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Wang M, Wang X, Jiang B, Zhai Y, Zheng J, Yang L, Tai X, Li Y, Fu S, Xu J, Lei X, Kuang Z, Zhang C, Bai X, Li M, Zan T, Qu S, Li Q, Zhang C. Identification of MRAP protein family as broad-spectrum GPCR modulators. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e1091. [PMID: 36314066 PMCID: PMC9619224 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The melanocortin receptor accessory proteins (MRAP1 and MRAP2) are well-known endocrine regulators for the trafficking and signalling of all five melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R). The observation of MRAP2 on regulating several non-melanocortin G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been sporadically reported, whereas other endogenous GPCR partners of the MRAP protein family are largely unknown. METHODS Here, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and drew a fine GPCR blueprint and MRAPs-associated network of two major endocrine organs, the hypothalamus and adrenal gland at single-cell resolution. We also integrated multiple bulk RNA-seq profiles and single-cell datasets of human and mouse tissues, and narrowed down a list of 48 GPCRs with strong endogenous co-expression correlation with MRAPs. RESULTS 36 and 46 metabolic-related GPCRs were consequently identified as novel interacting partners of MRAP1 or MRAP2, respectively. MRAPs exhibited protein-protein interactions and varying pharmacological properties on the surface translocation, constitutive activities and ligand-stimulated downstream signalling of these GPCRs. Knockdown of MRAP2 expression by hypothalamic administration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) packed shRNA stimulated body weight gain in mouse model. Co-injection of corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF), the agonist of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1), suppressed feeding behaviour in a MRAP2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study has comprehensively elucidated the complex GPCR networks in two major endocrine organs and redefined the MRAP protein family as broad-spectrum GPCR modulators. MRAP proteins not only serve as a vital endocrine pivot on the regulation of global GPCR activities in vivo that could explain the composite physiological phenotypes of the MRAP2 null murine model but also provide us with new insights of the phenotyping investigation of GPCR-MRAP functional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Bopei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Zhai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jihong Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismNational Metabolic Management CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaolu Tai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunpeng Li
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shaliu Fu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaowei Lei
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhe Kuang
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xuanxuan Bai
- School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mingyu Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Tao Zan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismNational Metabolic Management CenterShanghai Tenth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryShanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
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Fernandes ACA, de Oliveira FP, Fernandez G, da Guia Vieira L, Rosa CG, do Nascimento T, de Castro França S, Donato J, Vella KR, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Mecawi AS, Perello M, Elias LLK, Rorato R. Arcuate AgRP, but not POMC neurons, modulate paraventricular CRF synthesis and release in response to fasting. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:118. [PMID: 35902915 PMCID: PMC9331576 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is essential for metabolic adaptation in response to fasting. However, the neurocircuitry connecting changes in the peripheral energy stores to the activity of hypothalamic paraventricular corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRFPVN) neurons, the master controller of the HPA axis activity, is not completely understood. Our main goal was to determine if hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) POMC and AgRP neurons can communicate fasting-induced changes in peripheral energy stores, associated to a fall in plasma leptin levels, to CRFPVN neurons to modulate the HPA axis activity in mice. RESULTS We observed increased plasma corticosterone levels associate with increased CRFPVN mRNA expression and increased CRFPVN neuronal activity in 36 h fasted mice. These responses were associated with a fall in plasma leptin levels and changes in the mRNA expression of Agrp and Pomc in the ARC. Fasting-induced decrease in plasma leptin partially modulated these responses through a change in the activity of ARC neurons. The chemogenetic activation of POMCARC by DREADDs did not affect fasting-induced activation of the HPA axis. DREADDs inhibition of AgRPARC neurons reduced the content of CRFPVN and increased its accumulation in the median eminence but had no effect on corticosterone secretion induced by fasting. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that AgRPARC neurons are part of the neurocircuitry involved in the coupling of PVNCRF activity to changes in peripheral energy stores induced by prolonged fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciane Pereira de Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luane da Guia Vieira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Gugelmin Rosa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Taís do Nascimento
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Suzelei de Castro França
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Kristen R Vella
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and the Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jose Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - André Souza Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata, La Plata, 403, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rorato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirão Prêto, SP, 14096-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 04023-062, Brazil.
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3
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Lichlyter DA, Krumm ZA, Golde TA, Doré S. Role of CRF and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in stroke: revisiting temporal considerations and targeting a new generation of therapeutics. FEBS J 2022; 290:1986-2010. [PMID: 35108458 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic neurovascular stroke represents a leading cause of death in the developed world. Preclinical and human epidemiological evidence implicates the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of neuropeptides as mediators of acute neurovascular injury pathology. Preclinical investigations of the role of CRF, CRF receptors and CRF-dependent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis have pointed toward a tissue-specific and temporal relationship between activation of these pathways and physiological outcomes. Based on the literature, the major phases of ischaemic stroke aetiology may be separated into an acute phase in which CRF and anti-inflammatory stress signalling are beneficial and a chronic phase in which these contribute to neural degeneration, toxicity and apoptotic signalling. Significant gaps in knowledge remain regarding the pathway, temporality and systemic impact of CRF signalling and stress biology in neurovascular injury progression. Heterogeneity among experimental designs poses a challenge to defining the apparent reciprocal relationship between neurological injury and stress metabolism. Despite these challenges, it is our opinion that the elucidated temporality may be best matched with an antibody against CRF with a half-life of days to weeks as opposed to minutes to hours as with small-molecule CRF receptor antagonists. This state-of-the-art review will take a multipronged approach to explore the expected potential benefit of a CRF antibody by modulating CRF and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 signalling, glucocorticoids and autonomic nervous system activity. Additionally, this review compares the modulation of CRF and HPA axis activity in neuropsychiatric diseases and their counterpart outcomes post-stroke and assess lessons learned from antibody therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Lichlyter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zachary A Krumm
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd A Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sylvain Doré
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmaceutics, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Chaves T, Fazekas CL, Horváth K, Correia P, Szabó A, Török B, Bánrévi K, Zelena D. Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169090. [PMID: 34445795 PMCID: PMC8396605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress adaptation is of utmost importance for the maintenance of homeostasis and, therefore, of life itself. The prevalence of stress-related disorders is increasing, emphasizing the importance of exploratory research on stress adaptation. Two major regulatory pathways exist: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary axis. They act in unison, ensured by the enormous bidirectional connection between their centers, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem monoaminergic cell groups, respectively. PVN and especially their corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) producing neurons are considered to be the centrum of stress regulation. However, the brainstem seems to be equally important. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the present knowledge on the role of classical neurotransmitters of the brainstem (GABA, glutamate as well as serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine) in stress adaptation. Neuropeptides, including CRH, might be co-localized in the brainstem nuclei. Here we focused on CRH as its role in stress regulation is well-known and widely accepted and other CRH neurons scattered along the brain may also complement the function of the PVN. Although CRH-positive cells are present on some parts of the brainstem, sometimes even in comparable amounts as in the PVN, not much is known about their contribution to stress adaptation. Based on the role of the Barrington’s nucleus in micturition and the inferior olivary complex in the regulation of fine motoric—as the main CRH-containing brainstem areas—we might assume that these areas regulate stress-induced urination and locomotion, respectively. Further studies are necessary for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Chaves
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Lea Fazekas
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Horváth
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pedro Correia
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Szabó
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Janos Szentagothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bánrévi
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; (T.C.); (C.L.F.); (K.H.); (P.C.); (A.S.); (B.T.); (K.B.)
- Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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5
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Cano G, Hernan SL, Sved AF. Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Control of Sympathetic Outflow and Energy Homeostasis. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1005. [PMID: 34439626 PMCID: PMC8392615 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp) is a midbrain neuronal group, adjacent but segregated from the preganglionic Edinger-Westphal nucleus that projects to the ciliary ganglion. The EWcp plays a crucial role in stress responses and in maintaining energy homeostasis under conditions that require an adjustment of energy expenditure, by virtue of modulating heart rate and blood pressure, thermogenesis, food intake, and fat and glucose metabolism. This modulation is ultimately mediated by changes in the sympathetic outflow to several effector organs, including the adrenal gland, heart, kidneys, brown and white adipose tissues and pancreas, in response to environmental conditions and the animal's energy state, providing for appropriate energy utilization. Classic neuroanatomical studies have shown that the EWcp receives inputs from forebrain regions involved in these functions and projects to presympathetic neuronal populations in the brainstem. Transneuronal tracing with pseudorabies virus has demonstrated that the EWcp is connected polysynaptically with central circuits that provide sympathetic innervation to all these effector organs that are critical for stress responses and energy homeostasis. We propose that EWcp integrates multimodal signals (stress, thermal, metabolic, endocrine, etc.) and modulates the sympathetic output simultaneously to multiple effector organs to maintain energy homeostasis under different conditions that require adjustments of energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Cano
- Department of Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (S.L.H.); (A.F.S.)
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6
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Involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and its interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the ontogeny of avian thermoregulation: a review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933908000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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7
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Marwari S, Poulsen A, Shih N, Lakshminarayanan R, Kini RM, Johannes CW, Dymock BW, Dawe GS. Intranasal administration of a stapled relaxin-3 mimetic has anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activity in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3899-3923. [PMID: 31220339 PMCID: PMC6811745 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Depression and anxiety are common causes of disability, and innovative tools and potential pharmacological targets are actively sought for prevention and treatment. Therapeutic strategies targeting the relaxin‐3 peptide or its primary endogenous receptor, RXFP3, for the treatment of major depression and anxiety disorders have been limited by a lack of compounds with drug‐like properties. We proposed that a hydrocarbon‐stapled mimetic of relaxin‐3, when administered intranasally, might be uniquely applicable to the treatment of these disorders. Experimental Approach We designed a series of hydrocarbon‐stapled relaxin‐3 mimetics and identified the most potent compound using in vitro receptor binding and activation assays. Further, we assessed the effect of intranasal delivery of relaxin‐3 and the lead stapled mimetic in rat models of anxiety and depression. Key Results We developed an i,i+7 stapled relaxin‐3 mimetic that manifested a stabilized α‐helical structure, proteolytic resistance, and confirmed agonist activity in receptor binding and activation in vitro assays. The stapled peptide agonist enhanced food intake after intracerebral infusion in rats, confirming in vivo activity. We showed that intranasal delivery of the lead i,i+7 stapled peptide or relaxin‐3 had orexigenic effects in rats, indicating a potential clinically translatable route of delivery. Further, intranasal administration of the lead i,i+7 stapled peptide exerted anxiolytic and antidepressant‐like activity in anxiety‐ and depression‐related behaviour paradigms. Conclusions and Implications Our preclinical findings demonstrate that targeting the relaxin‐3/RXFP3 receptor system via intranasal delivery of an i,i+7 stapled relaxin‐3 mimetic may represent an effective treatment approach for depression, anxiety, and related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhi Marwari
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Norrapat Shih
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajamani Lakshminarayanan
- Anti-Infectives Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles William Johannes
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Brian William Dymock
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gavin Stewart Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Yuan Y, Wu W, Chen M, Cai F, Fan C, Shen W, Sun W, Hu J. Reward Inhibits Paraventricular CRH Neurons to Relieve Stress. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1243-1251.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Shi YJ, Ma ZQ, Tang JW, Zhao Y, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang PP, John C, Chen XQ, Du JZ. The integration of multiple signaling pathways provides for bidirectional control of CRHR1 gene transcription in rat pituitary cell during hypoxia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:12-22. [PMID: 28572045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia upregulates hypothalamic corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and its receptor type-1 (CRHR1) expression and activates the HPA axis and induces hypoxic sickness and behavioral change. The transcriptional mechanism by which hypoxia differently regulates CRHR1 expression remains unclear. Here we report hypoxia time-dependently induced biphasic expression of CRHR1mRNA in rat pituitary during different physiological status. Short exposure of gestational dams to hypoxia reduced CRHR1mRNA in the pituitary of P1-P14 male rat offspring. A short- and prolonged-hypoxia evoked biphasic response of CRHR1mRNA characterized initially by decreases and subsequently by persistent increases, mediated by a rapid negative feedback via CRHR1 signaling and positive transcriptional control via NF-κB, respectively. Further analysis of CRHR1 promoter in cultured primary anterior pituitary and AtT20 cells showed that c-Jun/AP-1 delivered negative while HIF-1α and NF-κB delivered positive control of transcription at CRHR1 promoter. The negative and positive inputs are integrated by hypoxic initiation and duration in CRHR1 transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Shi
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi Qiang Ma
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jia Wei Tang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qing Liu
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Division of Science and Technology & Foreign Affairs, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ping Ping Wang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Coote John
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xue Qun Chen
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Ministry of Health, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Neurobiology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ji Zeng Du
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, The Ministry of Health, China; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory for Neurobiology, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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10
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Tenk J, Rostás I, Füredi N, Mikó A, Solymár M, Soós S, Gaszner B, Feller D, Székely M, Pétervári E, Balaskó M. Age-related changes in central effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) suggest a role for this mediator in aging anorexia and cachexia. GeroScience 2017; 39:61-72. [PMID: 28299639 PMCID: PMC5352590 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-017-9962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) lays downstream to catabolic melanocortins and at least partly mediates their catabolic effects. Age-related changes in the melanocortin system (weak responsiveness in middle-aged and a strong one in old rats) have been shown to contribute to middle-aged obesity and later to aging anorexia and cachexia of old age groups. We hypothesized that catabolic (anorexigenic and hypermetabolic) CRF effects vary with aging similarly to those of melanocortins. Thus, we aimed to test whether age-related variations of CRF effects may also contribute to middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia leading to weight loss of old age groups. Food intake, body weight, core temperature, heart rate, and activity were recorded in male Wistar rats of young, middle-aged, aging, and old age groups (from 3 to 24 months) during a 7-day intracerebroventricular CRF infusion (0.2 μg/μl/h) in a biotelemetric system. In addition, CRF gene expression was also assessed by quantitative RT-PCR in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of intact animals of the same age groups. The infusion suppressed body weight in the young, aging, and old rats, but not in middle-aged animals. Weak anorexigenic and hypermetabolic effects were detected in the young, whereas strong anorexia (without hypermetabolism) developed in the oldest age groups in which post mortem analysis showed also a reduction of retroperitoneal fat mass. CRF gene expression in the PVN increased with aging. Our results support the potential contribution of age-related changes in CRF effects to aging anorexia and cachexia. The role of the peptide in middle-aged obesity cannot be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Mikó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Diana Feller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pecs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Miklós Székely
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti str, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.
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Tenk J, Rostás I, Füredi N, Mikó A, Soós S, Solymár M, Gaszner B, Székely M, Pétervári E, Balaskó M. Acute central effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on energy balance: Effects of age and gender. Peptides 2016; 85:63-72. [PMID: 27637621 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously demonstrated age-related changes in the catabolic melanocortin system that may contribute to middle-aged obesity and aging anorexia, raise the question of the potential involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in these phenomena, as this catabolic hypothalamic mediator acts downstream to melanocortins. Catabolic effects of CRF were shown to be mediated by both CRF1 (hypermetabolism) and CRF2 (anorexia) receptors. To test the potential role of CRF in age-related obesity and aging anorexia, we investigated acute central effects of the peptide on energy balance in male and female rats during the course of aging. Effects of an intracerebroventricular CRF injection on food intake (FI), oxygen-consumption (VO2), core- and tail skin temperatures (Tc and Ts) were studied in male and female Wistar rats of five different age-groups (from 3- to 24-month). Anorexigenic responsiveness was tested during 180-min re-feeding (FeedScale) following 24-h fasting. Thermoregulatory analysis was performed by indirect calorimetry (Oxymax) complemented by thermocouples recording Tc and Ts (indicating heat loss). CRF suppressed FI in 3-month male and female animals. In males, CRF-induced anorexia declined with aging, whereas in females it was maintained in all groups. The peptide increased VO2 and Tc in all male age-groups, while the weaker hypermetabolic response characterizing 3-month females declined rapidly with aging. Thus, age-related alterations in acute central anorexigenic and hypermetabolic effects of CRF show different non-parallel patterns in males and females. Our findings underline the importance of gender differences. They also call the attention to the differential age-related changes in the CRF1 and CRF2 receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Mikó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Székely
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.
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12
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Yu C, Li M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yan C, Pan J, Liu J, Cui S. MiR-375 Mediates CRH Signaling Pathway in Inhibiting E2 Synthesis in Porcine Ovary. Reproduction 2016; 153:REP-16-0323. [PMID: 27756810 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) signaling system is involved in numbers of stress-related physiological and pathological responses,including its inhibiting effects on estradiol (E2) synthesis and follicular development in the ovary. In addition, there are reports that microRNAs (miRNAs) can control the function of animal reproductive system. The aim of present study was to investigate the functions of miR-375 and the relationship between miR-375 and CRH signaling molecules in the porcine ovary. First, our common PCR results show that miR-375 and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) are expressed in porcine ovary, whereas CRH receptor 2 (CRHR2) is not detected. We further have located the cell types of miR-375 and CRHR1 by in situ hybridization (ISH), and the results show that miR-375 is located only in the granulosa cells, whereas CRHR1 is positive in all of granulosa cells and oocytes, inferring that miR-375 and CRHR1 are co-localized in granulosa cells. Second, we show that overexpression of miR-375 in cultured granulosa cells suppresses the E2 production, while miR-375 knockdown demonstrates the opposite result. Besides, our in vitro results demonstrate that miR-375 mediates the signaling pathway of CRH inhibiting E2 synthesis. Finally, our data show that the action of miR-375 is accomplished by directly binding to the 3'UTR of specificity protein1 (SP1) mRNA to decrease the SP1 protein level. Thus, we conclude that miR-375 is a key factor in regulating E2 synthesis by mediating the CRH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulin Yu
- C Yu, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Li
- M Li, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Y Wang, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Y Liu, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengzhi Yan
- C Yan, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jirong Pan
- J Pan, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- J Liu, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- S Cui, Department of Animal Physiology, College of Biological Sciences,China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Feijóo-Bandín S, Rodríguez-Penas D, García-Rúa V, Mosquera-Leal A, González-Juanatey JR, Lago F. Nesfatin-1: a new energy-regulating peptide with pleiotropic functions. Implications at cardiovascular level. Endocrine 2016; 52:11-29. [PMID: 26662184 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 is a new energy-regulating peptide widely expressed at both central and peripheral tissues with pleiotropic effects. In the last years, the study of nesfatin-1 actions and its possible implication in the development of different diseases has created a great interest among the scientific community. In this review, we will summarize nesfatin-1 main functions, focusing on its cardiovascular implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Feijóo-Bandín
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain.
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Penas
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Vanessa García-Rúa
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Mosquera-Leal
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Research Unit of the Institute of Biomedical Research (IDIS) of Santiago de Compstela, and Department of Cardiology of the University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
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Hao K, Kong FP, Gao YQ, Tang JW, Chen J, Evans AM, Lightman SL, Chen XQ, Du JZ. Inactivation of corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced insulinotropic role by high-altitude hypoxia. Diabetes 2015; 64:785-95. [PMID: 25277397 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that hypoxia reduces plasma insulin, which correlates with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor 1 (CRHR1) in rats, but the mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that hypobaric hypoxia at an altitude of 5,000 m for 8 h enhances rat plasma CRH, corticosterone, and glucose levels, whereas the plasma insulin and pancreatic ATP/ADP ratio is reduced. In islets cultured under normoxia, CRH stimulated insulin release in a glucose- and CRH-level-dependent manner by activating CRHR1 and thus the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway and calcium influx through L-type channels. In islets cultured under hypoxia, however, the insulinotropic effect of CRH was inactivated due to reduced ATP and cAMP and coincident loss of intracellular calcium oscillations. Serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) also played an inhibitory role. In human volunteers rapidly ascended to 3,860 m, plasma CRH and glucose levels increased without a detectable change in plasma insulin. By contrast, volunteers with acute mountain sickness (AMS) exhibited a marked decrease in HOMA insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS) and enhanced plasma CRH. In conclusion, hypoxia may attenuate the CRH-insulinotropic effect by reducing cellular ATP/ADP ratio, cAMP and calcium influx, and upregulated SGK1. Hypoxia may not affect HOMA-IS in healthy volunteers but reduces it in AMS volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Hao
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Ping Kong
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology and High Altitude Physiology, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Mark Evans
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Stafford L Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Xue-Qun Chen
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Zeng Du
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Neuroanatomical and functional characterization of CRF neurons of the amygdala using a novel transgenic mouse model. Neuroscience 2015; 289:153-65. [PMID: 25595987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-producing neurons of the amygdala have been implicated in behavioral and physiological responses associated with fear, anxiety, stress, food intake and reward. To overcome the difficulties in identifying CRF neurons within the amygdala, a novel transgenic mouse line, in which the humanized recombinant Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein (hrGFP) is under the control of the CRF promoter (CRF-hrGFP mice), was developed. First, the CRF-hrGFP mouse model was validated and the localization of CRF neurons within the amygdala was systematically mapped. Amygdalar hrGFP-expressing neurons were located primarily in the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure, but also present in the central amygdala. Secondly, the marker of neuronal activation c-Fos was used to explore the response of amygdalar CRF neurons in CRF-hrGFP mice under different experimental paradigms. C-Fos induction was observed in CRF neurons of CRF-hrGFP mice exposed to an acute social defeat stress event, a fasting/refeeding paradigm or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. In contrast, no c-Fos induction was detected in CRF neurons of CRF-hrGFP mice exposed to restraint stress, forced swimming test, 48-h fasting, acute high-fat diet (HFD) consumption, intermittent HFD consumption, ad libitum HFD consumption, HFD withdrawal, conditioned HFD aversion, ghrelin administration or melanocortin 4 receptor agonist administration. Thus, this study fully characterizes the distribution of amygdala CRF neurons in mice and suggests that they are involved in some, but not all, stress or food intake-related behaviors recruiting the amygdala.
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Roustit MM, Vaughan JM, Jamieson PM, Cleasby ME. Urocortin 3 activates AMPK and AKT pathways and enhances glucose disposal in rat skeletal muscle. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:143-54. [PMID: 25122003 PMCID: PMC4191181 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle is an important component of both type 2 diabetes and the syndrome of sarcopaenic obesity, for which there are no effective therapies. Urocortins (UCNs) are not only well established as neuropeptides but also have their roles in metabolism in peripheral tissues. We have shown recently that global overexpression of UCN3 resulted in muscular hypertrophy and resistance to the adverse metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. Herein, we aimed to establish whether short-term local UCN3 expression could enhance glucose disposal and insulin signalling in skeletal muscle. UCN3 was found to be expressed in right tibialis cranialis and extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats by in vivo electrotransfer and the effects studied vs the contralateral muscles after 1 week. No increase in muscle mass was detected, but test muscles showed 19% larger muscle fibre diameter (P=0.030), associated with increased IGF1 and IGF1 receptor mRNA and increased SER256 phosphorylation of forkhead transcription factor. Glucose clearance into the test muscles after an intraperitoneal glucose load was increased by 23% (P=0.018) per unit mass, associated with increased GLUT1 (34% increase; P=0.026) and GLUT4 (48% increase; P=0.0009) proteins, and significantly increased phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, AKT, AKT substrate of 160 kDa, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, AMP-activated protein kinase and its substrate acetyl coA carboxylase. Thus, UCN3 expression enhances glucose disposal and signalling in muscle by an autocrine/paracrine mechanism that is separate from its pro-hypertrophic effects, implying that such a manipulation may have promised for the treatment of IR syndromes including sarcopaenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon M Roustit
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UKLaboratory of Neuronal Structure and FunctionSalk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USAQueen's Medical Research InstituteCentre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UKLaboratory of Neuronal Structure and FunctionSalk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USAQueen's Medical Research InstituteCentre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Pauline M Jamieson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UKLaboratory of Neuronal Structure and FunctionSalk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USAQueen's Medical Research InstituteCentre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UKLaboratory of Neuronal Structure and FunctionSalk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USAQueen's Medical Research InstituteCentre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Ganella DE, Ma S, Gundlach AL. Relaxin-3/RXFP3 Signaling and Neuroendocrine Function - A Perspective on Extrinsic Hypothalamic Control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:128. [PMID: 24065955 PMCID: PMC3776160 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex neural circuits within the hypothalamus that govern essential autonomic processes and associated behaviors signal using amino acid and monoamine transmitters and a variety of neuropeptide (hormone) modulators, often via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and associated cellular pathways. Relaxin-3 is a recently identified neuropeptide that is highly conserved throughout evolution. Neurons expressing relaxin-3 are located in the brainstem, but broadly innervate the entire limbic system including the hypothalamus. Extensive anatomical data in rodents and non-human primate, and recent regulatory and functional data, suggest relaxin-3 signaling via its cognate GPCR, RXFP3, has a broad range of effects on neuroendocrine function associated with stress responses, feeding and metabolism, motivation and reward, and possibly sexual behavior and reproduction. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the growing appreciation of the relaxin-3/RXFP3 system as an important "extrinsic" regulator of the neuroendocrine axis by reviewing its neuroanatomy and its putative roles in arousal-, stress-, and feeding-related behaviors and links to associated neural substrates and signaling networks. Current evidence identifies RXFP3 as a potential therapeutic target for treatment of neuroendocrine disorders and related behavioral dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina E. Ganella
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sherie Ma
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Hulbert LE, Carroll JA, Ballou MA, Burdick NC, Dailey JW, Caldwell LC, Loyd AN, Vann RC, Welsh TH, Randel RD. Sexually dimorphic stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to an intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone challenge of Brahman cattle following transportation. Innate Immun 2012; 19:378-87. [PMID: 23112011 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912462752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize potential sexually dimorphic stress and immunological responses following a corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge in beef cattle. Six female (heifers) and six male (bulls) Brahman calves (264 ± 12 d of age) were administered CRH intravenously (0.5 µg of CRH/kg body mass) after which serum concentrations of cortisol increased from 0.5 h to 4 h. From 1 h to 4 h after CRH administration, serum cortisol concentrations were greater in heifers than in bulls. In all cattle, increased serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ were observed from 2.5 h to 3 h after CRH, with greater concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 in heifers than bulls. Heifer total leukocyte counts decreased 1 h after CRH administration, while bull leukocyte counts and percent neutrophils decreased 2 h after CRH administration. Heifers had greater rectal temperatures than bulls, yet rectal temperatures did not change following administration of CRH. There was no effect of CRH administration on heart rate. However, bulls tended to have increased heart rate 2 h after CRH administration than before CRH. Heifer heart rate was greater than bulls throughout the study. These data demonstrate that acute CRH administration can elicit a pro-inflammatory response, and cattle exhibit a sexually dimorphic pro-inflammatory cytokine and cortisol response to acute CRH administration.
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Solomon-Lane TK, Grober MS. Behavioral and physiological responses to central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor in the bluebanded goby (Lythrypnus dalli). Physiol Behav 2012; 106:619-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chao H, Digruccio M, Chen P, Li C. Type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor in the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus is critical in regulating feeding and lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue. Endocrinology 2012; 153:166-76. [PMID: 22067315 PMCID: PMC3249673 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH) plays a critical role in regulating feeding and energy metabolism. The nucleus expresses high levels of the type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR2) and receives prominent innervation of nerve fibers containing Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), an endogenous ligand of the receptor. In the present study, we showed that mice deficient in Ucn 3 had elevated basal feeding and increased nocturnal food intake after overnight fasting compared with the wild-type (WT) littermates. The Ucn 3 null mice also had lower circulating insulin levels compared with those of the WT mice. Interestingly, the mutant mice maintained a comparable body weight with the WT littermates. Mice with reduced CRFR2 expression in the VMH by small hairpin RNA knockdown (KD) recapitulated feeding phenotypes observed in the Ucn 3 null mice. However, VMH CRFR2 KD mice gained significantly more weight than control mice. The weight gain was due to an accumulation of white adipose tissue (WAT) accompanied by reduced plasma free fatty acids and glycerol levels, increased respiratory quotients, and improved glucose tolerance. On the other hand, plasma insulin levels were comparable with the receptor KD and control mice. Furthermore, the expression of several genes, including hormone-sensitive lipase, was significantly reduced in the WAT of VMH CRFR2 KD mice compared with controls. These results indicate that Ucn 3 signaling through CRFR2 is a critical molecular mediator in the VMH in regulating feeding and lipid metabolism in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA
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Chen P, Hover CV, Lindberg D, Li C. Central urocortin 3 and type 2 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor in the regulation of energy homeostasis: critical involvement of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:180. [PMID: 23316185 PMCID: PMC3539675 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vital role of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide family in the brain in coordinating response to stress has been extensively documented. The effects of CRF are mediated by two G-protein-coupled receptors, type 1 and type 2 CRF receptors (CRF(1) and CRF(2)). While the functional role of CRF(1) in hormonal and behavioral adaptation to stress is well-known, the physiological significance of CRF(2) remains to be fully appreciated. Accumulating evidence has indicated that CRF(2) and its selective ligands including urocortin 3 (Ucn 3) are important molecular mediators in regulating energy balance. Ucn 3 is the latest addition of the CRF family of peptides and is highly selective for CRF(2). Recent studies have shown that central Ucn 3 is important in a number of homeostatic functions including suppression of feeding, regulation of blood glucose levels, and thermoregulation, thus reinforcing the functional role of central CRF(2) in metabolic regulation. The brain loci that mediate the central effects of Ucn 3 remain to be fully determined. Anatomical and functional evidence has suggested that the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), where CRF(2) is prominently expressed, appears to be instrumental in mediating the effects of Ucn 3 on energy balance, permitting Ucn 3-mediated modulation of feeding and glycemic control. Thus, the Ucn 3-VMH CRF(2) system is an important neural pathway in the regulation of energy homeostasis and potentially plays a critical role in energy adaptation in response to metabolic perturbations and stress to maintain energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Van Hover
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Lindberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chien Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health SystemCharlottesville, VA, USA
- *Correspondence: Chien Li, Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health System, P.O. Box 800735, 1300 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. e-mail:
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Jamieson PM, Cleasby ME, Kuperman Y, Morton NM, Kelly PAT, Brownstein DG, Mustard KJ, Vaughan JM, Carter RN, Hahn CN, Hardie DG, Seckl JR, Chen A, Vale WW. Urocortin 3 transgenic mice exhibit a metabolically favourable phenotype resisting obesity and hyperglycaemia on a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2392-403. [PMID: 21667214 PMCID: PMC3149678 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Urocortins are the endogenous ligands for the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2), which is implicated in regulating energy balance and/or glucose metabolism. We determined the effects of chronic CRFR2 activation on metabolism in vivo, by generating and phenotyping transgenic mice overproducing the specific CRFR2 ligand urocortin 3. METHODS Body composition, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, energy efficiency and expression of key metabolic genes were assessed in adult male urocortin 3 transgenic mice (Ucn3(+)) under control conditions and following an obesogenic high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. RESULTS Ucn3(+) mice had increased skeletal muscle mass with myocyte hypertrophy. Accelerated peripheral glucose disposal, increased respiratory exchange ratio and hypoglycaemia on fasting demonstrated increased carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin tolerance and indices of insulin-stimulated signalling were unchanged, indicating these effects were not mediated by increased insulin sensitivity. Expression of the transgene in Crfr2 (also known as Crhr2)-null mice negated key aspects of the Ucn3(+) phenotype. Ucn3(+) mice were protected from the HFD-induced hyperglycaemia and increased adiposity seen in control mice despite consuming more energy. Expression of uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 was higher in Ucn3(+) muscle, suggesting increased catabolic processes. IGF-1 abundance was upregulated in Ucn3(+) muscle, providing a potential paracrine mechanism in which urocortin 3 acts upon CRFR2 to link the altered metabolism and muscular hypertrophy observed. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Urocortin 3 acting on CRFR2 in skeletal muscle of Ucn3(+) mice results in a novel metabolically favourable phenotype, with lean body composition and protection against diet-induced obesity and hyperglycaemia. Urocortins and CRFR2 may be of interest as potential therapeutic targets for obesity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Body Composition/physiology
- Dietary Fats/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/physiology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/prevention & control
- Insulin/blood
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism
- Urocortins/genetics
- Urocortins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Jamieson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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24
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Hinkle RT, Lefever FR, Dolan ET, Reichart DL, Zwolshen JM, Oneill TP, Maloney KG, Mattson JP, Ferreira LF, Musch TI, Poole DC, Isfort RJ. Treatment with a corticotrophin releasing factor 2 receptor agonist modulates skeletal muscle mass and force production in aged and chronically ill animals. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:15. [PMID: 21235761 PMCID: PMC3025927 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Muscle weakness is associated with a variety of chronic disorders such as emphysema (EMP) and congestive heart failure (CHF) as well as aging. Therapies to treat muscle weakness associated with chronic disease or aging are lacking. Corticotrophin releasing factor 2 receptor (CRF2R) agonists have been shown to maintain skeletal muscle mass and force production in a variety of acute conditions that lead to skeletal muscle wasting. Hypothesis We hypothesize that treating animals with a CRF2R agonist will maintain skeletal muscle mass and force production in animals with chronic disease and in aged animals. Methods We utilized animal models of aging, CHF and EMP to evaluate the potential of CRF2R agonist treatment to maintain skeletal muscle mass and force production in aged animals and animals with CHF and EMP. Results In aged rats, we demonstrate that treatment with a CRF2R agonist for up to 3 months results in greater extensor digitorum longus (EDL) force production, EDL mass, soleus mass and soleus force production compared to age matched untreated animals. In the hamster EMP model, we demonstrate that treatment with a CRF2R agonist for up to 5 months results in greater EDL force production in EMP hamsters when compared to vehicle treated EMP hamsters and greater EDL mass and force in normal hamsters when compared to vehicle treated normal hamsters. In the rat CHF model, we demonstrate that treatment with a CRF2R agonist for up to 3 months results in greater EDL and soleus muscle mass and force production in CHF rats and normal rats when compared to the corresponding vehicle treated animals. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the underlying physiological conditions associated with chronic diseases such as CHF and emphysema in addition to aging do not reduce the potential of CRF2R agonists to maintain skeletal muscle mass and force production.
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Kuperman Y, Issler O, Vaughan J, Bilezikjian L, Vale W, Chen A. Expression and regulation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2β in developing and mature mouse skeletal muscle. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:157-69. [PMID: 21084379 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 (CRFR2) is highly expressed in skeletal muscle (SM) tissue where it is suggested to inhibit interactions between insulin signaling pathway components affecting whole-body glucose homeostasis. However, little is known about factors regulating SM CRFR2 expression. Here, we demonstrate the exclusive expression of CRFR2, and not CRFR1, in mature SM tissue using RT-PCR and ribonuclease protection assays and report a differential expression of CRF receptors during C2C12 myogenic differentiation. Whereas C2C12 myoblasts exclusively express CRFR1, the C2C12 myotubes solely express CRFR2. Using cAMP luciferase assays and calcium mobilization measurements, we further demonstrate the functionality of these differentially expressed receptors. Using luciferase reporter assays we show a differential activation of CRFR promoters during myogenic differentiation. Transfections with different fragments of the 5'-flanking region of the mCRFR2β gene fused to a luciferase reporter gene show a promoter-dependent expression of the reporter gene and reveal the importance of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 consensus sequence located at the 3'-proximal region of CRFR2β promoter. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CRFR2 gene transcription in the mature mouse is stimulated by both high-fat diet and chronic variable stress conditions. Performing a whole-genome expression microarray analysis of SM tissues obtained from CRFR2-null mice or wild-type littermates revealed a robust reduction in retinol-binding protein 4 expression levels, an adipokine whose serum levels are elevated in insulin-resistant states. In correlation with the SM CRFR2β levels, the SM retinol-binding protein 4 levels were also elevated in mice subjected to high-fat diet and chronic variable stress conditions. The current findings further position the SM CRFR2 pathways as a relevant physiological system that may affect the known reciprocal relationship between psychological and physiological challenges and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kuperman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Chotiwat C, Kelso EW, Harris RBS. The effects of repeated restraint stress on energy balance and behavior of mice with selective deletion of CRF receptors. Stress 2010; 13:203-13. [PMID: 20392192 DOI: 10.3109/10253890903207527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice subjected to restraint stress (RRS) daily for 3 days lose weight. Once stress ends they are slow to recover the weight loss and exhibit increased anxiety and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity in response to novel stressors. We tested the effect of RRS in mice deficient in corticotropin releasing factor receptor one (CRFR1-KO) or two (CRFR2-KO). Wild type (WT) and CRFR2-KO, but not CRFR1-KO, mice lost weight during RRS. All adrenalectomised mice lost weight and CRFR2-KO controls stopped gaining weight on the days of RRS. WT RRS mice returned to the weight of their controls 8 days after restraint. CRFR2-KO mice showed high levels of anxiety in an elevated plus maze (EPM) 11 days after RRS and in a light/dark choice test 14 days after RRS. CRFR1-KO mice displayed low anxiety in both tests, but RRS decreased EPM exploration. By contrast, exploration increased in RRS ADX mice. Testing in the EPM increased serum corticosterone level in all WT and CRFR2-KO mice. Corticosterone increased in RRS CRFR1-KO mice compared with their controls. These results suggest that CRFR1 are required for stress-induced weight loss, but that hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis in RRS mice exposed to a subsequent novel stress is independent of CRFR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chotiwat
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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27
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Denver RJ. Structural and Functional Evolution of Vertebrate Neuroendocrine Stress Systems. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:1-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Pankevich DE, Mueller BR, Brockel B, Bale TL. Prenatal stress programming of offspring feeding behavior and energy balance begins early in pregnancy. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:94-102. [PMID: 19394351 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To examine the long-term effects of stress experienced early in gestation on the programming of offspring feeding behaviors and energy balance, pregnant mice were exposed to stress during early pregnancy (days 1-7) and adult offspring examined on chow and high fat diets for long-term outcomes. Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11 beta-HSD2) and insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) expression was measured to determine the possible sex-specific contribution of prenatal stress (PNS) on fetal programming of embryo growth and development during early pregnancy. PNS mice showed a basal hyperphagia when on chow diet. Prenatal treatment differences were ameliorated when adult mice were on a high fat diet. Interestingly, PNS male mice also had significantly reduced body weights compared to control males on both chow and high fat diets. Body composition analyses revealed reduced body fat and increased lean mass in PNS mice on the high fat diet, but no differences were detected in plasma leptin or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels. Mechanistic examination of gene expression in embryonic day 12 placentas found that early PNS was associated with increased IGF-2 expression and sex-dependent effects of stress on 11 beta-HSD2, supporting specific aspects of early pregnancy. These studies suggest that the long-term effects of stress during pregnancy on programming of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis begin much earlier in development than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E Pankevich
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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29
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Abstract
Obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, are epidemic in Western countries, particularly the United States. The conventional wisdom holds that obesity is primarily the result of a positive energy balance, i.e. too many calories in and too few calories burned. Although it is self-evident that fat cannot be accumulated without a higher caloric intake than expenditure, recent research in a number of laboratories suggests the existence of chemicals that alter regulation of energy balance to favor weight gain and obesity. These obesogens derail the homeostatic mechanisms important for weight control, such that exposed individuals are predisposed to weight gain, despite normal diet and exercise. This review considers the evidence for obesogens, how they might act, and where future research is needed to clarify their relative contribution to the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Grün
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2300, USA
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30
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Mano-Otagiri A, Iwasaki-Sekino A, Ohata H, Arai K, Shibasaki T. Nicotine suppresses energy storage through activation of sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue via corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 receptor. Neurosci Lett 2009; 455:26-9. [PMID: 19429100 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is known to stimulate energy expenditure, although the precise mechanism is unclear. To clarify the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the mechanism by which nicotine increases energy expenditure, the effect of intraperitoneal injection of nicotine (0.1 or 0.5mg/kg) on the release of noradrenaline (NA), a stimulator of thermogenesis, in brown adipose tissue (BAT) important for energy expenditure was examined in rats. We also examined the effects of CRF receptor subtype antagonists on the nicotine-induced change in BAT NA release. Nicotine significantly increased BAT NA release at a dose of 0.5mg/kg, and the increase was completely blocked by antalarmin, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist, but not by antisauvagine-30, a CRF type 2 receptor antagonist. These results suggest that nicotine increases energy expenditure by activating BAT function, and that CRF type 1 receptors are involved in the mechanism by which nicotine affects energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Mano-Otagiri
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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31
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Abstract
Abnormal wound healing is a major complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with nonhealing foot ulcerations leading in the worst cases to lower-limb amputation. Wound healing requires the integration of complex cellular and molecular events in successive phases of inflammation, cell proliferation, cell migration, angiogenesis and re-epithelialisation. A link between wound healing and the nervous system is clinically apparent as peripheral neuropathy is reported in 30-50% of diabetic patients and is the most common and sensitive predictor of foot ulceration. Indeed, a bidirectional connection between the nervous and the immune systems and its role in wound repair has emerged as one of the focal features of the wound-healing dogma. This review provides a broad overview of the mediators of this connection, which include neuropeptides and cytokines released from nerve fibres, immune cells and cutaneous cells. In-depth understanding of the signalling pathways in the neuroimmune axis in diabetic wound healing is vital to the development of successful wound-healing therapies.
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32
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Davidson SM, Rybka AE, Townsend PA. The powerful cardioprotective effects of urocortin and the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) family. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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33
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Kuperman Y, Chen A. Urocortins: emerging metabolic and energy homeostasis perspectives. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008; 19:122-9. [PMID: 18337115 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of stress on energy balance and the involvement of the neuropeptide corticotropin releasing factor in modulating the anorexia of stress and sympathetic nervous system tone are well recognized. Currently, studies centered on the roles of the more recently described members of this family of ligands, the urocortins, and their preferred receptor, the corticotropin releasing factor type 2 receptor, suggest that they are important modulators of centrally controlled metabolic functions. In addition, urocortins also regulate fuel utilization in the periphery by acting locally within key metabolic tissues through autocrine and/or paracrine mechanisms. Recent findings have demonstrated that urocortin 2 and urocortin 3, by acting through their specific receptor in peripheral tissues, are novel modulators of glucose homeostasis and metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kuperman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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34
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Markovic D, Punn A, Lehnert H, Grammatopoulos DK. Intracellular mechanisms regulating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2beta endocytosis and interaction with extracellularly regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:689-706. [PMID: 18048641 PMCID: PMC5419620 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many important physiological roles of the urocortin (UCN) family of peptides as well as CRH involve the type 2 CRH receptor (CRH-R2) and downstream activation of multiple pathways. To characterize molecular determinants of CRH-R2 functional activity, we used HEK293 cells overexpressing recombinant CRH-R2beta and investigated mechanisms involved in attenuation of CRH-R2 signaling activity and uncoupling from intracellular effectors. CRH-R2beta-mediated adenylyl cyclase activation was sensitive to homologous desensitization induced by pretreatment with either UCN-II or the weaker agonist CRH. CRH-R2beta activation induced transient beta-arrestin1 and beta-arrestin2, as well as clathrin, recruitment to the plasma membrane. Beta-arrestin2 appeared to be the main beta-arrestin subtype associated with the receptor. This was followed by CRH-R2beta endocytosis in a mechanism that exhibited distinct agonist-dependent temporal characteristics. CRH-R2beta also induced transient activation of the ERK1/2 and p38MAPK signaling cascades that peaked at 5 min and returned to basal within 20-30 min. Unlike p38MAPK, activated ERK1/2 was localized both in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Experiments employing inhibitors of receptor endocytosis showed that CRH-R2beta-MAPK interaction does not require beta-arrestin, clathrin, or receptor endocytosis. Site-directed mutagenesis studies on CRH-R2beta C terminus showed that the amino acid cassette TAAV at the end of the C terminus is important for CRH-R2beta signaling because loss of a potential phospho-acceptor site in mutant receptors containing deletion or Ala substitution of the cassette TAAV resulted in reduced ERK1/2 activation and accelerated receptor internalization. These findings provide new insights about the signaling mechanisms regulating CRH-R2beta functional activity and determining its biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Markovic
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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35
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Tabarin A, Diz-Chaves Y, Consoli D, Monsaingeon M, Bale TL, Culler MD, Datta R, Drago F, Vale WW, Koob GF, Zorrilla EP, Contarino A. Role of the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 2 in the control of food intake in mice: a meal pattern analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 26:2303-14. [PMID: 17953621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and related peptides are mediated by two receptors (CRF(1) and CRF(2)). The respective role of each subtype in the control of food intake remains poorly known. In the present study, we examined the quantity and microstructure of ingestive behavior of knockout (KO) mice lacking CRF(2) receptors and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Under basal conditions, CRF(2) KO mice showed increased nocturnal food intake, evident as an increased zenith in circadian cosinor analysis of food intake. Microstructure analysis revealed that this greater food intake reflected increased meal size, rather than meal frequency, suggesting a decreased satiating value of food. Following acute restraint stress, CRF(2) KO mice showed an intact immediate anorectic response with increased latency to eat and decreased meal size. However, CRF(2) deletion abolished the prolonged phase of restraint-induced anorexia. CRF(2) KO mice did not differ from WT controls in feeding responses to food deprivation or injection of ghrelin receptor agonists. Independent of genotype, food deprivation increased food intake, with dramatic changes in meal size, meal frequency, water : food ratio and eating rate. Acyl-ghrelin or BIM-28131, a potent ghrelin analog, dose-dependently stimulated food intake by increasing meal size (ghrelin, BIM-28131) and meal number (BIM-28131), while slowing the average eating rate (BIM-28131) similarly in WT and KO mice. These results suggest that the CRF(2) receptor is involved in the control of meal size during the active phase of eating and following acute exposure to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tabarin
- EA 2975 Nutrition et Neurosciences, Universités Bordeaux 1, Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France.
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36
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Teegarden SL, Bale TL. Effects of stress on dietary preference and intake are dependent on access and stress sensitivity. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:713-23. [PMID: 18155095 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies support a link between stress and the increased consumption of palatable foods. However, there has been a noted lack of genetic models to examine predisposing factors of overweight, obesity, and binge eating, particularly the role that stress sensitivity might play in the development of these conditions. We have examined the effects of chronic stress exposure on macronutrient choice preferences in a genetic mouse model of stress sensitivity (corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-2 deficient mice). Mice were provided with high fat, high protein, and high carbohydrate diets during exposure to chronic variable stress (CVS). Mice given free access to these diets during CVS selected a greater proportion of their calories in the form of the high fat diet compared to non-stressed mice. Apparent genotypic differences in high protein and high carbohydrate preferences were also diminished during the stress exposure. Stress-sensitive mice showed reduced weight gain and caloric efficiency during CVS, indicating a role for this phenotype in energy balance. When the preferred high fat diet was provided under limited access, stress-sensitive mice showed an increase in high fat consumption during CVS that was not observed in wild type mice, indicating a potential role for stress sensitivity in stress-induced bingeing. These studies support an involvement of stress pathways in macronutrient selection where stress selectively elevates the intake of a preferred high fat diet. Based on the alterations in caloric efficiency, increases in stress sensitivity may further predispose an organism toward altered energy balance in times of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Teegarden
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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37
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Simerly RB. Hypothalamic substrates of metabolic imprinting. Physiol Behav 2007; 94:79-89. [PMID: 18262209 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain develops according to intrinsic genetic programs that are influenced by a variety of environmental factors. Developing neural circuits take shape in two major environments: one in utero and a second during postnatal life. Although an abundance of epidemiological and experimental evidence indicates that nutritional variables during perinatal life have a lasting effect on metabolic phenotype, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Peripheral hormones are widely regarded as effective signals that reflect the state of peripheral environments and can directly influence the development of a variety of functional neural systems. Recent findings suggest that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin may play an important role in directing formation of hypothalamic neural pathways that control body weight. The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a key site for the regulatory actions of leptin in adults, and this same hormone is required for the normal development of ARH projections to other parts of the hypothalamus. In this review, the neurobiological role of leptin is considered within the context of hypothalamic development and the possibility that variations in both prenatal and postnatal nutritional environments may impact development of neural circuits that control energy metabolism through an indirect action on leptin secretion, or signaling, during key developmental critical periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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38
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Li C, Chen P, Vaughan J, Lee KF, Vale W. Urocortin 3 regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and energy homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4206-11. [PMID: 17360501 PMCID: PMC1820733 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611641104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urocortin 3 (Ucn 3), a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides, is strongly expressed in mammalian pancreatic beta cells and has been shown to stimulate insulin secretion. Here we report the investigation of the hypothesis that endogenous Ucn 3 regulates insulin secretion, particularly in the presence of nutrient excess. Secretion of Ucn 3-like immunoreactivity from cultured beta cells was stimulated by high glucose and insulin secretagogs such as GLP-1; furthermore, 5 pancreatic Ucn 3 mRNA levels in vivo were increased during the positive energy balance caused by high-fat diet and by the absence of leptin. Immunoneutralization of Ucn 3 or pharmacologic blockade of its receptor, the type 2 CRF receptor (CRFR2), attenuated high but not low glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated islets in vitro. Cultured islets isolated from Ucn 3-null mice also secreted less insulin in response to high glucose concentrations. Consistently, peripheral injection of a selective CRFR2 antagonist before the administration of a glucose challenge significantly attenuated glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo. Ucn 3-null mice were relatively protected from the hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and hypertriglyceridemia induced by high-fat diet. Additionally, we found that aged Ucn 3-null mice maintained better glucose tolerance than age-matched wild-type littermates. These results suggest that endogenous Ucn 3 in the pancreas is induced under excessive caloric conditions and acts locally to augment insulin production, which in the long-term may contribute to reduced insulin sensitivity and harmful metabolic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Li
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Peilin Chen
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Joan Vaughan
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Wylie Vale
- The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037. E-mail:
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Kokkotou E, Torres D, Moss AC, O'Brien M, Grigoriadis DE, Karalis K, Pothoulakis C. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor 2-Deficient Mice Have Reduced Intestinal Inflammatory Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3355-61. [PMID: 16920976 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and urocortins (Ucn) bind with various affinities to two G-protein-coupled receptors, CRHR1 and CRHR2, which are expressed in brain and in peripheral tissues, including immune cells. CRHR2-deficient mice display anxiety-like behavior, hypersensitivity to stress, altered feeding behavior and metabolism, and cardiovascular abnormalities. However, the phenotype of these mice in inflammatory responses has not been determined. In the present study we found that compared with wild-type CRHR2-null mice developed substantially reduced intestinal inflammation and had lower intestinal mRNA expression of the potent chemoattractants keratinocyte chemokine and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 following intraluminal exposure to Clostridium difficile toxin A, a potent enterotoxin that mediates antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in humans. This effect was recapitulated by administration of astressin 2B, a selective CRHR2 antagonist, before toxin A exposure. Moreover, Ab array analysis revealed reduced expression of several inflammatory chemokines, including keratinocyte chemokine and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in toxin A-exposed mice pretreated with astressin 2B. Real-time RT-PCR of wild-type mouse intestine showed that only UcnII, but not other Ucn, was significantly up-regulated by ileal administration of toxin A at 4 h compared with buffer exposure. We also found that human colonic epithelial HT-29 cells express CRHR2alpha mRNA, whereas expression of beta and gamma spliced variants was minimal. Moreover, treatment of HT-29 cells with UcnII, which binds exclusively to CRHR2, stimulated expression of IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence that CRHR2 mediates intestinal inflammatory responses via release of proinflammatory mediators at the colonocyte level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Kokkotou
- Gastrointestinal Neuropeptide Center, Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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