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Vasconcelos A, King JD, Nunes-Alves C, Anderson R, Argaw D, Basáñez MG, Bilal S, Blok DJ, Blumberg S, Borlase A, Brady OJ, Browning R, Chitnis N, Coffeng LE, Crowley EH, Cucunubá ZM, Cummings DAT, Davis CN, Davis EL, Dixon M, Dobson A, Dyson L, French M, Fronterre C, Giorgi E, Huang CI, Jain S, James A, Kim SH, Kura K, Lucianez A, Marks M, Mbabazi PS, Medley GF, Michael E, Montresor A, Mutono N, Mwangi TS, Rock KS, Saboyá-Díaz MI, Sasanami M, Schwehm M, Spencer SEF, Srivathsan A, Stawski RS, Stolk WA, Sutherland SA, Tchuenté LAT, de Vlas SJ, Walker M, Brooker SJ, Hollingsworth TD, Solomon AW, Fall IS. Accelerating Progress Towards the 2030 Neglected Tropical Diseases Targets: How Can Quantitative Modeling Support Programmatic Decisions? Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S83-S92. [PMID: 38662692 PMCID: PMC11045030 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, considerable progress has been made in the control, elimination, and eradication of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Despite these advances, most NTD programs have recently experienced important setbacks; for example, NTD interventions were some of the most frequently and severely impacted by service disruptions due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Mathematical modeling can help inform selection of interventions to meet the targets set out in the NTD road map 2021-2030, and such studies should prioritize questions that are relevant for decision-makers, especially those designing, implementing, and evaluating national and subnational programs. In September 2022, the World Health Organization hosted a stakeholder meeting to identify such priority modeling questions across a range of NTDs and to consider how modeling could inform local decision making. Here, we summarize the outputs of the meeting, highlight common themes in the questions being asked, and discuss how quantitative modeling can support programmatic decisions that may accelerate progress towards the 2030 targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Vasconcelos
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D King
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cláudio Nunes-Alves
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roy Anderson
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Argaw
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shakir Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seth Blumberg
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Borlase
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Brady
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raiha Browning
- The Department of Statistics, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily H Crowley
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Zulma M Cucunubá
- Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher Neil Davis
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Louise Davis
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Dixon
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Louise Dyson
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Michael French
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- RTI International, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Claudio Fronterre
- CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- CHICAS, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Ching-I Huang
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Saurabh Jain
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ananthu James
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sung Hye Kim
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klodeta Kura
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Lucianez
- Communicable Diseases Prevention, Control, and Elimination, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Michael Marks
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Sabina Mbabazi
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graham F Medley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin Michael
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nyamai Mutono
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Thumbi S Mwangi
- Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kat S Rock
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Martha-Idalí Saboyá-Díaz
- Communicable Diseases Prevention, Control, and Elimination, Pan American Health Organization, Washington D.C., USA
| | - Misaki Sasanami
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Schwehm
- ExploSYS GmbH, Interdisciplinary Institute for Exploratory Systems, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
| | - Simon E F Spencer
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ariktha Srivathsan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert S Stawski
- Institute of Public Health and Wellbeing, School of Health and Social Care, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma A Stolk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel A Sutherland
- Zeeman Institute for System Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony W Solomon
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahima Socé Fall
- Global Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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James A, Coffeng LE, Blok DJ, King JD, de Vlas SJ, Stolk WA. Predictive Value of Microfilariae-Based Stop-MDA Thresholds After Triple Drug Therapy With IDA Against Lymphatic Filariasis in Treatment-Naive Indian Settings. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S131-S137. [PMID: 38662696 PMCID: PMC11045019 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs is the main strategy for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF). Recent clinical trials indicated that the triple-drug therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA) is much more effective against LF than the widely used two-drug combinations (albendazole plus either ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine). For IDA-based MDA, the stop-MDA decision is made based on microfilariae (mf) prevalence in adults. In this study, we assess how the probability of eventually reaching elimination of transmission depends on the critical threshold used in transmission assessment surveys (TAS-es) to define whether transmission was successfully suppressed and triple-drug MDA can be stopped. This analysis focuses on treatment-naive Indian settings. We do this for a range of epidemiological and programmatic contexts, using the established LYMFASIM model for transmission and control of LF. Based on our simulations, a single TAS, one year after the last MDA round, provides limited predictive value of having achieved suppressed transmission, while a higher MDA coverage increases elimination probability, thus leading to a higher predictive value. Every additional TAS, conditional on previous TAS-es being passed with the same threshold, further improves the predictive value for low values of stop-MDA thresholds. An mf prevalence threshold of 0.5% corresponding to TAS-3 results in ≥95% predictive value even when the MDA coverage is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthu James
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc E Coffeng
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Blok
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sake J de Vlas
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma A Stolk
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Duguay C, Niles-Robin RA, Thickstun CR, Cox H, Sampson A, Alexandre JSF, Caleb-Mars N, Goss CW, Morice A, Carvalho Scholte RG, Krentel A. Factors associated with never treatment and acceptability of mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Guyana, 2021. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0001985. [PMID: 38662738 PMCID: PMC11045083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Guyana remains one of four countries in the Americas endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF). Elimination of LF requires repeated annual mass drug administration (MDA) with sufficient levels of coverage for success. This study assesses the acceptability and never treatment of LF MDA using data from a routine assessment survey in 2021. A subset of individuals, over 20 years of age (n = 2498), were selected to receive an expanded questionnaire to examine factors associated with acceptability and never treatment. Assessed factors include respondent demographics, knowledge, risk perceptions of LF, and opinions on the MDA programme. The majority (73%) of those with scores above the acceptability threshold (score ≥22.5) reported participating in MDA two or more times. Factors strongly and positively associated with scoring above the acceptability threshold include beliefs in importance of participation in MDA for their community (aOR = 2.8, 95%CI (1.1-7.2)), perception of importance of LF treatment (6.9 (3.2-14.7)), receiving treatment in 2021 (2.9 (1.5-5.4)), and the number of self-reported times taking treatment for LF (2.2 (1.1-4.4)). Ten percent of respondents participated in the MDA for the first time in 2021, while 15% reported never treatment during any round of LF MDA. Three factors were statistically associated with participation in MDA across the two levels of the models (level 1: took LF treatment once versus never, and level 2: took LF treatment twice versus never) included: 1) scoring above the acceptability threshold (aOR = 6.2, 95%CI(3.8-10.0)), 2) self-reported importance of participation in MDA for their community (7.1 (2.9-17.8)), and 3) personal beliefs that they should take LF treatment even if they are not sick (2.6 (1.7-3.9)). As Guyana moves closer to LF elimination, these results provide further insight and understanding into programmatic results and could inform further action following MDA activities-particularly if an approach is needed to address never treatment during MDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duguay
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Reza A. Niles-Robin
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme-Vector control Services, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Charles R. Thickstun
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Horace Cox
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme-Vector control Services, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Annastacia Sampson
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme-Vector control Services, Ministry of Health, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Jean Seme-Fils Alexandre
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Nathely Caleb-Mars
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Charles W. Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ana Morice
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ronaldo G. Carvalho Scholte
- Neglected, Tropical, and Vector Borne Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Antony Oliver MC, Graham M, Gass KM, Medley GF, Clark J, Davis EL, Reimer LJ, King JD, Pouwels KB, Hollingsworth TD. Reducing the Antigen Prevalence Target Threshold for Stopping and Restarting Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination: A Model-Based Cost-effectiveness Simulation in Tanzania, India and Haiti. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:S160-S168. [PMID: 38662697 PMCID: PMC11045020 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) aims to reduce and maintain infection levels through mass drug administration (MDA), but there is evidence of ongoing transmission after MDA in areas where Culex mosquitoes are the main transmission vector, suggesting that a more stringent criterion is required for MDA decision making in these settings. METHODS We use a transmission model to investigate how a lower prevalence threshold (<1% antigenemia [Ag] prevalence compared with <2% Ag prevalence) for MDA decision making would affect the probability of local elimination, health outcomes, the number of MDA rounds, including restarts, and program costs associated with MDA and surveys across different scenarios. To determine the cost-effectiveness of switching to a lower threshold, we simulated 65% and 80% MDA coverage of the total population for different willingness to pay per disability-adjusted life-year averted for India ($446.07), Tanzania ($389.83), and Haiti ($219.84). RESULTS Our results suggest that with a lower Ag threshold, there is a small proportion of simulations where extra rounds are required to reach the target, but this also reduces the need to restart MDA later in the program. For 80% coverage, the lower threshold is cost-effective across all baseline prevalences for India, Tanzania, and Haiti. For 65% MDA coverage, the lower threshold is not cost-effective due to additional MDA rounds, although it increases the probability of local elimination. Valuing the benefits of elimination to align with the GPELF goals, we find that a willingness to pay per capita government expenditure of approximately $1000-$4000 for 1% increase in the probability of local elimination would be required to make a lower threshold cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS Lower Ag thresholds for stopping MDAs generally mean a higher probability of local elimination, reducing long-term costs and health impacts. However, they may also lead to an increased number of MDA rounds required to reach the lower threshold and, therefore, increased short-term costs. Collectively, our analyses highlight that lower target Ag thresholds have the potential to assist programs in achieving lymphatic filariasis goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Chriselda Antony Oliver
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Graham
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M Gass
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Centre, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Graham F Medley
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease and Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Clark
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma L Davis
- Mathematics Institute and the Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiological Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Koen B Pouwels
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - T Déirdre Hollingsworth
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Aarthy M, Pandiyan GN, Paramasivan R, Kumar A, Gupta B. Identification and prioritisation of potential vaccine candidates using subtractive proteomics and designing of a multi-epitope vaccine against Wuchereria bancrofti. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1970. [PMID: 38263422 PMCID: PMC10806236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study employed subtractive proteomics and immunoinformatics to analyze the Wuchereria bancrofti proteome and identify potential therapeutic targets, with a focus on designing a vaccine against the parasite species. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the parasite's proteome identified 51 probable therapeutic targets, among which "Kunitz/bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor domain-containing protein" was identified as the most promising vaccine candidate. The candidate protein was used to design a multi-epitope vaccine, incorporating B-cell and T-cell epitopes identified through various tools. The vaccine construct underwent extensive analysis of its antigenic, physical, and chemical features, including the determination of secondary and tertiary structures. Docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed with HLA alleles, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and TLR3 to assess its potential to elicit the human immune response. Immune simulation analysis confirmed the predicted vaccine's strong binding affinity with immunoglobulins, indicating its potential efficacy in generating an immune response. However, experimental validation and testing of this multi-epitope vaccine construct would be needed to assess its potential against W. bancrofti and even for a broader range of lymphatic filarial infections given the similarities between W. bancrofti and Brugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Aarthy
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India
| | - G Navaneetha Pandiyan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India
| | - R Paramasivan
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Puducherry, India
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Tandhalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Bhavna Gupta
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (VCRC), Field Station, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625002, India.
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Supali T, Djuardi Y, Sianipar LR, Suryaningtyas NH, Alfian R, Destani Y, Iskandar E, Astuty H, Sugianto N, Fischer PU. Surveillance and Selective Treatment of Brugia malayi Filariasis Eleven Years after Stopping Mass Drug Administration in Belitung District, Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:111-116. [PMID: 38011734 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brugia malayi is the major cause of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Indonesia. Zoophilic B. malayi was endemic in Belitung district, and mass drug administration (MDA) with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole ceased after five annual rounds in 2010. The district passed three transmission assessment surveys (TAS) between 2011 and 2016. As part of the post-TAS3 surveillance of the national LF elimination program, we collected night blood samples for microfilaria (Mf) detection from 1,911 subjects more than 5 years of age in seven villages. A B. malayi Mf prevalence ranging from 1.7% to 5.9% was detected in five villages. Only 2 (5%) of the total 40 Mf-positive subjects were adolescents aged 18 and 19 years old, and 38 (95%) Mf-positive subjects were 21 years and older. Microfilarial densities in infected individuals were mostly low, with 60% of the subjects having Mf densities between 16 and 160 Mf/mL. Triple-drug treatment with ivermectin, DEC, and albendazole (IDA) was given to 36 eligible Mf-positive subjects. Adverse events were mostly mild, and treatment was well tolerated. One year later, 35 of the treated Mf-positive subjects were reexamined, and 33 (94%) had cleared all Mf, while the anti-Bm14 antibody prevalence remained almost unchanged. Results indicate that in B. malayi-endemic areas, post-TAS3 surveillance for Mf in the community may be needed to detect a potential parasite reservoir in adults. Selective treatment with IDA is highly effective in clearing B. malayi Mf and should be used to increase the prospects for LF elimination if MDA is reintroduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lita Renata Sianipar
- Directorate of Communicable Disease, Prevention, and Control, Indonesia Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Nungki Hapsari Suryaningtyas
- Baturaja Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health of Indonesia, South Sumatra, Indonesia
| | - Rahmat Alfian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yossi Destani
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elisa Iskandar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hendri Astuty
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Noviani Sugianto
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Freitas LT, Khan MA, Uddin A, Halder JB, Singh-Phulgenda S, Raja JD, Balakrishnan V, Harriss E, Rahi M, Brack M, Guérin PJ, Basáñez MG, Kumar A, Walker M, Srividya A. The lymphatic filariasis treatment study landscape: A systematic review of study characteristics and the case for an individual participant data platform. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011882. [PMID: 38227595 PMCID: PMC10817204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) targeted by the World Health Organization for elimination as a public health problem (EPHP). Since 2000, more than 9 billion treatments of antifilarial medicines have been distributed through mass drug administration (MDA) programmes in 72 endemic countries and 17 countries have reached EPHP. Yet in 2021, nearly 900 million people still required MDA with combinations of albendazole, diethylcarbamazine and/or ivermectin. Despite the reliance on these drugs, there remain gaps in understanding of variation in responses to treatment. As demonstrated for other infectious diseases, some urgent questions could be addressed by conducting individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses. Here, we present the results of a systematic literature review to estimate the abundance of IPD on pre- and post-intervention indicators of infection and/or morbidity and assess the feasibility of building a global data repository. METHODOLOGY We searched literature published between 1st January 2000 and 5th May 2023 in 15 databases to identify prospective studies assessing LF treatment and/or morbidity management and disease prevention (MMDP) approaches. We considered only studies where individual participants were diagnosed with LF infection or disease and were followed up on at least one occasion after receiving an intervention/treatment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We identified 138 eligible studies from 23 countries, having followed up an estimated 29,842 participants after intervention. We estimate 14,800 (49.6%) IPD on pre- and post-intervention infection indicators including microfilaraemia, circulating filarial antigen and/or ultrasound indicators measured before and after intervention using 8 drugs administered in various combinations. We identified 33 studies on MMDP, estimating 6,102 (20.4%) IPD on pre- and post-intervention clinical morbidity indicators only. A further 8,940 IPD cover a mixture of infection and morbidity outcomes measured with other diagnostics, from participants followed for adverse event outcomes only or recruited after initial intervention. CONCLUSIONS The LF treatment study landscape is heterogeneous, but the abundance of studies and related IPD suggest that establishing a global data repository to facilitate IPD meta-analyses would be feasible and useful to address unresolved questions on variation in treatment outcomes across geographies, demographics and in underrepresented groups. New studies using more standardized approaches should be initiated to address the scarcity and inconsistency of data on morbidity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzia T. Freitas
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Azhar Uddin
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Julia B. Halder
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Sauman Singh-Phulgenda
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eli Harriss
- The Knowledge Centre, Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manju Rahi
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | - Matthew Brack
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe J. Guérin
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Diseases Data Observatory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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8
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Choi YJ, Fischer K, Méité A, Koudou BG, Fischer PU, Mitreva M. Distinguishing recrudescence from reinfection in lymphatic filariasis: a genomics-based approach for monitoring worm burden. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.05.23297155. [PMID: 37986785 PMCID: PMC10659506 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.05.23297155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis is the largest public health program based on mass drug administration (MDA). Despite decades of MDA, ongoing transmission in some countries remains a challenge. To optimize interventions, it is essential to differentiate between recrudescence (poor drug response and persistent infection) and new infections (ongoing transmission). Since adult filariae are inaccessible in humans, an approach that relies on genotyping the offspring microfilariae (mf) is required. Methods We utilized Brugia malayi adults and mf obtained from gerbils with a known pedigree to develop and validate our whole-genome amplification and kinship analysis approach. We then sequenced the genomes of Wuchereria bancrofti mf from infected humans from Côte d'Ivoire (CDI), characterized the population genetic diversity, and made inferences about the adult breeders. We developed a whole-exome capture panel for W. bancrofti to enrich parasite nuclear DNA from lower-quality samples contaminated with host DNA. Results We established a robust analysis pipeline using B. malayi adult and mf. We estimated the pre-treatment genetic diversity in W. bancrofti from 269 mf collected from 18 individuals, and further analyzed 1-year post-treatment samples of 74 mf from 4 individuals. By reconstructing and temporally tracking sibling relationships across pre- and post-treatment samples, we differentiated between new and established maternal families, suggesting reinfection in one subject and recrudescence in three subjects. Estimated reproductively active adult females ranged between 3 and 9 in the studied subjects. Hemizygosity of the male X-chromosome allowed for direct inference of haplotypes, facilitating robust maternal parentage inference, even when the genetic diversity was low. Population structure analysis revealed genetically distinct parasites among our CDI samples. Sequence composition and variant analysis of whole-exome libraries showed that the hybridization capture approach can effectively enrich parasite nuclear DNA and identify protein-coding variants with ∼95% genotype concordance rate. Conclusions We have generated resources to facilitate development of field-deployable genotyping tools that can estimate worm burdens and monitor parasite populations. These tools are essential for the success of lymphatic filariasis MDA programs. With further expansion of the databases to include geographically diverse samples, we will be able to spatially track parasite movement associated with host/vector migration.
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9
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Williams PDE, Kashyap SS, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine elicits Ca 2+ signals through TRP-2 channels that are potentiated by emodepside in Brugia malayi muscles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0041923. [PMID: 37728916 PMCID: PMC10583680 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00419-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in several countries. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. affecting over 120 million people. Heavy infections can lead to elephantiasis, which has serious effects on individuals' lives. Although current anthelmintics are effective at killing microfilariae in the bloodstream, they have little to no effect against adult parasites found in the lymphatic system. The anthelmintic diethylcarbamazine is one of the central pillars of lymphatic filariasis control. Recent studies have reported that diethylcarbamazine can open transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the muscles of adult female Brugia malayi, leading to contraction and paralysis. Diethylcarbamazine has synergistic effects in combination with emodepside on Brugia, inhibiting motility: emodepside is an anthelmintic that has effects on filarial nematodes and is under trial for the treatment of river blindness. Here, we have studied the effects of diethylcarbamazine on single Brugia muscle cells by measuring the change in Ca2+ fluorescence in the muscle using Ca2+-imaging techniques. Diethylcarbamazine interacts with the transient receptor potential channel, C classification (TRPC) ortholog receptor TRP-2 to promote Ca2+ entry into the Brugia muscle cells, which can activate Slopoke (SLO-1) Ca2+-activated K+ channels, the putative target of emodepside. A combination of diethylcarbamazine and emodepside leads to a bigger Ca2+ signal than when either compound is applied alone. Our study shows that diethylcarbamazine targets TRP channels to promote Ca2+ entry that is increased by emodepside activation of SLO-1 K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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10
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Rehborg EG, Wheeler NJ, Zamanian M. Mapping resistance-associated anthelmintic interactions in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011705. [PMID: 37883578 PMCID: PMC10629664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect billions of people and are mainly controlled by anthelmintic mass drug administration (MDA). While there are growing efforts to better understand mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in human and animal populations, it is unclear how resistance mechanisms that alter susceptibility to one drug affect the interactions and efficacy of drugs used in combination. Mutations that alter drug permeability across primary nematode barriers have been identified as potential resistance mechanisms using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We leveraged high-throughput assays in this model system to measure altered anthelmintic susceptibility in response to genetic perturbations of potential cuticular, amphidial, and alimentary routes of drug entry. Mutations in genes associated with these tissue barriers differentially altered susceptibility to the major anthelmintic classes (macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists) as measured by animal development. We investigated two-way anthelmintic interactions across C. elegans genetic backgrounds that confer resistance or hypersensitivity to one or more drugs. We observe that genetic perturbations that alter susceptibility to a single drug can shift the drug interaction landscape and lead to the appearance of novel synergistic and antagonistic interactions. This work establishes a framework for investigating combinatorial therapies in model nematodes that can potentially be translated to amenable parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Rehborg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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11
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Das NC, Chakraborty P, Nandy S, Dey A, Malik T, Mukherjee S. Programmed cell death pathways as targets for developing antifilarial drugs: Lessons from the recent findings. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:2819-2840. [PMID: 37605891 PMCID: PMC10538269 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
More than half a century has passed since the introduction of the National Filariasis Control Program; however, as of 2023, lymphatic filariasis (LF) still prevails globally, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions, posing a substantial challenge to the objective of worldwide elimination. LF is affecting human beings and its economically important livestock leading to a crucial contributor to morbidities and disabilities. The current scenario has been blowing up alarms of attention to develop potent therapeutics and strategies having efficiency against the adult stage of filarial nematodes. In this context, the exploration of a suitable drug target that ensures lethality to macro and microfilariae is now our first goal to achieve. Apoptosis has been the potential target across all three stages of filarial nematodes viz. oocytes, microfilariae (mf) and adults resulting in filarial death after receiving the signal from the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and executed through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Hence, it is considered a leading target for developing antifilarial drugs. Herein, we have shown the efficacy of several natural and synthetic compounds/nanoformulations in triggering the apoptotic death of filarial parasites with little or no toxicity to the host body system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Chandra Das
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Pritha Chakraborty
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
| | - Samapika Nandy
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
- School of PharmacyGraphic Era Hill UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life SciencePresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
| | | | - Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal ScienceKazi Nazrul UniversityAsansolIndia
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12
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Khaemba C, Barry A, Omondi WP, Kirui E, Oluka M, Parthasarathi G, Njenga SM, Guantai A, Aklillu E. Comparative Safety Surveillance of Triple (IDA) Versus Dual Therapy (DA) in Mass Drug Administration for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Kenya: A Cohort Event Monitoring Study. Drug Saf 2023; 46:961-974. [PMID: 37552438 PMCID: PMC10584738 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-023-01338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA) therapy is the standard mass drug administration (MDA) regimen for lymphatic filariasis in Kenya. Following the recent World Health Organization recommendation, Kenya piloted triple therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA) in MDA. OBJECTIVE We conducted a community-based, observational, cohort event monitoring study to compare the types, frequency, severity, and predictors of adverse events following dual versus triple therapy in 20,421 eligible residents. METHODS Residents in Kilifi (n = 10,010) and Mombasa counties (n = 10,411) received DA and IDA through MDA campaigns, respectively. Adverse events were actively monitored through house-to-house visits on days 1, 2, and 7 after MDA. Any clinical events reported before and after MDA were cross-checked and verified to differentiate pre-existing events from MDA-associated adverse events. RESULTS Overall, 5807 and 3102 adverse events were reported by 2839 and 1621 individuals in the IDA and DA groups, respectively. The incidence of experiencing one or more adverse events was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) in the IDA group (27.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 26.4-28.2) than in the DA group (16.2%; 95% CI 15.5-16.9). Dizziness (15.9% vs 5.9%) and drowsiness (10.1% vs 2.6%) were the most common adverse events and significantly higher in the IDA group compared with the DA group (p < 0.0001). Most adverse events were mild or moderate with a few severe cases (IDA = 0.05%; 95% CI 0.35-0.78, DA = 0.03%; 95% CI 0.14-0.60). Female sex, obesity, taking three or more diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin tablets, and having pre-existing clinical symptoms were significant predictors of adverse events following IDA treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole as a combination is as safe and well tolerated as DA to use in MDA campaigns with no serious life-threatening adverse events. Systemic mild-to-moderate adverse events with a few severe cases and transient adverse events are more common with IDA treatment than with DA treatment. Hence, integrating pharmacovigilance into a MDA program is recommended for the timely detection and management of adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christabel Khaemba
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Pharmacy and Poisons Board, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abbie Barry
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wyckliff P. Omondi
- Ministry of Health, National Neglected Tropical Diseases Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elvis Kirui
- Ministry of Health, National Public Health Laboratory, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Margaret Oluka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gurumurthy Parthasarathi
- Pharmacovigilance and Clinical Trials, Botswana Medicines Regulatory Authority, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Anastacia Guantai
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eleni Aklillu
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Chhonker YS, Bjerum C, Bala V, Ouattara AF, Koudou BG, Gabo TP, Alshehri A, Meïté A, Fischer PU, Weil GJ, King CL, Budge PJ, Murry DJ. Pharmacokinetics of Moxidectin combined with Albendazole or Albendazole plus Diethylcarbamazine for Bancroftian Filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011567. [PMID: 37616301 PMCID: PMC10482275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Moxidectin (MOX) is a milbemycin endectocide recently approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of onchocerciasis in persons at least 12 years of age. MOX has been shown to have a good safety profile in recent clinical trials. The efficacy of MOX for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and its potential use in mass drug administration protocols for the elimination of LF is currently under evaluation. In the context of a clinical trial, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of a combination of MOX plus albendazole (ALB) with or without diethylcarbamazine (DEC) compared to ivermectin (IVM) plus ALB with or without DEC in the following four different treatment arms: (I) IVM (0.2mg/kg) plus DEC (6 mg/kg) and ALB (400mg); (II) IVM plus ALB; (III) MOX (8 mg) plus DEC and ALB; and (IV) MOX plus ALB. Drug concentrations were determined using validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using standard non-compartmental analysis methods. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP software. Fifty-eight of 164 study participants (53 men and five women) were included with ages ranging from 18 to 63 yrs (mean = 37). MOX apparent oral clearance (Cl/F) ranged from 0.7 to 10.8 L/hr with Cmax values ranging from 20.8 to 314.5 ng/mL. The mean (range) area under the curve (AUC)0-∞ for MOX, 3405 ng*hr/mL (742-11376), and IVM 1906 ng*hr/mL (692-5900), varied over a ~15.3 and ~8.5-fold range, respectively. The geometric mean ratio for Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were within the no-drug interaction range of 80-125% for all drugs. This indicates that the addition of MOX to ALB alone or ALB plus DEC for LF therapy did not alter the drug exposure of co-administered drugs compared to IVM combinations. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04410406, https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal S. Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Dept of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Catherine Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Veenu Bala
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Dept of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Allassane F. Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Benjamin G. Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Ivory Coast
| | - Toki P. Gabo
- Centre Hospitalier Regional d’Agboville, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Abdullah Alshehri
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Dept of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Abdoulaye Meïté
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Ivory Coast
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Budge
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daryl J. Murry
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Dept of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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14
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Risch F, Scheunemann JF, Reichwald JJ, Lenz B, Ehrens A, Gal J, Fercoq F, Koschel M, Fendler M, Hoerauf A, Martin C, Hübner MP. The efficacy of the benzimidazoles oxfendazole and flubendazole against Litomosoides sigmodontis is dependent on the adaptive and innate immune system. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213143. [PMID: 37440891 PMCID: PMC10335397 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematodes can cause debilitating diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Oxfendazole (OXF) is one promising macrofilaricidal candidate with improved oral availability compared to flubendazole (FBZ), and OXF is currently under preparation for phase 2 clinical trials in filariasis patients. This study aimed to investigate the immune system's role during treatment with OXF and FBZ and explore the potential to boost the treatment efficacy via stimulation of the immune system. Wild type (WT) BALB/c, eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGata1, IL-4r/IL-5-/-, antibody-deficient μMT and B-, T-, NK-cell and ILC-deficient Rag2/IL-2rγ-/- mice were infected with the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis and treated with an optimal and suboptimal regimen of OXF and FBZ for up to 5 days. In the second part, WT mice were treated for 2-3 days with a combination of OXF and IL-4, IL-5, or IL-33. Treatment of WT mice reduced the adult worm burden by up to 94% (OXF) and 100% (FBZ) compared to vehicle controls. In contrast, treatment efficacy was lower in all immunodeficient strains with a reduction of up to 90% (OXF) and 75% (FBZ) for ΔdblGata1, 50 and 92% for IL-4r/IL-5-/-, 64 and 78% for μMT or 0% for Rag2/IL-2rγ-/- mice. The effect of OXF on microfilariae and embryogenesis displayed a similar pattern, while FBZ's ability to prevent microfilaremia was independent of the host's immune status. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis revealed strain-and treatment-specific immunological changes. The efficacy of a shortened 3-day treatment of OXF (-33% adult worms vs. vehicle) could be boosted to a 91% worm burden reduction via combination with IL-5, but not IL-4 or IL-33. Our results suggest that various components of the immune system support the filaricidal effect of benzimidazoles in vivo and present an opportunity to boost treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johanna F. Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia J. Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lenz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joséphine Gal
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marianne Koschel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Fendler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Alshehri A, Chhonker YS, Bala V, Edi C, Bjerum CM, Koudou BG, John LN, Mitjà O, Marks M, King CL, Murry DJ. Population pharmacokinetic model of ivermectin in mass drug administration against lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011319. [PMID: 37262040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug used to treat diseases caused by filarial worms, such as onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF). IVM is part of a triple-drug therapy used by the Mass Drug Administration (MDA) as a preventive strategy to eradicate LF in sub-Saharan Africa. The drug shows high variability in drug exposure in previous pharmacokinetic studies. This study aims to build a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model to identify and quantify the possible sources of the variability of IVM exposure after a single-oral dose in LF-infected subjects and healthy individuals. METHODOLOGY / PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this analysis, 724 samples were collected from treatment-naïve Wuchereria bancrofti-infected (n = 32) and uninfected (n = 24) adults living in Côte d'Ivoire who had received one dose of IVM as a part of triple-drug therapy. PopPK analysis was conducted using Phoenix NLME 8.3 software. The Monte Carlo simulation based on the final model was performed to simulate drug exposure among different dosing groups (200 μg/kg, 18 mg, and 36 mg). A two-compartment model with zero-order dose input into the absorption compartment with a lag time function followed by first-order absorption and linear elimination best described the IVM's pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters. The final model identifies that the PK parameters of IVM are not affected by LF infection. Sex was a significant covariate on the peripheral volume of distribution (Vp/F, 53% lower in men than in women). IVM drug exposure shows linear pharmacokinetic behavior among the simulated dosing groups with similar drug exposure based on sex. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We have developed a PopPk model to describe and identify possible sources of the variability of IVM exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first PopPK study of IVM in patients with LF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02845713; NCT03664063.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alshehri
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Veenu Bala
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Constant Edi
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Catherine M Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy N John
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
- National Department of Health, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Oriol Mitjà
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michael Marks
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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16
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Greene SE, Huang Y, Curtis KC, King CL, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. IgG4 antibodies to the recombinant filarial antigen Wb-Bhp-1 decrease dramatically following treatment of lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011364. [PMID: 37285374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease and a major cause of chronic disability. Improved diagnostic tests are needed because of long-term persistence of anti-filarial antibodies or circulating filarial antigenemia after treatments that clear microfilaremia. Here, we assess changes in levels of antibodies to the recombinant filarial antigens Wb-Bhp-1, Wb123, and Bm14 after anti-filarial treatment. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS IgG4 antibodies to recombinant filarial antigens were assessed by ELISA. We tested serial plasma samples from a clinical trial in Papua New Guinea. Before treatment, 90%, 71% and 99% of participants had antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1, Wb123, and Bm14, respectively. Antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 and Wb123, but not Bm14, were significantly higher in participants with persistent microfilaremia 24 months after treatment. Antibodies to all three antigens declined significantly by 60 months after treatment with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole despite circulating filarial antigen in 76% of participants. By 60 months follow up, antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1, Wb123, and Bm14 were detected in 17%, 7% and 90% of participants, respectively. Antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 also declined more rapidly after treatment than antibodies to Bm14 in samples from a clinical trial conducted in Sri Lanka. We also tested archived serum samples from people living in filariasis-endemic communities in Egypt with different infection profiles. Antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 were detected in 73% of microfilaremic people, 53% of amicrofilaremic people with circulating filarial antigen, and 17.5% of endemic individuals without microfilaria or circulating filarial antigen. Tests performed with legacy samples from India showed that few people with filarial lymphedema had antibodies to these recombinant antigens. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 and Wb123 are more closely correlated with persistent microfilaremia than circulating filarial antigenemia or antibodies to Bm14, and they clear more rapidly after anti-filarial treatment. Additional studies are needed to assess the value of Wb-Bhp-1 serology as a tool for determining the success of LF elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Greene
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuefang Huang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kurt C Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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17
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Opoku NO, Doe F, Dubben B, Fetcho N, Fischer K, Fischer PU, Gordor S, Goss CW, Gyasi ME, Hoerauf A, Hong AR, Kanza E, King CL, Laryea R, Lew D, Seidu MA, Weil GJ. A randomized, open-label study of the tolerability and efficacy of one or three daily doses of ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (IDA) versus one dose of ivermectin plus albendazole (IA) for treatment of onchocerciasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011365. [PMID: 37205721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onchocerciasis ("river blindness") has been targeted for elimination. New treatments that kill or permanently sterilize female worms could accelerate this process. Prior studies have shown that triple drug treatment with ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (IDA) leads to prolonged clearance of microfilaremia in persons with lymphatic filariasis. We now report results from a randomized clinical trial that compared the tolerability and efficacy of IDA vs. a comparator treatment (ivermectin plus albendazole, IA) in persons with onchocerciasis. METHODS AND FINDINGS The study was performed in the Volta region of Ghana. Persons with microfiladermia and palpable subcutaneous nodules were pre-treated with two oral doses of ivermectin (150 μg/kg) separated by at least 6 months prior to treatment with either a single oral dose of ivermectin 150 μg/kg plus albendazole 400 mg (IA), a single oral dose of IDA (IDA1, IA plus diethylcarbamazine (DEC. 6 mg/kg) or three consecutive daily doses of IDA (IDA3). These treatments were tolerated equally well. While adverse events were common (approximately 30% overall), no severe or serious treatment-emergent adverse events were observed. Skin microfilariae were absent or present with very low densities after all three treatments through 18 months, at which time nodules were excised for histological assessment. Nodule histology was evaluated by two independent assessors who were masked regarding participant infection status or treatment assignment. Significantly lower percentages of female worms were alive and fertile in nodules recovered from study participants after IDA1 (40/261, 15.3%) and IDA3 (34/281, 12.1%) than after IA (41/180, 22.8%). This corresponds to a 40% reduction in the percentage of female worms that were alive and fertile after IDA treatments relative to results observed after the IA comparator treatment (P = 0.004). Percentages of female worms that were alive (a secondary outcome of the study) were also lower after IDA treatments (301/574, 52.4%) than after IA (127/198, 64.1%) (P = 0.004). Importantly, some comparisons (including the reduced % of fertile female worms after IDA1 vs IA treatment, which was the primary endpoint for the study) were not statistically significant when results were adjusted for intraclass correlation of worm fertility and viability for worms recovered from individual study participants. CONCLUSIONS Results from this pilot study suggest that IDA was well tolerated after ivermectin pretreatment. They also suggest that IDA was more effective than the comparator treatment IA for killing or sterilizing female O. volvulus worms. No other short-course oral treatment for onchocerciasis has been demonstrated to have macrofilaricidal activity. However, this first study was too small to provide conclusive results. Therefore, additional studies will be needed to confirm these promising findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at Cinicaltrials.gov under the number NCT04188301.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Opoku
- Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Felix Doe
- Hohoe Municipal Hospital, Hohoe, Ghana
| | - Bettina Dubben
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Fetcho
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter U Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shelter Gordor
- Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Charles W Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Augustine R Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eric Kanza
- Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Centre de Recherche Clinique de Butembo, Université Catholique du Graben, Site Horizon, Butembo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case-Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruth Laryea
- Fred Newton Binka School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Daphne Lew
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mahmood A Seidu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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18
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Mersha FB, McClung CM, Chen M, Ruse CI, Foster JM. Defining the filarial N-glycoproteome by glycosite mapping in the human parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7951. [PMID: 37193733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a critical post translational modification of eukaryotic proteins. N-linked glycans are present on surface and secreted filarial proteins that play a role in host parasite interactions. Examples of glycosylated Brugia malayi proteins have been previously identified but there has not been a systematic study of the N-linked glycoproteome of this or any other filarial parasite. In this study, we applied an enhanced N-glyco FASP protocol using an engineered carbohydrate-binding protein, Fbs1, to enrich N-glycosylated peptides for analysis by LC-MS/MS. We then mapped the N-glycosites on proteins from three host stages of the parasite: adult female, adult male and microfilariae. Fbs1 enrichment of N-glycosylated peptides enhanced the identification of N-glycosites. Our data identified 582 N-linked glycoproteins with 1273 N-glycosites. Gene ontology and cell localization prediction of the identified N-glycoproteins indicated that they were mostly membrane and extracellular proteins. Comparing results from adult female worms, adult male worms, and microfilariae, we find variability in N-glycosylation at the protein level as well as at the individual N-glycosite level. These variations are highlighted in cuticle N-glycoproteins and adult worm restricted N-glycoproteins as examples of proteins at the host parasite interface that are well positioned as potential therapeutic targets or biomarkers.
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19
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Rehborg EG, Wheeler NJ, Zamanian M. Mapping resistance-associated anthelmintic interactions in the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538424. [PMID: 37163071 PMCID: PMC10168335 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect billions of people and are mainly controlled by anthelmintic mass drug administration (MDA). While there are growing efforts to better understand mechanisms of anthelmintic resistance in human and animal populations, it is unclear how resistance mechanisms that alter susceptibility to one drug affect the interactions and efficacy of drugs used in combination. Mutations that alter drug permeability across primary nematode barriers have been identified as potential resistance mechanisms using the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We leveraged high-throughput assays in this model system to measure altered anthelmintic susceptibility in response to genetic perturbations of potential cuticular, amphidial, and alimentary routes of drug entry. Mutations in genes associated with these tissue barriers differentially altered susceptibility to the major anthelmintic classes (macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists) as measured by animal development. We investigated two-way anthelmintic interactions across C. elegans genetic backgrounds that confer resistance or hypersensitivity to one or more drugs. We observe that genetic perturbations that alter susceptibility to a single drug can shift the drug interaction landscape and lead to the appearance of novel synergistic and antagonistic interactions. This work establishes a framework for investigating combinatorial therapies in model nematodes that can potentially be translated to amenable parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Rehborg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Nicolas J Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
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20
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Williams PDE, Kashyap SS, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine elicits Ca 2+ signals through TRP-2 channels that are potentiated by emodepside in Brugia malayi muscles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536248. [PMID: 37090573 PMCID: PMC10120635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in several countries. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia spp. affecting over 120 million people. Heavy infections can lead to elephantiasis having serious effects on individuals’ lives. Although current anthelmintics are effective at killing the microfilariae in the bloodstream, they have little to no effect against adult parasites found in the lymphatic system. The anthelmintic diethylcarbamazine is one of the central pillars of lymphatic filariasis control. Recent studies have reported that diethylcarbamazine can open Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels on the muscles of adult female Brugia malayi leading to contraction and paralysis. Diethylcarbamazine has synergistic effects in combination with emodepside on Brugia inhibiting motility: emodepside is an anthelmintic that has effects on filarial nematodes and is under trials for treatment of river blindness. Here we have studied the effects of diethylcarbamazine on single Brugia muscle cells by measuring the change in Ca 2+ fluorescence in the muscle using Ca 2+ -imaging techniques. Diethylcarbamazine interacts with the TRPC orthologue receptor TRP-2 to promote Ca 2+ entry into the Brugia muscle cells which can activate SLO-1 Ca 2+ activated K + channels, the putative target of emodepside. A combination of diethylcarbamazine and emodepside leads to a bigger Ca 2+ signal than when either compound is applied alone. Our study shows that diethylcarbamazine targets TRP channels to promote Ca 2+ entry that is increased by emodepside activation of SLO-1 channels.
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21
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Kashyap SS, McHugh MA, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine mediated potentiation of emodepside induced paralysis requires TRP-2 in adult Brugia malayi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:108-112. [PMID: 36368250 PMCID: PMC9772243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human and veterinary filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in tropical countries. They are transmitted by biting insects and mosquitoes. Lymphatic filariasis, a group of filarial infections caused by Brugia spp. and Wucheria bancrofti affect more than 120 million people worldwide. Infected individuals develop swollen limbs and disfigurement, leading to an inability to work and ostracization from society. Control and prophylaxis for these infections involve mass drug administration combinations of anthelmintics including diethylcarbamazine (DEC). DEC has actions on microfilariae, but its effects on adult worms are less pronounced. The SLO-1 (BK) channel activator, emodepside, kills adults of many filarial species. However, the in vivo efficacy of emodepside is suboptimal against B. malayi, possibly due to reduced bioavailability in the lymphatic system. Expressing different slo-1 splice variants in B. malayi also affects sensitivity to emodepside. This study explores the potentiation of emodepside mediated paralysis by DEC in adult female B. malayi. Worminator motility measurements show that co-application of DEC and emodepside increases the potency of emodepside 4-fold. The potentiation of the emodepside effect persists even after the worms recover (desensitize) from the initial effects of DEC. RNAi knock-down demonstrates that the DEC-mediated potentiation of emodepside requires the presence of TRP-2 channels. Our study demonstrates that the addition of DEC could enhance the effect of emodepside where bioavailability or activity against a specific species may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mark A McHugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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22
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Jiang L, Sun YJ, Song XH, Sun YY, Yang WY, Li J, Wu YJ. Ivermectin inhibits tumor metastasis by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin/integrin β1/FAK signaling pathway. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:4502-4519. [PMID: 36381328 PMCID: PMC9641399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the major cause of cancer mortality; therefore, it is imperative to discover effective therapeutic drugs for anti-metastasis therapy. In the current study, we investigated whether ivermectin (IVM), an FDA-approved antiparasitic drug, could prevent cancer metastasis. Colorectal and breast cancer cell lines and a cancer cell-derived xenograft tumor metastasis model were used to investigate the anti-metastasis effect of IVM. Our results showed that IVM significantly inhibited the motility of cancer cells in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, IVM suppressed the expressions of the migration-related proteins via inhibiting the activation of Wnt/β-catenin/integrin β1/FAK and the downstream signaling cascades. Our findings indicated that IVM was capable of suppressing tumor metastasis, which provided the rationale on exploring the potential clinical application of IVM in the prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
- Henan University of Chinese MedicineZhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Yan-Yan Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Yao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Zoology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
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23
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Laman M, Tavul L, Karl S, Kotty B, Kerry Z, Kumai S, Samuel A, Lorry L, Timinao L, Howard SC, Makita L, John L, Bieb S, Wangi J, Albert JM, Payne M, Weil GJ, Tisch DJ, Bjerum CM, Robinson LJ, King CL. Mass drug administration of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, plus albendazole compared with diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for reduction of lymphatic filariasis endemicity in Papua New Guinea: a cluster-randomised trial. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:1200-1209. [PMID: 35533701 PMCID: PMC9300473 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Methods Findings Interpretation Funding
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Laman
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Livingstone Tavul
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephan Karl
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield, QLD, Australia
| | - Bethuel Kotty
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Zebede Kerry
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Stephen Kumai
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Anna Samuel
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lina Lorry
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lincoln Timinao
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - S Cade Howard
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leo Makita
- National Department of Health, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - Lucy John
- National Department of Health, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - Sibauk Bieb
- National Department of Health, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - James Wangi
- WHO Papua New Guinea, NTD Program, Waigani, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jeffrey M Albert
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Payne
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel J Tisch
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Catherine M Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Administration, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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24
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Aspartyl Protease Inhibitors as Anti-Filarial Drugs. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060707. [PMID: 35745561 PMCID: PMC9227574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatments for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis do not effectively kill the adult parasitic nematodes, allowing these chronic and debilitating diseases to persist in millions of people. Thus, the discovery of new drugs with macrofilaricidal potential to treat these filarial diseases is critical. To facilitate this need, we first investigated the effects of three aspartyl protease inhibitors (APIs) that are FDA-approved as HIV antiretroviral drugs on the adult filarial nematode, Brugia malayi and the endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia. From the three hits, nelfinavir had the best potency with an IC50 value of 7.78 µM, followed by ritonavir and lopinavir with IC50 values of 14.3 µM and 16.9 µM, respectively. The three APIs have a direct effect on killing adult B. malayi after 6 days of exposure in vitro and did not affect the Wolbachia titers. Sequence conservation and stage-specific gene expression analysis identified Bm8660 as the most likely primary aspartic protease target for these drug(s). Immunolocalization using antibodies raised against the Bm8660 ortholog of Onchocerca volvulus showed it is strongly expressed in female B. malayi, especially in metabolically active tissues such as lateral and dorsal/ventral chords, hypodermis, and uterus tissue. Global transcriptional response analysis using adult female B. pahangi treated with APIs identified four additional aspartic proteases differentially regulated by the three effective drugs, as well as significant enrichment of various pathways including ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, protein kinases, and MAPK/AMPK/FoxO signaling. In vitro testing against the adult gastro-intestinal nematode Trichuris muris suggested broad-spectrum potential for these APIs. This study suggests that APIs may serve as new leads to be further explored for drug discovery to treat parasitic nematode infections.
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McLure A, Graves PM, Lau C, Shaw C, Glass K. Modelling lymphatic filariasis elimination in American Samoa: GEOFIL predicts need for new targets and six rounds of mass drug administration. Epidemics 2022; 40:100591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Greene SE, Fischer K, Choi YJ, Curtis KC, Budge PJ, Mitreva M, King CL, Fischer PU, Weil GJ. Characterization of a novel microfilarial antigen for diagnosis of Wuchereria bancrofti infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010407. [PMID: 35604906 PMCID: PMC9126377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. The Global Program to Eliminate LF uses mass drug administration (MDA) of anti-filarial drugs that clear microfilariae (Mf) from blood to interrupt transmission by mosquitos. New diagnostic tools are needed to assess the impact of MDA on bancroftian filariasis, because available serologic tests can remain positive after successful treatment. Methodology/Principal findings We identified Wb-bhp-1, which encodes a W. bancrofti homologue of BmR1, the B. malayi protein used in the Brugia Rapid antibody test for brugian filariasis. Wb-bhp-1 has a single exon that encodes a 16.3 kD protein (Wb-Bhp-1) with 45% amino acid identity to BmR1. Immunohistology shows that anti-Wb-Bhp-1 antibodies primarily bind to Mf. Plasma from 124 of 224 (55%) microfilaremic individuals had IgG4 antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 by ELISA. Serologic reactivity to Wb-Bhp-1 varied widely with samples from different regions (sensitivity range 32–92%), with 77% sensitivity for 116 samples collected from microfilaremic individuals outside of sub-Saharan Africa. This variable sensitivity highlights the importance of validating new diagnostic tests for parasitic diseases with samples from different geographical regions. Individuals with higher Mf counts were more likely to have anti-Wb-Bhp-1 antibodies. Cross-reactivity was observed with a minority of plasma samples from people with onchocerciasis (17%) or loiasis (10%). We also identified, cloned and characterized BmR1 homologues from O. volvulus and L. loa that have 41% and 38% identity to BmR1, respectively. However, antibody assays with these antigens were not sensitive for onchocerciasis or loiasis. Conclusions Wb-Bhp-1 is a novel antigen that is useful for serologic diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Additional studies are needed to assess the value of this antigen for monitoring the success of filariasis elimination programs. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a highly disabling and stigmatizing disease caused by parasitic worms that are transmitted by mosquitoes. There is a coordinated global effort to eliminate LF based on mass drug administration (MDA) of donated anti-filarial medications. Improved methods are needed to determine when transmission of the infection has been interrupted in previously endemic areas so that MDA can be safely stopped. This paper reports the discovery and characterization of a novel W. bancrofti antigen, Wb-Bhp-1, which is a homologue of the Brugia malayi protein used in antibody tests to monitor filariasis elimination in areas of Asia where LF is caused by Brugia species. We show that a test for IgG4 antibodies to Wb-Bhp-1 was fairly specific for W. bancrofti infection. However, the sensitivity of this test varied by the geographic origin of the samples. Sensitivity was highest for samples collected in the Indo-Pacific region and lowest for samples collected in Côte d’Ivoire. Geographic differences in the parasite or the human immune responses to infection may account for this variability. This range in sensitivity highlights the importance of validating new diagnostic tests for parasitic diseases with samples from different geographical regions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/analysis
- Antibodies, Helminth/genetics
- Antibodies, Helminth/immunology
- Antigens, Helminth/analysis
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Brugia malayi
- Cross Reactions
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/diagnosis
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/genetics
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/parasitology
- Filariasis/diagnosis
- Filariasis/genetics
- Filariasis/immunology
- Filariasis/parasitology
- Humans
- Loiasis/diagnosis
- Loiasis/immunology
- Microfilariae/immunology
- Onchocerciasis/diagnosis
- Onchocerciasis/immunology
- Serologic Tests
- Wuchereria bancrofti/genetics
- Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology
- Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Greene
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Young-Jun Choi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kurt C. Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Budge
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University and Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter U. Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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King JD, Jacobson J, Krentel A. Accelerating the Uptake of WHO Recommendations for Mass Drug Administration Using Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:26-28. [PMID: 35292578 PMCID: PMC9154640 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple therapy with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole (IDA) for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) represents a compelling example of accelerating the timeline from development to introduction and impact. Previous articles outlined how the clinical development process was able to compress timelines and provide the evidence needed for the WHO to issue guidelines on the use of IDA for mass drug administration for LF. We explored the drivers for the rapid and successful introduction of IDA in the early-adopter countries. Lessons from this experience highlight five key elements for moving from WHO recommendations to program uptake after the publication of the guideline: 1) early engagement with stakeholders to create partnerships to coordinate and plan for implementation; 2) recognition by countries and partners of the potential of IDA to improve efforts to eliminate LF; 3) high-level commitment and coordination at regional levels and, most importantly, at the country level; 4) understanding of the perspectives among people living in LF-endemic communities where mass drug administration is warranted; and 5) affirmation of the feasibility of IDA through sharing lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Weil GJ, Fischer PU, Krentel A. Lessons from Large-Scale Tolerability and Acceptability Studies of Triple Drug Mass Drug Administration Performed to Support Policy Change and Accelerate Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 106:13-17. [PMID: 35292585 PMCID: PMC9154654 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early clinical trials clearly demonstrated the superior efficacy of triple drug therapy with ivermectin plus DEC and albendazole (IDA) for clearing microfilaremia (Mf) in individuals with lymphatic filariasis (LF). Although these initial pharmacokinetic and efficacy studies were necessary first steps in the clinical development of IDA, they were not sufficient to justify policy changes necessary for widespread use of this new regimen by national filariasis elimination programs. Processes and procedures that led to the World Health Organization's (WHO) endorsement of IDA as a mass drug administration (MDA) regimen for LF are reviewed elsewhere in this Supplement. However, the "guideline review process" depended heavily on preliminary results from multicenter studies that were performed to compare the safety, tolerability, and acceptability of IDA versus DA (the two-drug regimen of DEC plus albendazole that was recommended for use for filariasis elimination in countries without co-endemic onchocerciasis or loiasis). Efficacy and tolerability results from those studies have been recently published. Therefore, this paper will focus on practical aspects of the planning and conduct of the large-scale studies that were so critically important for policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J. Weil
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Alison Krentel
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bruyére Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Bma-LAD-2, an Intestinal Cell Adhesion Protein, as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Lymphatic Filariasis. mBio 2022; 13:e0374221. [PMID: 35475643 PMCID: PMC9239158 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03742-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease that afflicts over 70 million people worldwide. It is caused by the parasitic nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori. Despite substantial success, efforts to eliminate LF will likely require more time and resources than predicted. Identifying new drug and vaccine targets in adult filariae could help elimination efforts. This study’s aim was to evaluate intestinal proteins in adult Brugia malayi worms as possible therapeutic targets. Using short interfering RNA (siRNA), we successfully targeted four candidate gene transcripts: Bma-Serpin, Bma-ShTK, Bma-Reprolysin, and Bma-LAD-2. Of those, Bma-LAD-2, an immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule (IgSF CAM), was determined to be essential for adult worm survival. We observed a 70.42% knockdown in Bma-LAD-2 transcript levels 1 day post-siRNA incubation and an 87.02% reduction in protein expression 2 days post-siRNA incubation. This inhibition of Bma-LAD-2 expression resulted in an 80% decrease in worm motility over 6 days, a 93.43% reduction in microfilaria release (Mf) by day 6 post-siRNA incubation, and a dramatic decrease in (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the loss of microvilli and unraveling of mitochondrial cristae in the intestinal epithelium of Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms. Strikingly, Bma-LAD-2 siRNA-treated worms exhibited an almost complete loss of pseudocoelomic fluid. A luciferase immunoprecipitation system assay did not detect anti-Bma-LAD-2 IgE in the serum of 30 LF patients, indicating that LF exposure does not result in IgE sensitization to this antigen. These results indicate that Bma-LAD-2 is an essential protein for adult Brugia malayi and may be an effective therapeutic target.
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Development water in oil nanoemulsion of diethylcarbamazine for enhanced the characteristics for lymphatic targeting: A proof of concept study. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Current perspective of new anti-Wolbachial and direct-acting macrofilaricidal drugs as treatment strategies for human filariasis. GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 10:Doc02. [PMID: 35463816 PMCID: PMC9006451 DOI: 10.3205/id000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Filarial diseases like lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis belong to the Neglected Tropical Diseases and remain a public health problem in endemic countries. Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Current treatment recommendations by the WHO include mass drug administration with ivermectin for the treatment of onchocerciasis and a combination of ivermectin, albendazole and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis in areas that are not co-endemic for onchocerciasis or loiasis. Limitations of these treatment strategies are due to potential severe adverse events in onchocerciasis and loiasis patients following DEC or ivermectin treatment, respectively, the lack of a macrofilaricidal efficacy of those drugs and the risk of drug resistance development. Thus, to achieve the elimination of transmission of onchocerciasis and the elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem by 2030, the WHO defined in its roadmap that new alternative treatment strategies with macrofilaricidal compounds are required. Within a collaboration of the non-profit organizations Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and partners from academia and industry, several new promising macrofilaricidal drug candidates were identified, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Marc P. Hübner, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany, Phone: +49 228 28719177, E-mail:
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Safety and efficacy of mass drug administration with a single-dose triple-drug regimen of albendazole + diethylcarbamazine + ivermectin for lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: An open-label, cluster-randomised trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010096. [PMID: 35139070 PMCID: PMC8863226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) has a high burden of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, with an estimated 4.2 million people at risk of infection. A single co-administered dose of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (IDA) has been shown to have superior efficacy in sustained clearance of microfilariae compared to diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA) in small clinical trials. A community-based cluster-randomised trial of DA versus IDA was conducted to compare the safety and efficacy of IDA and DA for LF in a moderately endemic, treatment-naive area in PNG. Methodology All consenting, eligible residents of 24 villages in Bogia district, Madang Province, PNG were enrolled, screened for W. bancrofti antigenemia and microfilaria (Mf) and randomised to receive IDA (N = 2382) or DA (N = 2181) according to their village of residence. Adverse events (AE) were assessed by active follow-up for 2 days and passive follow-up for an additional 5 days. Antigen-positive participants were re-tested one year after MDA to assess treatment efficacy. Principal findings Of the 4,563 participants enrolled, 96% were assessed for AEs within 2 days after treatment. The overall frequency of AEs were similar after either DA (18%) or IDA (20%) treatment. For those individuals with AEs, 87% were mild (Grade 1), 13% were moderate (Grade 2) and there were no Grade 3, Grade 4, or serious AEs (SAEs). The frequency of AEs was greater in Mf-positive than Mf-negative individuals receiving IDA (39% vs 20% p<0.001) and in Mf-positive participants treated with IDA (39%), compared to those treated with DA (24%, p = 0.023). One year after treatment, 64% (645/1013) of participants who were antigen-positive at baseline were re-screened and 74% of these participants (475/645) remained antigen positive. Clearance of Mf was achieved in 96% (52/54) of infected individuals in the IDA arm versus 84% (56/67) of infected individuals in the DA arm (relative risk (RR) 1.15; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.30; p = 0.019). Participants receiving DA treatment had a 4-fold higher likelihood of failing to clear Mf (RR 4.67 (95% CI: 1.05 to 20.67; p = 0.043). In the DA arm, a significant predictor of failure to clear was baseline Mf density (RR 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.88; p = 0.007). Conclusion IDA was well tolerated and more effective than DA for clearing Mf. Widespread use of this regimen could accelerate LF elimination in PNG. Trial registration Registration number NCT02899936; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02899936. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-transmitted parasitic nematode that can live in human hosts for up to 6–8 years, disrupting the normal functions of the lymphatic system leading to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability, and social stigma. Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through preventive chemotherapy with safe medicine combinations repeated annually. Several small-scale trials demonstrated that a single dose of a triple-drug regimen (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole or IDA) was more effective at clearing infection than the standard two-drug regimen (diethylcarbamazine and albendazole or DA). This study was conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of IDA in a large community-randomised trial in a moderate transmission setting. IDA was shown to be as safe as the standard two-drug DA treatment and more effective for clearing microfilariae compared to DA. These results show that IDA is well tolerated in PNG and has the potential to accelerate LF elimination.
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Abuelazm MT, Abdelazeem B, Badr H, Gamal M, Ashraf M, Abd‐elsalam S. Efficacy and Safety of Triple Therapy Versus Dual Therapy for Lymphatic Filariasis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:226-235. [PMID: 35080325 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Basel Abdelazeem
- McLaren Health Care, Flint/ Michigan State University Michigan USA
| | - Helmy Badr
- Faculty of Medicine Tanta University Tanta Egypt
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Safety of mass drug coadministration with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole, and azithromycin for the integrated treatment of neglected tropical diseases: a cluster randomized community trial. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 18:100293. [PMID: 35024646 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Neglected tropical diseases control programmes run separately. For settings with more than one endemic disease, combined mass drug administration (MDA) has potential practical advantages compared with separate programmes but needs confirmation of safety. We assessed the safety of combined MDA for multiple neglected tropical diseases using ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, albendazole (IDA) and azithromycin (AZI). Methods We conducted an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving individuals living in 34 wards (smaller administrative division) in two study sites, Namatanai District and Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. We randomly assigned wards to the combined treatment arm (which received a single dose of the triple combination IDA and a single dose of AZI at the same visit) or the control arm (which received IDA separately followed by AZI separately one week after). All participants underwent safety assessments one day after drug administration. Methodology for collecting the adverse events (AEs) was a general question (in Namatanai) and individual questions about specific AEs (in Lihir). The primary endpoint was the prevalence of AEs. Safety of combined treatment was taken to be non-inferior to that of IDA if the upper limit of the two-sided CI for the difference in rates was equal or lower than 5%. Findings The study enrolled 15,656 participants. Of those enrolled, 7,281 (46.3%) received the combined regimen and 8,375 (53.3%) received standard treatment with IDA for lymphatic filariasis between Nov 1, 2018, and Apr 15, 2019. Of the individuals in the control group, 4,228 (50.5%) attended a second visit one week apart to receive AZI for yaws. In Namatanai, the proportion of AEs was similar in the combined group (0.8%) compared to the IDA group (1.3%, difference 0.5% [95CI -2.5% to 1.4%]) or the AZI group (3.6%, d -2.8% [95CI -8.6% to 2.8%]). In Lihir, the proportion of AEs was higher in the combined group (23.0%) compared to the IDA group (12.2%, d 10.8% [95% CI 1.5% to 20.2%]) or the AZI group (11.1%, d 11.9% [95% CI 2.7% to 21.1%]).We observed 21 (0.3%) grade-2 AEs in the combined treatment group, 33 (0.4%) in the IDA separately group, and 18 (0.2%) in the AZI separately group. No participants required treatment for any AE. We observed no deaths, serious AEs, or AEs of special interest. Interpretation In the largest trial so far involving coadministration of regimens based on IDA and AZI, the combination was safe and feasible in a population of more than 15,000 people. Combined MDA based on these two regimens opens up new potential for the control of neglected tropical diseases in the Western Pacific region.
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Hong AR, Opoku NO, Weil GJ, Kanza EM, Gyasi ME. New Research Aims to Optimize Therapy Against Onchocerciasis. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2022; 119:55-59. [PMID: 36033145 PMCID: PMC9312456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease that is the second most common cause of infectious blindness in the world, affecting 25 million people, mostly in sub-saharan Africa. Mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin has been the mainstay of a successful international effort to reduce the burden of vision loss. Despite improvements in infection rates and blindness through MDA with ivermectin, adult worms are not killed or permanently sterilized by this drug and can live for greater than 10 years. Therefore, new treatments for onchocerciasis are critical to accelerating the rate of elimination of this blinding disease. Here we discuss an ongoing study of a new treatment for onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine R Hong
- John F. Hardesty MD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicholas O Opoku
- Senior Lecturer, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Gary J Weil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Tung CL, Chao WY, Li YZ, Shen CH, Zhao PW, Chen SH, Wu TY, Lee YR. Ivermectin induces cell cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in human urothelial carcinoma cells. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1567-1575. [PMID: 36185334 PMCID: PMC9515697 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.76623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and >90% of all bladder cancers are classified as urothelial carcinomas (UC). Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy are evidence-based treatments that are administered depending on the clinical stage of UC. All these treatments exhibited limited effects in cases of metastatic UC, and UC with specific location, invasiveness, and recurrence. Therefore, a new therapeutic strategy for UC is urgently needed. Ivermectin, an avermectin derivative, has been reported to be effective against various parasites, and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties as well as safety are well understood in humans. Recently, ivermectin was shown to exhibit therapeutic benefits against various virus infections in vitro, and anticancer activity against various human cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of ivermectin in human UC cells. Ivermectin inhibited growth, regulated the cell cycle, and induced apoptosis in human UC cells. It also induced the activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways. Further investigation revealed that ivermectin induced apoptosis in UC cells is mediated via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Herein, we demonstrated that ivermectin can be used as a new therapeutic agent for treating UC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chao
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan 73658, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zhen Li
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Zhao
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Master of Science Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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37
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Drug associations as alternative and complementary therapy for neglected tropical diseases. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106210. [PMID: 34687644 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper aims to establish different treatments for neglected tropical disease by a survey on drug conjugations and possible fixed-dose combinations (FDC) used to obtain alternative, safer and more effective treatments. The source databases used were Science Direct and PubMed/Medline, in the intervals between 2015 and 2021 with the drugs key-words or diseases, like "schistosomiasis", "praziquantel", "malaria", "artesunate", "Chagas' disease", "benznidazole", "filariasis", diethylcarbamazine", "ivermectin", " albendazole". 118 works were the object of intense analysis, other articles and documents were used to increase the quality of the studies, such as consensuses for harmonizing therapeutics and historical articles. As a result, an effective NTD control can be achieved when different public health approaches are combined with interventions guided by the epidemiology of each location and the availability of appropriate measures to detect, prevent and control disease. It was also possible to verify that the FDCs promote a simplification of the therapeutic regimen, which promotes better patient compliance and enables a reduction in the development of parasitic resistance, requiring further studies aimed at resistant strains, since the combined APIs usually act by different mechanisms or at different target sites. In addition to eliminating the process of developing a new drug based on the identification and validation of active compounds, which is a complex, long process and requires a strong long-term investment, other advantages that FDCs have are related to productive gain and gain from the industrial plant, which can favor and encourage the R&D of new FDCs not only for NTDs but also for other diseases that require the use of more than one drug.
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38
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Johnston KL, Hong WD, Turner JD, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Taylor MJ. Anti-Wolbachia drugs for filariasis. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1068-1081. [PMID: 34229954 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The mutualistic association between Wolbachia endosymbionts and their filarial nematode hosts has been exploited as a validated drug target delivering macrofilaricidal outcomes. Limitations of existing antibiotics to scale-up have driven the search for new drugs, which are effective in shorter regimens of 7 days or less. Here, we review the last 14 years of anti-Wolbachia drug discovery by the anti-Wolbachia (A·WOL) consortium, which has screened more than two million compounds, delivering thousands of hit compounds. Refined screening models integrated with robust pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) driven optimisation and selection strategies have delivered the first two drug candidates specifically designed to target Wolbachia. AWZ1066S and ABBV-4083 are currently progressing through clinical trials with the aim of delivering safe and effective macrofilaricides to support the elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Johnston
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK; School of Life Sciences, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
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39
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Won KY, Gass K, Biamonte M, Dagne DA, Ducker C, Hanna C, Hoerauf A, Lammie PJ, Njenga SM, Noordin R, Ramaiah KD, Ramzy R, Scholte RGC, Solomon AW, Souza AA, Tappero J, Toubali E, Weil GJ, Williams SA, King JD. Diagnostics to support elimination of lymphatic filariasis-Development of two target product profiles. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009968. [PMID: 34780503 PMCID: PMC8629375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As lymphatic filariasis (LF) programs move closer to established targets for validation elimination of LF as a public health problem, diagnostic tools capable of supporting the needs of the programs are critical for success. Known limitations of existing diagnostic tools make it challenging to have confidence that program endpoints have been achieved. In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) established a Diagnostic Technical Advisory Group (DTAG) for Neglected Tropical Diseases tasked with prioritizing diagnostic needs including defining use-cases and target product profiles (TPPs) for needed tools. Subsequently, disease-specific DTAG subgroups, including one focused on LF, were established to develop TPPs and use-case analyses to be used by product developers. Here, we describe the development of two priority TPPs for LF diagnostics needed for making decisions for stopping mass drug administration (MDA) of a triple drug regimen and surveillance. Utilizing the WHO core TPP development process as the framework, the LF subgroup convened to discuss and determine attributes required for each use case. TPPs considered the following parameters: product use, design, performance, product configuration and cost, and access and equity. Version 1.0 TPPs for two use cases were published by WHO on 12 March 2021 within the WHO Global Observatory on Health Research and Development. A common TPP characteristic that emerged in both use cases was the need to identify new biomarkers that would allow for greater precision in program delivery. As LF diagnostic tests are rarely used for individual clinical diagnosis, it became apparent that reliance on population-based surveys for decision making requires consideration of test performance in the context of such surveys. In low prevalence settings, the number of false positive test results may lead to unnecessary continuation or resumption of MDA, thus wasting valuable resources and time. Therefore, highly specific diagnostic tools are paramount when used to measure low thresholds. The TPP process brought to the forefront the importance of linking use case, program platform and diagnostic performance characteristics when defining required criteria for diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Y. Won
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine Gass
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marco Biamonte
- Drugs & Diagnostics for Tropical Diseases, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel Argaw Dagne
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Ducker
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Hanna
- Global Project Partners, Oakland, California, United States of America
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick J. Lammie
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Reda Ramzy
- National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ronaldo G. Carvalho Scholte
- Neglected, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases Unit, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Solomon
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ashley A. Souza
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jordan Tappero
- Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emily Toubali
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Division, United States Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Gary J. Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jonathan D. King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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40
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Hardy M, Samuela J, Kama M, Tuicakau M, Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, King CL, Weil GJ, Grobler AC, Robinson LJ, Kaldor JM, Steer AC. Individual Efficacy and Community Impact of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole Mass Drug Administration for Lymphatic Filariasis Control in Fiji: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:994-1002. [PMID: 33728462 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bancroftian filariasis remains endemic in Fiji despite >10 years of mass drug administration (MDA) using diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DA). The addition of ivermectin to this combination (IDA) has improved efficacy of microfilarial clearance at 12 months in individually randomized trials in nocturnal transmission settings, but impact in a setting of diurnally subperiodic filarial transmission has not been evaluated. METHODS This cluster randomized study compared the individual efficacy and community impact of IDA vs DA as MDA for lymphatic filariasis in 35 villages on 2 islands of Fiji. Participants were tested at enrollment for circulating filarial antigen and, if positive, for microfilariae. Weight-dosed treatment was offered according to village randomization. Communities were visited at 12 months and retested for lymphatic filariasis. Infected individuals from Rotuma were retested at 24 months. RESULTS A total of 3816 participants were enrolled and 3616 were treated. At 12 months, microfilariae clearance was achieved in 72 of 111 participants detected with infection at baseline, with no difference in efficacy between treatment groups: DA, 69.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 57.2%-79.1%) vs IDA, 62.5% (95% CI, 43.6%-78.2%); risk difference, 11.3 % (95% CI, -10% to 32.7%); P = .30. There was no difference between treatment groups in community prevalence of microfilariae at 12 months or individual clearance at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS We found no difference between IDA and DA in individual clearance or community prevalence of lymphatic filariasis at 12 months, and no improved efficacy following a second annual round of IDA. Possible explanations for the apparent lack of benefit of IDA compared to DA include drug and parasite factors affecting clearance, and higher than expected reinfection rates. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT03177993 and Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry: N12617000738325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Hardy
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, ,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josaia Samuela
- Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | - Mike Kama
- Fiji Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Suva, Fiji
| | | | - Lucia Romani
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Margot J Whitfeld
- St Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher L King
- Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anneke C Grobler
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, ,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne J Robinson
- Vector-borne Diseases and Tropical Public Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M Kaldor
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, ,Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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41
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Zakaria ND, Avoi R. Prevalence and risk factors for positive lymphatic filariasis antibody in Sabah, Malaysia: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:369-374. [PMID: 34453834 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a public health problem in Sabah, Malaysia. In the subdistrict of Tangkarason, nine rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) were probably not effective in reducing the prevalence of microfilaria to the <1% threshold recommended by the World Health Organization for stopping MDA. This cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with positive LF antibody in Tangkarason. METHODS Eligible adults >18 y of age in seven endemic villages in Tangkarason, Beluran, Sabah, were interviewed and tested for LF antibody using the Brugia Rapid kit. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyse the associated factors. RESULTS A total of 244 respondents were included in this study. Their median age was 40 y (interquartile range 30-53). The antibody prevalence of brugian filariasis in the study population was 31.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.7 to 37.2). Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.06]) and outdoor jobs (aOR 2.26 [95% CI 1.05 to 4.85]) were identified as independent risk factors for positive LF antibody. Participating in the MDA program previously (aOR 0.24 [95% CI 0.10 to 0.57]) was found to be a protective factor for LF infection. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of microfilariae was confirmed in all the study sites, which was above the target of <1%. Important factors associated with positive LF antibody were identified, which could be used as a guide for program managers to design more focused control measures in LF-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Avoi
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia
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42
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Population pharmacokinetics of diethylcarbamazine in patients with lymphatic filariasis and healthy individuals. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0031721. [PMID: 34310218 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00317-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is a drug of choice to treat lymphatic filariasis (LF) either used alone or in combination as mass drug administration (MDA) preventive strategies. The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model for DEC in subjects infected with lymphatic filariasis (LF) compared to healthy individuals, and to evaluate the effect of covariates on the volume of distribution (V/F) and oral clearance (CL/F) of DEC. This was an open-label cohort study of treatment naïve Wuchereria bancrofti-infected (n=32) and uninfected (n=24) adults residing in the Agboville district of Côte d'Ivoire. The population pharmacokinetic model for DEC was built using Phoenix NLME 8.0 software. The covariates included in the model building process were age, gender, bodyweight, infection status, creatinine clearance (CrCl), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. A total of 56 adults were enrolled in the study and a total of 728 samples were obtained over 168 hours. A one-compartment linear pharmacokinetic model with first-order absorption with an absorption lag-time (Tlag) best described the data. After determining the pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters of DEC, body weight and gender were found to be the significant covariates for DEC V/F. The final population pharmacokinetic model adequately described the pharmacokinetics of DEC in the studied population. Model-based simulation indicated that the body weight significantly impacted the exposure in both the male and female population. This analysis may further support the drug-drug interaction model development of DEC with different co-administered drugs/agents in disease control programs.
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43
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Gangwar M, Jha R, Goyal M, Srivastava M. Biochemical characterization of Recombinase A from Wolbachia endosymbiont of filarial nematode Brugia malayi (wBmRecA). Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:841-853. [PMID: 34273392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease that affects over 890 million people in 49 countries. A lack of vaccines, non-availability of adulticidal drugs, the threat of emerging drug resistance against available chemotherapeutics and an incomplete understanding of the immunobiology of the disease have sustained the problem. Characterization of Wolbachia proteins, the bacterial endosymbiont which helps in the growth and development of filarial worms, regulates fecundity in female worms and mediates immunopathogenesis of Lymphatic Filariasis, is an important approach to gain insights into the immunopathogenesis of the disease. In this study, we carried out extensive biochemical characterization of Recombinase A from Wolbachia of the filarial nematode Brugia malayi (wBmRecA) using an Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay, an ATP binding and hydrolysis assay, DNA strand exchange reactions, DAPI displacement assay and confocal microscopy, and evaluated anti-filarial activity of RecA inhibitors. Confocal studies showed that wBmRecA was expressed and localised within B. malayi microfilariae (Mf) and uteri and lateral chord of adult females. Recombinant wBmRecA was biochemically active and showed intrinsic binding capacity towards both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that were enhanced by ATP, suggesting ATP-induced cooperativity. wBmRecA promoted ATP hydrolysis and DNA strand exchange reactions in a concentration-dependent manner, and its binding to DNA was sensitive to temperature, pH and salt concentration. Importantly, the anti-parasitic drug Suramin, and Phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (PcTs)-based inhibitors Fe-PcTs and 3,4-Cu-PcTs, inhibited wBmRecA activity and affected the motility and viability of Mf. The addition of Doxycycline further enhanced microfilaricidal activity of wBmRecA, suggesting potential synergism. Taken together, the omnipresence of wBmRecA in B. malayi life stages and the potent microfilaricidal activity of RecA inhibitors suggest an important role of wBmRecA in filarial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Gangwar
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchi Jha
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manish Goyal
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Mrigank Srivastava
- Molecular Parasitology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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44
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Allegra A, Imbesi C, Bitto A, Ettari R. Drug Repositioning for the Treatment of Hematologic Disease: Limits, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:2195-2217. [PMID: 33138750 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200817102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy to identify new uses for approved or investigational drugs that are used off-label outside the scope of the original medical indication. In this review, we report the most relevant studies about drug repositioning in hematology, reporting the signalling pathways and molecular targets of these drugs, and describing the biological mechanisms which are responsible for their anticancer effects. Although the majority of studies on drug repositioning in hematology concern acute myeloid leukemia and multiple myeloma, numerous studies are present in the literature on the possibility of using these drugs also in other hematological diseases, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, and lymphomas. Numerous anti-infectious drugs and chemical entities used for the therapy of neurological or endocrine diseases, oral antidiabetics, statins and medications used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure, bisphosphonate and natural substance such as artemisin and curcumin, have found a place in the treatment of hematological diseases. Moreover, several molecules drastically reversed the resistance of the tumor cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Chiara Imbesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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45
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Partridge F, Bataille CJ, Forman R, Marriott AE, Forde-Thomas J, Häberli C, Dinsdale RL, O’Sullivan JD, Willis NJ, Wynne GM, Whiteland H, Archer J, Steven A, Keiser J, Turner JD, Hoffmann KF, Taylor MJ, Else KJ, Russell AJ, Sattelle DB. Structural Requirements for Dihydrobenzoxazepinone Anthelmintics: Actions against Medically Important and Model Parasites: Trichuris muris, Brugia malayi, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and Schistosoma mansoni. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1260-1274. [PMID: 33797218 PMCID: PMC8154432 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nine hundred million people are infected with the soil-transmitted helminths Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), hookworm, and Trichuris trichiura (whipworm). However, low single-dose cure rates of the benzimidazole drugs, the mainstay of preventative chemotherapy for whipworm, together with parasite drug resistance, mean that current approaches may not be able to eliminate morbidity from trichuriasis. We are seeking to develop new anthelmintic drugs specifically with activity against whipworm as a priority and previously identified a hit series of dihydrobenzoxazepinone (DHB) compounds that block motility of ex vivo Trichuris muris. Here, we report a systematic investigation of the structure-activity relationship of the anthelmintic activity of DHB compounds. We synthesized 47 analogues, which allowed us to define features of the molecules essential for anthelmintic action as well as broadening the chemotype by identification of dihydrobenzoquinolinones (DBQs) with anthelmintic activity. We investigated the activity of these compounds against other parasitic nematodes, identifying DHB compounds with activity against Brugia malayi and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We also demonstrated activity of DHB compounds against the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, a parasite that causes schistosomiasis. These results demonstrate the potential of DHB and DBQ compounds for further development as broad-spectrum anthelmintics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick
A. Partridge
- Centre
for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Carole J.R. Bataille
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Forman
- Lydia
Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Marriott
- Centre
for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Forde-Thomas
- Institute
of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Häberli
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, Petersplatz
1, Basel CH-4001, Switzerland
| | - Ria L. Dinsdale
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - James D.B. O’Sullivan
- Lydia
Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Henry
Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Nicky J. Willis
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Alzheimer’s
Research UK UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Graham M. Wynne
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Whiteland
- Institute
of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre
for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre
for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department
of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
- University
of Basel, Petersplatz
1, Basel CH-4001, Switzerland
| | - Joseph D. Turner
- Centre
for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Karl F. Hoffmann
- Institute
of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Taylor
- Centre
for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool
School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Lydia
Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology,
Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Russell
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, United
Kingdom
| | - David B. Sattelle
- Centre
for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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46
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Lammie PJ, Gass KM, King J, Deming MS, Addiss DG, Biswas G, Ottesen EA, Henderson R. Evolution of the monitoring and evaluation strategies to support the World Health Organization's Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Int Health 2021; 13:S65-S70. [PMID: 33349883 PMCID: PMC7753166 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was established with the ambitious goal of eliminating LF as a public health problem. The remarkable success of the GPELF over the past 2 decades in carrying out its principal strategy of scaling up and scaling down mass drug administration has relied first on the development of a rigorous monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework and then the willingness of the World Health Organization and its community of partners to modify this framework in response to the practical experiences of national programmes. This flexibility was facilitated by the strong partnership that developed among researchers, LF programme managers and donors willing to support the necessary research agenda. This brief review summarizes the historical evolution of the GPELF M&E strategies and highlights current research needed to achieve the elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Lammie
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Katherine M Gass
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Jonathan King
- NTD Department, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Michael S Deming
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - David G Addiss
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Gautam Biswas
- NTD Department, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Ottesen
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Ralph Henderson
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
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Yajima A, Ichimori K. Progress in the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Western Pacific Region: successes and challenges. Int Health 2021; 13:S10-S16. [PMID: 33349886 PMCID: PMC7753160 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Western Pacific Region is the largest and most diverse region in the world, made up of 37 countries and territories in the Pacific, Oceania and parts of Asia, with a population of more than 1.9 billion people stretching over an area from China and Mongolia in the north to New Zealand in the south. In 1999, 22 countries and territories in the Pacific joined together and launched the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Shortly after, the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis was launched in 2000. In 2004, 12 countries in the Asia subregion of the Western Pacific Region and Southeast Asian Region joined and developed the Mekong-Plus Strategic Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis. Since then, significant efforts have been made by all endemic countries, with annual mass drug administration (MDA) as a principal strategy, through strong partnership with the WHO and other donors and partners. As a result, by the end of 2019, 10 of 22 endemic countries in the region, including 8 of 16 countries in the Pacific and 2 countries in the Asia subregion, achieved WHO validation for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem. All the other countries are either progressing with post-MDA surveillance or accelerating efforts by adoption of the new triple drug therapy strategy and enhancement of MDA campaigns to tackle persistent transmission. Some 85% of the originally endemic implementation units have stopped MDA and the number of people requiring MDA for LF in the Western Pacific Region was reduced by 72% from 2000 to 2018. This paper reviews the progress, key success factors and remaining challenges and indicates the way forward to achieve LF elimination in the Western Pacific Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yajima
- Division of Programmes of Disease Control, World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office, Manila, Philippines
| | - Kazuyo Ichimori
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Kapa DR, Mohamed AJ. Progress and impact of 20 years of a lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in South-East Asia. Int Health 2021; 13:S17-S21. [PMID: 33349881 PMCID: PMC7753165 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The South-East Asia regional programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF) was launched in 2000. This study presents the progress and impact of the programme in the region. Methods Mass drug administration (MDA) and morbidity management data were accessed from the WHO preventive chemotherapy databank. The status of the programme in the nine South-East Asia countries was reviewed and progress was assessed. The impact of the programme on LF disease burden was estimated on the basis of the effectiveness of the MDA drugs against microfilaraemia and chronic disease. Results Under the MDA programme, 8.1 billion treatments were delivered in nine countries and 5.7 billion treatments were consumed by the target population during 2001–2018. Three of nine countries eliminated LF. Bangladesh is poised to reach its elimination goal by 2021. In the other five countries, 38–76% of intervention units completed intervention and surveillance is in progress. The MDA programme prevented or cured 74.9 million infections, equivalent to an 84.2% reduction. Close to 1 million lymphoedema patients and 0.5 million hydrocele patients were reported and are being provided with the minimum package of care. Conclusions The South-East Asia region's LF elimination programme reduced the burden of LF appreciably and is moving towards achieving the elimination goal in the next 8–10 y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Jamsheed Mohamed
- Depa rtment of Communicable Diseases, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India
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Weil GJ, Jacobson JA, King JD. A triple-drug treatment regimen to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis: From conception to delivery. Int Health 2021; 13:S60-S64. [PMID: 33349879 PMCID: PMC7753162 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is using mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial medications to treat filarial infections, prevent disease and interrupt transmission. Almost 500 million people receive these medications each year. Clinical trials have recently shown that a single dose of a triple-drug combination comprised of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (IDA) is dramatically superior to widely used two-drug combinations for clearing larval filarial parasites from the blood of infected persons. A large multicenter community study showed that IDA was well-tolerated when it was provided as MDA. IDA was rapidly advanced from clinical trial to policy and implementation; it has the potential to accelerate LF elimination in many endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Weil
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Jonathan D King
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bjerum CM, Ouattara AF, Aboulaye M, Kouadio O, Marius VK, Andersen BJ, Weil GJ, Koudou BG, King CL. Efficacy and Safety of a Single Dose of Ivermectin, Diethylcarbamazine, and Albendazole for Treatment of Lymphatic Filariasis in Côte d'Ivoire: An Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:e68-e75. [PMID: 31641754 PMCID: PMC7583415 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improved drug regimens are needed to accelerate elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Africa. This study determined whether a single co-administered dose of ivermectin plus diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole [IDA] is noninferior to standard 3 annual doses of ivermectin plus albendazole (IA) used in many LF-endemic areas of Africa. Methods Treatment-naive adults with Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia in Côte d’Ivoire were randomized to receive a single dose of IDA (n = 43) or 3 annual doses of IA (n = 52) in an open-label, single-blinded trial. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who were microfilaria (Mf) negative at 36 months. Secondary endpoints were Mf clearance at 6, 12, and 24 months; inactivation of adult worm nests; and safety. Results At 36 months posttreatment with IDA, 18/33 (55%; 95% CI, 38–72%) cleared Mf versus 33/42 (79%; 67–91%) with IA (P = .045). At 6 and 12 months IDA was superior to IA in clearing Mf (89% [77–99%] and 71% [56–85%]), respectively, versus 34% (20–48%) and 26% (14–42%) (P < .001). IDA was equivalent to IA at 24 months (61% [45–77%] vs 54% [38–72%]; P = .53). IDA was superior to IA for inactivating adult worms at all time points. Both treatments were well tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events. Conclusions A single dose of IDA was superior to 2 doses of IA in reducing the overall Mf burden by 24 months. Reinfection may have contributed to the lack of sustained clearance of Mf with IDA. Clinical Trials Registration NCT02974049.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bjerum
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Allassane F Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Méité Aboulaye
- Programme National de la Lutte Contre la Schistosomiase, Les Geohelminthiases et la Filariose Lymphatique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Olivier Kouadio
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Vanga K Marius
- Universite Alassane Ouattara Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bouake, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Britt J Andersen
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Veterans Affairs Research Service, Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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