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Chang X, Li G, Yang B, Lin D. Protection of schisantherin A against dictamnine-induced hepatotoxicity: Pharmacokinetic insights. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:501-509. [PMID: 37873635 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Dictamnine (DIC), as the most abundant furoquinoline alkaloid ingredient of the herbal medicine Cortex Dictamni (CD), can induce severe liver injury. A previous study found that DIC-induced liver injury was initiated by cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A)-mediated metabolic activation and subsequent formation of adducts with cellular proteins. Schisantherin A (SchA) is the major lignan component of the herbal medicine Schisandra chinensis (SC). SC is frequently combined with CD used in numerous Chinese medicinal formulas for the treatment of eczema and urticaria. Furthermore, SC could protect against CD-induced hepatotoxicity. The objective of the study was to investigate the protective effect of SchA on DIC-induced hepatotoxicity based on pharmacokinetic interactions. The studies found that SchA exerted a protective effect on DIC-induced hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that pretreatment with SchA enhanced the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximal concentration (Cmax ) values of DIC in the serum and liver tissue of mice, indicating that SchA could augment the accumulation of DIC in the circulation. In vitro metabolism assays with mouse liver microsomes (MLMs) showed that SchA reduced the production of DIC-glutathione (GSH) conjugate. In addition, SchA significantly reduced the excretion of DIC-GSH conjugate in the urine of mice and relieved hepatic GSH depletion induced by DIC. These results suggested that SchA could inhibit the metabolic activation of DIC in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our findings showed that the observed pharmacokinetic interactions might be attributable to the inhibition of the metabolism of DIC by SchA, which might be responsible for the protection of SchA against DIC-induced hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the development of a standardized combination of DIC and SchA may protect patients from DIC-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Bufan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Dongju Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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Jafernik K, Motyka S, Calina D, Sharifi-Rad J, Szopa A. Comprehensive review of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from the Schisandra genus: anticancer potential, mechanistic insights and future prospects in oncology. Chin Med 2024; 19:17. [PMID: 38267965 PMCID: PMC10809469 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The search for novel and effective anticancer agents has been a significant area of research. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (DBCLS), derived from the Schisandra genus plants like: S. chinensis, S. sphenanthera, S. henryi, S. rubriflora, S. grandiflora, S. propinqua, and S. glabra, have been traditionally used in various medicinal systems and are known for their myriad health benefits, including anticancer properties. This comprehensive review aimed to collate and critically analyse the recent literature on the anticancer properties of DBCLS, focusing on their mechanistic approaches against different cancer types. An exhaustive literature search was performed using databases like PubMed/MedLine, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, TRIP database and Google Scholar from 1980 to 2023. Peer-reviewed articles that elucidated the mechanistic approach of these lignans on cancer cell lines, in vivo models and preliminary clinical studies were included. Studies were assessed for their experimental designs, cancer types studied, and the mechanistic insights provided. The studies demonstrate that the anticancer effects of DBCLS compounds are primarily driven by their ability to trigger apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, induce oxidative stress, modulate autophagy, and disrupt essential signaling pathways, notably MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB. Additionally, these lignans have been shown to amplify the impact of traditional chemotherapy treatments, suggesting their potential role as supportive adjuncts in cancer therapy. Notably, several studies also emphasise their capacity to target cancer stem cells and mitigate multi-drug resistance specifically. DBCLS from the Schisandra genus have showcased significant potential as anticancer agents. Their multi-targeted mechanistic approach makes them promising candidates for further research, potentially leading to developing of new therapeutic strategies in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jafernik
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sara Motyka
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Łazarza 16 St., 31-530, Kraków, Poland
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
| | | | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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3
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Ai Y, Shi W, Zuo X, Sun X, Chen Y, Wang Z, Li R, Song X, Dai W, Mu W, Ding K, Li Z, Li Q, Xiao X, Zhan X, Bai Z. The Combination of Schisandrol B and Wedelolactone Synergistically Reverses Hepatic Fibrosis Via Modulating Multiple Signaling Pathways in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655531. [PMID: 34149411 PMCID: PMC8211319 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis represents an important event in the progression of chronic liver injury to cirrhosis, and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix proteins aggregation. Early fibrosis can be reversed by inhibiting hepatocyte injury, inflammation, or hepatic stellate cells activation, so the development of antifibrotic drugs is important to reduce the incidence of hepatic cirrhosis or even hepatic carcinoma. Here we demonstrate that Schisandrol B (SolB), one of the major active constituents of traditional hepato-protective Chinese medicine, Schisandra sphenanthera, significantly protects against hepatocyte injury, while Wedelolactone (WeD) suppresses the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and inflammation, the combination of the two reverses hepatic fibrosis in mice and the inhibitory effect of the combination on hepatic fibrosis is superior to that of SolB or WeD treatment alone. Combined pharmacotherapy represents a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Ai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zuo
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueai Song
- China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhang Dai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Mu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixin Ding
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Fan S, Liu C, Jiang Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Fu K, Yao X, Huang M, Bi H. Lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera protect against lithocholic acid-induced cholestasis by pregnane X receptor activation in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112103. [PMID: 31336134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome caused by toxic bile acid retention that will lead to serious liver diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are the only two FDA-approved drugs for its treatment. Thus, there is a clear need to develop new therapeutic approaches for cholestasis. Here, anti-cholestasis effects of the lignans from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Schisandra sphenanthera, were investigated as well as the involved mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 9 groups including the control group, LCA group, LCA with specific lignan treatment of Schisandrin A (SinA), Schisandrin B (SinB), Schisandrin C (SinC), Schisandrol A (SolA), Schisandrol B (SolB), Schisantherin A (StnA) and Schisantherin B (StnB), respectively. Mice were treated with each drug (qd) for 7 days, while the administration of lithocholic acid (LCA) (bid) was launched from the 4th day. Twelve hours after the last LCA injection, mice were sacrificed and samples were collected. Serum biochemical measurement and histological analysis were conducted. Metabolomics analysis of serum, liver, intestine and feces were performed to study the metabolic profile of bile acids. RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis were conducted to determine the hepatic expression of genes and proteins related to bile acid homeostasis. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to investigate the transactivation effect of lignans on human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). RT-qPCR analysis was used to detect induction effects of lignans on hPXR-targeted genes in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Lignans including SinA, SinB, SinC, SolA, SolB, StnA, StnB were found to significantly protect against LCA-induced intrahepatic cholestasis, as evidenced by significant decrease in liver necrosis, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. More importantly, serum total bile acids (TBA) and total bilirubin (Tbili) were also significantly reduced. Metabolomics analysis revealed these lignans accelerated the metabolism of bile acids and increased the bile acid efflux from liver into the intestine or feces. Gene analysis revealed these lignans induced the hepatic expressions of PXR-target genes such as Cyp3a11 and Ugt1a1. Luciferase reporter gene assays illustrated that these bioactive lignans can activate hPXR. Additionally, they can all upregulate hPXR-regulate genes such as CYP3A4, UGT1A1 and OATP2. CONCLUSION These results clearly demonstrated the lignans from Schisandra sphenanthera exert hepatoprotective effects against LCA-induced cholestasis by activation of PXR. These lignans may provide an effective approach for the prevention and treatment of cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yue Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kaili Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinpeng Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Chen Z, Liu F, Zheng N, Guo M, Bao L, Zhan Y, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Guo W, Ding G. Wuzhi capsule (Schisandra Sphenanthera extract) attenuates liver steatosis and inflammation during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:285-293. [PMID: 30522014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wuzhi (WZ) capsule contains an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera. The efficacy of WZ in treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not yet been elucidated. The present study assessed the effects of WZ on NAFLD. MATERIAL AND METHODS A C57BL/6 male mouse model of NAFLD was established by feeding the animals a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet. Mice fed the basal diet were used as controls. Both groups were randomly administered WZ or vehicle by gavage for 5 weeks. Body weight change, liver/body weight ratio, metabolic parameters, and histological changes were assessed. Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were analysed by ELISA; mRNA expression of these genes in the liver was studied by real-time PCR. Western blotting was used to analyse the protein levels of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, MCAD, LCAD, and p65 in the liver. RESULTS After 5 weeks of the MCD diet, the liver/body weight ratio of WZ mice was higher than that of control mice. Liver histology revealed significantly less steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis, which was confirmed by decreased intrahepatic triglycerides and serum ALT in WZ-treated mice. WZ also reduced the liver mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Sensitivity to steatohepatitis due to WZ administration correlated significantly with alterations in the expression of PPAR-α/γ, as well as the NF-κB signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS WZ plays a protective role against MCD-induced steatohepatitis. The underlying mechanism likely involves the upregulation of PPAR-α/γ and downregulation of the NF-κB signalling pathway. Based on its beneficial effects on the liver, WZ is a promising therapeutic for NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Nanxin Zheng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Leilei Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yangyang Zhan
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mingjian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhao
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Guoshan Ding
- Department of Organ Transplantation, ChangZheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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St. John TM. Chronic Hepatitis. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ye LH, Kong LT, Xiao BX, Wang Q, He XX, Liu XM, Chang Q. Screening of Eleven Commonly Used Traditional Chinese Medicines for Inhibitory Effects on Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(17)60091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Schisandra Lignan Extract Protects against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Regulating the NF- κB and JNK Signaling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5140297. [PMID: 28246539 PMCID: PMC5299172 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5140297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine widely used for the treatment of liver disease, whose main active components are lignans. However, the action mechanisms of the lignans in S. chinensis remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and related molecular mechanism of Schisandra lignan extract (SLE) against carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced acute liver injury in mice. Different doses of SLE at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg were administered daily by gavage for 5 days before CCl4 treatment. The results showed that SLE significantly decreased the activities of serum ALT/AST and reduced liver pathologic changes induced by CCl4. Pretreatment with SLE not only decreased the content of MDA but increased SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px activities in the liver, suggesting that SLE attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-6 were decreased after oral administration of SLE, probably because lignans inhibited the NF-κB activity. Additionally, SLE also inhibited hepatocyte apoptosis by suppressing JNK activation and regulating Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways. In conclusion, these results suggested that SLE prevented CCl4-induced liver injury through a combination of antioxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and antihepatocyte apoptosis and alleviated inflammation and apoptosis by regulating the NF-κB, JNK, and Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathways.
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Jiang P, Lu Y, Chen D. Authentication of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera in Chinese patent medicines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:263-271. [PMID: 27611098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Authentication of species is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. The fruits of Schisandra chinensis and S. sphenanthera have been used for the same traditional Chinese drug, Wuweizi, but are found to be quite different according to their constituents, pharmacological effects, and qualities. These two fruits have been recorded as Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (Wuweizi) and Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (Nan-wuweizi), respectively, by Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2000 edition. However, Nan-wuweizi is often found to be taken as Wuweizi in some Chinese patent drugs intentionally or by mistake because of its lower price and similar characteristics to Wuweizi. In this study, the selection and validation of special chemical markers for the identification of Schisandra species were established by HPLC-DAD-MS profiling analysis. Simple TLC and HPLC methods were proposed for the accurate determination of Nan-wuweizi from Wuweizi in Chinese patent medicines, using schisandrin and anwulignan as the identifying markers for Wuweizi and Nan-wuweizi, respectively. Through the establishment of a statistical model, adulterated or misused ratios of Nan-wuweizi in Wuweizi (w/w), as well as in Fenghan Kesou pills, can be determined. The limit of detection of Nan-wuweizi in a mixture (w/w) using both TLC and HPLC methods is 5% (mixed crude drugs of 50mg and 5g in a 1000g prescribed amount). The constructed statistical model relating the HPLC peak area ratio (anwulignan/schisandrin) and adulteration ratio is suitable for mixed crude drugs and Fenghan Kesou pills, and the two fitting equations have a good correlation (r=0.9979). Furthermore, 36 commercial Chinese patent medicines containing Wuweizi or Nan-wuweizi according to their labels were checked by these methods, and Nan-wuweizi was detected in Renshen Wuweizi Granules and Fenghan Kesou Pills. The ratios of Nan-wuweizi in these mixtures (w/w) were 100:0 for both, which does not comply with the statutory prescription. This study provided a simple and reliable method to prevent the adulteration or misuse of Nan-wuweizi in crude drugs and patent medicines of Wuweizi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Li X, Fan X, Li D, Zeng X, Zeng H, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Huang M, Bi H. Schisandra sphenanthera Extract Facilitates Liver Regeneration after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:647-52. [PMID: 26932815 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Liver regeneration after surgical liver resection is crucial for the restoration of liver mass and the recovery of liver function.Schisandra sphenanthera extract (Wuzhi tablet, WZ) is a preparation of an extract from the dried ripe fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils, a traditional hepatoprotective herb. Previously, we found that WZ could induce liver regeneration-related genes against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. However, whether WZ can directly facilitate liver regeneration after liver resection remains unknown. We investigated whether WZ has potential in promoting liver regeneration after a partial hepatectomy (PHX) in mice. Remnant livers were collected 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after PHX. Hepatocyte proliferation was assessed using the Ki-67 labeling index. Western blot analysis was performed on proteins known to be involved in liver regeneration. The results demonstrated that WZ significantly increased the liver-to-body weight ratio of mice after PHX but had no effect on that of mice after a sham operation. Additionally, the peak hepatocyte proliferation was observed at 1.5 days in PHX/WZ-treated mice but at 2 days in PHX/saline-treated mice, as evidenced by the Ki-67 positive ratio. Furthermore, WZ significantly increased the protein expression of ligand-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and up-regulated cyclin D1, cyclin D-dependent kinase 4, phosphorylated retinoblastoma, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression and down-regulated the expression of cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 in the regenerative process after PHX. These results demonstrate that WZ significantly facilitates hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration after PHX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhen Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou (X.L., D.L., X.Z., H.Z., Y.W., Y.Z., Y.C., M.H., H.B.); Shenzhen Bao'an Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen (X.F.), People's Republic of China
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Schisandrol B protects against acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice via activation of the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:382-9. [PMID: 26806302 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) acts through the antioxidant response element (ARE) to regulate the expression of many detoxifying and antioxidant genes responsible for cytoprotective processes. We previously reported that Schisandrol B (SolB) isolated from Schisandra sphenanthera produced a protective effect against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury. In this study we investigated whether the NRF2/ARE signaling pathway was involved in this hepato-protective effect. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with SolB (200 mg · kg(-1) · d(-1), ig) for 3 d before injection of APAP (400 mg/kg, ip). Serum and liver tissue samples were collected 6 h later. The mRNA and protein expression were measured using qRT-PCR and Western blot assay, respectively. The activation of NRF2 was examined in HepG2 cells using luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS SolB pretreatment significantly alleviated the hepatic injury (large patchy necrosis and hyperemia of the hepatic sinus), the increase of serum AST, ALT levels and hepatic MDA contents, and the decrease of liver and mitochondrial glutathione levels in APAP-treated mice. Furthermore, SolB pretreatment significantly increased nuclear accumulation of NRF2 and increased hepatic expression of NRF2 downstream proteins, including GCLC, GSR, NQO1, GSTs, MRP2, MRP3 and MRP4 in APAP-treated mice. Moreover, treatment with SolB (2.5-20 μmol/L) dose-dependently increased the activity of NRF2 reporter gene in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION SolB exhibits a remarkable protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, partially via activation of the NRF2/ARE pathway and regulation of NRF2 target genes, which induce detoxification and increase antioxidant capacity.
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Zeng H, Li D, Qin X, Chen P, Tan H, Zeng X, Li X, Fan X, Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Huang M, Bi H. Hepatoprotective Effects of Schisandra sphenanthera Extract against Lithocholic Acid-Induced Cholestasis in Male Mice Are Associated with Activation of the Pregnane X Receptor Pathway and Promotion of Liver Regeneration. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:337-42. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhang Y, Zhou ZW, Jin H, Hu C, He ZX, Yu ZL, Ko KM, Yang T, Zhang X, Pan SY, Zhou SF. Schisandrin B inhibits cell growth and induces cellular apoptosis and autophagy in mouse hepatocytes and macrophages: implications for its hepatotoxicity. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2001-27. [PMID: 25926716 PMCID: PMC4403607 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s77071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A number of drugs and herbal compounds have been documented to cause hepatoxicity. Schisandrin B (Sch B) is an active dibenzocyclooctadiene isolated from Schisandrae fructus, with a wide array of pharmacological activities. However, the potential hepatotoxicity of Sch B is a major safety concern, and the underlying mechanism for Sch B-induced liver toxic effects is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the liver toxic effects and the molecular mechanisms of Sch B in mouse liver and macrophage cells. The results have shown that Sch B exhibits potent grow inhibitory, proapoptotic, and proautophagic effects in AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells. Sch B markedly arrested cells in G1 phase in both cell lines, accompanied by the down-regulation of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p27 Kip1 and checkpoint kinase 1. Furthermore, Sch B markedly increased the apoptosis of AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells with a decrease in the expression of B-cell lymphoma-extra-large and (Bcl-xl) B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), but an increase in the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax). Sch B promoted the cleavage of caspase 3 and poly-adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) in both cell lines. Additionally, Sch B significantly induced autophagy of AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells. Sch B inhibited the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, as indicated by their altered phosphorylation, contributing to the proautophagic effect of Sch B. Taken together, our findings show that the inducing effects of Sch B on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy may contribute to its liver toxic effects, which might provide a clue for the investigation of the molecular toxic targets and underlying mechanisms for Sch B-induced hepatotoxicity in herbal consumers. More studies are warranted to fully delineate the underlying mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of Sch B for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China ; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chengbin Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kam-Ming Ko
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah and Salt Lake Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yuan Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Jiang Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Tan H, Chen P, Zeng H, Huang M, Bi H. Hepato-protective effects of six schisandra lignans on acetaminophen-induced liver injury are partially associated with the inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 231:83-9. [PMID: 25753323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Schisandra fructus is widely-used traditional Chinese medicine which possesses hepato-protective potential. Schisandrin A (SinA), Schisandrin B (SinB), Schisandrin C (SinC), Schisandrol A (SolA), Schisandrol B (SolB), and Schisantherin A (SthA) are the major bioactive lignans. Most recently, we found SolB exerts significant hepato-protection against APAP-induced liver injury. In this study, the protective effects of the other five schisandra lignans against APAP-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice were investigated and compared with that of SolB. The results of morphological and biochemical assessment clearly demonstrated significant protective effects of SinA, SinB, SinC, SolA, SolB, and SthA against APAP-induced liver injury. Among these schisandra lignans, SinC and SolB exerted the strongest hepato-protective effects against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Six lignans pretreatment before APAP dosing could prevent the depletions of total liver glutathione (GSH) and mitochondrial GSH caused by APAP. Additionally, the lignans treatment inhibited the enzymatic activities of three CYP450 isoforms (CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A11) related to APAP bioactivation, and further decreased the formation of APAP toxic intermediate N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) in mouse microsomal incubation system. This study demonstrated that SinA, SinB, SinC, SolA, SolB and SthA exhibited significant protective actions toward APAP-induced liver injury, which was partially associated with the inhibition of CYP-mediated APAP bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huasen Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Fan X, Chen P, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Tan H, Zeng H, Wang Y, Qu A, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Therapeutic efficacy of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera Extract) on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through a mechanism distinct from N-acetylcysteine. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:317-24. [PMID: 25534769 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is the primary antidote of APAP poisoning. Wuzhi tablet (WZ), the active constituents well identified and quantified, is a preparation of an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera and exerts a protective effect toward APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. However, the clinical use of WZ to rescue APAP-induced acute liver injury and the mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effect of WZ remain unclear. Therefore, the effect of WZ on APAP hepatotoxicity was compared with NAC in mice, and molecular pathways contributing to its therapeutic action were investigated. Administration of WZ 4 hours after APAP treatment significantly attenuated APAP hepatotoxicity and exerted much better therapeutic effect than NAC, as revealed by morphologic, histologic, and biochemical assessments. Both WZ and NAC prevented APAP-induced c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase activation and mitochondrial glutathione depletion in livers. The protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 target genes including Gclc, Gclm, Ho-1, and Nqo1 was increased by WZ administration. Furthermore, p53 and p21 levels were upregulated upon APAP exposure, which were completely reversed by postdosing of WZ 4 hours after APAP treatment over 48 hours. In comparison with NAC, WZ significantly increased the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D-dependent kinase 4, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and augmenter of liver regeneration in APAP-injured livers. This study demonstrated that WZ possessed a therapeutic efficacy against APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidative stress and stimulating a regenerative response after liver injury. Thus WZ may represent a new therapy for APAP-induced acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Pan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huasen Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yi.W., H.T., H.Z., Yo.W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.Q., F.J.G)
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He JL, Zhou ZW, Yin JJ, He CQ, Zhou SF, Yu Y. Schisandra chinensis regulates drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters via activation of Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 9:127-46. [PMID: 25552902 PMCID: PMC4277124 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s68501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters are regulated via epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational and posttranslational modifications. Phase I and II DMEs and drug transporters play an important role in the disposition and detoxification of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a critical regulator of a variety of important cytoprotective genes that are involved in disposition and detoxification of xenobiotics. Schisandra chinensis (SC) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has been primarily used to protect the liver because of its potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. SC can modulate some DMEs and drug transporters, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of Nrf2 in the regulatory effect of SC extract (SCE) on selected DMEs and drug transporters in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells. The results showed that SCE, schisandrin A, and schisandrin B significantly increased the expression of NAD(P)H: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-oxidase or:quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, glutamate–cysteine ligase, and glutathione S-transferase A4 at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Incubation of HepG2 cells with SCE resulted in a significant increase in the intracellular level of glutathione and total glutathione S-transferase content. SCE significantly elevated the messenger ribonucleic acid and protein levels of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and 4, whereas the expression of organic anion transporting peptide 1A2 and 1B1 was significantly downregulated by SCE. Knockdown of Nrf2 by small interfering ribonucleic acid attenuated the regulatory effect of SCE on these DMEs and drug transporters. SCE significantly upregulated Nrf2 and promoted the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to the nuclei. Additionally, SCE significantly suppressed the expression of cytosolic Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (the repressor of Nrf2) and remarkably increased Nrf2 stability in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the hepatoprotective effects of SCE may be partially ascribed to the modulation of DMEs and drug transporters via Nrf2-mediated signaling pathway. SCE may alter the pharmacokinetics of other coadministered drugs that are substrates of these DMEs and transporters and thus cause unfavorable herb–drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lian He
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chang-Qiang He
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA ; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Chen P, Zeng H, Tan H, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Schisandrol B protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of liver regeneration. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:107-15. [PMID: 25319358 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most frequent cause of drug-induced acute liver failure. Schisandra sphenanthera is a traditional hepato-protective Chinese medicine and Schisandrol B (SolB) is one of its major active constituents. In this study, the protective effect of SolB against APAP-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice and the involved mechanisms were investigated. Morphological and biochemical assessments clearly demonstrated a protective effect of SolB against APAP-induced liver injury. SolB pretreatment significantly attenuated the increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, and prevented elevated hepatic malondialdehyde formation and the depletion of mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) in a dose-dependent manner. SolB also dramatically altered APAP metabolic activation by inhibiting the activities of CYP2E1 and CYP3A11, which was evidenced by significant inhibition of the formation of the oxidized APAP metabolite NAPQI-GSH. A molecular docking model also predicted that SolB had potential to interact with the CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 active sites. In addition, SolB abrogated APAP-induced activation of p53 and p21, and increased expression of liver regeneration and antiapoptotic-related proteins such as cyclin D1 (CCND1), PCNA, and BCL-2. This study demonstrated that SolB exhibited a significant protective effect toward APAP-induced liver injury, potentially through inhibition of CYP-mediated APAP bioactivation and regulation of the p53, p21, CCND1, PCNA, and BCL-2 to promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jiang
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaomei Fan
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ying Wang
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pan Chen
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Hang Zeng
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huasen Tan
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Min Huang
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huichang Bi
- *School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Fan X, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Tan H, Zeng H, Wang Y, Chen P, Qu A, Gonzalez FJ, Huang M, Bi H. Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra Sphenanthera extract) protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibition of CYP-mediated bioactivation and regulation of NRF2-ARE and p53/p21 pathways. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1982-90. [PMID: 25217484 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra sphenanthera is widely used as a tonic and restorative in many countries to enhance the function of liver and other organs. Wuzhi tablet (WZ) is a preparation of an ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera. Our previous study demonstrated that WZ exerted a protective effect toward acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of this protection remain unclear. This study aimed to determine what molecular pathways contributed to the hepatoprotective effects of WZ against APAP toxicity. Administration of WZ 3 days before APAP treatment significantly attenuated APAP hepatotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner and reduced APAP-induced JNK activation. Treatment with WZ resulted in potent inhibition of CYP2E1, CYP3A11, and CYP1A2 activities and then caused significant inhibition of the formation of the oxidized APAP metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine-reduced glutathione. The expression of NRF2 was increased after APAP and/or WZ treatment, whereas KEAP1 levels were decreased. The protein expression of NRF2 target genes including Gclc, Gclm, Ho-1, and Nqo1 was significantly increased by WZ treatment. Furthermore, APAP increased the levels of p53 and its downstream gene p21 to trigger cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas WZ pretreatment could inhibit p53/p21 signaling to induce cell proliferation-associated proteins including cyclin D1, CDK4, PCNA, and ALR to promote hepatocyte proliferation. This study demonstrated that WZ prevented APAP-induced liver injury by inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated APAP bioactivation, activation of the NRF2-antioxidant response element pathway to induce detoxification and antioxidation, and regulation of the p53, p21, cyclin D1, CDK4, PCNA, and ALR to facilitate liver regeneration after APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huasen Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Hang Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Yongtao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Pan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Aijuan Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (X.F., Y.J., Yo.W., H.T., H.Z., Yi. W., M.H., H.B.); The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (P.C.); and Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (A.Q., F.J.G)
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Qin XL, Chen X, Zhong GP, Fan XM, Wang Y, Xue XP, Wang Y, Huang M, Bi HC. Effect of Tacrolimus on the pharmacokinetics of bioactive lignans of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) and the potential roles of CYP3A and P-gp. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:766-772. [PMID: 24462213 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that Wuzhi tablet (WZ), a preparation of the ethanol extract of Wuweizi (Schisandra sphenanthera), had significant effects on blood concentrations of Tacrolimus (FK506) in renal transplant recipients and rats. The active lignans in WZ are schisandrin A, schisandrin B, schisandrin C, schisandrol A, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, and schisantherin B. Until now, whether the pharmacokinetics of these lignans in WZ would be affected by FK506 remained unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether and how FK506 affected pharmacokinetics of lignans in WZ in rats and the potential roles of CYP3A and P-gp. After a single oral co-administration of FK506 and WZ, the blood concentration of lignans in WZ was decreased by FK506; furthermore, the AUC of schisantherin A, schisandrin A, schisandrol A and schisandrol B was only 64.5%, 47.2%, 55.1% and 57.4% of that of WZ alone group, respectively. Transport study in Caco-2 cells showed that these lignans were not substrates of P-gp, suggesting decreased blood concentration of lignans by FK506 was not via P-gp pathway. Metabolism study in the human recombinant CYP 3A showed that these lignans had higher affinity to CYP3A than that of FK506, and thus had a stronger CYP3A-mediated metabolism. It was concluded that the blood concentrations of these lignans were decreased and their CYP3A-mediated metabolisms were increased in the presence of FK506 since these lignans had higher affinity to CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ling Qin
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guo-ping Zhong
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-mei Fan
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-ping Xue
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Huang
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-chang Bi
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chyau CC, Ker YB, Chang CH, Huang SH, Wang HE, Peng CC, Peng RY. Schisandra chinensis peptidoglycan-assisted transmembrane transport of lignans uniquely altered the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms in human HepG2 cell model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85165. [PMID: 24475039 PMCID: PMC3903492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Schisandra chinensis (Turz Baill) (S. chinensis) (SC) fruit is a hepatoprotective herb containing many lignans and a large amount of polysaccharides. A novel polysaccharide (called SC-2) was isolated from SC of MW 841 kDa, which exhibited a protein-to-polysaccharide ratio of 0.4089, and showed a characteristic FTIR spectrum of a peptidoglycan. Powder X-ray diffraction revealed microcrystalline structures within SC-2. SC-2 contained 10 monosaccharides and 15 amino acids (essential amino acids of 78.12%w/w). In a HepG2 cell model, SC-2 was shown by MTT and TUNEL assay to be completely non-cytotoxic. A kinetic analysis and fluorescence-labeling technique revealed no intracellular disposition of SC-2. Combined treatment of lignans with SC-2 enhanced the intracellular transport of schisandrin B and deoxyschisandrin but decreased that of gomisin C, resulting in alteration of cell-killing bioactivity. The Second Law of Thermodynamics allows this type of unidirectional transport. Conclusively, SC-2 alters the transport and cell killing capability by a "Catcher-Pitcher Unidirectional Transport Mechanism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Charng-Cherng Chyau
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Chang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Huei Huang
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Er Wang
- Department of Food And Applied Technology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Chi Peng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert Y. Peng
- Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kim YJ, Chung TH, Choi IH. Influence of supplemental Schisandra chinensispowder on growth performance, serum cholesterol, and meat quality of broilers. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2013.861861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Wei H, Tao X, Di P, Yang Y, Li J, Qian X, Feng J, Chen W. Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine Wuzhi Capsule on Pharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus in Rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1398-403. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Targeted Metabolomics of Serum Acylcarnitines Evaluates Hepatoprotective Effect of Wuzhi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera Extract) against Acute Acetaminophen Toxicity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:985257. [PMID: 23431354 PMCID: PMC3575671 DOI: 10.1155/2013/985257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Possible prevention and therapeutic intervention strategies to counteract acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity would be of great value. Wuzhi tablet (WZ, extract of Schisandrae sphenanthera) possesses hepatoprotective effects against hepatitis and the hepatic dysfunction induced by various chemical hepatotoxins. In this study, the protective effect of WZ on APAP-induced hepatic injury was evaluated and targeted metabolomics by LC-MS-based metabolomics was used to examine whether WZ influences hepatic metabolism. The results demonstrated significant hepatoprotection of WZ against APAP-induced liver injury; pretreatment with WZ prior to APAP administration blocks the increase in serum palmitoylcarnitine and oleoylcarnitine and thus restores the APAP-impaired fatty acid β-oxidation to normal levels. These studies further revealed a significant and prolonged upregulation of the PPARα target genes Cpt1 and Acot1 by WZ mainly contributing to the maintenance of normal fatty acid metabolism and thus potentially contributing to the hepatic protection of WZ against APAP-induced hepatic toxicity. Taken together, the current study provides new insights into understanding the hepatoprotective effect of WZ against APAP-induced liver toxicity.
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Influence of Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> Extraction of Schisandra Chinensis on Antioxidant Status, Carcass and Meat Quality of AA Broilers. J Poult Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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25
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Molecular identification of Schisandra chinensis and its allied species using multiplex PCR based on SNPs. Genes Genomics 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Chronic Hepatitis. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The immuno-regulatory effects of Schisandra chinensis and its constituents on human monocytic leukemia cells. Molecules 2011; 16:4836-49. [PMID: 21666550 PMCID: PMC6264271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases occur when the immune system is weakened. Intracellular signals activate immuno-responsive cells to produce cytokines that modulate the immune response. Schisandra chinensis has been used traditionally to treat general fatigue, neurasthenia, and spontaneous sweating. In the present study, the effect of constituents of S. chinensis on cytokine release by human monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) was tested using microparticle-based flow cytometric analysis. Two major lignans, schizandrin (Sch) and gomisin A (Gom A), were identified and shown to induce interleukin (IL)-8, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β), and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release by THP-1 cells. By reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or quantitative real-time PCR, there was a dose-dependent increase of IL-8, MIP-1β and GM-CSF mRNA levels. Thus, Sch and Gom A from S. chinensis enhance cytokine release by THP-1 cells and this effect occurs through mRNA upregulation. Upregulation of MIP-1β and GM-CSF in particular may have clinical applications. Therefore, S. chinensis may be therapeutically beneficial by promoting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
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Xie Y, Hao H, Kang A, Liang Y, Xie T, Sun S, Dai C, Zheng X, Xie L, Li J, Wang G. Integral pharmacokinetics of multiple lignan components in normal, CCl4-induced hepatic injury and hepatoprotective agents pretreated rats and correlations with hepatic injury biomarkers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 131:290-299. [PMID: 20600750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although pharmacokinetic alternations by hepatic injury have been extensively studied, little is known about the potential influence of hepatoprotective agent's treatment. This study was aimed to investigate the holistic pharmacokinetics of multiple lignans, CYP3A regulations, and their correlations with hepatic injury biomarkers, in hepatic injured rats pretreated with or without schisandra lignan extract (SLE) and dimethyl-diphenyl-bicarboxylate (DDB). Integral pharmacokinetics of multiple lignans based on an AUC-weighting approach was determined in normal, CCl4 induced hepatic injury rats pretreated with or without SLE and DDB. Protein expression and activities of CYP3A were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters and CYP3A activities were correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. CCl4 induced acute hepatic injury resulted in a nearly 8-fold enhancement of integral plasma exposures of multiple lignans, which was caused by the significant down-regulation of CYP3A. SLE and DDB pretreatment exhibited potent hepatoprotective effects, accompanied with the restored expression and activity of CYP3A, and the recovery of the respective and integral pharmacokinetics of lignans components. The integral AUC(0-tn) and CYP3A activities correlated well with ALT and AST. This study suggested that the pharmacokinetic regulating effects of hepatoprotective agent's on themselves and co-prescribed drugs should be of concern, and hepatic injury biomarkers may serve as good predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Key Unit of SATCM for Pharmacokinetic Methodology of TCM Complex Prescription, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Evaluation of the antiradical activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans using different experimental models. Molecules 2010; 15:1223-31. [PMID: 20335975 PMCID: PMC6257236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15031223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antiradical activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans was investigated using DPPH, ABTS+, Fenton reaction inhibition and tyrosine-nitration inhibition assays, as were the in vivo antidiabetic activities of selected lignans in an animal model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Different degrees of antiradical activity were found, depending upon the structural parameters of the tested compounds. Unfortunately, the compounds showed no antidiabetic activity in concentration range tested.
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Hewawasam RP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C, Mudduwa LKB. Protective effect of Asteracantha longifolia extract in mouse liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 55:1413-8. [PMID: 14607024 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Asteracantha longifolia Linn (Acanthaceae) plant extract on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and paracetamol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in mice. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of CCl4 (0.5 mL kg−1 CCl4 in olive oil) in one model and in the other by administration of paracetamol1 (300 mg kg−1 in saline) orally, after a 16-h fast. An aqueous extract of the whole plant (0.9 g kg−1) was used on a pre- and post-treatment basis. Asteracantha reduced the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level by 69.32% (P < 0.001) and increased the liver reduced glutathione level by 64.65% (P < 0.001) in the pre-treated group, 4 days after the administration of CCl4. A similar pattern was observed in the pre-treated group 4 h after the administration of paracetamol with a reduction in serum levels of ALT, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes by 65.04, 55.79 and 45.75% respectively (P < 0.001). Plant extract also increased the glutathione concentration of the liver significantly (P < 0.001). Histopathological studies also provided supportive evidence for results from the biochemical analysis with marked improvement in liver architecture being observed in the Asteracantha-treated groups. Pre-treatment showed better results than post-treatment in both hepatotoxic models. Overall results indicate that the aqueous extract of Asteracantha longifolia possesses hepatoprotective effects on CCl4- and paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Hewawasam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
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Zeng Y, He FY, He YJ, Dai LL, Fan L, Zhou HH. Effect of bifendate on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2009; 39:844-9. [DOI: 10.3109/00498250903111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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Ma D, Shan A, Li J, Zhao Y, Guo X. Influence of an aqueous extract of Ligustrum lucidum and an ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis on parameters of antioxidative metabolism and spleen lymphocyte proliferation of broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 2009; 63:66-74. [PMID: 19271552 DOI: 10.1080/17450390802611578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of two extracts, an aqueous extract of Ligustrum lucidum (AELL), and an ethanol extract of Schisandra chinensis (EESC) on growth performance, parameters of antioxidative status and spleen lymphocyte proliferation of broilers, respectively. The results showed that neither AELL nor EESC had significant effects on growth performance of broilers. However, malondialdehyde concentration in heart and liver of the broilers were significantly decreased by feeding AELL or EESC. Superoxide dismutase activity in heart, liver, and kidney of broilers were improved by feeding different dosages of AELL or EESC. In contrast, glutathione reductase activity in serum, heart and kidney of broilers was not affected by experimental treatment. In addition, spleen lymphocyte proliferation of broilers was significantly enhanced by feeding different dosages of AELL or EESC. In conclusion, the results suggested that either AELL or EESC may improve antioxidant status and immune function of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
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Effect of bifendate on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine in relation to the CYP3A4*18B genotype in healthy subjects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009; 30:478-84. [PMID: 19343062 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the potential drug-drug interactions between bifendate and cyclosporine, a substrate of CYP3A4, in relation to different CYP3A4*18B genotype groups. METHODS Eighteen unrelated healthy subjects (six CYP3A4*1*1, six CYP3A4*1/*18B, and six CYP3A4*18/*18B) were selected for this study. After repeated oral administration of a placebo or bifendate (three times daily for 14 d), the whole-blood level of cyclosporine was measured using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). This study was carried out in a two-phase randomized crossover manner. RESULTS After the treatment with bifendate, the areas under the curve (AUC(0-24) and AUC(0-infinity)) decreased significantly by 9.7%+/-3.7% (P=0.01) and 19.2%+/-16.8% (P=0.001) in CYP3A4*1/*1 subjects, 11.3%+/-9.4% (P=0.03) and 10.5%+/-9.6% (P=0.043) in CYP3A4*1/*18B subjects, and 40.2%+/-14.7% (P=0.02) and 37.5%+/-15.8% (P=0.003) in CYP3A4*18B/*18B subjects. Meanwhile, the decreases in the AUC(0-24) and AUC(0-infinity) values in the three groups were significantly different (using one-way analysis of variance, P=0.001 and P=0.001), and the change in the CYP3A4*18B/*18B group was greater than that in the other two groups. The oral clearance of cyclosporine was altered in all the subjects, with substantial increases by 10.2%+/-4.4% (P=0.004) in CYP3A4*1/*1 subjects, 14.0%+/-12.0% (P=0.048) in CYP3A4*1/*18B subjects, and 32.4%+/-21.7% (P=0.013) in CYP3A4*18B/*18B subjects. CONCLUSION These results suggest that bifendate decreases the plasma concentration of cyclosporine in a CYP3A4 genotype-dependent manner.
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Chang CY, Chen YL, Yang SC, Huang GC, Tsi D, Huang CC, Chen JR, Li JS. Effect of schisandrin B and sesamin mixture on CCl(4)-induced hepatic oxidative stress in rats. Phytother Res 2009; 23:251-6. [PMID: 18979496 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To study the effects of schisandrin B and sesamin mixture on carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatic oxidative stress in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups: control group (olive oil injection), CCl(4) group (CCl(4) injection), silymarin group (CCl(4) injection combined with supplementation of silymarin, 7.5 mg/kg/day), low dose group (CCl(4) injection combined with supplementation of schisandrin B and sesamin mixture at a low dose, 43 mg/kg/day) and high dose group (CCl(4) injection combined with the supplementation of schisandrin B and sesamin mixture at a high dose, 215 mg/kg/day). The hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities of rats in the low dose and high dose groups were increased significantly compared with those in the CCl(4) group. The hepatic reduced glutathione concentration in the silymarin, low dose and high dose groups were increased significantly (48%, 45% and 53%, respectively) when compared with those of the CCl(4) group. In addition, the concentration of glutathione in the erythrocytes of the low dose group was significantly higher than the CCl(4) group by 25%. These results suggest that the schisandrin B-sesamin mixture exerted a hepatoprotective effect by improving the antioxidative capacity in rats under CCl(4)-induced hepatic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan
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Wang MC, Lai YC, Chang CL. High throughput screening and antioxidant assay of dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignans in modified-ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extracts of Schisandra chinensis Baill by liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry and a free radical-scavenging method. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1322-32. [PMID: 18446887 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignans of Schisandra chinensis Baill are well known because of their hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant activity, and anticancer effect. For the isolation of the dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignans of Schisandra chinensis Baill two extraction methods were used: modified-ultrasonic extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. A specific and fast analytical method for structure identification is established for quality control because structure elucidation could be accomplished by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technologies. The separation and identification of the compounds were completed by: (i) a water-acetonitrile gradient system using a C18 reversed-phase column; (ii) UV detection at 225 nm; (iii) MS/MS experiments with electrospray ionization interface (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry in the positive mode. Normalized collision energy was used to obtain fragment ions of structural relevance in the LC-MS/MS. These results provided a reliable LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis Baill. Finally, we also detected 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (%) of the modified-ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extracts of Schisandra chinensis Baill compared with 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). The antioxidant activities of the modified-ultrasonic and supercritical fluid extracts were lower than that of trolox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chih Wang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Tsi D, Tan A. Evaluation on the combined effect of Sesamin and Schisandra extract on blood fluidity. Bioinformation 2008; 2:249-52. [PMID: 18317575 PMCID: PMC2258427 DOI: 10.6026/97320630002249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a link between blood viscosity and various forms of liver dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of liver protective herbal materials, Sesamin combined with extract of Schisandra chinensis berry (Schisandra) for its potential to improve blood fluidity in humans. Ten human subjects were recruited to study the effect of sesamin combined with schisandra extract (SCH) for two weeks on blood viscosity. Blood fluidity was measured as the transit time for 100mul of heparinized whole blood to pass through a micro-channel array setup at baseline, 1 week and 2 weeks. For safety assessment, blood biochemistry, hematology and urine analysis were taken at baseline, 1 week and 2 weeks after SCH administration. No safety concern and adverse effects were observed during the 2-week continuous intake period. Intake of SCH reduced blood passage time by 9.0% and 9.7% at 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. In conclusion, this pilot clinical study indicates that the combined administration of sesamin with schisandra extract could improve blood fluidity after 1 week of oral intake and this effect was sustained up to 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tsi
- BRAND'S Centre for Health and Nutritional Sciences, Cerebos Pacific Limited,18 Cross Street # 12-01/08, Singapore.
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Wang R, Kong J, Wang D, Lien LLM, Lien EJC. A survey of Chinese herbal ingredients with liver protection activities. Chin Med 2007; 2:5. [PMID: 17490493 PMCID: PMC1876451 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature survey was conducted on herbs, their preparations and ingredients with reported liver protection activities, in which a total of 274 different species and hundreds of active ingredients have been examined. These ingredients can be roughly classified into two categories according to their activities: (1) the main ingredients, such as silybin, osthole, coumarin, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin A, schisandrin A, flavonoids; and (2) supporting substances, such as sugars, amino acids, resins, tannins and volatile oil. Among them, some active ingredients have hepatoprotective activities (e.g. anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulating and liver cirrhosis-regulating effects). Calculation of physicochemical parameters indicates that the main ingredients with negative and positive Elumo values possibly display their hepatoprotective effects through different mechanisms, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects. As the combination of herbs may achieve some treatment effects synergistically and/or additively, it is common in Chinese medicine to use mixtures of various medicinal herbs with pharmacologically active compounds to have synergistic and/or additive effects, or to reduce harmful effects of some pharmacologically active compounds. In particular, the active compounds with Clog P around 2 are suitable for passive transport across membranes and accessible to the target sites. Thus, Elumo and Clog P values are good indicators among the calculated parameters. Seven different physicochemical parameters (MW, Clog P, CMR, μ, Ehomo, Elumo and Hf) and four major biological activities (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral/antitumor and immunomodulating) are discussed in this review. It is hoped that the discussion may provide some leads in the development of new hepatoprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
- Amylin Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 9360 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Dali Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Linda Lin-min Lien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - Eric Jung-chi Lien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
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St. John TM. Chronic Hepatitis. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2954-0.50027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma D, Li Q, Du J, Liu Y, Liu S, Shan A. Influence of mannan oligosaccharide,Ligustrum lucidumandSchisandra chinensison parameters of antioxidative and immunological status of broilers. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 60:467-76. [PMID: 17236706 DOI: 10.1080/17450390600979375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation with Ligustrum lucidum (LL, 10 g/kg), Schisandra chinensis (SC, 10 g/kg), LL (10 g/kg) + mannan oligosaccharides (MOS, 50 mg/kg), or SC (10 g/kg) + MOS (50 mg/kg) on growth performance and parameters of antioxidative and immunological status of broilers. The results showed that feeding LL, SC, LL + MOS, or SC + MOS had no significant effect on growth performance of broilers relative to the control. However, compared to the control, LL, SC, LL + MOS, or SC + MOS significantly decreased malondialdehyde concentration in serum, thigh, and heart of broilers. In addition, glutathione reductase activity of heart and sera of the birds were significantly elevated by supplementation LL, SC, LK + MOS, or SC + MOS. Furthermore, LL, SC, LL + MOS, or SC + MOS significantly improved antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus and lymphocyte proliferation of broilers (p < 0.05). Whereas, no cooperating effect between LL (or SC) and MOS on antioxidant status and immunity of broilers were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Ma D, Shan A, Chen Z, Du J, Song K, Li J, Xu Q. Effect ofLigustrum lucidumandSchisandra chinensison the egg production, antioxidant status and immunity of laying hens during heat stress. Arch Anim Nutr 2005; 59:439-47. [PMID: 16429829 DOI: 10.1080/17450390500353499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two plants belonging to Chinese herbal medicines, Ligustrum lucidum (LL) and Schisandra chinensis (SC), on the laying performance, antioxidant status and immunity of hens during heat stress. The results showed that diets supplement with 1% of either LL or SC had beneficial effects on egg production and FCR of hens during heat stress (p < 0.05), compared with the control group. Either LL or SC significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of heart, liver, sera and egg yolk. In addition, glutathione reductase (GR) activity of tissues and sera of the birds was significantly elevated by supplementation LL or SC. Furthermore, LL or SC supplementation significantly elevated lymphoblastogenese of the birds and the antibody values against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The results suggest that diets supplement with 1% of either LL or SC may enhance egg production, immune function, and antioxidant status of hens during heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Mu Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Zhou HH, Toma D, Ren S, Huang L, Yaramus M, Baum A, Venkataramanan R, Xie W. Traditional Chinese medicines Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch) activate pregnane X receptor and increase warfarin clearance in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:1369-77. [PMID: 16267138 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.094342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are essential components of alternative medicines. Many TCMs are known to alter the expression of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The molecular mechanism by which TCMs and/or their constituents regulate enzyme and transporter expression, however, has remained largely unknown. In this report, we show that two TCMs, Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis Baill) and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch), and their selected constituents activate the xenobiotic orphan nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). Treatment with TCM extracts and the Schisandrol and Schisandrin constituents of Wu Wei Zi induced the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in reporter gene assays and in primary hepatocyte cultures. The affected enzymes and transporters include CYP3A and 2C isozymes and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2. In transient transfection and reporter gene assays, the Schisandrin constituents of Wu Wei Zi had an estimated EC50 of 2 and 1.25 microM on hPXR and mPXR, respectively. Interestingly, mutations that were intended to alter the pore of the ligand-binding cavity of PXR had species-specific effects on the activities of the individual Schisandrols and Schisandrins. In rats, the administration of Wu Wei Zi and Gan Cao increased the metabolism of the coadministered warfarin, reinforcing concerns involving the safe use of herbal medicines and other nutraceuticals to avoid PXR-mediated drug-drug interactions. Meanwhile, the activation of PXR and induction of detoxifying enzymes provide a molecular mechanism for the hepatoprotective effects of certain TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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