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Jennings-Gee JE, Daly CA, Bray AS, Dyevoich AM, Spurrier MA, Haas KM. B cell-expressed CD1d promotes MPL/TDCM lipid emulsion adjuvant effects in polysaccharide vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2025:vkaf074. [PMID: 40280183 DOI: 10.1093/jimmun/vkaf074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
T cell-independent type 2 antigens (TI-2 Ags), such as pneumococcal polysaccharides, elicit weak immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses and are refractive to boosting. Overcoming this challenge is critical for improving vaccines. Previously, we demonstrated a lipid-based adjuvant composed of monophosphoryl lipid A, synthetic cord factor, and squalene significantly boosts primary and secondary IgM and IgG production against polysaccharide Ags. Herein, we show beta-2 microglobulin, but not MHC class II, is essential for adjuvant-induced increases in polysaccharide-specific IgG levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate CD1d expression is essential for optimal adjuvant-induced increases in IgG, but is not required for IgG responses to TI-2 Ags administered without adjuvant, with the exception of the bacterial cell wall polysaccharide component, phosphorylcholine. Adoptive transfer of splenic and peritoneal cells from VHB1-8 transgenic mice into CD1d-/- mice revealed adjuvant-induced increases in NP-Ficoll-specific IgG production by CD1d+/+ transgenic B cells, but not recipient B cells, suggesting B cell-expressed CD1d is critical for adjuvant-induced effects on TI-2 antibody responses. Consistent with this, bone marrow chimera mice with selective CD1d deficiency in B cells demonstrated B cell-expressed CD1d was dispensable for iNKT cell development and maintenance but was required for adjuvant-induced increases in protective levels of polysaccharide- and phosphorylcholine-specific IgG. Notably, both iNKT cells and CD1d crosslinking significantly increased IgG production by B cells coactivated with TI-2 Ag and adjuvant, suggesting iNKT-induced CD1d signaling may promote increased IgG production. In summary, our study reveals B cell-dependent CD1d expression is critical for effectiveness of a potent lipid-based adjuvant in augmenting polysaccharide- and phosphorylcholine-specific IgG responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Andrew S Bray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Allison M Dyevoich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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2
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He N, Yuan D, Luo M, Xu Q, Wen Z, Wang Z, Zhao J, Liu Y. Ferroptosis contributes to immunosuppression. Front Med 2025; 19:1-22. [PMID: 39560919 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
As a novel form of cell death, ferroptosis is mainly regulated by the accumulation of soluble iron ions in the cytoplasm and the production of lipid peroxides and is closely associated with several diseases, including acute kidney injury, ischemic reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The term "immunosuppression" refers to various factors that can directly harm immune cells' structure and function and affect the synthesis, release, and biological activity of immune molecules, leading to the insufficient response of the immune system to antigen production, failure to successfully resist the invasion of foreign pathogens, and even organ damage and metabolic disorders. An immunosuppressive phase commonly occurs in the progression of many ferroptosis-related diseases, and ferroptosis can directly inhibit immune cell function. However, the relationship between ferroptosis and immunosuppression has not yet been published due to their complicated interactions in various diseases. Therefore, this review deeply discusses the contribution of ferroptosis to immunosuppression in specific cases. In addition to offering new therapeutic targets for ferroptosis-related diseases, the findings will help clarify the issues on how ferroptosis contributes to immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Minjie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhongchi Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ziqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410008, China.
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Cho SH, Jones MA, Meyer K, Anderson DM, Chetyrkin S, Calcutt MW, Caprioli RM, Semenkovich CF, Boothby MR. B cell expression of the enzyme PexRAP, an intermediary in ether lipid biosynthesis, promotes antibody responses and germinal center size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.17.618760. [PMID: 39464149 PMCID: PMC11507954 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.17.618760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
The qualities of antibody (Ab) responses provided by B lymphocytes and their plasma cell (PC) descendants are crucial facets of responses to vaccines and microbes. Metabolic processes and products regulate aspects of B cell proliferation and differentiation into germinal center (GC) and PC states as well as Ab diversification. However, there is little information about lymphoid cell-intrinsic functions of enzymes that mediate ether lipid biosynthesis, including a major class of membrane phospholipids. Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) results had indicated that concentrations of a number of these phospholipids were substantially enhanced in GC compared to the background average in spleens. However, it was not clear if biosynthesis in B cells was a basis for this finding, or whether such cell-intrinsic biosynthesis contributes to B cell physiology or Ab responses. Ether lipid biosynthesis can involve the enzyme PexRAP, the product of the Dhrs7b gene. Using combinations of IMS and immunization experiments in mouse models with inducible Dhrs7b loss-of-function, we now show that B lineage-intrinsic expression of PexRAP promotes the magnitude and affinity maturation of a serological response. Moreover, the data revealed a Dhrs7b -dependent increase in ether phospholipids in primary follicles with a more prominent increase in GC. Mechanistically, PexRAP impacted B cell proliferation via enhanced survival associated with controlling levels of ROS and membrane peroxidation. These findings reveal a vital role of this peroxisomal enzyme in B cell homeostasis and the physiology of humoral immunity.
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4
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He Y, Vinuesa CG. Germinal center versus extrafollicular responses in systemic autoimmunity: Who turns the blade on self? Adv Immunol 2024; 162:109-133. [PMID: 38866437 PMCID: PMC7616122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneously formed germinal centers (GCs) have been reported in most mouse models of human autoimmune disease and autoimmune patients, and have long been considered a source of somatically-mutated and thus high affinity autoantibodies, but their role in autoimmunity is becoming increasingly controversial, particularly in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases like lupus. On the one hand, there is good evidence that some pathogenic lupus antibodies have acquired somatic mutations that increase affinity for self-antigens. On the other hand, recent studies that have genetically prevented GC formation, suggest that GCs are dispensable for systemic autoimmunity, pointing instead to pathogenic extrafollicular (EF) B-cell responses. Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest germinal centers may in fact be somewhat protective in the context of autoimmunity. Here we review how some of the conflicting evidence arose, and current views on the role of GCs in autoimmunity, outlining mechanisms by which GC may eliminate self-reactivity. We also discuss recent advances in understanding extrafollicular B cell subsets that participate in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Brookens SK, Cho SH, Paik Y, Meyer K, Raybuck AL, Park C, Greenwood DL, Rathmell JC, Boothby MR. Plasma Cell Differentiation, Antibody Quality, and Initial Germinal Center B Cell Population Depend on Glucose Influx Rate. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:43-56. [PMID: 37955416 PMCID: PMC10841396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Serum Ab concentrations, selection for higher affinity BCRs, and generation of higher Ab affinities are important elements of immune response optimization and functions of germinal center (GC) reactions. B cell proliferation requires nutrients to support the anabolism inherent in clonal expansion. Glucose usage by mouse GC B cells has been reported to contribute little to their energy needs, with questions raised as to whether glucose uptake or glycolysis increases in GC B cells compared with their naive precursors. Indeed, metabolism can be highly flexible, such that supply shortage along one pathway may be compensated by increased flux on others. We now show that reduction of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in mice after establishment of a preimmune B cell repertoire, even after initiation of the GC B cell gene expression program, decreased initial GC B cell population numbers, affinity maturation, and plasma cell outputs. Glucose oxidation was heightened in GC B cells, but this hexose flowed more into the pentose phosphate pathway, whose activity was important in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ab-secreting cell production. In modeling how glucose usage by B cells promotes the Ab response, the control of ROS appeared insufficient. Surprisingly, the combination of galactose, which mitigated ROS, with provision of mannose, an efficient precursor to glycosylation, supported robust production of and normal Ab secretion by Ab-secreting cells under glucose-free conditions. Collectively, the findings indicate that GCs depend on normal glucose influx, especially in plasma cell production, but reveal an unexpected metabolic flexibility in hexose requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna K. Brookens
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Inflammation, & Immunology
| | - Yeeun Paik
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Kaylor Meyer
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ariel L. Raybuck
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chloe Park
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Dalton L. Greenwood
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Inflammation, & Immunology
| | - Mark R. Boothby
- Department of Pathology-Microbiology-Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Inflammation, & Immunology
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6
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Haas KM. Noncanonical B Cells: Characteristics of Uncharacteristic B Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1257-1265. [PMID: 37844278 PMCID: PMC10593487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes were originally described as a cell type uniquely capable of secreting Abs. The importance of T cell help in Ab production was revealed soon afterward. Following these seminal findings, investigators made great strides in delineating steps in the conventional pathway that B cells follow to produce high-affinity Abs. These studies revealed generalized, or canonical, features of B cells that include their developmental origin and paths to maturation, activation, and differentiation into Ab-producing and memory cells. However, along the way, examples of nonconventional B cell populations with unique origins, age-dependent development, tissue localization, and effector functions have been revealed. In this brief review, features of B-1a, B-1b, marginal zone, regulatory, killer, NK-like, age-associated, and atypical B cells are discussed. Emerging work on these noncanonical B cells and functions, along with the study of their significance for human health and disease, represents an exciting frontier in B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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7
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Brookens SK, Cho SH, Paik Y, Meyer K, Raybuck AL, Park C, Greenwood DL, Rathmell JC, Boothby MR. Plasma cell differentiation, antibody quality, and initial germinal center B cell population depend on glucose influx rate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.13.557599. [PMID: 37745429 PMCID: PMC10515901 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.557599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibody secretion into sera, selection for higher affinity BCR, and the generation of higher Ab affinities are important elements of immune response optimization, and a core function of germinal center reactions. B cell proliferation requires nutrients to support the anabolism inherent in clonal expansion. Glucose usage by GC B cells has been reported to contribute little to their energy needs, with questions raised as to whether or not glucose uptake or glycolysis increases in GC B cells compared to their naïve precursors. Indeed, metabolism can be highly flexible, such that supply shortage along one pathway may be compensated by increased flux on others. We now show that elimination of the glucose transporter GLUT1 after establishment of a pre-immune B cell repertoire, even after initiation of the GC B cell gene expression program, decreased initial GC B cell population numbers, affinity maturation, and PC outputs. Glucose oxidation was heightened in GC B cells, but this hexose flowed more into the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), whose activity was important in controlling reactive oxygen (ROS) and ASC production. In modeling how glucose usage by B cells promotes the Ab response, the control of ROS appeared insufficient. Surprisingly, the combination of galactose, which mitigated ROS, with provision of mannose - an efficient precursor to glycosylation - supported robust production of and normal Ab secretion by ASC under glucose-free conditions. Collectively, the findings indicate that GC depend on normal glucose influx, especially in PC production, but reveal an unexpected metabolic flexibility in hexose requirements. KEY POINTS Glucose influx is critical for GC homeostasis, affinity maturation and the generation of Ab-secreting cells.Plasma cell development uses the Pentose Phosphate Pathway, and hexose sugars maintain redox homeostasis.PCs can develop and achieve robust Ab secretion in the absence of glucose using a combination of hexose alternatives.
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8
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Pioli KT, Pioli PD. Thymus antibody-secreting cells: once forgotten but not lost. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1170438. [PMID: 37122712 PMCID: PMC10130419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1170438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells are essential contributors to the humoral response. This is due to multiple factors which include: 1) the ability to secrete thousands of antibodies per second, 2) the ability to regulate the immune response and 3) the potential to be long-lived. Not surprisingly, these cells can be found in numerous sites within the body which include organs that directly interface with potential pathogens (e.g., gut) and others that provide long-term survival niches (e.g., bone marrow). Even though antibody-secreting cells were first identified in the thymus of both humans and rodents in the 1960s, if not earlier, only recently has this population begun to be extensively investigated. In this article, we provide an update regarding the current breath of knowledge pertaining to thymus antibody-secreting cells and discuss the potential roles of these cells and their impact on health.
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9
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Zhang Y, Toellner KM. Germinal center derived B cell memory without T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20220012. [PMID: 35171242 PMCID: PMC8932542 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liu et al. (2022. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20210527) in this issue show that T cell-independent germinal centers (GCs) can produce long-lived memory and plasma cell output. This may help explain how polysaccharide antigens provide long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, UK
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10
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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11
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Barington L, Christensen LVV, Pedersen KK, Niss Arfelt K, Roumain M, Jensen KHR, Kjær VMS, Daugvilaite V, Kearney JF, Christensen JP, Hjortø GM, Muccioli GG, Holst PJ, Rosenkilde MM. GPR183 Is Dispensable for B1 Cell Accumulation and Function, but Affects B2 Cell Abundance, in the Omentum and Peritoneal Cavity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030494. [PMID: 35159303 PMCID: PMC8834096 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B1 cells constitute a specialized subset of B cells, best characterized in mice, which is abundant in body cavities, including the peritoneal cavity. Through natural and antigen-induced antibody production, B1 cells participate in the early defense against bacteria. The G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183), also known as Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2), is an oxysterol-activated chemotactic receptor that regulates migration of B cells. We investigated the role of GPR183 in B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity and omentum. B1 cells expressed GPR183 at the mRNA level and migrated towards the GPR183 ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC). GPR183 knock-out (KO) mice had smaller omenta, but with normal numbers of B1 cells, whereas they had fewer B2 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity than wildtype (WT) mice. GPR183 was not responsible for B1 cell accumulation in the omentum in response to i.p. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection, in spite of a massive increase in 7α,25-OHC levels. Lack of GPR183 also did not affect B1a- or B1b cell-specific antibody responses after vaccination. In conclusion, we found that GPR183 is non-essential for the accumulation and function of B1 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity, but that it influences the abundance of B2 cells in these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Barington
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Liv von Voss Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristian Kåber Pedersen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristine Niss Arfelt
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Kristian Høj Reveles Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktoria Madeline Skovgaard Kjær
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - John F. Kearney
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Infectious Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Experimental Vaccinology Group, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- InProTher ApS, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Barbosa CHD, Lantier L, Reynolds J, Wang J, Re F. Critical role of IL-25-ILC2-IL-5 axis in the production of anti-Francisella LPS IgM by B1 B cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009905. [PMID: 34449811 PMCID: PMC8428711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B1 cells, a subset of B lymphocytes whose developmental origin, phenotype, and function differ from that of conventional B2 cells, are the main source of “natural” IgM but can also respond to infection by rapidly producing pathogen-specific IgM directed against T-independent antigens. Francisella tularensis (Ft) is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia. Infection with Ft Live Vaccine Strain activates B1 cells for production of IgM directed against the bacterial LPS in a process incompletely understood. Here we show that immunization with purified Ft LPS elicits production of LPS-specific IgM and IgG3 by B1 cells independently of TLR2 or MyD88. Immunization, but not infection, generated peritoneum-resident memory B1 cells that differentiated into LPS-specific antibody secreting cells (ASC) upon secondary challenge. IL-5 was rapidly induced by immunization with Ft LPS and was required for production of LPS-specific IgM. Antibody-mediated depletion of ILC2 indicated that these cells were the source of IL-5 and were required for IgM production. IL-25, an alarmin that strongly activates ILC2, was rapidly secreted in response to immunization or infection and its administration to mice significantly increased IgM production and B1 cell differentiation to ASC. Conversely, mice lacking IL-17RB, the IL-25 receptor, showed impaired IL-5 induction, IgM production, and B1 ASC differentiation in response to immunization. Administration of IL-5 to Il17rb-/- mice rescued these B1 cells-mediated responses. Il17rb-/- mice were more susceptible to infection with Ft LVS and failed to develop immunity upon secondary challenge suggesting that LPS-specific IgM is one of the protective adaptive immune mechanisms against tularemia. Our results indicated that immunization with Ft LPS triggers production of IL-25 that, through stimulation of IL-5 release by ILC2, promotes B1 cells activation and differentiation into IgM secreting cells. By revealing the existence of an IL-25-ILC2-IL-5 axis our results suggest novel strategies to improve vaccination against T-independent bacterial antigens. B1 cells are a subset of B lymphocytes that participate in the immune response to infection by producing antibodies of the IgM class. Here we investigate the mechanisms that control B1 cells activation and production of IgM directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative bacterium that causes tularemia. Using a mouse model of tularemia, our results revealed that Francisella LPS elicits production of the cytokine IL-25 that in turn activates blood cells called Innate Lymphoid Cells 2 (ILC2). Once activated, ILC2 produce the cytokine IL-5 that is required for activation of B1 cells and production of IgM. Mice unresponsive to IL-25 are more susceptible to F. tularensis infection. By revealing the existence of an IL-25-ILC2-IL-5 axis our results suggest novel strategies to improve vaccination against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henrique D. Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Louis Lantier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Reynolds
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Fabio Re
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Feng C, Li L, Zhou L, Li D, Liu M, Han S, Zheng B. Critical roles of the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in B-cell response and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune arthritis. Immunology 2021; 164:617-636. [PMID: 34351636 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of B-cell function is essential for effective humoral immunity and maintenance of immune tolerance. Here, we found that FBW7 (F-box/WD40 repeat-containing protein 7) is highly expressed in germinal centre B and B1 cells, and confirmed that it has an intrinsic role in maintaining homeostasis of mature B cells and B-1 cells. FBW7 deletion led to an impairment of antibody response, and although germinal centre formation was not affected, antibody class-switch recombination and affinity maturation processes were defective. Likewise, memory immune response was severely impaired. Moreover, FBW7 ablation ameliorated the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease model, collagen-induced arthritis, by reducing the production of anti-collagen II autoantibodies. Taken together, these data suggest that FBW7 may be an attractive target for developing new therapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Bugya Z, Prechl J, Szénási T, Nemes É, Bácsi A, Koncz G. Multiple Levels of Immunological Memory and Their Association with Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33669597 PMCID: PMC7922266 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory is divided into many levels to counteract the provocations of diverse and ever-changing infections. Fast functions of effector memory and the superposition of both quantitatively and qualitatively plastic anticipatory memory responses together form the walls of protection against pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the role of different B and T cell subsets and their interplay, the parallel and independent functions of the B1, marginal zone B cells, T-independent- and T-dependent B cell responses, as well as functions of central and effector memory T cells, tissue-resident and follicular helper T cells in the memory responses. Age-related limitations in the immunological memory of these cell types in neonates and the elderly are also discussed. We review how certain aspects of immunological memory and the interactions of components can affect the efficacy of vaccines, in order to link our knowledge of immunological memory with the practical application of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Bugya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - József Prechl
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, H-1047 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tibor Szénási
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Éva Nemes
- Clinical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gábor Koncz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (Z.B.); (T.S.); (A.B.)
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15
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Matsuda Y, Hiramitsu T, Li XK, Watanabe T. Characteristics of Immunoglobulin M Type Antibodies of Different Origins from the Immunologic and Clinical Viewpoints and Their Application in Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010004. [PMID: 33374617 PMCID: PMC7822424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) hinders patient prognosis after organ transplantation. Current studies concerning AMR have mainly focused on the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-type donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs), primarily because of their antigen specificity, whereas the clinical significance of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-type DSAs has not been thoroughly investigated in the context of organ transplantation because of their nonspecificity against antigens. Although consensus regarding the clinical significance and role of IgM antibodies is not clear, as discussed in this review, recent findings strongly suggest that they also have a huge potential in novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic application for the prevention of AMR. Most serum IgM antibodies are known to comprise natural antibodies with low affinity toward antigens, and this is derived from B-1 cells (innate B cells). However, some of the serum IgM-type antibodies reportedly also produced by B-2 cells (conventional B cells). The latter are known to have a high affinity for donor-specific antigens. In this review, we initially discuss how IgM-type antibodies of different origins participate in the pathology of various diseases, directly or through cell surface receptors, complement activation, or cytokine production. Then, we discuss the clinical applicability of B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM-type antibodies for controlling AMR with reference to the involvement of IgM antibodies in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross-Hospital, Aichi 466-8650, Japan;
| | - Xiao-kang Li
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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16
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Daly CA, Spurrier MA, Jennings-Gee JE, Haas KM. B Cell Subsets Differentially Contribute to the T Cell-Independent Memory Pool. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2362-2374. [PMID: 32978280 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The roles distinct B cell subsets play in clonal expansion, isotype switching, and memory B cell differentiation in response to T cell-independent type 2 Ags (TI-2 Ags) has been understudied. Using sorted B cells from VHB1-8 knock-in mice, we evaluated B-1b, marginal zone, and follicular B cell responses to the TI-2 Ag, NP-Ficoll. All subsets extensively divided in response to NP-Ficoll. Nonetheless, B-1b cells exhibited significantly increased IgG switching and differentiation into Ab-secreting cells (ASC)-a finding that coincided with increased AgR signaling capacity and Blimp1 expression by B-1b cells. All subsets formed memory cells and expressed markers previously identified for T cell-dependent memory B cells, including CD80, PDL2, and CD73, although B-1b cells generated the greatest number of memory cells with higher frequencies of IgG- and CD80-expressing cells. Despite memory formation, secondary immunization 4 wk after primary immunization did not increase NP-specific IgG. However, boosting occurred in B-1b cell-recipient mice when IgG levels declined. CD80+ memory B-1b cells divided, class switched, and differentiated into ASC in response to Ag in vivo, but this was inhibited in the presence of NP-specific IgG. Furthermore, CD80 blockade significantly increased memory B-1b cell division and differentiation to ASC upon Ag restimulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate B-1b, marginal zone B, and follicular B subsets significantly contribute to the TI-2 Ag-specific memory B cell pool. In particular, we show B-1b cells generate a functional CD80-regulated memory population that can be stimulated to divide and differentiate into ASC upon Ag re-encounter when Ag-specific IgG levels decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jamie E Jennings-Gee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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17
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De Trez C, Khan S, Magez S. T. brucei infections abrogate diverse plasma cell-mediated effector B cell responses, independently of their specificity, affinity and host genetic background. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008358. [PMID: 32589656 PMCID: PMC7347239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated parasite killing is considered the most effective host immune response against extracellular trypanosome parasites. However, due to host-parasite co-evolution pressure, these parasites have "learned" how to hijack the host immune system via the development of immune evasion strategies. Hereby they prevent elimination and promote transmission. In the past, our group has shown that African trypanosome parasites are able to "shut down" the host B cell compartment, via the abolishment of the homeostatic B cell compartment. In line with this, we have reported that trypanosome infections result in detrimental outcomes on auto-reactive and cancer B cells. To unravel the immune mechanisms involved in these processes we adopted here a well-defined B cell vaccine model, i.e. the thymo-dependent hapten-carrier NP-CGG (4-Hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl-Chicken Gamma Globulin) emulsified in Alum adjuvant. Results show that T. brucei infections abrogate the circulating titres of vaccine-induced CGG-specific as well as NP-specific IgG1+ antibodies, a hallmark of memory B cell responses in this model. This happens independently of their affinity and IFNɣ signalling. Next, we demonstrate that T. brucei infections also induce a decrease of anti-NP IgG3+ antibodies induced by the administration of NP coupled to Ficoll, a thymo-independent antigen. Confirming the non-specificity of the infection-associated immunopathology, this report also shows that trypanosome infections abolish vaccine-induced memory response against malaria parasite in BALB/c mice. Together, these data indicates that T. brucei infections impair every stages of B cell development, including effector plasma B cells, independently of their specificity and affinity as well as the host genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
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18
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Sarapulov AV, Petrov P, Hernández-Pérez S, Šuštar V, Kuokkanen E, Cords L, Samuel RVM, Vainio M, Fritzsche M, Carrasco YR, Mattila PK. Missing-in-Metastasis/Metastasis Suppressor 1 Regulates B Cell Receptor Signaling, B Cell Metabolic Potential, and T Cell-Independent Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599. [PMID: 32373113 PMCID: PMC7176992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient generation of antibodies by B cells is one of the prerequisites of protective immunity. B cell activation by cognate antigens via B cell receptors (BCRs), or pathogen-associated molecules through pattern-recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), leads to transcriptional and metabolic changes that ultimately transform B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells or memory cells. BCR signaling and a number of steps downstream of it rely on coordinated action of cellular membranes and the actin cytoskeleton, tightly controlled by concerted action of multiple regulatory proteins, some of them exclusive to B cells. Here, we dissect the role of Missing-In-Metastasis (MIM), or Metastasis suppressor 1 (MTSS1), a cancer-associated membrane and actin cytoskeleton regulating protein, in B cell-mediated immunity by taking advantage of MIM knockout mouse strain. We show undisturbed B cell development and largely normal composition of B cell compartments in the periphery. Interestingly, we found that MIM-/- B cells are defected in BCR signaling in response to surface-bound antigens but, on the other hand, show increased metabolic activity after stimulation with LPS or CpG. In vivo, MIM knockout animals exhibit impaired IgM antibody responses to immunization with T cell-independent antigen. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of MIM in B cells, demonstrates its regulatory role for B cell-mediated immunity, as well as proposes new functions for MIM in tuning receptor signaling and cellular metabolism, processes, which may also contribute to the poorly understood functions of MIM in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Sarapulov
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Petar Petrov
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Vid Šuštar
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Kuokkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lena Cords
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rufus V. M. Samuel
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Vainio
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Marco Fritzsche
- Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Yolanda R. Carrasco
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pieta K. Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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19
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Pucella JN, Cols M, Yen WF, Xu S, Chaudhuri J. The B Cell Activation-Induced miR-183 Cluster Plays a Minimal Role in Canonical Primary Humoral Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1383-1396. [PMID: 30683701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although primary humoral responses are vital to durable immunity, fine-tuning is critical to preventing catastrophes such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and lymphomagenesis. MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation is particularly well suited for fine-tuning roles in physiology. Expression of clustered paralogous miR-182, miR-96, and miR-183 (collectively, 183c) is robustly induced upon B cell activation, entry into the germinal center, and plasmablast differentiation. 183cGT/GT mice lacking 183c miRNA expression exhibit largely normal primary humoral responses, encompassing class switch recombination, affinity maturation, and germinal center reaction, as well as plasmablast differentiation. Our rigorous analysis included ex vivo class switch recombination and plasmablast differentiation models as well as in vivo immunization with thymus-dependent and thymus-independent Ags. Our work sways the debate concerning the role of miR-182 in plasmablast differentiation, strongly suggesting that 183c miRNAs are dispensable. In the process, we present a valuable framework for systematic evaluation of primary humoral responses. Finally, our work bolsters the notion of robustness in miRNA:target interaction networks and advocates a paradigm shift in miRNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Pucella
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Montserrat Cols
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
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20
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Touzani F, Pozdzik A. New insights into immune cells cross-talk during IgG4-related disease. Clin Immunol 2018; 198:1-10. [PMID: 30419354 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a newly acknowledged entity, characterized by an immune-mediated fibro-inflammatory process affecting virtually all organs, with infiltration of IgG4+ bearing plasma cells. Until today the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD remains unknown. Treatment with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies efficiently induced remission and attenuated the secretory phenotype of myofibroblasts responsible of uncontrolled collagen deposition. This supports the pathogenic role of the adaptive immunity, particularly B cell compartment and B cell/T cell interaction. Latest studies have also highlighted the importance of innate immune system that has been underestimated before and the key role of a specific T cell subset, T follicular helper cells that are involved in IgG4-class-switching and plasmablast differentiation. In this review, we aim to review the most recent knowledge of innate immunity, T and B cells involvement in IgG4-RD, and introduce tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) as a potential marker of relapse in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Touzani
- Internal medicine department, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium; Nephrology and dialysis clinic, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Agnieszka Pozdzik
- Nephrology and dialysis clinic, Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Pandya KD, Palomo-Caturla I, Walker JA, K Sandilya V, Zhong Z, Alugupalli KR. An Unmutated IgM Response to the Vi Polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi Contributes to Protective Immunity in a Murine Model of Typhoid. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:4078-4084. [PMID: 29743315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell-dependent B cell responses typically develop in germinal centers. Abs generated during such responses are isotype switched and have a high affinity to the Ag because of somatic hypermutation of Ab genes. B cell responses to purified polysaccharides are T cell independent and do not result in the formation of bona fide germinal centers, and the dominant Ab isotype produced during such responses is IgM with very few or no somatic mutations. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for both somatic hypermutation and Ig isotype switching in humans and mice. To test the extent to which unmutated polysaccharide-specific IgM confers protective immunity, we immunized wildtype and AID-/- mice with either heat-killed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) or purified Vi polysaccharide (ViPS). We found that wildtype and AID-/- mice immunized with heat-killed S. Typhi generated similar anti-ViPS IgM responses. As expected, wildtype, but not AID-/- mice generated ViPS-specific IgG. However, the differences in the Ab-dependent killing of S. Typhi mediated by the classical pathway of complement activation were not statistically significant. In ViPS-immunized wildtype and AID-/- mice, the ViPS-specific IgM levels and S. Typhi bactericidal Ab titers at 7 but not at 28 d postimmunization were also comparable. To test the protective immunity conferred by these immunizations, mice were challenged with a chimeric S. Typhimurium strain expressing ViPS. Compared with their naive counterparts, immunized wildtype and AID-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced bacterial burden regardless of the route of infection. These data indicate that an unmutated IgM response to ViPS contributes to protective immunity to S. Typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalgi D Pandya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Isabel Palomo-Caturla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Justin A Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Vijay K Sandilya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and
| | - Zhijiu Zhong
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107; and .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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22
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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23
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Malkiel S, Barlev AN, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Suurmond J, Diamond B. Plasma Cell Differentiation Pathways in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:427. [PMID: 29556239 PMCID: PMC5845388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are responsible for the production of protective antibodies against infectious agents but they also produce pathogenic antibodies in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Traditionally, high affinity IgG autoantibodies are thought to arise through germinal center (GC) responses. However, class switching and somatic hypermutation can occur in extrafollicular (EF) locations, and this pathway has also been implicated in SLE. The pathway from which PCs originate may determine several characteristics, such as PC lifespan and sensitivity to therapeutics. Although both GC and EF responses have been implicated in SLE, we hypothesize that one of these pathways dominates in each individual patient and genetic risk factors may drive this predominance. While it will be important to distinguish polymorphisms that contribute to a GC-driven or EF B cell response to develop targeted treatments, the challenge will be not only to identify the differentiation pathway but the molecular mechanisms involved. In B cells, this task is complicated by the cross-talk between the B cell receptor, toll-like receptors (TLR), and cytokine signaling molecules, which contribute to both GC and EF responses. While risk variants that affect the function of dendritic cells and T follicular helper cells are likely to primarily influence GC responses, it will be important to discover whether some risk variants in the interferon and TLR pathways preferentially influence EF responses. Identifying the pathways of autoreactive PC differentiation in SLE may help us to understand patient heterogeneity and thereby guide precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ashley N Barlev
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
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24
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Sebina I, Pepper M. Humoral immune responses to infection: common mechanisms and unique strategies to combat pathogen immune evasion tactics. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:46-54. [PMID: 29477969 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are crucial for protection against invading pathogens and are the underlying mechanism of protection for most successful vaccines. Our understanding of how humoral immunity develops is largely based on animal models utilizing experimental immunization systems. While these studies have made enormous progress for the field and have defined many of the fundamental principles of B cell differentiation and function, we are only now beginning to appreciate the complexities of humoral immune responses induced by infection. Co-evolution of the adaptive immune system and the pathogenic world has created a diverse array of B cell responses to infections, with both shared and unique strategies. In this review, we consider the common mechanisms that regulate the development of humoral immune responses during infection and highlight recent findings demonstrating the evolution of unique strategies used by either host or pathogen for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Sebina
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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25
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Haas KM, Johnson KL, Phipps JP, Do C. CD22 Promotes B-1b Cell Responses to T Cell-Independent Type 2 Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1671-1681. [PMID: 29374074 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD22 (Siglec-2) is a critical regulator of B cell activation and survival. CD22-/- mice generate significantly impaired Ab responses to T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) Ags, including haptenated Ficoll and pneumococcal polysaccharides, Ags that elicit poor T cell help and activate BCR signaling via multivalent epitope crosslinking. This has been proposed to be due to impaired marginal zone (MZ) B cell development/maintenance in CD22-/- mice. However, mice expressing a mutant form of CD22 unable to bind sialic acid ligands generated normal TI-2 Ab responses, despite significantly reduced MZ B cells. Moreover, mice treated with CD22 ligand-binding blocking mAbs, which deplete MZ B cells, had little effect on TI-2 Ab responses. We therefore investigated the effects of CD22 deficiency on B-1b cells, an innate-like B cell population that plays a key role in TI-2 Ab responses. B-1b cells from CD22-/- mice had impaired BCR-induced proliferation and significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration responses following BCR crosslinking. Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion and plasmablast differentiation following TI-2 Ag immunization was significantly impaired in CD22-/- mice, consistent with reduced TI-2 Ab responses. We generated CD22-/- mice with reduced CD19 levels (CD22-/-CD19+/-) to test the hypothesis that augmented B-1b cell BCR signaling in CD22-/- mice contributes to impaired TI-2 Ab responses. BCR-induced proliferation and intracellular Ca2+ concentration responses were normalized in CD22-/-CD19+/- B-1b cells. Consistent with this, TI-2 Ag-specific B-1b cell expansion, plasmablast differentiation, survival, and Ab responses were rescued in CD22-/-CD19+/- mice. Thus, CD22 plays a critical role in regulating TI-2 Ab responses through regulating B-1b cell signaling thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kristen L Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - James P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Cardinal Do
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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26
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Ádori M, Pedersen GK, Ádori C, Erikson E, Khoenkhoen S, Stark JM, Choi JH, Dosenovic P, Karlsson MCI, Beutler B, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Altered Marginal Zone B Cell Selection in the Absence of IκBNS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:775-787. [PMID: 29222168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells reside in the splenic MZ and play important roles in T cell-independent humoral immune responses against blood-borne pathogens. IκBNS-deficient bumble mice exhibit a severe reduction in the MZ B compartment but regain an MZ B population with age and, thus, represent a valuable model to examine the biology of MZ B cells. In this article, we characterized the MZ B cell defect in further detail and investigated the nature of the B cells that appear in the MZ of aged bumble mice. Flow cytometry analysis of the splenic transitional B cell subsets demonstrated that MZ B cell development was blocked at the transitional-1 to transitional-2-MZ precursor stage in the absence of functional IκBNS. Immunohistochemical analysis of spleen sections from wild-type and bumble mice revealed no alteration in the cellular MZ microenvironment, and analysis of bone marrow chimeras indicated that the MZ B cell development defect in bumble mice was B cell intrinsic. Further, we demonstrate that the B cells that repopulate the MZ in aged bumble mice were distinct from age-matched wild-type MZ B cells. Specifically, the expression of surface markers characteristic for MZ B cells was altered and the L chain Igλ+ repertoire was reduced in bumble mice. Finally, plasma cell differentiation of sorted LPS-stimulated MZ B cells was impaired, and aged bumble mice were unable to respond to NP-Ficoll immunization. These results demonstrate that IκBNS is required for an intact MZ B cell compartment in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ádori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Csaba Ádori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Elina Erikson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharesta Khoenkhoen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8505
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8505
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27
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Peripheral CD19 hi B cells exhibit activated phenotype and functionality in promoting IgG and IgM production in human autoimmune diseases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13921. [PMID: 29066741 PMCID: PMC5655037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and pemphigus are two representative autoimmune diseases driven by pathogenic autoantibody systemically and organ-specifically, respectively. Given the involvement of antibody in the pathogenesis, B cells are inclined to differentiate and function in an abnormal activation model. Here we defined a unique CD19hi B cell population existing in the periphery of SLE and pemphigus patients as well as in human tonsils. CD19hi B cells could be induced in vitro after co-culturing fully activated CD4+ T cells with autologous B cells. They expressed high levels of HLA-DR, IgG, IgM and multiple ligands of costimulatory molecules with the capacity to produce extra IgG and IgM. Transcirptome assay revealed that genes involved in B-cell activation and differentiation were up-regulated in CD19hi B cells. Antibody blockade experiments showed that the interactions between costimulatory molecules contributed to CD19hi B-cell generation and IgG/IgM production. What is more, frequencies of peripheral CD19hi B cells from SLE and pemphigus patients were correlated with serum total IgG and IgM, but not with autoantigen-specific antibodies and disease severity. Therefore, our investigation demonstrates that CD19hi B cells might contain B cell precursors for terminal differentiation and contribute to total IgG/IgM production in human autoimmune diseases.
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28
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Li X, Ni R. Breaking Hepatitis B Virus Tolerance and Inducing Protective Immunity Based on Mimicking T Cell-Independent Antigen. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:502-509. [PMID: 27662269 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are over 350 million chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the world, of whom about a third eventually develop severe HBV-related complications. HBV contributes to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Remarkable progress has been made in selective inhibition of HBV replication by nucleoside analogs. However, how to generate protective antibody of HBsAb in HBV-infected patients after HBV-DNA becomes negative still remains a challenge for scientists. In this study, we show that OmpC-HBsAg 'a' epitope chimeric protein vaccine can break HBV tolerance and induce protective immunity in HBV transgenic mice based on mimicking T cell-independent antigen to bypass T cells from the adaptive immune system. The antibodies induced by the vaccine have the ability to prevent HBV virion infection of human hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China .,2 The Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Runzhou Ni
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
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29
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Yamamoto N, Kerfoot SM, Hutchinson AT, Dela Cruz CS, Nakazawa N, Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Nazimek K, Ohana N, Bryniarski K, Mori T, Muramatsu M, Kanemitsu K, Askenase PW. Expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase enhances the clearance of pneumococcal pneumonia: evidence of a subpopulation of protective anti-pneumococcal B1a cells. Immunology 2016; 147:97-113. [PMID: 26456931 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a protective early acquired immune response to pneumococcal pneumonia that is mediated by a subset of B1a cells. Mice deficient in B1 cells (xid), or activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID(-/-) ), or invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells (Jα18(-/-) ), or interleukin-13 (IL-13(-/-) ) had impaired early clearance of pneumococci in the lung, compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, AID(-/-) mice adoptively transferred with AID(+/+) B1a cells, significantly cleared bacteria from the lungs as early as 3 days post infection. We show that this early bacterial clearance corresponds to an allergic contact sensitivity-like cutaneous response, probably due to a subpopulation of initiating B1a cells. In the pneumonia model, these B1a cells were found to secrete higher affinity antigen-specific IgM. In addition, as in contact sensitivity, iNKT cells were required for the anti-pneumococcal B1a cell initiating response, probably through early production of IL-13, given that IL-13(-/-) mice also failed to clear infection. Our study is the first to demonstrate the importance of AID in generating an appropriate B1a cell response to pathogenic bacteria. Given the antibody affinity and pneumonia resistance data, natural IgM produced by conventional B1a cells are not responsible for pneumonia clearance compared with the AID-dependent subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuo Yamamoto
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Japan
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew T Hutchinson
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Naomi Nakazawa
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Japan
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Medical Biology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Noboru Ohana
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Japan
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tsutomu Mori
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiji Kanemitsu
- Department of Infection Control, Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka, Japan
| | - Philip W Askenase
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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30
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Kar S, Colino J, Snapper CM. Distinct Cellular Pathways for Induction of CD4+ T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses to Antigen Expressed by Intact Bacteria Versus Isolated Soluble Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4204-13. [PMID: 27059596 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of intact bacteria and soluble Ags by APCs is mediated by phagocytosis and endocytosis or pinocytosis, respectively. Thus, we predicted that injection of clodronate-containing liposomes (CLs), which selectively deplete cells efficient in phagocytosis, would inhibit murine CD4(+) T cell-dependent IgG responses to Ags expressed by intact bacteria but not isolated soluble Ags. Surprisingly, injection of CLs markedly inhibited protein-specific IgG responses to intact, heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as a soluble OVA-polysaccharide conjugate or OVA alone. IgG anti-polysaccharide responses to bacteria and conjugate were also reduced, but more modestly. In both instances, CL-mediated inhibition was associated with a significant reduction in induced germinal centers and CD4(+) germinal center T follicular helper cells. However, CL injection, which largely abrogated the proliferative response of adoptively transferred OVA peptide-specific-transgenic CD4(+) T cells in response to immunization with S. pneumoniae expressing OVA peptide, did not inhibit T cell proliferation in response to OVA-polysaccharide conjugate or OVA. In this regard, monocyte-derived cells, depleted by CLs, internalized S. pneumoniae in vivo, whereas CD11c(low) dendritic cells, unaffected by CL injection, internalized soluble OVA. Ex vivo isolation and coculture of these respective APCs from S. pneumoniae- or OVA-immunized mice with OVA-specific T cells, in the absence of exogenous Ag, demonstrated their selective ability to induce T cell activation. These data suggest that, although distinct APCs initiate CD4(+) T cell activation in response to Ag expressed by intact bacteria versus Ag in soluble form, CL-sensitive cells appear to be necessary for the subsequent IgG responses to both forms of Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Kar
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Jesus Colino
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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31
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Pedersen GK, Ádori M, Stark JM, Khoenkhoen S, Arnold C, Beutler B, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Heterozygous Mutation in IκBNS Leads to Reduced Levels of Natural IgM Antibodies and Impaired Responses to T-Independent Type 2 Antigens. Front Immunol 2016; 7:65. [PMID: 26973645 PMCID: PMC4771772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient in central components of classical NF-κB signaling have low levels of circulating natural IgM antibodies and fail to respond to immunization with T-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigens. A plausible explanation for these defects is the severely reduced numbers of B-1 and marginal zone B (MZB) cells in such mice. By using an ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis screen, we identified a role for the atypical IκB protein IκBNS in humoral immunity. IκBNS-deficient mice lack B-1 cells and have severely reduced numbers of MZB cells, and thus resemble several other strains with defects in classical NF-κB signaling. We analyzed mice heterozygous for the identified IκBNS mutation and demonstrate that these mice have an intermediary phenotype in terms of levels of circulating IgM antibodies and responses to TI-2 antigens. However, in contrast to mice that are homozygous for the IκBNS mutation, the heterozygous mice had normal frequencies of B-1 and MZB cells. These results suggest that there is a requirement for IκBNS expression from two functional alleles for maintaining normal levels of circulating natural IgM antibodies and responses to TI-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Sharesta Khoenkhoen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Carrie Arnold
- Department of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX , USA
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32
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Li CL, Wei HL, Chen J, Wang B, Xie B, Fan LL, Li LJ. Ebb-and-flow of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy in Raji cells induced by starvation and arsenic trioxide. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 15:5715-9. [PMID: 25081691 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is crucial in the maintenance of homeostasis and regenerated energy of mammalian cells. Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy(CMA) are the two best-identified pathways. Recent research has found that in normal cells, decline of macroautophagy is appropriately parallel with activation of CMA. However, whether it is also true in cancer cells has been poorly studied. Here we focused on cross-talk and conversion between macroautophagy and CMA in cultured Burkitt lymphoma Raji cells when facing serum deprivation and exposure to a toxic compound, arsenic trioxide. The results showed that both macroautophagy and CMA were activated sequentially instead of simultaneously in starvation-induced Raji cells, and macroautophagy was quickly activated and peaked during the first hours of nutrition deprivation, and then gradually decreased to near baseline. With nutrient deprivation persisted, CMA progressively increased along with the decline of macroautophagy. On the other hand, in arsenic trioxide-treated Raji cells, macroautophagy activity was also significantly increased, but CMA activity was not rapidly enhanced until macroautophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor. Together, we conclude that cancer cells exhibit differential responses to diverse stressor-induced damage by autophagy. The sequential switch of the first-aider macroautophagy to the homeostasis-stabilizer CMA, whether active or passive, might be conducive to the adaption of cancer cells to miscellaneous intracellular or extracellular stressors. These findings must be helpful to understand the characteristics, compensatory mechanisms and answer modes of different autophagic pathways in cancer cells, which might be very important and promising to the development of potential targeting interventions for cancer therapies via regulation of autophagic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China E-mail :
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33
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Dickinson GS, Akkoyunlu M, Bram RJ, Alugupalli KR. BAFF receptor and TACI in B-1b cell maintenance and antibacterial responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:57-67. [PMID: 25962322 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence of the protective immunity conferred by B-1b cells (CD19(+) B220(+) IgM(hi) Mac1(+) CD5(-)) has been established, the mechanisms governing the maintenance and activation of B-1b cells following pathogen encounter remain unclear. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) mediate their function in mature B cells through the BAFF receptor (BAFFR) and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). BAFFR-deficient mice have lower numbers of B-1b cells, and this reduction is directly proportional to BAFFR levels. The generation of B-1b cells is also dependent on the strength of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Mice with impaired BCR signaling, such as X-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice, have B-1b cell deficiency, indicating that both BCR- and BAFFR-mediated signaling are critical for B-1b cell homeostasis. Borrelia hermsii induces expansion and persistence of B-1b cells in xid mice, and these B-1b cells provide a heightened protective response. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated stimulation of xid B cells results in a significant increase in TACI expression and restoration of TACI-mediated functions. The activation of TLR signaling by B. hermsii and BCR/TLR costimulation-mediated upregulation of BAFFR and TACI on B-1b cells suggests that B-1b cell maintenance and function following bacterial exposure may depend on BAFFR- and TACI-mediated signaling. In fact, the loss of both BAFFR and TACI results in a greater impairment in anti-B. hermsii responses compared to deficiency of BAFFR or TACI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Dickinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard J Bram
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
B-1 cells comprise subpopulations of B lymphocytes in mice that display developmental, phenotypic, and functional characteristics that are distinct from those of conventional B cell populations (B-2 cells). Despite the known importance of murine B-1a (CD5(+) ) and B-1b (CD5(-) ) cells in the production of natural antibodies and rapid antigen-specific humoral responses to infection, evidence for B-1 cells in primates, including humans, is very limited. Identifying these cells in humans proves challenging given the limited number of cells that can be obtained from sites expected to harbor increased frequencies of these cells (i.e., peritoneal and pleural cavities) and the need to perform functional analyses on these cells, which, in the case of B-1b cells, must be carried out in vivo. My laboratory has used cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys to bypass these limitations and to identify and extensively analyze primate B cell populations with the phenotypic and functional characteristics of mouse B-1a and B-1b cells. Our results reveal striking similarities between primate and murine B-1 cells, including a conserved functional role for primate B-1b-like cells in immunity to T cell-independent type 2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Patel B, Cuervo AM. Methods to study chaperone-mediated autophagy. Methods 2015; 75:133-40. [PMID: 25595300 PMCID: PMC4355229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a multistep process that involves selective degradation and digestion of a pool of soluble cytosolic proteins in lysosomes. Cytosolic substrates are selectively identified and targeted by chaperones to lysosomes where they are subsequently translocated into the organelle lumen through a dedicated CMA-associated lysosomal membrane receptor/translocation complex. CMA contributes to maintaining a functional proteome, through elimination of altered proteins, and participates in the cellular energetic balance through amino acid recycling. Defective or dysfunctional CMA has been associated with human pathologies such as neurodegeneration, cancer, immunodeficiency or diabetes, increasing the overall interest in methods to monitor this selective autophagic pathway. Here, we describe approaches used to study CMA in different experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Cenci S. Autophagy, a new determinant of plasma cell differentiation and antibody responses. Mol Immunol 2014; 62:289-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Cunningham AF, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Dominguez Medina CC, Cook CNL, Ross EA, Lopez-Macias C, Henderson IR. B1b cells recognize protective antigens after natural infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2014; 5:535. [PMID: 25400633 PMCID: PMC4215630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple, distinct B-cell populations in human beings and other animals such as mice. In the latter species, there is a well-characterized subset of B-cells known as B1 cells, which are enriched in peripheral sites such as the peritoneal cavity but are rare in the blood. B1 cells can be further subdivided into B1a and B1b subsets. There may be additional B1 subsets, though it is unclear if these are distinct populations or stages in the developmental process to become mature B1a and B1b cells. A limitation in understanding B1 subsets is the relative paucity of specific surface markers. In contrast to mice, the existence of B1 cells in human beings is controversial and more studies are needed to investigate the nature of these enigmatic cells. Examples of B1b antigens include pneumococcal polysaccharide and the Vi antigen from Salmonella Typhi, both used routinely as vaccines in human beings and experimental antigens such as haptenated-Ficoll. In addition to inducing classical T-dependent responses some proteins are B1b antigens and can induce T-independent (TI) immunity, examples include factor H binding protein from Borrelia hermsii and porins from Salmonella. Therefore, B1b antigens can be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous, induce TI responses, memory, and immunity, they exist in a diverse range of pathogenic bacteria, and a single species can contain multiple B1b antigens. An unexpected benefit to studying B1b cells is that they appear to have a propensity to recognize protective antigens in bacteria. This suggests that studying B1b cells may be rewarding for vaccine design as immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic interventions become more important due to the decreasing efficacy of small molecule antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Carmen C Dominguez Medina
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ewan A Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Specialties Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ian R Henderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Castro R, Abós B, Pignatelli J, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, González Granja A, Buchmann K, Tafalla C. Early immune responses in rainbow trout liver upon viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111084. [PMID: 25338079 PMCID: PMC4206492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the essential metabolic functions of the liver, in mammals, a role as mediator of systemic and local innate immunity has also been reported. Although the presence of an important leukocyte population in mammalian liver is well documented, the characterization of leukocyte populations in the teleost liver has been only scarcely addressed. In the current work, we have confirmed the presence of IgM+, IgD+, IgT+, CD8α+, CD3+ cells, and cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver by flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry analysis. Additionally, the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on the liver immune response was assessed. First, we studied the effect of viral intraperitoneal injection on the transcription of a wide selection of immune genes at days 1, 2 and 5 post-infection. These included a group of leukocyte markers genes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), chemokines, chemokine receptor genes, and other genes involved in the early immune response and in acute phase reaction. Our results indicate that T lymphocytes play a key role in the initial response to VHSV in the liver, since CD3, CD8, CD4, perforin, Mx and interferon (IFN) transcription levels were up-regulated in response to VHSV. Consequently, flow cytometry analysis of CD8α+ cells in liver and spleen at day 5 post-infection revealed a decrease in the number of CD8α+ cells in the spleen and an increased population in the liver. No differences were found however in the percentages of B lymphocyte (IgM+ or IgD+) populations. In addition, a strong up-regulation in the transcription levels of several PRRs and chemokines was observed from the second day of infection, indicating an important role of these factors in the response of the liver to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail:
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Immunological characterization of the teleost adipose tissue and its modulation in response to viral infection and fat-content in the diet. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110920. [PMID: 25333488 PMCID: PMC4204996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response of the adipose tissue (AT) has been neglected in most animal models until recently, when the observations made in human and mice linking obesity to chronic inflammation and diabetes highlighted an important immune component of this tissue. In the current study, we have immunologically characterized the AT for the first time in teleosts. We have analyzed the capacity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) AT to produce different immune mediators and we have identified the presence of local populations of B lymphocytes expressing IgM, IgD or IgT, CD8α+ cells and cells expressing major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II). Because trout AT retained antigens from the peritoneal cavity, we analyzed the effects of intraperitoneal infection with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on AT functionality. A wide range of secreted immune factors were modulated within the AT in response to VHSV. Furthermore, the viral infection provoked a significant decrease in the number of IgM+ cells which, along with an increased secretion of IgM in the tissue, suggested a differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts. The virus also increased the number of CD8α+ cells in the AT. Finally, when a fat-enriched diet was fed to the fish, a significant modulation of immune gene expression in the AT was also observed. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time in teleost that the AT functions as a relevant immune tissue; responsive to peritoneal viral infections and that this immune response can be modulated by the fat-content in the diet.
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Chernova I, Jones DD, Wilmore JR, Bortnick A, Yucel M, Hershberg U, Allman D. Lasting antibody responses are mediated by a combination of newly formed and established bone marrow plasma cells drawn from clonally distinct precursors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4971-9. [PMID: 25326027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Current models hold that serum Ab titers are maintained chiefly by long-lived bone marrow (BM) plasma cells (PCs). In this study, we characterize the role of subpopulations of BM PCs in long-term humoral responses to T cell-dependent Ag. Surprisingly, our results indicate that 40-50% of BM PCs are recently formed cells, defined, in part, by rapid steady-state turnover kinetics and secretion of low-affinity IgM Abs. Further, for months after immunization with a hapten-protein conjugate, newly formed Ag-induced, IgM-secreting BM PCs were detected in parallel with longer-lived IgG-secreting cells, suggesting ongoing and parallel input to the BM PC pool from two distinct pools of activated B cells. Consistent with this interpretation, IgM and IgG Abs secreted by cells within distinct PC subsets exhibited distinct L chain usage. We conclude that long-term Ab responses are maintained by a dynamic BM PC pool composed of both recently formed and long-lived PCs drawn from clonally disparate precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Chernova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Derek D Jones
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Joel R Wilmore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alexandra Bortnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mesut Yucel
- Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey; and
| | - Uri Hershberg
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David Allman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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B-1a transitional cells are phenotypically distinct and are lacking in mice deficient in IκBNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4119-26. [PMID: 25228759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415866111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells mediate early protection against infection by responding to T cell-independent (TI) antigens found on the surface of various pathogens. Mice with impaired expression of the atypical IκB protein IκBNS have markedly reduced frequencies of B-1 cells. We used a mouse strain with dysfunctional IκBNS derived from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) screen, named bumble, to investigate the point in the development of B-1 cells where IκBNS is required. The presence of wild-type (wt) peritoneal cells in mixed wt/bumble chimeras did not rescue the development of bumble B-1 cells, but wt peritoneal cells transferred to bumble mice restored natural IgM levels and response to TI antigens. The bumble and wt mice displayed similar levels of fetal liver B-1 progenitors and splenic neonatal transitional B (TrB) cells, both of which were previously shown to give rise to B-1 cells. Interestingly, we found that a subset of wt neonatal TrB cells expressed common B-1a markers (TrB-1a) and that this cell population was absent in the bumble neonatal spleen. Sorted TrB-1a (CD93(+)IgM(+)CD5(+)) cells exclusively generated B-1a cells when adoptively transferred, whereas sorted CD93(+)IgM(+)CD5(-) cells gave rise to B-2 cells and, to a lesser extent, B-1b and B-1a cells. This study identifies a phenotypically distinct splenic population of TrB-1a cells and establishes that the development of B-1a cells is blocked before this stage in the absence of IκBNS.
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42
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Winstead CJ. Follicular helper T cell-mediated mucosal barrier maintenance. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:39-47. [PMID: 25149860 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic functions of the immune system are protection from pathogens and maintenance of tolerance to self. The maintenance of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces adds a layer of complexity to these basic functions. Recent reports suggest follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a CD4(+) T cell subset specialized to provide help to B cells undergoing isotype switching and affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC), interact with the microbiota and are essential to maintenance of mucosal barriers. Complicating the issue is ongoing controversy in the field regarding origin of the Tfh subset and its distinction from other effector CD4 T cell phenotypes (Th1/Th17/Treg). This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic plasticity, and function of CD4 T cells, with an emphasis on commensal-specific GC responses in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Ludewig B. Plasticity and complexity of B cell responses against persisting pathogens. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:53-8. [PMID: 25068435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against acute infections execute their protective effects almost exclusively via the induction of antibodies. Development of protective vaccines against persisting pathogens lags behind probably because standard immunogens and application regimen do not sufficiently stimulate those circuits in B cell activation that mediate protection. In general, B cell responses against pathogen derived-antigens are generated through complex cellular interactions requiring the coordination of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings from prototypic infection models to exemplify how generation of protective antibodies against persisting pathogens is imprinted by particular pathogen-derived factors and how distinct CD4(+) T cell populations determine the quality of these antibodies. Clearly, it is the high plasticity of these processes that is instrumental to drive tailored B cell responses that protect the host. In sum, application of novel knowledge on B cell plasticity and complexity can guide the development of rationally designed vaccines that elicit protective antibodies against persisting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Giordano D, Draves KE, Li C, Hohl TM, Clark EA. Nitric oxide regulates BAFF expression and T cell-independent antibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1110-20. [PMID: 24951820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas NO is known to regulate T cell responses, its role in regulating B cell responses remains unclear. Previous studies suggested that inducible NO synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS) is required for normal IgA Ab responses but inhibits antiviral IgG2a Ab responses. In this study we used NOS2(-/-) mice to determine the role of NO in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent (TI)-2 Ab responses. Whereas T cell-dependent Ab responses were only modestly increased in NOS2(-/-) mice, IgM and IgG3 Ab responses as well as marginal zone B cell plasma cell numbers and peritoneal B1b B cells were significantly elevated after immunization with the TI-2 Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-Ficoll. The elevated TI-2 responses in NOS2(-/-) mice were accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of BAFF/BLyS and by increases in BAFF-producing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that NO normally inhibits BAFF expression. Indeed, we found that NOS2(-/-) DCs produced more BAFF than did wild-type DCs, and addition of a NO donor to NOS2(-/-) DCs reduced BAFF production. Bone marrow chimeric mice that lack NOS2 in either nonhematopoietic or hematopoietic cells had intermediate IgM and IgG3 Ab responses after NP-Ficoll immunization, suggesting that NOS2 from both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic sources regulates TI-2 Ab responses. Similar to NOS2(-/-) mice, depletion of Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs enhanced NP-specific IgM and IgG3 responses to NP-Ficoll. Thus, NO produced by inflammatory monocytes and their derivative DC subsets plays an important role in regulating BAFF production and TI-2 Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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Strategic characterization of anti-drug antibody responses for the assessment of clinical relevance and impact. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1509-23. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
All therapeutic proteins have the potential to induce anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Clinically relevant ADA can impact efficacy and/or safety of a biological therapeutic. Immunogenicity assessment strategy evaluates binding and neutralizing ADA, and the need for additional characterization (e.g., epitope, titer and so on) is determined using a risk-based approach. The choice of characterization assays depends on the type, application and immunogenicity of the therapeutic. ADA characterization can impact the interpretation of the risk profile of a given therapeutic, and offers insight into opportunities for risk mitigation and management. This article describes common ADA characterization methods. Strategic assessment and characterization of clinically relevant ADA are discussed, in order to support clinical options for safe and effective patient care and disease management.
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Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) are the effectors responsible for antibody (Ab)-mediated immunity. They differentiate from B lymphocytes through a complete remodeling of their original structure and function. Stress is a constitutive element of PC differentiation. Macroautophagy, conventionally referred to as autophagy, is a conserved lysosomal recycling strategy that integrates cellular metabolism and enables adaptation to stress. In metazoa, autophagy plays diverse roles in cell differentiation. Recently, a number of autophagic functions have been recognized in innate and adaptive immunity, including clearance of intracellular pathogens, inflammasome regulation, lymphocyte ontogenesis, and antigen presentation. We identified a previously unrecognized role played by autophagy in PC differentiation and activity. Following B cell activation, autophagy moderates the expression of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 and immunoglobulins through a selective negative control exerted on the size of the endoplasmic reticulum and its stress signaling response, including the essential PC transcription factor, XBP-1. This containment of PC differentiation and function, i.e., Ab production, is essential to optimize energy metabolism and viability. As a result, autophagy sustains Ab responses in vivo. Moreover, autophagy is an essential intrinsic determinant of long-lived PCs in their as yet poorly understood bone marrow niche. In this essay, we discuss these findings in the context of the established biological functions of autophagy, and their manifold implications for adaptive immunity and PC diseases, in primis multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliva
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
| | - Simone Cenci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy ; Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan , Italy ; Bone Pathophysiology Program (BoNetwork), Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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Xu W, Banchereau J. The antigen presenting cells instruct plasma cell differentiation. Front Immunol 2014; 4:504. [PMID: 24432021 PMCID: PMC3880943 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The professional antigen presenting cells (APCs), including many subsets of dendritic cells and macrophages, not only mediate prompt but non-specific response against microbes, but also bridge the antigen-specific adaptive immune response through antigen presentation. In the latter, typically activated B cells acquire cognate signals from T helper cells in the germinal center of lymphoid follicles to differentiate into plasma cells (PCs), which generate protective antibodies. Recent advances have revealed that many APC subsets provide not only “signal 1” (the antigen), but also “signal 2” to directly instruct the differentiation process of PCs in a T-cell-independent manner. Herein, the different signals provided by these APC subsets to direct B cell proliferation, survival, class switching, and terminal differentiation are discussed. We furthermore propose that the next generation of vaccines for boosting antibody response could be designed by targeting APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Glycart AG , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine , Farmington, CT , USA
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Krljanac B, Weih D, Jacobsen ID, Hu D, Koliesnik I, Reppe K, Witzenrath M, Weih F. NF-κB2/p100 deficiency impairs immune responses to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:662-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krljanac
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University; Jena Germany
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Efficient B cell responses to Borrelia hermsii infection depend on BAFF and BAFFR but not TACI. Infect Immun 2013; 82:453-9. [PMID: 24218480 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01147-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-independent antibody responses develop rapidly, within 3 to 4 days, and are critical for preventing blood-borne pathogens from evolving into life-threatening infections. The interaction of BAFF, also known as BLyS, with its receptors BAFFR and TACI on B cells is critical for B cell homeostasis and function. Using a synthetic polysaccharide antigen, it has previously been shown that TACI is critical for T cell-independent antibody responses. To examine the role of BAFFR and TACI in T cell-independent antibody responses to an active infection, we utilized the Borrelia hermsii infection system. In this infection system, T cell-independent responses mediated by the B1b cell subset are critical for controlling bacteremia. We found that B1b cells express BAFFR and TACI and that the surface expression of both receptors is upregulated on B1b cells following exposure to whole B. hermsii cells. Surprisingly, we found that TACI(-/-) mice are not impaired either in specific antibody responses to B. hermsii or in controlling B. hermsii bacteremia. In contrast, TACI-deficient mice immunized with heat-killed type 3 serotype pneumococcus cells are impaired in generating pneumococcal polysaccharide-specific responses and succumb to challenge with live type 3 serotype pneumococcus, indicating that TACI is required for T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial-associated polysaccharides. Although we have found that TACI is dispensable for controlling B. hermsii infection, mice deficient in BAFFR or BAFF exhibit impairment in B. hermsii-specific IgM responses and clearance of bacteremia. Collectively, these data indicate a disparity in the roles for TACI and BAFFR in primary T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial pathogens.
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Long-lasting T cell-independent IgG responses require MyD88-mediated pathways and are maintained by high levels of virus persistence. mBio 2013; 4:e00812-13. [PMID: 24194540 PMCID: PMC3892782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00812-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many viruses induce acute T cell-independent (TI) B cell responses due to their repetitive epitopes and the induction of innate cytokines. Nevertheless, T cell help is thought necessary for the development of long-lasting antiviral antibody responses in the form of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells. We found that T cell-deficient (T cell receptor β and δ chain [TCRβδ] knockout [KO]) mice persistently infected with polyomavirus (PyV) had long-lasting antiviral serum IgG, and we questioned whether they could generate TI B cell memory. TCRβδ KO mice did not form germinal centers after PyV infection, lacked long-lived IgG-secreting plasma cells in bone marrow, and did not have detectable memory B cell responses. Mice deficient in CD4(+) T cells had a lower persisting virus load than TCRβδ KO mice, and these mice had short-lived antiviral IgG responses, suggesting that a high virus load is required to activate naive B cells continuously, and maintain the long-lasting serum IgG levels. Developing B cells in bone marrow encounter high levels of viral antigens, which can cross-link both their B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and this dual engagement may lead to a loss of their tolerance. Consistent with this hypothesis, antiviral serum IgG levels were greatly diminished in TCRβδ KO/MyD88(-/-) mice. We conclude that high persisting antigen levels and innate signaling can lead to the maintenance of long-lasting IgG responses even in the absence of T cell help. IMPORTANCE Lifelong control of persistent virus infections is essential for host survival. Several members of the polyomavirus family are prevalent in humans, persisting at low levels in most people without clinical manifestations, but causing rare morbidity/mortality in the severely immune compromised. Studying the multiple mechanisms that control viral persistence in a mouse model, we previously found that murine polyomavirus (PyV) induces protective T cell-independent (TI) antiviral IgG. TI antibody (Ab) responses are usually short-lived, but T cell-deficient PyV-infected mice can live for many months. This study investigates how protective IgG is maintained under these circumstances and shows that these mice lack both forms of B cell memory, but they still have sustained antiviral IgG responses if they have high levels of persisting virus and intact MyD88-mediated pathways. These requirements may ensure life-saving protection against pathogens even in the absence of T cells, but they prevent the continuous generation of TI IgG against harmless antigens.
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