aspects of head and neck cancer: biology, pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms. Surgeon 2005; 2:187-207. [PMID: 15570827 DOI: 10.1016/s1479-666x(04)80001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced cancer and head and neck cancer, in particular, remains a major clinical challenge with its associated morbidity and inevitable mortality. Local control of early disease is achievable in many solid tumours with current surgical and radiotherapeutic techniques but metastatic disease is associated with poor outcome and prognosis. It is known that, by the time of presentation, many patients will already have occult microscopic metastatic disease, and surgery and radiotherapy will not result in long-term survival. What little effect modern chemotherapeutic agents have on microscopic disease is, however, limited by systemic toxicity and multi-drug resistance. Immune surveillance is postulated to be operative in man. There is evidence, however, that patients with progressive tumour growth have failure of host defences both locally and systemically. Various possible defects and tumour escape mechanisms are discussed in the review. Immunotherapy and, in particular adoptive T cell therapy and DC therapy, show promise as putative tumour-specific therapy with clinical benefits. These techniques are undergoing development and evaluation in phase 1 clinical trials. Preliminary data suggest that the treatments are well tolerated. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence of significant and prolonged improvements in clinical outcome. Further developments of beneficial protocols (adjuvants, mode and frequency of vaccination etc) and multicentre studies of the use of immunotherapy in cancer are now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKechnie
- Department of Surgery, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Peter ME, Legembre P, Barnhart BC. Does CD95 have tumor promoting activities? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1755:25-36. [PMID: 15907590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD95 (APO-1/Fas) is an important inducer of the extrinsic apoptosis signaling pathway and therapy induced apoptosis of many tumor cells has been linked to the activity of CD95. Changes in the expression of CD95 and/or its ligand CD95L are frequently found in human cancer. The downregulation or mutation of CD95 has been proposed as a mechanism by which cancer cells avoid destruction by the immune system through reduced apoptosis sensitivity. CD95 has therefore been viewed as a tumor suppressor. Furthermore, increased CD95L concentration in tumor patients has been linked to tumor cells killing infiltrating lymphocytes in a process called "the tumor counter-attack". Recent data have illuminated unknown activities of CD95 in tumor cells with downregulated or mutated CD95 in the presence of increased CD95L. Under these conditions the stimulation of CD95 signals nonapoptotic pathways, activating NF-kappaB and MAP kinases for example, which may result in the induction of tumorigenic or prosurvival genes. A new model of CD95 functions is proposed in which CD95 is converted from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promotor by a single point mutation in one of the CD95 alleles, a situation frequently found in advanced human cancer, resulting in apoptosis resistance and activation of tumorigenic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus E Peter
- The Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Yao H, Song E, Chen J, Hamar P. Expression of FAP-1 by human colon adenocarcinoma: implication for resistance against Fas-mediated apoptosis in cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:1718-25. [PMID: 15494722 PMCID: PMC2409949 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although colon carcinoma cells express Fas receptors, they are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Defects within the intracellular Fas signal transduction may be responsible. We investigated whether the Fas-associated phosphatase-1 (FAP-1), an inhibitor of Fas signal transduction, contributed to this resistance in colon carcinomas. In vivo, apoptosis of cancer cells was detected in situ using terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). FAP-1, FasR, and Fas ligand (FasL) were detected using immunohistochemistry. In vitro, colon carcinoma cells were primarily cultured, and their sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis was evaluated by treatment with agonistic anti-FasR CH11 IgM monoclonal antibody in the presence or absence of synthetic Ac-SLV (serine-leucine-valine) tripeptide. Fas-associated phosphatase-1 expression was detected in 20 out of 28 colon adenocarcinomas. In vivo, a positive correlation between the percentage of apoptotic tumour cells and the number of FasL-positive tumour infiltrating lymphocytes was observed in FAP-1 negative cancers, but not in FAP-1-positive ones. Primarily cultured colon cancer cells, which were refractory to CH-11-induced apoptosis, had higher expression of FAP-1 on protein and mRNA levels than the sensitive group. Resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis in tumour cells could be abolished by Ac-SLV tripetides. Fas-associated phosphatase-1 expression protects colon cancer cells from Fas-mediated apoptosis, and blockade of FAP-1 and FasR interaction sensitises tumour cells to Fas-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- Department of Oncology, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - E Song
- Department of Surgery, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - J Chen
- Department of Oncology, Sun-Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - P Hamar
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest H-1089, Hungary
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest H-1089, Hungary. E-mail:
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Bohana-Kashtan O, Civin CI. Fas Ligand as a Tool for Immunosuppression and Generation of Immune Tolerance. Stem Cells 2004; 22:908-24. [PMID: 15536183 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.22-6-908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of Fas ligand (FasL) in physiologically limiting immune responses and maintaining immune-privileged sites has led to a body of research aiming to confer protection to allogeneic grafts by expressing FasL on the allogeneic tissue or by administrating FasL-transduced donor dendritic cells. In addition, several studies have used FasL to abrogate autoimmune responses. This review presents the results of these studies and discusses the problems associated with FasL usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Bohana-Kashtan
- Department of Oncology, Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Ahmad M, Rees RC, Ali SA. Escape from immunotherapy: possible mechanisms that influence tumor regression/progression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:844-54. [PMID: 15197495 PMCID: PMC11034276 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor escape is one major obstacle that has to be addressed prior to designing and delivering successful immunotherapy. There is compelling evidence to support the notion that immunogenic tumors, in murine models and cancer patients, can be rejected by the immune system under optimum conditions for activating adaptive and nonadaptive antitumor immune responses. Despite this capability, a large number of tumors continue to grow and evade recognition and/or destruction by the immune system. The limited success in current immunotherapeutic strategies may be due to a variety of reasons: failure of effector cells to compete with the growing tumor burden, production of humoral factors by tumors that locally block cytotoxicity, antigen/MHC loss, T-cell dysfunction, production of suppressor T cells-to name but a few causes for therapeutic ineffectiveness for the particular malignancy being treated. To optimize immunotherapy strategies, correction of immune-activating signals, eradication of inhibitory factors, and the evasion from newly developed immunoresistant tumor phenotypes need to be simultaneously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murrium Ahmad
- School of Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Robert C. Rees
- School of Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Selman A. Ali
- School of Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
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