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Abdel-Baky ES, Radwan SA, Ibrahim MF, Abdel-Rahman ON. Influence of omega- 3 fatty acids, soya isoflavones and their combination for abrogating carbon tetrachloride hazards in male rats. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e266024. [PMID: 36790295 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.266024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces hepatic and renal damage arising from oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones on CCl4 induced toxicity in male albino rat liver and kidney. For this purpose, 42 rats were divided as follows: group 1, rats serves as the control without any treatment; group 2, rats were administered a single dose of CCl4 intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg b. wt.); group 3, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally (400 mg/kg b. wt.); group 4, rats were supplemented daily with pro-S orally (50 mg/kg b. wt.); group 5, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. group 6, rats were supplemented daily with pro- S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses; group 7, rats were supplemented daily with an oral combination of omega-300 and pro-S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. Results showed that CCl4 administration induces hepatic damage indicated by a significant increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Aalanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes and glucose level, with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and a significant decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver tissue. Also, CCl4 toxicity induce renal damage manifested in a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and oxidative stress of kidney tissue reflected by increase of MDA, NO and the decrease of GSH levels. The pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones revealed ameliorative effect against deleterious effects of CCl4 toxicity on hepatic and renal tissues and all tested parameters. Results of the current study revealed also that the pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones to rats improved liver and kidney function and produced high antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Abdel-Baky
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S A Radwan
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M F Ibrahim
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
| | - O N Abdel-Rahman
- Ain Shams University, Faculty of Education, Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Qian Y, Berryman DE, Basu R, List EO, Okada S, Young JA, Jensen EA, Bell SRC, Kulkarni P, Duran-Ortiz S, Mora-Criollo P, Mathes SC, Brittain AL, Buchman M, Davis E, Funk KR, Bogart J, Ibarra D, Mendez-Gibson I, Slyby J, Terry J, Kopchick JJ. Mice with gene alterations in the GH and IGF family. Pituitary 2022; 25:1-51. [PMID: 34797529 PMCID: PMC8603657 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Much of our understanding of GH's action stems from animal models and the generation and characterization of genetically altered or modified mice. Manipulation of genes in the GH/IGF1 family in animals started in 1982 when the first GH transgenic mice were produced. Since then, multiple laboratories have altered mouse DNA to globally disrupt Gh, Ghr, and other genes upstream or downstream of GH or its receptor. The ability to stay current with the various genetically manipulated mouse lines within the realm of GH/IGF1 research has been daunting. As such, this review attempts to consolidate and summarize the literature related to the initial characterization of many of the known gene-manipulated mice relating to the actions of GH, PRL and IGF1. We have organized the mouse lines by modifications made to constituents of the GH/IGF1 family either upstream or downstream of GHR or to the GHR itself. Available data on the effect of altered gene expression on growth, GH/IGF1 levels, body composition, reproduction, diabetes, metabolism, cancer, and aging are summarized. For the ease of finding this information, key words are highlighted in bold throughout the main text for each mouse line and this information is summarized in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most importantly, the collective data derived from and reported for these mice have enhanced our understanding of GH action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan A Young
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Jensen
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Stephen R C Bell
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Prateek Kulkarni
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | - Patricia Mora-Criollo
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Translational Biomedical Sciences Doctoral Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Samuel C Mathes
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alison L Brittain
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Mat Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Emily Davis
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kevin R Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jolie Bogart
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Diego Ibarra
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Isaac Mendez-Gibson
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Joseph Terry
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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3
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Green CL, Lamming DW, Fontana L. Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:56-73. [PMID: 34518687 PMCID: PMC8692439 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary restriction with adequate nutrition is the gold standard for delaying ageing and extending healthspan and lifespan in diverse species, including rodents and non-human primates. In this Review, we discuss the effects of dietary restriction in these mammalian model organisms and discuss accumulating data that suggest that dietary restriction results in many of the same physiological, metabolic and molecular changes responsible for the prevention of multiple ageing-associated diseases in humans. We further discuss how different forms of fasting, protein restriction and specific reductions in the levels of essential amino acids such as methionine and the branched-chain amino acids selectively impact the activity of AKT, FOXO, mTOR, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which are key components of some of the most important nutrient-sensing geroprotective signalling pathways that promote healthy longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Green
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy.
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4
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Borrás C, Abdelaziz KM, Díaz A, Gambini J, Jové M, López-Grueso R, Mas-Bargues C, Monleón D, Pamplona R, Viña J. Lifelong soya consumption in males does not increase lifespan but increases health span under a metabolic stress such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 200:111596. [PMID: 34774606 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Soya consumption can decrease oxidative stress in animal models. Moreover, phytoestrogens such as genistein, present in soya, can mimic some of the beneficial effects of estrogens and are devoid of significant side effects, such as cancer. In this study, we have performed a controlled lifelong study with male OF1 mice that consumed either a soya-free diet or a soya-rich diet. We show that, although we found an increase in the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in soya-consuming mice, it did not increase lifespan. We reasoned that the soya diet could not increase lifespan in a very healthy population, but perhaps it could extend health span in stressed animals such as type 2 diabetic Goto Kakizaki (GK) rats. Indeed, this was the case: we found that male GK rats consuming a soya-rich diet developed the disease at a lower rate and, therefore, lived longer than soya-free diet-consuming rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Kheira M Abdelaziz
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Ana Díaz
- Unidad Central de Investigación Biomédica (UCIM), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Gambini
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Mariona Jové
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
| | - Raul López-Grueso
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Daniel Monleón
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Spain.
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Lleida (UdL-IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.
| | - Jose Viña
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, and CIBERFES, Insitute of Health Research-INCLIVA, Spain.
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5
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Barańska A, Błaszczuk A, Polz-Dacewicz M, Kanadys W, Malm M, Janiszewska M, Jędrych M. Effects of Soy Isoflavones on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061886. [PMID: 34072748 PMCID: PMC8229139 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the report was to investigate the impact of soy protein and isoflavones on glucose homeostasis and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes. The studies used in this report were identified by searching through the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (up to 2020). Meta-regression and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the influence of covariates on net glycemic control and lipid changes. Weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by using random-effect models. Changes in the lipid profile showed statistically significant decreases in total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations: ‒0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI, ‒0.33 to ‒0.09; p = 0.0008 and ‒0.20 mmol/L; 95% CI, ‒0.28 to ‒0.12; p < 0.0001, respectively, as well as in HDL-C (−0.02 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.05 to 0.01; p = 0.2008 and triacylglycerols (−0.19 mmol/L; 95% CI, −0.48 to 0.09; p = 0.1884). At the same time, a meta-analysis of the included studies revealed statistically insignificant reduction in fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR (changes in glucose metabolism) after consumption of soy isoflavones. The observed ability of both extracted isoflavone and soy protein with isoflavones to modulate the lipid profile suggests benefits in preventing cardiovascular events in diabetic subjects. Further multicenter studies based on larger and longer duration studies are necessary to determine their beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Barańska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agata Błaszczuk
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.-D.)
| | | | - Maria Malm
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Mariola Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.); (M.J.)
| | - Marian Jędrych
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-Learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (M.J.); (M.J.)
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6
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List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Kopchick JJ. Effects of tissue-specific GH receptor knockouts in mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 515:110919. [PMID: 32592744 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is pituitary derived hormone which acts on most tissues of the body either directly or indirectly and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Genetically engineered mouse lines have become vital tools for uncovering the various in vivo activities of a GH. A particularly useful mouse line has been the GH receptor (GHR) gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse which has been used world-wide in many studies. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed the development of tissue-specific knockout mouse lines which allows for more direct enquiries on the activities of a given protein in specific tissues or cell types. Accordingly, twenty-two novel tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines have been developed in the last eleven years. In this paper we provide a detailed list and review the phenotypic changes that occur in each of these tissue-specific GHRKO mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Silvana Duran-Ortiz
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
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7
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Fermented soy milk prepared using kefir grains prevents and ameliorates obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and Liver-Kidney toxicities in HFFD-rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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8
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Buffenstein R, Lewis KN, Gibney PA, Narayan V, Grimes KM, Smith M, Lin TD, Brown-Borg HM. Probing Pedomorphy and Prolonged Lifespan in Naked Mole-Rats and Dwarf Mice. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:96-111. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00032.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pedomorphy, maintenance of juvenile traits throughout life, is most pronounced in extraordinarily long-lived naked mole-rats. Many of these traits (e.g., slow growth rates, low hormone levels, and delayed sexual maturity) are shared with spontaneously mutated, long-lived dwarf mice. Although some youthful traits likely evolved as adaptations to subterranean habitats (e.g., thermolability), the nature of these intrinsic pedomorphic features may also contribute to their prolonged youthfulness, longevity, and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick A. Gibney
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Stocking Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Vikram Narayan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kelly M. Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Megan Smith
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Tzuhua D. Lin
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, California
| | - Holly M. Brown-Borg
- Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota
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9
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List EO, Berryman DE, Buchman M, Jensen EA, Funk K, Duran-Ortiz S, Qian Y, Young JA, Slyby J, McKenna S, Kopchick JJ. GH Knockout Mice Have Increased Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue With Decreased Fibrosis and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1743-1756. [PMID: 31099824 PMCID: PMC6760334 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, our laboratory used targeted gene disruption of the GH receptor (GHR) to generate GHR knockout (GHR-/-) mice, which have been used in >127 published studies to help elucidate GH's numerous activities. However, because GH replacement studies cannot be performed using this line, a GH knockout mouse line via targeted disruption of the GH gene is needed. Therefore, we created and characterized GH gene-disrupted (GH-/-) mice. GH-/- mice have severely decreased IGF-1 levels, small body size, and altered body composition with increased adiposity. GH-/- mice are extremely insulin sensitive but glucose intolerant, with a dramatic reduction in pancreatic islet size. Importantly, disruption of the GH gene had profound and depot-specific effects on white adipose tissue (WAT). Subcutaneous WAT from male and female GH-/- mice have significantly larger adipocytes and reduced fibrosis, neither of which occurred in perigonadal WAT, suggesting that GH has a more pronounced effect on subcutaneous WAT. Comparisons of GH-/- mice to previously published data on GHR-/- mice show a remarkably similar phenotype. Finally, we demonstrate that GH-/- mice are responsive to GH treatment, as shown by changes to serum IGF-1 levels; body length, weight, and composition; and insulin sensitivity. This study not only provides characterization of the first mouse line with targeted mutation of the GH gene but also indicates that GH gene disruption dramatically influences fibrosis of subcutaneous WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
- Correspondence: Edward O. List, PhD, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701. E-mail:
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
| | - Mathew Buchman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | | | - Kevin Funk
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - Julie Slyby
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
| | | | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, 45701
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio
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10
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Konya J, Sathyapalan T, Kilpatrick ES, Atkin SL. The Effects of Soy Protein and Cocoa With or Without Isoflavones on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:296. [PMID: 31143160 PMCID: PMC6521701 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Soy and cocoa have been suggested to be beneficial for diabetes. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of soy protein, isoflavones, and cocoa on glycemic control parameters. Research design and methods: The study was a parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study where patients with diet or metformin controlled type 2 diabetes were randomized to, casein soy protein with or without isoflavones (SPI, SP), and with or without cocoa (SPIC, SPC) arms for an 8 week period. Glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed prior to and after the completion of the dietary intervention. Sixty participants completed the study. Results: Soy protein improved HbA1c compared to casein (p < 0.05). The addition of isoflavones improved indices of insulin resistance and LDL [delta QUICKIE (SPI: -0.12 ± 0.04 vs. SP: 0.03 ± 0.06, p = 0.03); delta LDL (-0.27 ± 0.41 vs. 0.22 ± 0.43, p = 0.02); percentage change in HOMA (31.02 ± 54.75 vs. -14.42 ± 27.07, p = 0.02); percentage change in QUICKIE (-3.89 ± 7.07 vs. 6.11 ± 10.54, p = 0.01)]. However, the addition of cocoa provided no benefit with or without isoflavones. Summary: Soy protein had intrinsic activity on glycemic control compared to casein. Isoflavones improved both insulin resistance and LDL, but cocoa did not have added benefit on these indices. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT01754662.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Konya
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Stephen L. Atkin
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11
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Basu R, Qian Y, Kopchick JJ. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Lessons from growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice: are there benefits of endocrine defects? Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 178:R155-R181. [PMID: 29459441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is produced primarily by anterior pituitary somatotroph cells. Numerous acute human (h) GH treatment and long-term follow-up studies and extensive use of animal models of GH action have shaped the body of GH research over the past 70 years. Work on the GH receptor (R)-knockout (GHRKO) mice and results of studies on GH-resistant Laron Syndrome (LS) patients have helped define many physiological actions of GH including those dealing with metabolism, obesity, cancer, diabetes, cognition and aging/longevity. In this review, we have discussed several issues dealing with these biological effects of GH and attempt to answer the question of whether decreased GH action may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetobrata Basu
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Yanrong Qian
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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12
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Yang T, Householder LA, Lubbers ER, List EO, Troike K, Vesel C, Duran-Ortiz S, Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE. Growth hormone receptor antagonist transgenic mice are protected from hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance despite obesity when placed on a HF diet. Endocrinology 2015; 156:555-64. [PMID: 25406017 PMCID: PMC4298328 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduced GH levels have been associated with improved glucose metabolism and increased longevity despite obesity in multiple mouse lines. However, one mouse line, the GH receptor antagonist (GHA) transgenic mouse, defies this trend because it has reduced GH action and increased adiposity, but glucose metabolism and life span are similar to controls. Slight differences in glucose metabolism and adiposity profiles can become exaggerated on a high-fat (HF) diet. Thus, in this study, male and female GHA and wild-type (WT) mice in a C57BL/6 background were placed on HF and low-fat (LF) diets for 11 weeks, starting at 10 weeks of age, to assess how GHA mice respond to additional metabolic stress of HF feeding. On a HF diet, all mice showed significant weight gain, although GHA gained weight more dramatically than WT mice, with males gaining more than females. Most of this weight gain was due to an increase in fat mass with WT mice increasing primarily in the white adipose tissue perigonadal depots, whereas GHA mice gained in both the sc and perigonadal white adipose tissue regions. Notably, GHA mice were somewhat protected from detrimental glucose metabolism changes on a HF diet because they had only modest increases in serum glucose levels, remained glucose tolerant, and did not develop hyperinsulinemia. Sex differences were observed in many measures with males reacting more dramatically to both a reduction in GH action and HF diet. In conclusion, our findings show that GHA mice, which are already obese, are susceptible to further adipose tissue expansion with HF feeding while remaining resilient to alterations in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Yang
- Edison Biotechnology Institute (T.Y., L.A.H., E.R.L., E.O.L., K.T., C.V., S.D.-O., J.J.K., D.E.B.), School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions (T.Y., L.A.H., K.T., S.D.-O., D.E.B.), and Department of Biomedical Sciences (J.K., D.E.B.), Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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13
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Arum O, Boparai RK, Saleh JK, Wang F, Dirks AL, Turner JG, Kopchick JJ, Liu J, Khardori RK, Bartke A. Specific suppression of insulin sensitivity in growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-KO) mice attenuates phenotypic features of slow aging. Aging Cell 2014; 13:981-1000. [PMID: 25244225 PMCID: PMC4326932 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their extended lifespans, slow-aging growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted (knockout) (GHR-KO) mice are hypoinsulinemic and highly sensitive to the action of insulin. It has been proposed that this insulin sensitivity is important for their longevity and increased healthspan. We tested whether this insulin sensitivity of the GHR-KO mouse is necessary for its retarded aging by abrogating that sensitivity with a transgenic alteration that improves development and secretory function of pancreatic β-cells by expressing Igf-1 under the rat insulin promoter 1 (RIP::IGF-1). The RIP::IGF-1 transgene increased circulating insulin content in GHR-KO mice, and thusly fully normalized their insulin sensitivity, without affecting the proliferation of any non-β-cell cell types. Multiple (nonsurvivorship) longevity-associated physiological and endocrinological characteristics of these mice (namely beneficial blood glucose regulatory control, altered metabolism, and preservation of memory capabilities) were partially or completely normalized, thus supporting the causal role of insulin sensitivity for the decelerated senescence of GHR-KO mice. We conclude that a delayed onset and/or decreased pace of aging can be hormonally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oge Arum
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Ravneet K. Boparai
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Jamal K. Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Feiya Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Angela L. Dirks
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - Jeremy G. Turner
- Division of ENT‐Otolaryngology Department of Surgery Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine Ohio University Athens OH 45701USA
| | - Jun‐Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research Department of Medicine McGill University Health Centre 687 Pine Avenue West Montreal QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - Romesh K. Khardori
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Eastern Virginia Medical School 700 West Olney Road Norfolk VA 23507 USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine Southern Illinois University‐School of Medicine Springfield IL 62794USA
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14
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Baquedano E, Ruiz-Lopez AM, Sustarsic EG, Herpy J, List EO, Chowen JA, Frago LM, Kopchick JJ, Argente J. The absence of GH signaling affects the susceptibility to high-fat diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation in male mice. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4856-67. [PMID: 25237935 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
GH is important in metabolic control, and mice with disruption of the gene encoding the GH receptor (GHR) and GH binding protein (GHR-/- mice) are dwarf with low serum IGF-1 and insulin levels, high GH levels, and increased longevity, despite their obesity and altered lipid and metabolic profiles. Secondary complications of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity are reported to be associated with hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis. Because GH and IGF-1 can modulate inflammatory processes, our objective was to evaluate the effect of HFD on hypothalamic inflammation/gliosis in the absence of GH signaling and determine how this correlates with changes in systemic metabolism. On normal chow, GHR-/- mice had a higher percentage of fat mass and increased circulating nonesterified free fatty acids levels compared with wild type (WT), and this was associated with increased hypothalamic TNF-α and phospho-JNK levels. After 7 weeks on a HFD, both WT and GHR-/- mice had increased weight gain, with GHR-/- mice having a greater rise in their percentage of body fat. In WT mice, HFD-induced weight gain was associated with increased hypothalamic levels of phospho-JNK and the microglial marker Iba-1 (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1) but decreased cytokine production. Moreover, in GHR-/- mice, the HFD decreased hypothalamic inflammatory markers to WT levels with no indication of gliosis. Thus, the GH/IGF-1 axis is important in determining not only adipose tissue accrual but also the inflammatory response to HFD. However, how hypothalamic inflammation/gliosis is defined will determine whether it can be considered a common feature of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Baquedano
- Department of Pediatrics (E.B., A.M.R.-L., J.A.C., L.M.F., J.A.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús 28009, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28009 Madrid, Spain; and The Edison Biotechnology Institute (E.G.S., J.H., E.O.L., J.J.K.) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
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15
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Ye Y, Chen A, Lu W, Zhuo S, Liu J, Guan J, Deng W, Fang S, Li Y, Chen Y. Daidzein and genistein fail to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Chinese women with impaired glucose regulation: A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:240-9. [PMID: 25351561 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Bin Ye
- Department of Nutrition The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Ai‐Ling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Nutrition The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shu‐Yu Zhuo
- Department of Nutrition The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Hua Guan
- Department of Endocrinology The Clifford Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, University of Guangzhou Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wan‐Ping Deng
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shi Fang
- Department of Nutrition The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Bing Li
- Department of Endocrinology The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Ming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
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16
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Kopchick JJ, List EO, Kelder B, Gosney ES, Berryman DE. Evaluation of growth hormone (GH) action in mice: discovery of GH receptor antagonists and clinical indications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 386:34-45. [PMID: 24035867 PMCID: PMC3943600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a growth hormone receptor antagonist (GHA) was initially established via expression of mutated GH genes in transgenic mice. Following this discovery, development of the compound resulted in a drug termed pegvisomant, which has been approved for use in patients with acromegaly. Pegvisomant treatment in a dose dependent manner results in normalization of IGF-1 levels in most patients. Thus, it is a very efficacious and safe drug. Since the GH/IGF-1 axis has been implicated in the progression of several types of cancers, many have suggested the use of pegvisomant as an anti-cancer therapeutic. In this manuscript, we will review the use of mouse strains that possess elevated or depressed levels of GH action for unraveling many of GH actions. Additionally, we will describe experiments in which the GHA was discovered, review results of pegvisomant's preclinical and clinical trials, and provide data suggesting pegvisomant's therapeutic value in selected types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Specialty Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Bruce Kelder
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Elahu S Gosney
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States; School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States
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17
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Si H, Liu D. Dietary antiaging phytochemicals and mechanisms associated with prolonged survival. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:581-91. [PMID: 24742470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging is well-known an inevitable process that is influenced by genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the aging process are not well understood. Increasing evidence shows that aging is highly associated with chronic increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), accumulation of a low-grade proinflammatory phenotype and reduction in age-related autophagy, suggesting that these factors may play important roles in promoting aging. Indeed, reduction of ROS and low-grade inflammation and promotion of autophagy by calorie restriction or other dietary manipulation can extend lifespan in a wide spectrum of model organisms. Interestingly, recent studies show that some food-derived small molecules, also called phytochemicals, can extend lifespan in various animal species. In this paper, we review several recently identified potential antiaging phytochemicals that have been studied in cells, animals and humans and further highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the antiaging actions by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Prevention of neuromusculoskeletal frailty in slow-aging ames dwarf mice: longitudinal investigation of interaction of longevity genes and caloric restriction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72255. [PMID: 24155868 PMCID: PMC3796515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ames dwarf (Prop1df/df) mice are remarkably long-lived and exhibit many characteristics of delayed aging and extended healthspan. Caloric restriction (CR) has similar effects on healthspan and lifespan, and causes an extension of longevity in Ames dwarf mice. Our study objective was to determine whether Ames dwarfism or CR influence neuromusculoskeletal function in middle-aged (82 ± 12 weeks old) or old (128 ± 14 w.o.) mice. At the examined ages, strength was improved by dwarfism, CR, and dwarfism plus CR in male mice; balance/ motor coordination was improved by CR in old animals and in middle-aged females; and agility/ motor coordination was improved by a combination of dwarfism and CR in both genders of middle-aged mice and in old females. Therefore, extension of longevity by congenital hypopituitarism is associated with improved maintenance of the examined measures of strength, agility, and motor coordination, key elements of frailty during human aging, into advanced age. This study serves as a particularly important example of knowledge related to addressing aging-associated diseases and disorders that results from studies in long-lived mammals.
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19
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Bartke A, Sun LY, Longo V. Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:571-98. [PMID: 23589828 PMCID: PMC3768106 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key determinant of postnatal growth and plays an important role in the control of metabolism and body composition. Surprisingly, deficiency in GH signaling delays aging and remarkably extends longevity in laboratory mice. In GH-deficient and GH-resistant animals, the "healthspan" is also extended with delays in cognitive decline and in the onset of age-related disease. The role of hormones homologous to insulin-like growth factor (IGF, an important mediator of GH actions) in the control of aging and lifespan is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals with some homologies extending to unicellular yeast. The combination of reduced GH, IGF-I, and insulin signaling likely contributes to extended longevity in GH or GH receptor-deficient organisms. Diminutive body size and reduced fecundity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice can be viewed as trade-offs for extended longevity. Mechanisms responsible for delayed aging of GH-related mutants include enhanced stress resistance and xenobiotic metabolism, reduced inflammation, improved insulin signaling, and various metabolic adjustments. Pathological excess of GH reduces life expectancy in men as well as in mice, and GH resistance or deficiency provides protection from major age-related diseases, including diabetes and cancer, in both species. However, there is yet no evidence of increased longevity in GH-resistant or GH-deficient humans, possibly due to non-age-related deaths. Results obtained in GH-related mutant mice provide striking examples of mutations of a single gene delaying aging, reducing age-related disease, and extending lifespan in a mammal and providing novel experimental systems for the study of mechanisms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Springfield, Illinois 62703, USA.
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20
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Giani JF, Miquet JG, Muñoz MC, Burghi V, Toblli JE, Masternak MM, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A, Turyn D, Dominici FP. Upregulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in the heart and the kidney of growth hormone receptor knock-out mice. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:224-233. [PMID: 22947377 PMCID: PMC3698955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) resistance leads to enhanced insulin sensitivity, decreased systolic blood pressure and increased lifespan. The aim of this study was to determine if there is a shift in the balance of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) towards the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis in the heart and the kidney of a model of GH resistance and retarded aging, the GH receptor knockout (GHR-/-) mouse. DESIGN RAS components were evaluated in the heart and the kidney of GHR-/- and control mice by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting (n=12 for both groups). RESULTS The immunostaining of Ang-(1-7) was increased in both the heart and the kidney of GHR-/- mice. These changes were concomitant with an increased immunostaining of the Mas receptor and ACE2 in both tissues. The immunostaining of AT1 receptor was reduced in heart and kidney of GHR-/- mice while that of AT2 receptor was increased in the heart and unaltered in the kidney. Ang II, ACE and angiotensinogen levels remained unaltered in the heart and the kidney of GH resistant mice. These results were confirmed by Western blotting and correlated with a significant increase in the abundance of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in both tissues. CONCLUSIONS The shift within the RAS towards an exacerbation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis observed in GHR-/- mice could be related to a protective role in cardiac and renal function; and thus, possibly contribute to the decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases displayed by this animal model of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F Giani
- Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Ding J, Sackmann-Sala L, Kopchick JJ. Mouse models of growth hormone action and aging: a proteomic perspective. Proteomics 2012; 13:674-85. [PMID: 23019135 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a protein secreted by the anterior pituitary and circulates throughout the body to exert important actions on growth and metabolism. GH stimulates the secretion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) that mediates some of the growth promoting actions of GH. The GH/IGF-I axis has recently been recognized as important in terms of longevity in organisms ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans to mice. For example, GH transgenic mice possess short lifespans while GH receptor null (GHR-/-) mice have extended longevity. Thus, the actions of GH (or IGF-I) or lack thereof impact the aging process. In this review, we summarize the proteomic analyses of plasma and white adipose tissue in these two mouse models of GH action, i.e. GH transgenic and GHR-/- mice. At the protein level, we wanted to establish novel plasma biomarkers of GH action as a function of age and to determine differences in adipose tissue depots. We have shown that these proteomic approaches have not only confirmed several known physiological actions of GH, but also resulted in novel protein biomarkers and targets that may be indicative of the aging process and/or new functions of GH. These results may generate new directions for GH and/or aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Bazzell B, Ginzberg S, Healy L, Wessells RJ. Dietary composition regulates Drosophila mobility and cardiac physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:859-68. [PMID: 23155082 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.078758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of dietary composition on exercise capacity is a subject of intense study in both humans and model organisms. Interactions between diet and genetics are a crucial component of optimized dietary design. However, the genetic factors governing exercise response are still not well understood. The recent development of invertebrate models for endurance exercise is likely to facilitate study designs examining the conserved interactions between diet, exercise and genetics. As a first step, we used the Drosophila model to describe the effects of varying dietary composition on several physiological indices, including fatigue tolerance and climbing speed, cardiac performance, lipid storage and autophagy. We found that flies of two divergent genetic backgrounds optimize endurance and cardiac performance on relatively balanced low calorie diets. When flies are provided with unbalanced diets, diets higher in sugar than in yeast facilitate greater endurance at the expense of cardiac performance. Importantly, we found that dietary composition has a profound effect on various physiological indices, whereas total caloric intake per se has very little predictive value for performance. We also found that the effects of diet on endurance are completely reversible within 48 h if flies are switched to a different diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bazzell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Division, University of Michigan Medical School, 3013 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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23
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Bartke A. Healthy aging: is smaller better? - a mini-review. Gerontology 2012; 58:337-43. [PMID: 22261798 DOI: 10.1159/000335166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent report of virtually complete protection from diabetes and cancer in a population of people with hereditary dwarfism revived interest in elucidating the relationships between growth, adult body size, age-related disease and longevity. In many species, smaller individuals outlive those that are larger and a similar relationship was shown in studies of various human populations. Adult body size is strongly dependent on the actions of growth hormone (GH) and the absence of GH or GH receptor in mice leads to a remarkable extension of longevity. Many mechanisms that may account for, or contribute to, this association have been identified. It is suggested that modest modifications of the diet at different ages may extend human healthspan and lifespan by reducing levels of hormones that stimulate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, 62794-9628, USA.
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24
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Si H, Fu Z, Babu PVA, Zhen W, LeRoith T, Meaney MP, Voelker KA, Jia Z, Grange RW, Liu D. Dietary epicatechin promotes survival of obese diabetic mice and Drosophila melanogaster. J Nutr 2011; 141:1095-100. [PMID: 21525262 PMCID: PMC3095141 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.134270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of diabetic patients is 7-8 y shorter than that of the general population because of hyperglycemia-induced vascular complications and damage to other organs such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated the effects of epicatechin, one of the major flavonoids in cocoa, on health-promoting effects in obese diabetic (db/db) mice (0.25% in drinking water for 15 wk) and Drosophila melanogaster (0.01-8 mmol/L in diet). Dietary intake of epicatechin promoted survival in the diabetic mice (50% mortality in diabetic control group vs. 8.4% in epicatechin group after 15 wk of treatment), whereas blood pressure, blood glucose, food intake, and body weight gain were not significantly altered. Pathological analysis showed that epicatechin administration reduced the degeneration of aortic vessels and blunted fat deposition and hydropic degeneration in the liver caused by diabetes. Epicatechin treatment caused changes in diabetic mice that are associated with a healthier and longer lifespan, including improved skeletal muscle stress output, reduced systematic inflammation markers and serum LDL cholesterol, increased hepatic antioxidant glutathione concentration and total superoxide dismutase activity, decreased circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (from 303 ± 21 mg/L in the diabetic control group to 189 ± 21 mg/L in the epicatechin-treated group), and improved AMP-activated protein kinase-α activity in the liver and skeletal muscle. Consistently, epicatechin (0.1-8 mmol/L) also promoted survival and increased mean lifespan of Drosophila. Therefore, epicatechin may be a novel food-derived, antiaging compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Si
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Zhuo Fu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Pon Velayutham Anandh Babu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Wei Zhen
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Mary Pat Meaney
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kevin A. Voelker
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Robert W. Grange
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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List EO, Sackmann-Sala L, Berryman DE, Funk K, Kelder B, Gosney ES, Okada S, Ding J, Cruz-Topete D, Kopchick JJ. Endocrine parameters and phenotypes of the growth hormone receptor gene disrupted (GHR-/-) mouse. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:356-86. [PMID: 21123740 PMCID: PMC3365798 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the GH receptor (GHR) gene eliminates GH-induced intracellular signaling and, thus, its biological actions. Therefore, the GHR gene disrupted mouse (GHR-/-) has been and is a valuable tool for helping to define various parameters of GH physiology. Since its creation in 1995, this mouse strain has been used by our laboratory and others for numerous studies ranging from growth to aging. Some of the most notable discoveries are their extreme insulin sensitivity in the presence of obesity. Also, the animals have an extended lifespan, which has generated a large number of investigations into the roles of GH and IGF-I in the aging process. This review summarizes the many results derived from the GHR-/- mice. We have attempted to present the findings in the context of current knowledge regarding GH action and, where applicable, to discuss how these mice compare to GH insensitivity syndrome in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward O List
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
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Liu ZM, Chen YM, Ho SC. Effects of soy intake on glycemic control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93:1092-101. [PMID: 21367951 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from animal and observational studies has supported the beneficial effects of soy intake on glycemic control, but intervention studies in humans have generated mixed results and have not been systematically examined. OBJECTIVE We aimed to quantitatively evaluate the effects of soy intake on measures of glycemic control. DESIGN We conducted a structured electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (updated to March 2010) databases for randomized controlled trials that described the effectiveness of different soy regimes on measures of glycemic control [homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and fasting glucose and insulin, glycated hemoglobin (Hb A(1c)), and 2-h glucose and insulin concentrations]. Data on participants, interventions, outcomes, and potential effect modifiers were extracted independently. Weighted mean effect sizes were calculated for net changes by using fixed-effects or random-effects models. We performed prespecified subgroup analyses to explore the influence of covariates on net changes of fasting glucose and insulin concentrations. RESULTS Twenty-four trials with a total of 1518 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. Soy consumption did not significantly affect measures of glycemic control. The mean (95% CI) difference was -0.69 mg/dL (-1.65, 0.27 mg/dL) for fasting glucose concentrations in the fixed-effects model (P = 0.16) and -0.18 mg/dL (-0.70, 0.34 mg/dL) for fasting insulin concentrations in the random-effects model (P = 0.50). Significant heterogeneity was noted in the results of fasting insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR. CONCLUSIONS There was not a significant overall effect of soy intake on improvements of fasting glucose and insulin concentrations; however, a favorable change in fasting glucose concentrations was observed in studies that used whole soy foods or a soy diet in the subgroup analysis. Evidence for other glycemic variables such as Hb A(1c) and 2-h postchallenge glucose and insulin concentrations was limited because of the small number of trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Min Liu
- Centre of Research and Promotion of Women's Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Plasma proteomic profiles of bovine growth hormone transgenic mice as they age. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:1305-20. [PMID: 21365322 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-011-9499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attenuation of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis results in extended lifespan in many organisms including mice. Conversely, GH transgenic mice have excess GH action and die prematurely. We have studied bovine (b) GH transgenic mice (n = 9) and their wild type (WT) littermates (n = 8) longitudinally and have determined several age-related changes. Compared to WT mice, bGH mice lost fat mass, became hypoglycemic and had lower insulin levels at older ages despite being hyperinsulinemic when young. To examine plasma protein differences in bGH mice relative to controls, samples at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 months of age were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification using mass spectrometry. We found several differences in plasma proteins of bGH mice compared to controls, including increased apolipoprotein E (five isoforms), haptoglobin (four isoforms) and mannose-binding protein-C (one out of three isoforms), and decreased transthyretin (six isoforms). In addition, clusterin (two out of six isoforms) and haptoglobin (four isoforms) were up-regulated in bGH mice as a function of age. Finally, alpha-2 macroglobulin (seven isoforms) was altered in an isoform-specific manner with two isoforms increased and two decreased in bGH mouse plasma compared to controls. In conclusion, identification of these proteins suggests that bGH mice exhibit an increased inflammatory state with an adverse lipid profile, possibly contributing to their diminished life expectancy. Also, these newly discovered plasma proteins may be indicative or 'biomarkers' of a shortened lifespan.
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Ricci E, Cipriani S, Chiaffarino F, Malvezzi M, Parazzini F. Effects of soy isoflavones and genistein on glucose metabolism in perimenopausal and postmenopausal non-Asian women: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Menopause 2010; 17:1080-6. [PMID: 20581723 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3181dd05a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the role of soy isoflavones on cardiovascular risk factors in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women and have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the overall effect of soy isoflavones on glucose metabolism: fasting blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance. METHODS We searched for all articles published in English and indexed in Medline from January 1990 to December 2009. We included RCTs for soy isoflavone supplementation in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women not taking hormone therapy, selecting non-Asian women only. The main outcomes were fasting blood glucose changes from baseline. RESULTS We identified 10 eligible RCTs containing blood glucose data of 794 women. The main result was that soy isoflavones did not affect fasting blood glucose significantly. Under a random-effects model, the average difference in fasting blood glucose values between women assigned to isoflavones and women assigned to placebo was -2.16 mg/dL (95% CI, -5.21 to 0.89 mg/dL; P = 0.17). In genistein studies, the mean difference was -7.15 mg/dL (95% CI, -11.47 to -2.82). However, the effects on insulin and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance were significant: -1.37 microIU/mL (95% CI, -1.92 to -0.81 microIU/mL) and -0.39 (95% CI, -0.65 to -0.14), respectively. Subgroup analyses did not show a significant effect of isoflavone dose, whereas isoflavone mixtures and genistein had a different effect on fasting blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of RCTs showed that isoflavone use was not associated with a significant glycemia reduction in perimenopausal and postmenopausal non-Asian women. However, the few studies that reported insulin and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance changes suggested that soy isoflavones and genistein alone had a beneficial effect on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ricci
- Clinica Ostetrica Ginecologica, Dipartimento Ostetrico Ginecologico, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, Ospedale Maggiore, Mangiagalli, Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Liu ZM, Chen YM, Ho SC, Ho YP, Woo J. Effects of soy protein and isoflavones on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: a 6-mo double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in postmenopausal Chinese women with prediabetes or untreated early diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1394-401. [PMID: 20335543 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro and animal studies have suggested that soy protein and isoflavones have favorable effects on glucose and insulin regulation, but intervention studies in humans are limited, and the results are controversial. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether soy protein with isoflavones and soy isoflavone extracts could improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women with early hyperglycemia. DESIGN This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that included 180 postmenopausal Hong Kong Chinese women with prediabetes or early untreated diabetes. After a 2-wk adaptation period, participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 arms to receive 15 g soy protein and 100 mg isoflavones, 15 g milk protein and 100 mg isoflavones, or 15 g milk protein on a daily basis for 6 mo. RESULTS Three- or 6-mo treatments with soy protein with or without isoflavone supplementation did not result in favorable changes in the descriptors for glycemic control and insulin resistance, namely fasting and 2-h postload glucose, fasting and postload insulin, glycated serum protein, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance and beta-cell function. CONCLUSIONS This 6-mo randomized controlled trial did not support the hypothesis that soy protein with or without isoflavone supplementation had favorable effects on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity among postmenopausal Chinese women. The favorable change in postload glucose needs to be further confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-min Liu
- Centre of Research and Promotion of Women's Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Berryman DE, List EO, Palmer AJ, Chung MY, Wright-Piekarski J, Lubbers E, O'Connor P, Okada S, Kopchick JJ. Two-year body composition analyses of long-lived GHR null mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 65:31-40. [PMID: 19901018 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted (GHR-/-) mice exhibit increased life span and adipose tissue mass. Although this obese phenotype has been reported extensively for young adult male GHR-/- mice, data for females and for other ages in either gender are lacking. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition longitudinally in both male and female GHR-/- mice. Results show that GHR-/- mice have a greater percent fat mass with no significant difference in absolute fat mass throughout life. Lean mass shows an opposite trend with percent lean mass not significantly different between genotypes but absolute mass reduced in GHR-/- mice. Differences in body composition are more pronounced in male than in female mice, and both genders of GHR-/- mice show specific enlargement of the subcutaneous adipose depot. Along with previously published data, these results suggest a consistent and intriguing protective effect of excess fat mass in the subcutaneous region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E Berryman
- School of Human and Consumer Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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31
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The somatotropic axis and aging: mechanisms and persistent questions about practical implications. Exp Gerontol 2009; 44:372-4. [PMID: 19371777 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced somatotropic (GH/IGF-1) signaling delays aging and extends longevity in laboratory mice. However, it is unclear whether the physiological decrease of GH and IGF-1 levels with age represents a symptom of declining neuroendocrine function, a cause of age-related alterations in body composition and functionality or a protective mechanism against age-associated disease. Although available clinical evidence does not support the use of recombinant GH as an anti-aging therapy, many studies suggest the potential utility of GH and GH secretagogues in the treatment of sarcopenia and frailty.
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Abstract
Although advanced age or symptoms of aging are not among approved indications for growth hormone (GH) therapy, recombinant human GH (rhGH) and various GH-related products are aggressively promoted as anti-aging therapies. Well-controlled studies of the effects of rhGH treatment in endocrinologically normal elderly subjects report some improvements in body composition and a number of undesirable side effects in sharp contrast to major benefits of GH therapy in patients with GH deficiency. Controversies surrounding the potential utility of GH in treatment of a geriatric patient are fueled by increasing evidence linking GH and cancer and by remarkably increased lifespan of GH-resistant and GH-deficient mice. Conservation of cellular signaling mechanisms that influence aging in organisms ranging from worms to mammals suggests that at least some of the results obtained in mutant mice are applicable to the human. We suggest that the normal, physiological functions of GH in promoting growth, sexual maturation and fecundity involve significant costs in terms of aging and life expectancy. Natural decline in GH levels during aging likely contributes to concomitant alterations in body composition and vigor but also may be offering important protection from cancer and other age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA.
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Berryman DE, Christiansen JS, Johannsson G, Thorner MO, Kopchick JJ. Role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in lifespan and healthspan: lessons from animal models. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:455-471. [PMID: 18710818 PMCID: PMC2631405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamentally important in our quest to understand the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute to human aging. In comparison to humans, relatively short-lived mammals are useful models as they allow for rapid assessment of both genetic manipulation and environmental intervention as related to longevity. These models also allow for the study of clinically relevant pathologies as a function of aging. Data associated with more distant species offers additional insight and critical consideration of the basic physiological processes and molecular mechanisms that influence lifespan. Consistently, two interventions, caloric restriction and repression of the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin axis, have been shown to increase lifespan in both invertebrates and vertebrate animal model systems. Caloric restriction (CR) is a nutrition intervention that robustly extends lifespan whether it is started early or later in life. Likewise, genes involved in the GH/IGF-1 signaling pathways can lengthen lifespan in vertebrates and invertebrates, implying evolutionary conservation of the molecular mechanisms. Specifically, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)-like signaling and its downstream intracellular signaling molecules have been shown to be associated with lifespan in fruit flies and nematodes. More recently, mammalian models with reduced growth hormone (GH) and/or IGF-1 signaling have also been shown to have extended lifespans as compared to control siblings. Importantly, this research has also shown that these genetic alterations can keep the animals healthy and disease-free for longer periods and can alleviate specific age-related pathologies similar to what is observed for CR individuals. Thus, these mutations may not only extend lifespan but may also improve healthspan, the general health and quality of life of an organism as it ages. In this review, we will provide an overview of how the manipulation of the GH/IGF axis influences lifespan, highlight the invertebrate and vertebrate animal models with altered lifespan due to modifications to the GH/IGF-1 signaling cascade or homologous pathways, and discuss the basic phenotypic characteristics and healthspan of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene E. Berryman
- School of Human and Consumer Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701
| | - Jens Sandahl Christiansen
- Jens Sandahl Christiansen, Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Kommunehospitalet, DK 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Gudmundur Johannsson, MD, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michael O. Thorner
- Michael O. Thorner, University of Virginia Health System, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - John J. Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701; Phone: (740)593-4534; Fax: (740)593-4795
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Abstract
Interventions that extend life span by moderately reduced nutrient intake are often referred to as dietary or calorie restriction. Its efficacy in many species has led to the conclusion that a single, evolutionarily conserved, molecular mechanism operates in all cases to extend life. Here we discuss examples of diet/genotype interactions that show a more complex mechanistic view is required and that mild dietary modifications can dramatically change the interpretation of model organism aging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D W Piper
- UCL Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Bartke A. Impact of reduced insulin-like growth factor-1/insulin signaling on aging in mammals: novel findings. Aging Cell 2008; 7:285-90. [PMID: 18346217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone deficiency or resistance resulting from spontaneous or experimentally produced mutations in laboratory mice delay aging and increase lifespan. Alterations in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin signaling emerged as likely mechanisms linking growth hormone and aging, and increased longevity was reported in mice with selective deletion of IGF-1 receptor in all tissues or insulin receptor in fat. Recent studies in mice with reduced IGF-1 levels or deletion of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, a protease that cleaves one of the IGF-1 binding proteins, strongly support the role of IGF-1 in the control of longevity. Reports of increased lifespan in mice with deletion of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1, reduced expression of IRS2, or selective deletion of IRS2 in the brain specifically implicate the IRS-PI3K-Akt-Foxo signaling pathway (which is shared by IGF-1 and insulin) in the control of aging. These important novel findings also strengthen the evidence for evolutionary conservation of mechanisms regulating lifespan in worms, insects and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794-9628, USA.
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Shim JY, Kim KO, Seo BH, Lee HS. Soybean isoflavone extract improves glucose tolerance and raises the survival rate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Nutr Res Pract 2007; 1:266-72. [PMID: 20368949 PMCID: PMC2849033 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2007.1.4.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of various dosages of soybean isoflavone extract on body weight changes, glucose tolerance and liver function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. One group of normal rats (normal control) was fed an AIN-76-based experimental diet and four groups of diabetic rats were fed the same diet supplemented with four different levels of soybean isoflavone extract for seven weeks. The daily dosages of pure isoflavone for four diabetic groups were set to be 0 mg (diabetic control), 0.5 mg (ISO-I), 3.0 mg (ISO-II) and 30.0 mg (ISO-III) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The daily consumption of isoflavone at the level of 3.0mg per kilogram of body weight resulted in the suppression of body weight loss and increased the survival rate of diabetic animals one and half times compared to that of the diabetic control group. Blood glucose levels in a fasting state and after the oral administration of glucose were significantly lower in the ISO-II group during the oral glucose tolerance test. The ISO-II group showed a tendency to elongate the gastrointestinal transit time. The activity of serum aminotransferases, indicator of liver function, was not negatively affected by any intake level of isoflavone. The present study demonstrated that the soybean isoflavone extract may be beneficial to diabetic animals by improving their glucose tolerance and suppressing weight loss without incurring hepatotoxicity at the daily dosage of 3.0 mg per kg of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Youn Shim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
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37
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Ho SC, Chen YM, Ho SSS, Woo JLF. Soy isoflavone supplementation and fasting serum glucose and lipid profile among postmenopausal Chinese women: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause 2007; 14:905-12. [PMID: 17413839 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318032b2d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term effects of soy-derived isoflavones on lipids remain uncertain, and few data are available on their effects on glycemic control. We examined the effects of isolated soy germ isoflavones on the changes in fasting glucose (FG) and lipids. DESIGN A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 203 postmenopausal Chinese women aged 48 to 62 years. They were randomly assigned to receive daily doses of 500 mg calcium, and 0 mg isoflavones (placebo, n=67), 40 mg isoflavones (n=68), and 80 mg isoflavones (n=68). Serum FG, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein cholesterol were measured at baseline and 1 year after treatment. The primary data analysis was performed on the 203 randomized women according to the intent-to-treat principle. The last value carried forward was used for any missing data at follow-up. RESULTS We observed moderate but significant favorable effects of soy isoflavones on the changes (P=0.012) and percentage of changes (P=0.031) in FG (analysis of variance). The 1-year mean (SD) differences of FG changes were -5.2 (-9.4 to -1.0) mg/dL (P=0.010) and -3.3 (-7.5 to 0.9) mg/dL (P=0.18) in the 40- and 80-mg isoflavone groups compared with the placebo group. We also noted a significant interaction between the treatment and baseline FG on the changes in FG (P=0.004). The isoflavone effects were much more significant in women with baseline FG 100 mg/dL or more than in those with FG less than 90 mg/dL. We observed little effect of soy isoflavones on changes in serum lipids among the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS One-year of soy isoflavone supplementation might have a favorable effect on FG in women, but has no significant effect on serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Ho
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Ruden DM, Rasouli P, Lu X. Potential long-term consequences of fad diets on health, cancer, and longevity: lessons learned from model organism studies. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007; 6:247-54. [PMID: 17535033 DOI: 10.1177/153303460700600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While much of the third world starves, many in the first world are undergoing an obesity epidemic, and the related epidemics of type II diabetes, heart disease, and other diseases associated with obesity. The amount of economic wealth being directly related to a decline in health by obesity is ironic because rich countries contribute billions of dollars to improve the health of their citizens. Nevertheless, nutritional experiments in model organisms such as yeast, C. elegans, Drosophila, and mice confirm that "caloric restriction" (CR), which is defined generally as a 30-40% decrease in caloric intake, a famine-like condition for humans seen only in the poorest of countries, promotes good health and increases longevity in model organisms. Because caloric restriction, and dieting in general, requires a great deal of will power to deal with the feelings of deprivation, many fad diets, such as the Atkins, South Beach, and Protein Power, have been developed which allow people to lose weight purportedly without the severe feelings of deprivation. However, the long-term effects of such fad diets are not known and few experiments have been performed in the laboratory to investigate possible side affects and adverse consequences. In this paper, we review studies with fad-like dietary conditions in humans and model organisms, and we propose a "Dietary Ames Test" to rapidly screen fad diets, dietary supplements, and drugs for potential long-term health consequences in model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Ruden
- Institute for Environmental, Health Sciences, 2727 2nd Avenue, Room 4000, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Coschigano KT. Aging-related characteristics of growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:191-200. [PMID: 19943140 PMCID: PMC2464722 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since generation of the growth hormone receptor/binding protein (GHR/BP) gene-disrupted mouse nearly 10 years ago, use of this mouse model has become widespread in the elucidation of the physiological roles of GH and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). In particular, it serves as a useful model to study mechanisms of aging. This review highlights the evidence demonstrating that the loss of GH signaling leads to lifespan extension in mice, and presents the multiple characteristics of this mouse line that suggest the life extension is due to alteration of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Coschigano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, 351 Irvine Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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40
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Masternak MM, Al-Regaiey KA, Del Rosario Lim MM, Bonkowski MS, Panici JA, Przybylski GK, Bartke A. Caloric restriction results in decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor superfamily in muscle of normal and long-lived growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 60:1238-45. [PMID: 16282554 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/60.10.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to growth hormone, reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) action, and enhanced insulin sensitivity are likely mediators of extended life span and delayed aging process in growth hormone receptor/binding protein knockout (GHR-KO) mice. Fat metabolism and genes involved in fatty acid oxidation are strongly involved in insulin action. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot we have examined expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes in the skeletal muscle of normal and GHR-KO mice subjected to 30% caloric restriction. The results indicate that caloric restriction decreased the expression of PPARgamma, PPARalpha, and PPARbeta/delta which would lead to down-regulation of fat metabolism. This suggested metabolic change clearly does not affect whole-body insulin action. These findings suggest that whole-animal insulin sensitivity is not regulated through skeletal muscle insulin action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Masternak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illnois University School of Medicine, Springfield, 62794-9628, USA.
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Abstract
The important role of IGF and insulin-related signaling pathways in the control of longevity of worms and insects is very well documented. In the mouse, several spontaneous or experimentally induced mutations that interfere with GH biosynthesis, GH actions, or sensitivity to IGF-I lead to extended longevity. Increases in the average life span in these mutants range from approximately 20-70% depending on the nature of the endocrine defect, gender, diet, and/or genetic background. Extended longevity of hypopituitary and GH-resistant mice appears to be due to multiple mechanisms including reduced insulin levels, enhanced insulin sensitivity, alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, reduced generation of reactive oxygen species, enhanced resistance to stress, reduced oxidative damage, and delayed onset of age-related disease. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the genetic and endocrine mechanisms that influence aging and longevity in mice may play a similar role in other mammalian species, including the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 19628, 801 North Rutledge, Room 4389, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9628, USA.
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Masternak MM, Al-Regaiey KA, Bonkowski MS, Panici JA, Bartke A. Effect of every other day feeding diet on gene expression in normal and in long-lived Ames dwarf mice. Exp Gerontol 2005; 40:491-7. [PMID: 15935586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ames dwarf mutant mice are long-lived, hypoinsulinemic and hypoglycemic and exhibit enhanced sensitivity to injected insulin. Their phenotypic characteristics show many similarities to animals subjected to caloric restriction (CR) but Ames dwarf mice are not CR mimetics. Reducing daily food intake by 30% prolongs longevity in both normal and Ames dwarf mice. In the present study, the animals were subjected to a different type of CR, every other day feeding (EOD). Using real-time PCR, we have examined the expression of genes related to insulin signaling in the liver of normal and dwarf mice after 9 months of EOD. The results indicate that EOD produces some changes in the insulin and IGF1 signaling pathways, and that these changes are consistent with EOD increasing insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal M Masternak
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Geriatrics Research, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62794, USA.
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