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Martin RJ, Hibbs AM. Is postnatal acetaminophen therapy problematic for preterm infants? Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03204-5. [PMID: 38600300 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Division of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Kausch SL, Lake DE, Di Fiore JM, Weese-Mayer DE, Claure N, Ambalavanan N, Vesoulis ZA, Fairchild KD, Dennery PA, Hibbs AM, Martin RJ, Indic P, Travers CP, Bancalari E, Hamvas A, Kemp JS, Carroll JL, Moorman JR, Sullivan BA. Apnea, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Bradycardia Events Predict Late-Onset Sepsis in Infants Born Extremely Preterm. J Pediatr 2024; 271:114042. [PMID: 38570031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the association of cardiorespiratory events, including apnea, periodic breathing, intermittent hypoxemia (IH), and bradycardia, with late-onset sepsis for extremely preterm infants (<29 weeks of gestational age) on vs off invasive mechanical ventilation. STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective analysis of data from infants enrolled in Pre-Vent (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03174301), an observational study in 5 level IV neonatal intensive care units. Clinical data were analyzed for 737 infants (mean gestational age: 26.4 weeks, SD 1.71). Monitoring data were available and analyzed for 719 infants (47 512 patient-days); of whom, 109 had 123 sepsis events. Using continuous monitoring data, we quantified apnea, periodic breathing, bradycardia, and IH. We analyzed the relationships between these daily measures and late-onset sepsis (positive blood culture >72 hours after birth and ≥5-day antibiotics). RESULTS For infants not on a ventilator, apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia increased before sepsis diagnosis. During times on a ventilator, increased sepsis risk was associated with longer events with oxygen saturation <80% (IH80) and more bradycardia events before sepsis. IH events were associated with higher sepsis risk but did not dynamically increase before sepsis, regardless of ventilator status. A multivariable model including postmenstrual age, cardiorespiratory variables (apnea, periodic breathing, IH80, and bradycardia), and ventilator status predicted sepsis with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.783. CONCLUSION We identified cardiorespiratory signatures of late-onset sepsis. Longer IH events were associated with increased sepsis risk but did not change temporally near diagnosis. Increases in bradycardia, apnea, and periodic breathing preceded the clinical diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Kausch
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.
| | - Douglas E Lake
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nelson Claure
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Zachary A Vesoulis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Karen D Fairchild
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Phyllis A Dennery
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Premananda Indic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Colm P Travers
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Eduardo Bancalari
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - James S Kemp
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AK
| | - J Randall Moorman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brynne A Sullivan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Hibbs AM, Chen Z, Minich NM, Martin RJ, Raffay TM, MacFarlane PM, Di Fiore JM. Association between Intermittent Hypoxemia and NICU Length of Stay in Preterm Infants. Neonatology 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38437802 DOI: 10.1159/000535264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Length of hospitalization varies widely in preterm infants and can be affected by multiple maternal and neonatal factors including respiratory instability. Therefore, we aimed to determine the association between postnatal intermittent hypoxemia (IH) and prolonged hospitalization. METHODS This prospective single-center cohort study followed infants born at <31 weeks of gestational age through 2 years corrected age with detailed oxygen saturation data captured from days 7 to 30 of age. RESULTS 51/164 (31%) of infants were discharged after 400/7 weeks of corrected gestational age (CGA). A greater average daily number of IH events (OR per 10 events/day 1.33 [95% CI 1.03-1.72]), duration of events (OR per minute 1.14 [1.07-1.21]), and percent time with oxygen saturation <80% (OR per percent 1.88 [1.25-2.85]) on days 7-30 of age were all significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization past 400/7 weeks CGA. In survival analyses, infants with a greater average daily number of IH events (HR per 10 events/day 0.89 [0.81-0.98]), percent time with oxygen saturation <80% (HR per percent 0.79 [0.67-0.94]), and duration of events (HR per minute 0.93 [0.91-0.95]) on days 7-30 of age all had significantly lower probability of earlier discharge. In addition, there was a significant interaction with gestational age; the association between IH and prolonged hospitalization was stronger in more mature infants (p = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Physiological instability on days 7-30 of age, as manifested by IH, is significantly associated with prolonged hospitalization. IH likely represents both a marker of initial severity of illness and the beginning of biological cascades, leading to prematurity-associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nori M Minich
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Weese-Mayer DE, Di Fiore JM, Lake DE, Hibbs AM, Claure N, Qiu J, Ambalavanan N, Bancalari E, Kemp JS, Zimmet AM, Carroll JL, Martin RJ, Krahn KN, Hamvas A, Ratcliffe SJ, Krishnamurthi N, Indic P, Dormishian A, Dennery PA, Moorman JR. Maturation of cardioventilatory physiological trajectories in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1060-1069. [PMID: 37857848 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In extremely preterm infants, persistence of cardioventilatory events is associated with long-term morbidity. Therefore, the objective was to characterize physiologic growth curves of apnea, periodic breathing, intermittent hypoxemia, and bradycardia in extremely preterm infants during the first few months of life. METHODS The Prematurity-Related Ventilatory Control study included 717 preterm infants <29 weeks gestation. Waveforms were downloaded from bedside monitors with a novel sharing analytics strategy utilized to run software locally, with summary data sent to the Data Coordinating Center for compilation. RESULTS Apnea, periodic breathing, and intermittent hypoxemia events rose from day 3 of life then fell to near-resolution by 8-12 weeks of age. Apnea/intermittent hypoxemia were inversely correlated with gestational age, peaking at 3-4 weeks of age. Periodic breathing was positively correlated with gestational age peaking at 31-33 weeks postmenstrual age. Females had more periodic breathing but less intermittent hypoxemia/bradycardia. White infants had more apnea/periodic breathing/intermittent hypoxemia. Infants never receiving mechanical ventilation followed similar postnatal trajectories but with less apnea and intermittent hypoxemia, and more periodic breathing. CONCLUSIONS Cardioventilatory events peak during the first month of life but the actual postnatal trajectory is dependent on the type of event, race, sex and use of mechanical ventilation. IMPACT Physiologic curves of cardiorespiratory events in extremely preterm-born infants offer (1) objective measures to assess individual patient courses and (2) guides for research into control of ventilation, biomarkers and outcomes. Presented are updated maturational trajectories of apnea, periodic breathing, intermittent hypoxemia, and bradycardia in 717 infants born <29 weeks gestation from the multi-site NHLBI-funded Pre-Vent study. Cardioventilatory events peak during the first month of life but the actual postnatal trajectory is dependent on the type of event, race, sex and use of mechanical ventilation. Different time courses for apnea and periodic breathing suggest different maturational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Douglas E Lake
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Advanced Medical Analytics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nelson Claure
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Holtz Children's Hospital - Jackson Memorial Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jiaxing Qiu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Advanced Medical Analytics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eduardo Bancalari
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Holtz Children's Hospital - Jackson Memorial Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James S Kemp
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amanda M Zimmet
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Advanced Medical Analytics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Katy N Krahn
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Advanced Medical Analytics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah J Ratcliffe
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Narayanan Krishnamurthi
- Division of Autonomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Premananda Indic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Alaleh Dormishian
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Holtz Children's Hospital - Jackson Memorial Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Phyllis A Dennery
- Hasbro Children's Hospital, Brown University, Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J Randall Moorman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Advanced Medical Analytics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Wolstenholme AJ, Andersen EC, Choudhary S, Ebner F, Hartmann S, Holden-Dye L, Kashyap SS, Krücken J, Martin RJ, Midha A, Nejsum P, Neveu C, Robertson AP, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Walker R, Wang J, Whitehead BJ, Williams PDE. Getting around the roundworms: Identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities for the ascarids. Adv Parasitol 2024; 123:51-123. [PMID: 38448148 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The ascarids are a large group of parasitic nematodes that infect a wide range of animal species. In humans, they cause neglected diseases of poverty; many animal parasites also cause zoonotic infections in people. Control measures include hygiene and anthelmintic treatments, but they are not always appropriate or effective and this creates a continuing need to search for better ways to reduce the human, welfare and economic costs of these infections. To this end, Le Studium Institute of Advanced Studies organized a two-day conference to identify major gaps in our understanding of ascarid parasites with a view to setting research priorities that would allow for improved control. The participants identified several key areas for future focus, comprising of advances in genomic analysis and the use of model organisms, especially Caenorhabditis elegans, a more thorough appreciation of the complexity of host-parasite (and parasite-parasite) communications, a search for novel anthelmintic drugs and the development of effective vaccines. The participants agreed to try and maintain informal links in the future that could form the basis for collaborative projects, and to co-operate to organize future meetings and workshops to promote ascarid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ankur Midha
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Robert Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Paul D E Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Kausch SL, Lake DE, Di Fiore JM, Weese-Mayer DE, Claure N, Ambalavanan N, Vesoulis ZA, Fairchild KD, Dennery PA, Hibbs AM, Martin RJ, Indic P, Travers CP, Bancalari E, Hamvas A, Kemp JS, Carroll JL, Moorman JR, Sullivan BA. Apnea, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Bradycardia Events Predict Late-Onset Sepsis in Extremely Preterm Infants. medRxiv 2024:2024.01.26.24301820. [PMID: 38343825 PMCID: PMC10854335 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.24301820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Detection of changes in cardiorespiratory events, including apnea, periodic breathing, intermittent hypoxemia (IH), and bradycardia, may facilitate earlier detection of sepsis. Our objective was to examine the association of cardiorespiratory events with late-onset sepsis for extremely preterm infants (<29 weeks' gestational age (GA)) on versus off invasive mechanical ventilation. Study Design Retrospective analysis of data from infants enrolled in Pre-Vent (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03174301), an observational study in five level IV neonatal intensive care units. Clinical data were analyzed for 737 infants (mean GA 26.4w, SD 1.71). Monitoring data were available and analyzed for 719 infants (47,512 patient-days), of whom 109 had 123 sepsis events. Using continuous monitoring data, we quantified apnea, periodic breathing, bradycardia, and IH. We analyzed the relationships between these daily measures and late-onset sepsis (positive blood culture >72h after birth and ≥5d antibiotics). Results For infants not on a ventilator, apnea, periodic breathing, and bradycardia increased before sepsis diagnosis. During times on a ventilator, increased sepsis risk was associated with longer IH80 events and more bradycardia events before sepsis. IH events were associated with higher sepsis risk, but did not dynamically increase before sepsis, regardless of ventilator status. A multivariable model predicted sepsis with an AUC of 0.783. Conclusion We identified cardiorespiratory signatures of late-onset sepsis. Longer IH events were associated with increased sepsis risk but did not change temporally near diagnosis. Increases in bradycardia, apnea, and periodic breathing preceded the clinical diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Kausch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Douglas E Lake
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Autonomic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nelson Claure
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Zachary A Vesoulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Karen D Fairchild
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Phyllis A Dennery
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Providence, RI
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Premananda Indic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - Colm P Travers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Eduardo Bancalari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - James S Kemp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AK
| | - J Randall Moorman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Brynne A Sullivan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Qiu J, Di Fiore JM, Krishnamurthi N, Indic P, Carroll JL, Claure N, Kemp JS, Dennery PA, Ambalavanan N, Weese-Mayer DE, Hibbs AM, Martin RJ, Bancalari E, Hamvas A, Randall Moorman J, Lake DE. Highly comparative time series analysis of oxygen saturation and heart rate to predict respiratory outcomes in extremely preterm infants. medRxiv 2024:2024.01.24.24301724. [PMID: 38343830 PMCID: PMC10854343 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.24301724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective Highly comparative time series analysis (HCTSA) is a novel approach involving massive feature extraction using publicly available code from many disciplines. The Prematurity-Related Ventilatory Control (Pre-Vent) observational multicenter prospective study collected bedside monitor data from > 700 extremely preterm infants to identify physiologic features that predict respiratory outcomes. We calculated a subset of 33 HCTSA features on > 7M 10-minute windows of oxygen saturation (SPO2) and heart rate (HR) from the Pre-Vent cohort to quantify predictive performance. This subset included representatives previously identified using unsupervised clustering on > 3500 HCTSA algorithms. Performance of each feature was measured by individual area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) at various days of life and binary respiratory outcomes. These were compared to optimal PreVent physiologic predictor IH90 DPE, the duration per event of intermittent hypoxemia events with threshold of 90%. Main Results The top HCTSA features were from a cluster of algorithms associated with the autocorrelation of SPO2 time series and identified low frequency patterns of desaturation as high risk. These features had comparable performance to and were highly correlated with IH90_DPE but perhaps measure the physiologic status of an infant in a more robust way that warrants further investigation. The top HR HCTSA features were symbolic transformation measures that had previously been identified as strong predictors of neonatal mortality. HR metrics were only important predictors at early days of life which was likely due to the larger proportion of infants whose outcome was death by any cause. A simple HCTSA model using 3 top features outperformed IH90_DPE at day of life 7 (.778 versus .729) but was essentially equivalent at day of life 28 (.849 versus .850). These results validated the utility of a representative HCTSA approach but also provides additional evidence supporting IH90_DPE as an optimal predictor of respiratory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Narayanan Krishnamurthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Autonomic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Premananda Indic
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AK
| | - Nelson Claure
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - James S Kemp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Phyllis A Dennery
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Namasivayam Ambalavanan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Autonomic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eduardo Bancalari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Aaron Hamvas
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital and Northwestern University Department of Pediatrics, Chicago, IL
| | - J Randall Moorman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Douglas E Lake
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
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Williams PDE, Brewer MT, Aroian R, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. The nematode ( Ascaris suum) intestine is a location of synergistic anthelmintic effects of Cry5B and levamisole. bioRxiv 2023:2023.11.20.567786. [PMID: 38045368 PMCID: PMC10690214 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel group of biocidal compounds are the Crystal 3D (Cry) and Cytolytic (Cyt) proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Some Bt Cry proteins have a selective nematocidal activity, with Cry5B being the most studied. Cry5B kills nematode parasites by binding selectively to membrane glycosphingolipids, then forming pores in the cell membranes of the intestine leading to damage. Cry5B selectively targets multiple species of nematodes from different clades and has no effect against mammalian hosts. Levamisole is a cholinomimetic anthelmintic that acts by selectively opening L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ion-channels (L-AChRs) that have been found on muscles of nematodes. A synergistic nematocidal interaction between levamisole and Cry5B has been described previously, but the location, mechanism and time-course of this synergism is not known. In this study we follow the timeline of the effects of levamisole and Cry5B on the Ca2+ levels in enterocyte cells from the intestine of Ascaris suum using fluorescence imaging. The peak Ca2+ responses to levamisole were observed after approximately 10 minutes while the peak responses to activated Cry5B were observed after approximately 80 minutes. When levamisole and Cry5B were applied simultaneously, we observed that the responses to Cry5B were bigger and occurred sooner than when it was applied by itself. It is proposed that there is an irreversible cytoplasmic Ca2+ overload that leads to necrotic cell-death in the enterocyte that is induced by levamisole opening Ca2+ permeable L-subtype nAChRs and the development of Ca2+ permeable Cry5B toxin pores in enterocyte plasma membranes. The effects of levamisole potentiate and speed the actions of Cry5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. E. Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Raffi Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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9
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Williams PDE, Kashyap SS, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine elicits Ca 2+ signals through TRP-2 channels that are potentiated by emodepside in Brugia malayi muscles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0041923. [PMID: 37728916 PMCID: PMC10583680 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00419-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in several countries. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. affecting over 120 million people. Heavy infections can lead to elephantiasis, which has serious effects on individuals' lives. Although current anthelmintics are effective at killing microfilariae in the bloodstream, they have little to no effect against adult parasites found in the lymphatic system. The anthelmintic diethylcarbamazine is one of the central pillars of lymphatic filariasis control. Recent studies have reported that diethylcarbamazine can open transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the muscles of adult female Brugia malayi, leading to contraction and paralysis. Diethylcarbamazine has synergistic effects in combination with emodepside on Brugia, inhibiting motility: emodepside is an anthelmintic that has effects on filarial nematodes and is under trial for the treatment of river blindness. Here, we have studied the effects of diethylcarbamazine on single Brugia muscle cells by measuring the change in Ca2+ fluorescence in the muscle using Ca2+-imaging techniques. Diethylcarbamazine interacts with the transient receptor potential channel, C classification (TRPC) ortholog receptor TRP-2 to promote Ca2+ entry into the Brugia muscle cells, which can activate Slopoke (SLO-1) Ca2+-activated K+ channels, the putative target of emodepside. A combination of diethylcarbamazine and emodepside leads to a bigger Ca2+ signal than when either compound is applied alone. Our study shows that diethylcarbamazine targets TRP channels to promote Ca2+ entry that is increased by emodepside activation of SLO-1 K+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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10
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Raffay TM, Di Fiore JM, Chen Z, Sánchez-Illana Á, Vento M, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Kuligowski J, Martin RJ, Tatsuoka C, Minich NM, MacFarlane PM, Hibbs AM. Hypoxemia events in preterm neonates are associated with urine oxidative biomarkers. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1444-1450. [PMID: 37188801 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02646-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypoxemia (IH) events are common in preterm neonates and are associated with adverse outcomes. Animal IH models can induce oxidative stress. We hypothesized that an association exists between IH and elevated peroxidation products in preterm neonates. METHODS Time in hypoxemia, frequency of IH, and duration of IH events were assessed from a prospective cohort of 170 neonates (<31 weeks gestation). Urine was collected at 1 week and 1 month. Samples were analyzed for lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation biomarkers. RESULTS At 1 week, adjusted multiple quantile regression showed positive associations between several hypoxemia parameters with various individual quantiles of isofurans, neurofurans, dihomo-isoprostanes, dihomo-isofurans, and ortho-tyrosine and a negative correlation with dihomo-isoprostanes and meta-tyrosine. At 1 month, positive associations were found between several hypoxemia parameters with quantiles of isoprostanes, dihomo-isoprostanes and dihomo-isofurans and a negative correlation with isoprostanes, isofurans, neuroprostanes, and meta-tyrosine. CONCLUSIONS Preterm neonates experience oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA that can be analyzed from urine samples. Our single-center data suggest that specific markers of oxidative stress may be related to IH exposure. Future studies are needed to better understand mechanisms and relationships to morbidities of prematurity. IMPACT Hypoxemia events are frequent in preterm infants and are associated with poor outcomes. The mechanisms by which hypoxemia events result in adverse neural and respiratory outcomes may include oxidative stress to lipids, proteins, and DNA. This study begins to explore associations between hypoxemia parameters and products of oxidative stress in preterm infants. Oxidative stress biomarkers may assist in identifying high-risk neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhengyi Chen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ángel Sánchez-Illana
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universtitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe (HULAFE), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Nori M Minich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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11
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Olicker AL, Martin RJ, Deakins K. Is capnography on neonatal transport the answer? Acta Paediatr 2023; 112:1842-1843. [PMID: 37312261 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arielle L Olicker
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathleen Deakins
- Pediatric Respiratory Care Department, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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12
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Martin RJ, Bancalari E. Alan Jobe's legendary career. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1245-1247. [PMID: 37280323 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Martin
- UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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13
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Ambalavanan N, Weese-Mayer DE, Hibbs AM, Claure N, Carroll JL, Moorman JR, Bancalari E, Hamvas A, Martin RJ, Di Fiore JM, Indic P, Kemp JS, Dormishian A, Krahn KN, Qiu J, Dennery PA, Ratcliffe SJ, Troendle JF, Lake DE. Cardiorespiratory Monitoring Data to Predict Respiratory Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:79-97. [PMID: 37219236 PMCID: PMC10870840 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202210-1971oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Immature control of breathing is associated with apnea, periodic breathing, intermittent hypoxemia, and bradycardia in extremely preterm infants. However, it is not clear if such events independently predict worse respiratory outcome. Objectives: To determine if analysis of cardiorespiratory monitoring data can predict unfavorable respiratory outcomes at 40 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and other outcomes, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA. Methods: The Prematurity-related Ventilatory Control (Pre-Vent) study was an observational multicenter prospective cohort study including infants born at <29 weeks of gestation with continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring. The primary outcome was either "favorable" (alive and previously discharged or inpatient and off respiratory medications/O2/support at 40 wk PMA) or "unfavorable" (either deceased or inpatient/previously discharged on respiratory medications/O2/support at 40 wk PMA). Measurements and Main Results: A total of 717 infants were evaluated (median birth weight, 850 g; gestation, 26.4 wk), 53.7% of whom had a favorable outcome and 46.3% of whom had an unfavorable outcome. Physiologic data predicted unfavorable outcome, with accuracy improving with advancing age (area under the curve, 0.79 at Day 7, 0.85 at Day 28 and 32 wk PMA). The physiologic variable that contributed most to prediction was intermittent hypoxemia with oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry <90%. Models with clinical data alone or combining physiologic and clinical data also had good accuracy, with areas under the curve of 0.84-0.85 at Days 7 and 14 and 0.86-0.88 at Day 28 and 32 weeks PMA. Intermittent hypoxemia with oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry <80% was the major physiologic predictor of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and death or mechanical ventilation at 40 weeks PMA. Conclusions: Physiologic data are independently associated with unfavorable respiratory outcome in extremely preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra E. Weese-Mayer
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anna Maria Hibbs
- University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - John L. Carroll
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | | | - Aaron Hamvas
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Stanley Manne Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard J. Martin
- University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Juliann M. Di Fiore
- University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - James S. Kemp
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jiaxing Qiu
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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14
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Williams PDE, Kashyap SS, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine elicits Ca 2+ signals through TRP-2 channels that are potentiated by emodepside in Brugia malayi muscles. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.10.536248. [PMID: 37090573 PMCID: PMC10120635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in several countries. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia spp. affecting over 120 million people. Heavy infections can lead to elephantiasis having serious effects on individuals’ lives. Although current anthelmintics are effective at killing the microfilariae in the bloodstream, they have little to no effect against adult parasites found in the lymphatic system. The anthelmintic diethylcarbamazine is one of the central pillars of lymphatic filariasis control. Recent studies have reported that diethylcarbamazine can open Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels on the muscles of adult female Brugia malayi leading to contraction and paralysis. Diethylcarbamazine has synergistic effects in combination with emodepside on Brugia inhibiting motility: emodepside is an anthelmintic that has effects on filarial nematodes and is under trials for treatment of river blindness. Here we have studied the effects of diethylcarbamazine on single Brugia muscle cells by measuring the change in Ca 2+ fluorescence in the muscle using Ca 2+ -imaging techniques. Diethylcarbamazine interacts with the TRPC orthologue receptor TRP-2 to promote Ca 2+ entry into the Brugia muscle cells which can activate SLO-1 Ca 2+ activated K + channels, the putative target of emodepside. A combination of diethylcarbamazine and emodepside leads to a bigger Ca 2+ signal than when either compound is applied alone. Our study shows that diethylcarbamazine targets TRP channels to promote Ca 2+ entry that is increased by emodepside activation of SLO-1 channels.
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15
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Alaamri M, Martin RJ, Burant C, Dolansky MA, Hickman RL. Emotional Intelligence: A Novel Factor Influencing Hypertension Self-Management. West J Nurs Res 2023:1939459231165130. [PMID: 37021840 DOI: 10.1177/01939459231165130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine associations among emotional intelligence, quality of patient-provider interaction, and hypertension (HTN) self-management behaviors. A convenience sample of 90 adults (predominately African American women) with primary HTN were recruited from an urban ambulatory internal medicine clinic. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine the predictive associations among the study variables. Emotional intelligence was associated with the quality of the patient-provider interaction (r = 0.34; p < .001), patient activation (r = 0.56; p < .001), and medication use (r = 0.26; p = .006). The patient-provider interaction was associated with higher states of patient activation (r = 0.42; p < .001) and medication use behavior (r = 0.29; p = .002). Also, the quality of patient-provider interaction partially mediated the relationship between emotional intelligence and self-management behaviors. Emotional intelligence is a promising patient factor that influences quality of patient-provider interaction and self-management behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J Martin
- Breen School of Nursing & Health Professions, Ursuline College, Pepper Pike, OH, USA
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16
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Mues N, Martin RJ, Alam R, Schaunaman N, Dimasuay KG, Kolakowski C, Wright CJ, Zheng L, Chu HW. Bacterial DNA amplifies neutrophilic inflammation in IL-17-exposed airways. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00474-2022. [PMID: 36699649 PMCID: PMC9868970 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00474-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophilic asthma (NA) is associated with increased airway interleukin (IL)-17 and abnormal bacterial community such as dominance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), particularly during asthma exacerbations. Bacteria release various products including DNA, but whether they cooperate with IL-17 in exaggerating neutrophilic inflammation is unclear. We sought to investigate the role of bacteria-derived DNA in airway neutrophilic inflammation related to IL-17-high asthma and underlying mechanisms (e.g. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)/IL-36γ signalling axis). Methods Bacterial DNA, IL-8 and IL-36γ were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of people with asthma and healthy subjects. The role of co-exposure to IL-17 and bacterial DNA or live bacteria in neutrophilic inflammation, and the contribution of the TLR9/IL-36γ signalling axis, were determined in cultured primary human airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, and mouse models. Results Bacterial DNA levels were increased in asthma BALF, which positively correlated with IL-8 and neutrophil levels. Moreover, IL-36γ increased in BALF of NA patients. Bacterial DNA or NTHi infection under an IL-17-high setting amplified IL-8 production and mouse lung neutrophilic inflammation. DNase I treatment in IL-17-exposed and NTHi-infected mouse lungs reduced neutrophilic inflammation. Mechanistically, bacterial DNA-mediated amplification of neutrophilic inflammation is in part dependent on the TLR9/IL-36γ signalling axis. Conclusions Bacterial DNA amplifies airway neutrophilic inflammation in an IL-17-high setting partly through the TLR9 and IL-36γ signalling axis. Our novel findings may offer several potential therapeutic targets including TLR9 antagonists, IL-36γ neutralising antibodies and DNase I to reduce asthma severity associated with exaggerated airway neutrophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Mues
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Rafeul Alam
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Clyde J. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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17
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Williams PDE, Kashyap SS, McHugh MA, Brewer MT, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine, TRP channels and Ca 2+ signaling in cells of the Ascaris intestine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21317. [PMID: 36494409 PMCID: PMC9734116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode parasite intestine absorbs nutrients, is involved in innate immunity, can metabolize xenobiotics and as we show here, is also a site of action of the anthelmintic, diethylcarbamazine. Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is used to treat lymphatic filariasis and activates TRP-2, GON-2 & CED-11 TRP channels in Brugia malayi muscle cells producing spastic paralysis. DEC also has stimulatory effects on ascarid nematode parasites. Using PCR techniques, we detected, in Ascaris suum intestine, message for: Asu-trp-2, Asu-gon-2, Asu-ced-11, Asu-ocr-1, Asu-osm-9 and Asu-trpa-1. Comparison of amino-acid sequences of the TRP channels of B. malayi, and A. suum revealed noteworthy similarity, suggesting that the intestine of Ascaris will also be sensitive to DEC. We used Fluo-3AM as a Ca2+ indicator and observed characteristic unsteady time-dependent increases in the Ca2+ signal in the intestine in response to DEC. Application of La3+ and the TRP channel inhibitors, 2-APB or SKF 96365, inhibited DEC mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+. These observations are important because they emphasize that the nematode intestine, in addition to muscle, is a site of action of DEC as well as other anthelmintics. DEC may also enhance the Ca2+ toxicity effects of other anthelmintics acting on the intestine or, increase the effects of other anthelmintics that are metabolized and excreted by the nematode intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D E Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Mark A McHugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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18
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Kashyap SS, McHugh MA, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine mediated potentiation of emodepside induced paralysis requires TRP-2 in adult Brugia malayi. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:108-112. [PMID: 36368250 PMCID: PMC9772243 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human and veterinary filarial nematode infections are a major health concern in tropical countries. They are transmitted by biting insects and mosquitoes. Lymphatic filariasis, a group of filarial infections caused by Brugia spp. and Wucheria bancrofti affect more than 120 million people worldwide. Infected individuals develop swollen limbs and disfigurement, leading to an inability to work and ostracization from society. Control and prophylaxis for these infections involve mass drug administration combinations of anthelmintics including diethylcarbamazine (DEC). DEC has actions on microfilariae, but its effects on adult worms are less pronounced. The SLO-1 (BK) channel activator, emodepside, kills adults of many filarial species. However, the in vivo efficacy of emodepside is suboptimal against B. malayi, possibly due to reduced bioavailability in the lymphatic system. Expressing different slo-1 splice variants in B. malayi also affects sensitivity to emodepside. This study explores the potentiation of emodepside mediated paralysis by DEC in adult female B. malayi. Worminator motility measurements show that co-application of DEC and emodepside increases the potency of emodepside 4-fold. The potentiation of the emodepside effect persists even after the worms recover (desensitize) from the initial effects of DEC. RNAi knock-down demonstrates that the DEC-mediated potentiation of emodepside requires the presence of TRP-2 channels. Our study demonstrates that the addition of DEC could enhance the effect of emodepside where bioavailability or activity against a specific species may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mark A McHugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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19
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Mayer CA, Ganguli A, Mayer A, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Hascall VC, Midura RJ, Cali V, Flask CA, Erokwu BO, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM. CPAP-induced airway hyper-reactivity in mice is modulated by hyaluronan synthase-3. Pediatr Res 2022; 92:685-693. [PMID: 34750521 PMCID: PMC9079185 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a primary mode of respiratory support for preterm infants. Animal studies have shown long-term detrimental effects on lung/airway development, particularly airway (AW) hyper-reactivity, as an unfortunate consequence of neonatal CPAP. Since the hyaluronan (HA) synthesizing enzyme hyaluronan synthase-3 (HAS3) is involved in various adult pulmonary disorders, the present study used a neonatal mouse model to investigate the role of HAS3 in CPAP-induced AW hyper-reactivity. METHODS Male and female neonatal mice were fitted with a custom-made mask for delivery of daily CPAP 3 h/day for 7 days. At postnatal day 21 (2 weeks after CPAP ended), airway (AW) hyper-reactivity and HAS3 expression were assessed with and without in vitro HAS3 siRNA treatment. RESULTS MRIs of 3-day-old mice confirmed that CPAP increased lung volume with incrementing inflation pressures. CPAP increased AW reactivity in both male and female mice, which was associated with increased airway smooth muscle and epithelial HAS3 immunoreactivity. CPAP did not affect HA accumulation, but HAS3 siRNA reversed CPAP-induced AW hyper-reactivity and reduced HAS3 expression. CONCLUSIONS These data in mice implicate a role for HAS3 in long-term effects of CPAP in the developing airway in the context of preterm birth and CPAP therapy. IMPACT Neonatal CPAP increases airway smooth muscle and epithelial HAS3 expression in mice. CPAP-induced airway hyper-reactivity is modulated by HAS3. These data enhance our understanding of the role mechanical forces play on lung development. These data are a significance step toward understanding CPAP effects on developing airway. These data may impact clinical recognition of the ways that CPAP may contribute to wheezing disorders of former preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Abhrajit Ganguli
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Aubrey Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - YS Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Vince C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ron J Midura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Valbona Cali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christopher A Flask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bernadette O Erokwu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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20
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Choudhary S, Abongwa M, Kashyap SS, Verma S, Mair GR, Kulke D, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Nodulisporic acid produces direct activation and positive allosteric modulation of AVR-14B, a glutamate-gated chloride channel from adult Brugia malayi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2111932119. [PMID: 35969762 PMCID: PMC9407656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111932119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are unique to invertebrates and are targeted by macrocyclic lactones. In this study, we cloned an AVR-14B GluCl subunit from adult Brugia malayi, a causative agent of lymphatic filariasis in humans. To elucidate this channel's pharmacological properties, we used Xenopus laevis oocytes for expression and performed two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. The receptor was gated by the natural ligand L-glutamate (effective concentration, 50% [EC50] = 0.4 mM) and ivermectin (IVM; EC50 = 1.8 nM). We also characterized the effects of nodulisporic acid (NA) on Bma-AVR-14B and NA-produced dual effects on the receptor as an agonist and a type II positive allosteric modulator. Here we report characterization of the complex activity of NA on a nematode GluCl. Bma-AVR-14B demonstrated some unique pharmacological characteristics. IVM did not produce potentiation of L-glutamate-mediated responses but instead, reduced the channel's sensitivity for the ligand. Further electrophysiological exploration showed that IVM (at a moderate concentration of 0.1 nM) functioned as an inhibitor of both agonist and positive allosteric modulatory effects of NA. This suggests that IVM and NA share a complex interaction. The pharmacological properties of Bma-AVR-14B indicate that the channel is an important target of IVM and NA. In addition, the unique electrophysiological characteristics of Bma-AVR-14B could explain the observed variation in drug sensitivities of various nematode parasites. We have also shown the inhibitory effects of IVM and NA on adult worm motility using Worminator. RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown suggests that AVR-14 plays a role in influencing locomotion in B. malayi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Sudhanva S. Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Gunnar R. Mair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Daniel Kulke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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21
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Martin RJ. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Innovation for Parasitology: Grand Challenges. Front Parasitol 2022; 1:963671. [PMID: 37293539 PMCID: PMC10249670 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2022.963671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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22
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Mayer CA, Roos B, Teske J, Wells N, Martin RJ, Chang W, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, MacFarlane PM. Calcium-sensing receptor and CPAP-induced neonatal airway hyperreactivity in mice. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1391-1398. [PMID: 33958714 PMCID: PMC8571113 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in preterm infants is initially beneficial, but animal models suggest longer term detrimental airway effects towards asthma. We used a neonatal CPAP mouse model and human fetal airway smooth muscle (ASM) to investigate the role of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in these effects. METHODS Newborn wild type and smooth muscle-specific CaSR-/- mice were given CPAP for 7 days via a custom device (mimicking CPAP in premature infants), and recovered in normoxia for another 14 days (representing infants at 3-4 years). Airway reactivity was tested using lung slices, and airway CaSR quantified. Role of CaSR was tested using NPS2143 (inhibitor) or siRNA in WT mice. Fetal ASM cells stretched cyclically with/without static stretch mimicking breathing and CPAP were analyzed for intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) responses, role of CaSR, and signaling cascades. RESULTS CPAP increased airway reactivity in WT but not CaSR-/- mice, increasing ASM CaSR. NPS2143 or CaSR siRNA reversed CPAP effects in WT mice. CPAP increased fetal ASM [Ca2+]I, blocked by NPS2143, and increased ERK1/2 and RhoA suggesting two mechanisms by which stretch increases CaSR. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate CaSR in CPAP effects on airway function with implications for wheezing in former preterm infants. IMPACT Neonatal CPAP increases airway reactivity to bronchoconstrictor agonist. CPAP increases smooth muscle expression of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Inhibition or absence of CaSR blunts CPAP effects on contractility. These data suggest a causal/contributory role for CaSR in stretch effects on the developing airway. These data may impact clinical recognition of the ways that CPAP may contribute to wheezing disorders of former preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Benjamin Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jacob Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Natalya Wells
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - YS Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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23
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Choudhary S, Kashyap SS, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Advances in our understanding of nematode ion channels as potential anthelmintic targets. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:52-86. [PMID: 35149380 PMCID: PMC8841521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are specialized multimeric proteins that underlie cell excitability. These channels integrate with a variety of neuromuscular and biological functions. In nematodes, the physiological behaviors including locomotion, navigation, feeding and reproduction, are regulated by these protein entities. Majority of the antinematodal chemotherapeutics target the ion channels to disrupt essential biological functions. Here, we have summarized current advances in our understanding of nematode ion channel pharmacology. We review cys-loop ligand gated ion channels (LGICs), including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), acetylcholine-chloride gated ion channels (ACCs), glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls), and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors, and other ionotropic receptors (transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and potassium ion channels). We have provided an update on the pharmacological properties of these channels from various nematodes. This article catalogs the differences in ion channel composition and resulting pharmacology in the phylum Nematoda. This diversity in ion channel subunit repertoire and pharmacology emphasizes the importance of pursuing species-specific drug target research. In this review, we have provided an overview of recent advances in techniques and functional assays available for screening ion channel properties and their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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24
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Siciliani EA, Leroux L, Tam M, Arai T, Urban JF, Martin RJ, Geary TG, Stevenson M, Lopes F, Jardim A. A11 ISOLATION OF NON-POLAR METABOLITES IN EXCRETORY/SECRETORY PRODUCTS FROM PARASITIC HELMINTHS AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS IMMUNOTHERAPY IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2022. [PMCID: PMC8859340 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab049.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasitic helminths are known to modulate host immune responses. This is thought to be mediated by their secretome. We are interested in the excretory/secretory products and mechanisms for modulating immune dysfunction in autoinflammatory diseases. Aims This research studies the mechanisms of immune modulation by parasitic helminths in the context of IBD. We aim to describe immunomodulatory helminth-derived metabolites (ESM). Methods Helminth-conditioned media was used to isolate ESM, which were further purified using column chromatography. Bone marrow (BM) derived macrophages (BMDM) from C57BL6 mice, were treated with ESP fractions from Trichuris suis, Ascaris suum, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri or Dirofilaria immitis, stimulated with LPS, and secreted cytokine levels measured. Moreover, BM was cultured with or without ESM throughout differentiation to BMDM. Colitic mice (3% DSS, 5 days) were treated with A. suum ESM or PBS once daily IP. Colon lengths and TNFα mRNA were measured, and histological preparations were scored to assess pathology. Bioactive D. immitis ESM were fractionated using preparatory HPLC and assayed for bioactivity. Active fractions were analysed using MS/MS and fragmentation patterns and molecular weights were obtained. The active fractions are currently being studied by NMR to deduce a structure of an active metabolite. Results BMDM treated with crude ESM decreased TNFα secretion and increased IL-10. BMDM precursors which were treated with A. suum ESM throughout differentiation had reduced proliferation in a dose dependent manner. These BMDM showed remodeling of BMDM metabolic pathways. Intracellular ROS production was inversely proportional to Alamar blue oxidation. We found that ESM from A. suum improved DSS-colitis. Specifically, mice with DSS-induced colitis given IP ESM had longer colons, lower histolopathology score, and lower TNFα mRNA expression in gut tissue. HPLC-fractionated D. immitis ESM used to treat BMDM yielded varying suppression of TNFα with LPS stimulation. MS/MS of TNFα suppressive fractions contained masses with fragmentation patterns which were detected in fractions of several of the above-mentioned parasite species. Preliminary NMR studies will determine if this represents a conserved structure. Conclusions Helminth-derived components can immunologically polarize a response in vitro, as well as favour recovery in DSS colitis. Through multiple purification steps, a nearly pure fraction is found to have bioactivity, suggesting a single, bioactive molecule that is conserved across several parasitic helminths. These data are important in understanding the host-parasite interaction modulated by ESM, as well as provide therapeutic potential in IBD. Funding Agencies NSERC, FRQNT
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Siciliani
- McGill University Institute of Parasitology, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - L Leroux
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - M Tam
- McGill University Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - T Arai
- McGill University Institute of Parasitology, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - J F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Washington
| | - R J Martin
- Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA
| | - T G Geary
- McGill University Institute of Parasitology, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - M Stevenson
- McGill University Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - F Lopes
- McGill University Institute of Parasitology, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - A Jardim
- McGill University Institute of Parasitology, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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25
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Guntur VP, Manka LA, Moore CM, Wynn E, Vladar EK, Alam R, Pham TH, Fingerlin TE, Martin RJ. Refractory neutrophilic asthma and ciliary genes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1970-1980. [PMID: 35034774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.12.761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory asthma (RA) remains poorly controlled, resulting in high health care utilization despite guideline-based therapies. Patients with RA manifest higher neutrophilia as a result of increased airway inflammation and subclinical infection, the underlying mechanisms of which remain unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize and clinically correlate gene expression differences between refractory and nonrefractory (NR) asthma to uncover molecular mechanisms driving group distinctions. METHODS Microarray gene expression of paired airway epithelial brush and endobronchial biopsy samples was compared between 60 RA and 30 NR subjects. Subjects were hierarchically clustered to identify subgroups of RA, and biochemical and clinical traits (airway inflammatory molecules, respiratory pathogens, chest imaging) were compared between groups. Weighted gene correlation network analysis was used to identify coexpressed gene modules. Module expression scores were compared between groups using linear regression, controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. RESULTS Differential gene expression analysis showed upregulation of proneutrophilic and downregulation of ciliary function genes/pathways in RA compared to NR. A subgroup of RA with downregulated ciliary gene expression had increased levels of subclinical infections, airway neutrophilia, and eosinophilia as well as higher chest imaging mucus burden compared to other RA, the dominant differences between RA and NR. Weighted gene correlation network analysis identified gene modules related to ciliary function, which were downregulated in RA and were associated with lower pulmonary function and higher airway wall thickness/inflammation, markers of poorer asthma control. CONCLUSIONS Identification of a novel ciliary-deficient subgroup of RA suggests that diminished mucociliary clearance may underlie repeated asthma exacerbations despite adequate treatment, necessitating further exploration of function, mechanism, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi P Guntur
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; The NJH Cohen Family Asthma Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo.
| | - Laurie A Manka
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; The NJH Cohen Family Asthma Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Camille M Moore
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Elizabeth Wynn
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Rafeul Alam
- The NJH Cohen Family Asthma Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Tuyet-Hang Pham
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo; The NJH Cohen Family Asthma Institute, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
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26
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Martin RJ, Mitchell LJ, MacFarlane PM. Apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol 2022; 189:43-52. [PMID: 36031315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apnea is a frequent occurrence in prematurity and its prevalence in the most severely preterm population is indicative of an immature respiratory neural control system. Preterm infants are also at increased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), which has been associated with similar respiratory neural control dysfunction seen in prematurity. Generally, abnormalities in both central and peripheral mechanisms of respiratory control are thought to be key underlying features of abnormal respiratory system development. Numerous factors contribute to the etiology of apnea and respiratory control dysfunction including the environment (e.g., substance use/misuse), sex, genetics, a vulnerable neonate, and various underlying comorbidities. However, there are major gaps in our understanding of both normal and abnormal respiratory control system development, which highlights the need for continued research using novel and innovative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Lisa J Mitchell
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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27
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Di Fiore JM, Martin RJ, Raffay TM. Intermittent Hypoxemia and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Manifestations of Immature Respiratory Control and the Preterm Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1126-1127. [PMID: 34634221 PMCID: PMC8759306 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202109-2077ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliann M Di Fiore
- Division of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Division of Neonatology Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Martin
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals/Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alan H Jobe
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eduardo Bancalari
- Division of Neonatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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29
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Zauszniewski JA, Burant CJ, Martin RJ, Sweetko JS, DiFranco E. Caregivers' Use of Personal and Social Resourcefulness: Differences by Care Recipient Condition. West J Nurs Res 2021; 44:288-295. [PMID: 34622720 DOI: 10.1177/01939459211050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although family caregivers who use both the personal and social resourcefulness skills have the best health outcomes, it is unknown whether their tendency toward personal or social resourcefulness varies by their care recipient's condition. This cross-sectional study of existing data from 234 caregivers of persons with various conditions examined five item pairs from the Resourcefulness Scale© with responses capturing personal and social resourcefulness in relation to anxiety, anger, sadness, indecision, and financial distress. Caregivers were categorized by the recipient's condition (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cancer, dementia, mental illness, Parkinson's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, other, or multiple conditions). Findings showed that across most groups, caregivers used both personal and social resourcefulness when angry, sad, or indecisive and personal resourcefulness when anxious or managing money. Caregivers of persons with cancer, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and mental illness differed. The findings provide a basis for future clinical trials across diverse caregiver groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclene A Zauszniewski
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher J Burant
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- The Breen School of Nursing and Health Professions, Ursuline College, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John S Sweetko
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Evelina DiFranco
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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30
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Kashyap SS, Verma S, McHugh M, Wolday M, Williams PD, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Anthelmintic resistance and homeostatic plasticity (Brugia malayi). Sci Rep 2021; 11:14499. [PMID: 34262123 PMCID: PMC8280109 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93911-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of excitable cells to regulate their activity to make compensatory adjustments to long-lasting stimulation. It is found across the spectrum of vertebrate and invertebrate species and is driven by changes in cytosolic calcium; it has not been explored in parasitic nematodes when treated with therapeutic drugs. Here we have studied the adaptation of Brugia malayi to exposure to the anthelmintic, levamisole that activates muscle AChR ion-channels. We found three phases of the Brugia malayi motility responses as they adapted to levamisole: an initial spastic paralysis; a flaccid paralysis that follows; and finally, a recovery of motility with loss of sensitivity to levamisole at 4 h. Motility, calcium-imaging, patch-clamp and molecular experiments showed the muscle AChRs are dynamic with mechanisms that adjust their subtype composition and sensitivity to levamisole. This homeostatic plasticity allows the parasite to adapt resisting the anthelmintic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mark McHugh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Mengisteab Wolday
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Paul D Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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31
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MacFarlane PM, Mayer CA, Jafri A, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS, Martin RJ. CPAP protects against hyperoxia-induced increase in airway reactivity in neonatal mice. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:52-57. [PMID: 33122799 PMCID: PMC8081743 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) are primary modes of respiratory support for preterm infants. Animal models, however, have demonstrated adverse unintended effects of hyperoxia and CPAP on lung development. We investigate the effects of combined neonatal hyperoxia and CPAP exposure on airway function and morphology in mice. METHODS Newborn mice were exposed to hyperoxia (40% O2) 24 h/day for 7 consecutive days with or without daily (3 h/day) concomitant CPAP. Two weeks after CPAP and/or hyperoxia treatment ended, lungs were assessed for airway (AW) hyperreactivity and morphology. RESULTS CPAP and hyperoxia exposure alone increased airway reactivity compared to untreated control mice. CPAP-induced airway hyperreactivity was associated with epithelial and smooth muscle proliferation. In contrast, combined CPAP and hyperoxia treatment no longer resulted in increased airway reactivity, which was associated with normalization of smooth muscle and epithelial proliferation to values similar to untreated mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the combination of CPAP and hyperoxia decreases the adverse consequences on airway remodeling of either intervention alone. The complex interaction between mechanical stretch (via CPAP) and hyperoxia exposure on development of immature airways has implications for the pathophysiology of airway disease in former preterm infants receiving non-invasive respiratory support. IMPACT CPAP and mild hyperoxia exposure alone increase airway reactivity in the neonatal mouse model. In contrast, combined CPAP and hyperoxia no longer induce airway hyperreactivity. Combined CPAP and hyperoxia normalize smooth muscle and epithelial proliferation to control values. Interaction between CPAP-induced stretch and mild hyperoxia exposure on immature airways has important implications for airway pathophysiology in former preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Catherine A. Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anjum Jafri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - YS Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH,Corresponding Author: Richard J. Martin, Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, 11100 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44106-6010. USA, Phone: 216-844-5102/Fax: 216-844-3380,
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Raffay TM, Bonilla-Fernandez K, Jafri A, Sopi RB, Smith LA, Cui F, O'Reilly M, Zhang R, Hodges CA, MacFarlane PM, Deutsch G, Martin RJ, Gaston B. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension. The Role of Smooth Muscle adh5. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:70-80. [PMID: 33780653 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by alveolar simplification, airway hyperreactivity, and pulmonary hypertension. In our BPD model, we have investigated the metabolism of the bronchodilator and pulmonary vasodilator GSNO (S-nitrosoglutathione). We have shown the GSNO catabolic enzyme encoded by adh5 (alcohol dehydrogenase-5), GSNO reductase, is epigenetically upregulated in hyperoxia. Here, we investigated the distribution of GSNO reductase expression in human BPD and created an animal model that recapitulates the human data. Blinded comparisons of GSNO reductase protein expression were performed in human lung tissues from infants and children with and without BPD. BPD phenotypes were evaluated in global (adh5-/-) and conditional smooth muscle (smooth muscle/adh5-/-) adh5 knockout mice. GSNO reductase was prominently expressed in the airways and vessels of human BPD subjects. Compared with controls, expression was greater in BPD smooth muscle, particularly in vascular smooth muscle (2.4-fold; P = 0.003). The BPD mouse model of neonatal hyperoxia caused significant alveolar simplification, airway hyperreactivity, and right ventricular and vessel hypertrophy. Global adh5-/- mice were protected from all three aspects of BPD, whereas smooth muscle/adh5-/- mice were only protected from pulmonary hypertensive changes. These data suggest adh5 is required for the development of BPD. Expression in the pulmonary vasculature is relevant to the pathophysiology of BPD-associated pulmonary hypertension. GSNO-mimetic agents or GSNO reductase inhibitors, both of which are currently in clinical trials for other conditions, could be considered for further study in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koby Bonilla-Fernandez
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Anjum Jafri
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Laura A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Feifei Cui
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Rongli Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, and
| | - Craig A Hodges
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | | | - Gail Deutsch
- Department of Pathology, Seattle Children's Hospital & University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Benjamin Gaston
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Zauszniewski JA, Burant CJ, Lekhak N, Herbell K, Badr HA, Martin RJ. Development and Testing of a Spiritual Resourcefulness Scale: Holistic Expansion in Operationalizing the Resourcefulness Construct. J Holist Nurs 2021; 40:7-15. [PMID: 34142899 DOI: 10.1177/08980101211025370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Research supports holistic expansion of the construct of resourcefulness by adding spiritual practices to the existing personal and social dimensions. This study describes the development and testing of items to measure spiritual resourcefulness. Methods/Design: Study phases were: (1) focus group development of item stems and responses; (2) expert testing; (3) scale construction; (4) field testing in 234 family caregivers; and (5) psychometric analysis to identify items for inclusion in a final scale. Findings: A focus group developed 40 item stems with potential responses reflecting three conceptual components of spiritual practices (rational, ritualistic, and relational). Content experts selected the best response for each item. A six-point Likert scale consistent with the Resourcefulness Scale© was constructed. Data from field testing were factor analyzed. The best solution revealed two factors containing 12 items. Ritualistic and relational items loaded together (44.7% variance explained). Rational items loaded separately (19.5% variance explained). Higher-order factor analysis indicated the two subscales reflected a single construct (71.93% variance explained; r = .44, p < .001). Conclusion: Availability of a psychometrically sound measure of spiritual resourcefulness is critical to expand resourcefulness training interventions to be more holistic. Clinical interventions can be enriched by including strategies to enhance personal, social, and spiritual resourcefulness skills.
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Abongwa M, Samje M, Ayimele GA, Babiaka SB, Bulman C, Sakanari J, Koszewski NJ, Verma S, Goff J, Cho-Ngwa F, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Filaricidal activity of Daniellia oliveri and Psorospermum febrifugum extracts. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:305. [PMID: 34099047 PMCID: PMC8186089 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs currently used for controlling onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) are mainly microfilaricidal, with minimal or no effect on the adult worms. For efficient management of these diseases, it is necessary to search for new drugs with macrofilaricidal activities that can be used singly or in combination with existing ones. Daniellia oliveri and Psorospermum febrifugum are two plants commonly used in the local management of these infections in Bambui, a township in the North West Region of Cameroon, but there is currently no documented scientific evidence to support their claimed anthelmintic efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to provide evidence in support of the search for means to eliminate these diseases by screening extracts and chromatographic fractions isolated from these plants for efficacy against the parasitic roundworms Onchocerca ochengi and Brugia pahangi. METHODS The viability of O. ochengi adult worms was assessed using the MTT/formazan assay. Fully confluent monkey kidney epithelial cells (LLC-MK2) served as the feeder layer for the O. ochengi microfilariae (mfs) assays. Viability of the mfs was assessed by microscopic examination for mean motility scoring (relative to the negative control) every 24 h post addition of an extract. The Worminator system was used to test the effects of the extracts on adult B. pahangi motility, and mean motility units were determined for each worm. Cytotoxicity of the active extracts on N27 cells was assessed using the MTS assay. RESULTS Extracts from D. oliveri and P. febrifugum were effective against the adult roundworms O. ochengi and B. pahangi. Interestingly, extracts showing macrofilaricidal activities against O. ochengi also showed activity against O. ochengi mfs. The hexane stem bark extract of D. oliveri (DOBHEX) was more selective for adult O. ochengi than for mfs, with a half maximal and 100% inhibitory concentration (IC50 and IC100, respectively) against adult O. ochengi of 13.9 and 31.3 μg/ml, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity of all active extracts on N27 cells showed selective toxicity for parasites (selectivity index > 1). Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extracts yielded fractions with activity against adult B. pahangi, thus confirming the presence of bioactive principles in the plant extracts. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the use of D. oliveri and P. febrifugum in the traditional treatment of onchocerciasis and LF. The further purification of active extracts from these plants could yield lead compounds for filarial drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Moses Samje
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Godfred A Ayimele
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Smith B Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Christina Bulman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Judy Sakanari
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nick J Koszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jesse Goff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, South West Region, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Abstract
A frequent challenge in Neonatology is the high frequency of spontaneously occurring hypoxemic events, a majority of which are associated with apnea or hypoventilation. These episodes present a challenge for caregivers and families as they frequently delay discharge of preterm infants. Supplemental oxygen, respiratory support, and caffeine therapy are widely used as therapeutic approaches, but challenges remain regarding their precise indications. Future clinical practice should be directed by an evidence-based approach including automated supplemental oxygen, minimizing the use of medications for gastroesophageal reflux, optimal timing and dosage of caffeine therapy, and standardization of alarm limits and discharge monitoring protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Conlon
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve Univ School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve Univ School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Richard J Martin
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve Univ School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Roesler AM, Ravix J, Bartman CM, Patel BS, Schiliro M, Roos B, Nesbitt L, Pabelick CM, Martin RJ, MacFarlane PM, Prakash YS. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Contributes to Hyperoxia Effects on Human Fetal Airway Smooth Muscle. Front Physiol 2021; 12:585895. [PMID: 33790802 PMCID: PMC8006428 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.585895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental O2 (hyperoxia), necessary for maintenance of oxygenation in premature infants, contributes to neonatal and pediatric airway diseases including asthma. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) is a key resident cell type, responding to hyperoxia with increased contractility and remodeling [proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) production], making the mechanisms underlying hyperoxia effects on ASM significant. Recognizing that fetal lungs experience a higher extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o) environment, we previously reported that the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is expressed and functional in human fetal ASM (fASM). In this study, using fASM cells from 18 to 22 week human fetal lungs, we tested the hypothesis that CaSR contributes to hyperoxia effects on developing ASM. Moderate hyperoxia (50% O2) increased fASM CaSR expression. Fluorescence [Ca2+]i imaging showed hyperoxia increased [Ca2+]i responses to histamine that was more sensitive to altered [Ca2+]o, and promoted IP3 induced intracellular Ca2+ release and store-operated Ca2+ entry: effects blunted by the calcilytic NPS2143. Hyperoxia did not significantly increase mitochondrial calcium which was regulated by CaSR irrespective of oxygen levels. Separately, fASM cell proliferation and ECM deposition (collagens but not fibronectin) showed sensitivity to [Ca2+]o that was enhanced by hyperoxia, but blunted by NPS2143. Effects of hyperoxia involved p42/44 ERK via CaSR and HIF1α. These results demonstrate functional CaSR in developing ASM that contributes to hyperoxia-induced contractility and remodeling that may be relevant to perinatal airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Roesler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jovanka Ravix
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Colleen M Bartman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Brijeshkumar S Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marta Schiliro
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Benjamin Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lisa Nesbitt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Peter M MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Kuper-Sassé ME, MacFarlane PM, Mayer CA, Martin RJ, Prakash YS, Pabelick CM, Raffay TM. Prenatal Maternal Lipopolysaccharide and Mild Newborn Hyperoxia Increase Intrapulmonary Airway but Not Vessel Reactivity in a Mouse Model. Children (Basel) 2021; 8:children8030195. [PMID: 33807828 PMCID: PMC7998377 DOI: 10.3390/children8030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal infection is a risk for preterm delivery. Preterm newborns often require supplemental oxygen to treat neonatal respiratory distress. Newborn hyperoxia exposure is associated with airway and vascular hyperreactivity, while the complications of maternal infection are variable. In a mouse model of prenatal maternal intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS, embryonic day 18) with subsequent newborn hyperoxia (40% oxygen × 7 days) precision-cut living lung slices were used to measure intrapulmonary airway and vascular reactivity at 21 days of age. Hyperoxia increased airway reactivity to methacholine compared to room air controls. Prenatal maternal LPS did not alter airway reactivity in room air. Combined maternal LPS and hyperoxia exposures increased airway reactivity vs. controls, although maximal responses were diminished compared to hyperoxia alone. Vessel reactivity to serotonin did not significantly differ in hyperoxia or room air; however, prenatal maternal LPS appeared to attenuate vessel reactivity in room air. Following room air recovery, LPS with hyperoxia lungs displayed upregulated inflammatory and fibrosis genes compared to room air saline controls (TNFαR1, iNOS, and TGFβ). In this model, mild newborn hyperoxia increases airway but not vessel reactivity. Prenatal maternal LPS did not further increase hyperoxic airway reactivity. However, inflammatory genes remain upregulated weeks after recovery from maternal LPS and newborn hyperoxia exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Kuper-Sassé
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.E.K.-S.); (P.M.M.); (C.A.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Peter M. MacFarlane
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.E.K.-S.); (P.M.M.); (C.A.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Catherine A. Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.E.K.-S.); (P.M.M.); (C.A.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.E.K.-S.); (P.M.M.); (C.A.M.); (R.J.M.)
| | - Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (Y.S.P.); (C.M.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (Y.S.P.); (C.M.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas M. Raffay
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (M.E.K.-S.); (P.M.M.); (C.A.M.); (R.J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +216-844-3387
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Hansen TVA, Cirera S, Neveu C, Courtot E, Charvet CL, Calloe K, Klaerke DA, Martin RJ. The narrow-spectrum anthelmintic oxantel is a potent agonist of a novel acetylcholine receptor subtype in whipworms. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008982. [PMID: 33544769 PMCID: PMC7891710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of efficient alternative strategies, the control of parasitic nematodes, impacting human and animal health, mainly relies on the use of broad-spectrum anthelmintic compounds. Unfortunately, most of these drugs have a limited single-dose efficacy against infections caused by the whipworm, Trichuris. These infections are of both human and veterinary importance. However, in contrast to a wide range of parasitic nematode species, the narrow-spectrum anthelmintic oxantel has a high efficacy on Trichuris spp. Despite this knowledge, the molecular target(s) of oxantel within Trichuris is still unknown. In the distantly related pig roundworm, Ascaris suum, oxantel has a small, but significant effect on the recombinant homomeric Nicotine-sensitive ionotropic acetylcholine receptor (N-AChR) made up of five ACR-16 subunits. Therefore, we hypothesized that in whipworms, a putative homolog of an ACR-16 subunit, can form a functional oxantel-sensitive receptor. Using the pig whipworm T. suis as a model, we identified and cloned a novel ACR-16-like subunit and successfully expressed the corresponding homomeric channel in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Electrophysiological experiments revealed this receptor to have distinctive pharmacological properties with oxantel acting as a full agonist, hence we refer to the receptor as an O-AChR subtype. Pyrantel activated this novel O-AChR subtype moderately, whereas classic nicotinic agonists surprisingly resulted in only minor responses. We observed that the expression of the ACR-16-like subunit in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans conferred an increased sensitivity to oxantel of recombinant worms. We demonstrated that the novel Tsu-ACR-16-like receptor is indeed a target for oxantel, although other receptors may be involved. These finding brings new insight into the understanding of the high sensitivity of whipworms to oxantel, and highlights the importance of the discovery of additional distinct receptor subunit types within Trichuris that can be used as screening tools to evaluate the effect of new synthetic or natural anthelmintic compounds. The human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura, is an intestinal parasitic nematode infecting approximately 289.6 million people globally, primarily children living in developing countries. Chronic T. trichiura infection may cause dysentery, growth stunting and decreased cognitive performance. Whipworm infections are notoriously difficult to control with most available anthelmintics, including those commonly used in mass drug administration programs. Recent randomised controlled trials with whipworm-infected humans, have reported superior efficacies of oxantel, a classic, narrow-spectrum anthelmintic, developed for the treatment of Trichuris infections. Despite this knowledge, the molecular target(s) of oxantel within the whipworm has not been identified. In this study, we used the whipworm from pigs as a model and identified a receptor, which was explored using the Xenopus oocyte expression system. We demonstrated that this receptor is highly responsive to oxantel, and therefore a major target of oxantel within Trichuris. In addition, we discovered that this receptor-type is distinctive and only present in the ancient group of parasitic nematodes, Clade I, which also includes the important zoonotic parasite Trichinella. Our findings, explain the specific mode of action of oxantel and open the way for additional characterization of similar receptor subtypes in other medically or veterinary important parasitic nematodes of Clade I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina V. A. Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail: (TVAH); (DAK)
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Cédric Neveu
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Kirstine Calloe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dan A. Klaerke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (TVAH); (DAK)
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Verma S, Kulke D, McCall JW, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Recording drug responses from adult Dirofilaria immitis pharyngeal and somatic muscle cells. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 15:1-8. [PMID: 33348209 PMCID: PMC7753077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite being considered one of the most pathogenic helminth infections of companion animals, members of macrocyclic lactone class are the only drugs available for the prevention of heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. Alarmingly, heartworm prevention is at risk; several studies confirm the existence of macrocyclic lactone resistance in D. immitis populations across the United States. To safeguard the long term prevention and control of this disease, the identification and development of novel anthelmintics is urgently needed. To identify novel, resistance-breaking drugs, it is highly desirable to: Unfortunately, none of the three above statements can be answered sufficiently for D. immitis and most of our hypotheses derive from surrogate species and/or in vitro studies. Therefore, the present study aims to improve our fundamental understanding of the neuromuscular system of the canine heartworm by establishing new methods allowing the investigation of body wall and pharyngeal muscle responses and their modulation by anthelmintics. We found that the pharynx of adult D. immitis responds to both ivermectin and moxidectin with EC50s in the low micromolar range. We also demonstrate that the somatic muscle cells have robust responses to 30 μM acetylcholine, levamisole, pyrantel and nicotine. This is important preliminary data, demonstrating the feasibility of electrophysiological studies in this important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - D Kulke
- Drug Discovery and External Innovation, Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany.
| | | | - R J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - A P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Raffay
- Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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Dimasuay KG, Schaunaman N, Martin RJ, Pavelka N, Kolakowski C, Gottlieb RA, Holguin F, Chu HW. Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, enhances airway mitochondrial DNA release and inflammation. Thorax 2020; 75:717-724. [PMID: 32499407 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-214158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkin (Park2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is critical to maintain mitochondrial function by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation (mitophagy), but recent evidence suggests the involvement of Parkin in promoting inflammation. In the present study, we determined if Parkin regulates airway mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release and inflammatory responses to type 2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-13 and allergens. METHODS We measured Parkin mRNA expression in brushed bronchial epithelial cells and mtDNA release in the paired bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from normal subjects and asthmatics. Parkin-deficient primary human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells generated using the CRISPR-Cas9 system were stimulated with IL-13. To determine the in vivo function of Parkin, Parkin knockout (PKO) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with IL-13 or allergen (house dust mite, HDM) in the presence or absence of mtDNA isolated from normal mouse lungs. RESULTS Parkin mRNA expression in asthmatic airway epithelium was upregulated, which positively correlated with the levels of released mtDNA in BALF. IL-13-stimulated HTBE cells increased Parkin expression. Moreover, IL-13 induced mtDNA release in Parkin-sufficient, but not in Parkin-deficient HTBE cells. PKO (vs WT) mice attenuated airway mtDNA release and inflammation following IL-13 or HDM treatments. mtDNA amplified airway inflammation in mice treated with IL-13 or HDM. Notably, Parkin also mediated mtDNA-induced exacerbation of airway inflammation. CONCLUSION Our research findings suggest that Parkin promotes mtDNA release and inflammation in airways, thus improving our understanding of the complex role of Parkin and mitochondrial dysfunction in asthma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicole Pavelka
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fernando Holguin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Harvey MJ, Sperlich P, Clough TJ, Kelliher FM, McGeough KL, Martin RJ, Moss R. Global Research Alliance N 2 O chamber methodology guidelines: Recommendations for air sample collection, storage, and analysis. J Environ Qual 2020; 49:1110-1125. [PMID: 33016464 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Certain aspects in the collection, handling, storage, and subsequent analysis of discrete air samples from non-steady-state flux chambers are critical to generating accurate and unbiased estimates of nitrous oxide (N2 O) fluxes. The focus of this paper is on air sample collection and storage in small vials (<12 ml) primarily for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Sample integrity is assured through following simple procedures including storage under pressure and analysis within a few months of collection. Concurrent storage of standards in an identical manner to samples is recommended and allows the storage period to be reliably extended. In the laboratory, an autosampler is typically used in batch analysis of ∼200 sequentially analyzed samples by GC with an electron capture detector (ECD). Some comparisons are given between GC and alternatives including optical N2 O detectors that are increasingly being used for high-precision N2 O measurement. The importance of calibration and traceability of gas standards is discussed, where high-quality standards ensure the most accurate assessment of N2 O concentration and comparability between laboratories. The calibration allows a consistent and best estimate of flux to be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Harvey
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - P Sperlich
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - T J Clough
- Dep. of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - F M Kelliher
- Dep. of Soil and Physical Sciences, Lincoln Univ., PO Box 84, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand
| | - K L McGeough
- Agri-Environment Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland
| | - R J Martin
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
| | - R Moss
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, PO Box 14-901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, 6241, New Zealand
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Williams PDE, Verma S, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Adapting techniques for calcium imaging in muscles of adult Brugia malayi. Invert Neurosci 2020; 20:12. [PMID: 32803437 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-020-00247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brugia malayi is a human filarial nematode parasite that causes lymphatic filariasis or 'elephantiasis' a disfiguring neglected tropical disease. This parasite is a more tractable nematode parasite for the experimental study of anthelmintic drugs and has been studied with patch-clamp and RNAi techniques. Unlike in C. elegans however, calcium signaling in B. malayi or other nematode parasites has not been achieved, limiting the studies of the mode of action of anthelmintic drugs. We describe here the development of calcium imaging methods that allow us to characterize changes in cellular calcium in the muscles of B. malayi. This is a powerful technique that can help in elucidating the mode of action of selected anthelmintics. We developed two approaches that allow the recording of calcium signals in the muscles of adult B. malayi: (a) soaking the muscles with Fluo-3AM, promoting large-scale imaging of multiple cells simultaneously and, (b) direct insertion of Fluo-3 using microinjection, providing the possibility of performing dual calcium and electrophysiological recordings. Here, we describe the techniques used to optimize dye entry into the muscle cells and demonstrate that detectable increases in Fluo-3 fluorescence to elevated calcium concentrations can be achieved in B. malayi using both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D E Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Dr, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Shah VP, Raffay TM, Martin RJ, Vento M, Sánchez-Illana Á, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Kuligowski J, Di Fiore JM. The Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Hospital Duration in Moderate Preterm Infants. Neonatology 2020; 117:577-583. [PMID: 32799210 PMCID: PMC7854776 DOI: 10.1159/000509038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid peroxidation products are present following oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the eye, brain, and various cell membranes. Elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products and increased intermittent hypoxemia (IH) events have been associated with adverse outcomes in extremely preterm infants. The moderate preterm newborn has a still-developing oxidant defense system and immature respiratory control, but little is known about lipid peroxidation levels and IH in this larger and more common preterm population. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between oxidative stress and IH in moderate preterm infants. METHOD Oxygen saturation was continuously monitored in 51 moderate preterm infants (i.e., 31 + 0/7 to 33 + 6/7 weeks' gestation). Urine samples were collected at the end of the first and second weeks of life. Samples were analyzed for total lipid peroxidation products (neurofurans, isofurans, neuroprostanes, isoprostanes, and di-homo-isofurans). RESULT At week 1, there was a correlation between increased IH frequency and neurofurans (p < 0.04) and di-homo-isofurans (p < 0.003). At week 2, there was no correlation between IH and lipid peroxidation markers. Ele-vations in neurofurans, isofurans, neuroprostanes, and di-homo-isofurans in the first and/or second week of life were associated with a longer stay in hospital. CONCLUSION Elevations in lipid peroxidation biomarkers in moderate preterm infants during their first weeks of life are associated with a higher frequency of IH and prolonged hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi P Shah
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas M Raffay
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,
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Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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McHugh M, Williams P, Verma S, Powell-Coffman JA, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Cholinergic receptors on intestine cells of Ascaris suum and activation of nAChRs by levamisole. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2020; 13:38-50. [PMID: 32470835 PMCID: PMC7256660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic agonists, like levamisole, are a major class of anthelmintic drugs that are known to act selectively on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the somatic muscle and nerves of nematode parasites to produce their contraction and spastic paralysis. Previous studies have suggested that in addition to the nAChRs found on muscle and nerves, there are nAChRs on non-excitable tissues of nematode parasites. We looked for evidence of nAChRs expression in the cells of the intestine of the large pig nematode, Ascaris suum, using RT-PCR and RNAscope in situ hybridization and detected mRNA of nAChR subunits in the cells. These subunits include components of the putative levamisole receptor in A. suum muscle: Asu-unc-38, Asu-unc-29, Asu-unc-63 and Asu-acr-8. Relative expression of these mRNAs in A. suum intestine was quantified by qPCR. We also looked for and found expression of G protein-linked acetylcholine receptors (Asu-gar-1). We used Fluo-3 AM to detect intracellular calcium changes in response to receptor activation by acetylcholine (as a non-selective agonist) and levamisole (as an L-type nAChR agonist) to look for evidence of functioning nAChRs in the intestine. We found that both acetylcholine and levamisole elicited increases in intracellular calcium but their signal profiles in isolated intestinal tissues were different, suggesting activation of different receptor sets. The levamisole responses were blocked by mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor antagonist in A. suum, indicating the activation of intestinal nAChRs rather than G protein-linked acetylcholine receptors (GARs) by levamisole. The detection of nAChRs in cells of the intestine, in addition to those on muscles and nerves, reveals another site of action of the cholinergic anthelmintics and a site that may contribute to the synergistic interactions of cholinergic anthelmintics with other anthelmintics that affect the intestine (Cry5B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark McHugh
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paul Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jo Anne Powell-Coffman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Verma S, Kashyap SS, Robertson AP, Martin RJ. Diethylcarbamazine activates TRP channels including TRP-2 in filaria, Brugia malayi. Commun Biol 2020; 3:398. [PMID: 32724078 PMCID: PMC7387335 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diethylcarbamazine is an important classic drug used for prevention and treatment of lymphatic filariasis and loiasis, diseases caused by filarial nematodes. Despite many studies, its site of action has not been established. Until now, the consensus has been that diethylcarbamazine works by activating host immune systems, not by a direct action on the parasites. Here we show that low concentrations of diethylcarbamazine have direct and rapid (<30 s) temporary spastic paralyzing effects on the parasites that lasts around 4 h, which is produced by diethylcarbamazine opening TRP channels in muscle of Brugia malayi involving TRP-2 (TRPC-like channel subunits). GON-2 and CED-11, TRPM-like channel subunits, also contributed to diethylcarbamazine responses. Opening of these TRP channels produces contraction and subsequent activation of calcium-dependent SLO-1K channels. Recovery from the temporary paralysis is consistent with inactivation of TRP channels. Our observations elucidate mechanisms for the rapid onset and short-lasting therapeutic actions of diethylcarbamazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Kovatis KZ, Di Fiore JM, Martin RJ, Abbasi S, Chaundhary AS, Hoover S, Zhang Z, Kirpalani H. Effect of Blood Transfusions on Intermittent Hypoxic Episodes in a Prospective Study of Very Low Birth Weight Infants. J Pediatr 2020; 222:65-70. [PMID: 32423683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the number of intermittent hypoxia events before and after packed red blood cell (pRBC) and non-pRBC transfusions in very low birth weight infants, and to compare the time spent with saturations of ≤85% before and after transfusions in the same population. STUDY DESIGN This prospective observational study was conducted from April 2014 to August 2017. It included 92 transfusions (81 pRBC, 11 non-pRBC) from 41 very low birth weight infants between 230/7 and 286/7 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was number of intermittent hypoxia events. Secondary outcomes included the percent time of Peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)of ≤85%, ≤80%, and ≤75%. A mixed ANOVA model was used to examine the relationship between event rate and covariates. RESULTS The mean number of intermittent hypoxia events per hour decreased from 5.27 ± 5.02 events per hour before pRBC transfusion to 3.61 ± 3.17 per hour after pRBC transfusions (P < .01) and intermittent hypoxia did not change after non-RBC transfusions (before, 4.45 ± 3.19 vs after, 4.47 ± 2.78; P = NS). The percent time with saturations of ≤80% and ≤75% significantly decreased after pRBC transfusions (P = .01). The time with saturations of ≤85% did not significantly change after non-pRBC transfusion. CONCLUSIONS In very low birth weight infants with a hematocrit of 20%-42%, pRBC transfusions are associated with decreased frequency of intermittent hypoxia. No such diminution of intermittent hypoxia events was observed in infants who had received a non-pRBC transfusion. This finding suggests that the observed beneficial effects of RBC transfusions on apnea and its clinical manifestations of intermittent hypoxia are mediated through an enhanced oxygen carrying capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Z Kovatis
- Department of Neonatology, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE.
| | - Juliann M Di Fiore
- Division of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Richard J Martin
- Division of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Soraya Abbasi
- Division of Neonatology, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Neonatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Stephen Hoover
- Value Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Zugui Zhang
- Value Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Haresh Kirpalani
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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Durack J, Christian LS, Nariya S, Gonzalez J, Bhakta NR, Ansel KM, Beigelman A, Castro M, Dyer AM, Israel E, Kraft M, Martin RJ, Mauger DT, Peters SP, Rosenberg SR, Sorkness CA, Wechsler ME, Wenzel SE, White SR, Lynch SV, Boushey HA, Huang YJ. Distinct associations of sputum and oral microbiota with atopic, immunologic, and clinical features in mild asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1016-1026. [PMID: 32298699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether microbiome characteristics of induced sputum or oral samples demonstrate unique relationships to features of atopy or mild asthma in adults is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine sputum and oral microbiota relationships to clinical or immunologic features in mild atopic asthma and the impact on the microbiota of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment administered to ICS-naive subjects with asthma. METHODS Bacterial microbiota profiles were analyzed in induced sputum and oral wash samples from 32 subjects with mild atopic asthma before and after inhaled fluticasone treatment, 18 atopic subjects without asthma, and 16 nonatopic healthy subjects in a multicenter study (NCT01537133). Associations with clinical and immunologic features were examined, including markers of atopy, type 2 inflammation, immune cell populations, and cytokines. RESULTS Sputum bacterial burden inversely associated with bronchial expression of type 2 (T2)-related genes. Differences in specific sputum microbiota also associated with T2-low asthma phenotype, a subgroup of whom displayed elevations in lung inflammatory mediators and reduced sputum bacterial diversity. Differences in specific oral microbiota were more reflective of atopic status. After ICS treatment of patients with asthma, the compositional structure of sputum microbiota showed greater deviation from baseline in ICS nonresponders than in ICS responders. CONCLUSIONS Novel associations of sputum and oral microbiota to immunologic features were observed in this cohort of subjects with or without ICS-naive mild asthma. These findings confirm and extend our previous report of reduced bronchial bacterial burden and compositional complexity in subjects with T2-high asthma, with additional identification of a T2-low subgroup with a distinct microbiota-immunologic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Durack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Laura S Christian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Snehal Nariya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jeanmarie Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Nirav R Bhakta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Avraham Beigelman
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo; Kipper Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo
| | - Anne-Marie Dyer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pa
| | - Elliot Israel
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Monica Kraft
- University of Arizona, Health Sciences, Tucson, Ariz
| | | | - David T Mauger
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University, Hershey, Pa
| | | | | | | | | | - Sally E Wenzel
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC/UPSOM, Pittsburgh, Pa
| | - Steven R White
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Homer A Boushey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Yvonne J Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.
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Choudhary S, Buxton SK, Puttachary S, Verma S, Mair GR, McCoy CJ, Reaves BJ, Wolstenholme AJ, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. EAT-18 is an essential auxiliary protein interacting with the non-alpha nAChR subunit EAT-2 to form a functional receptor. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008396. [PMID: 32243475 PMCID: PMC7173930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode parasites infect approximately 1.5 billion people globally and are a significant public health concern. There is an accepted need for new, more effective anthelmintic drugs. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on parasite nerve and somatic muscle are targets of the cholinomimetic anthelmintics, while glutamate-gated chloride channels in the pharynx of the nematode are affected by the avermectins. Here we describe a novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the nematode pharynx that is a potential new drug target. This homomeric receptor is comprised of five non-α EAT-2 subunits and is not sensitive to existing cholinomimetic anthelmintics. We found that EAT-18, a novel auxiliary subunit protein, is essential for functional expression of the receptor. EAT-18 directly interacts with the mature receptor, and different homologs alter the pharmacological properties. Thus we have described not only a novel potential drug target but also a new type of obligate auxiliary protein for nAChRs. Soil-transmitted helminths affect about a quarter of the worlds’ population. Chemical anthelmintics not only alleviate the threat to human and animal health but also improve agricultural economics and food security. Here we have identified a “druggable” nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit, EAT-2, that constitutes the pharyngeal cholinergic receptor in nematodes. The receptor is required for feeding and possibly for reproductive behavior in worms. A selective therapeutic compound targeting this nAChR should either starve the worms or make them sluggish, helping with faster expulsion from the host. The EAT-2 pharyngeal nAChR is a unique receptor formed by five non-α subunits that lack vicinal cysteines in the ligand binding loop-C. To date, all cation selective nAChRs contain at least two α subunits. It is possible that EAT-2 subunits have retained functionality without the vicinal cysteines due to evolutionary modifications and expresses as a new nAChR subtype which doesn’t fit the established dogma based on the study of vertebrate receptors. Our findings also identified a new type of auxiliary protein subunit, which is essential for functional expression of the pharyngeal nAChR and also modulates its pharmacology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an auxiliary protein that is essential for functional expression in any cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Samuel K. Buxton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sreekanth Puttachary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gunnar R. Mair
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ciaran J. McCoy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Reaves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adrian J. Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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