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Picoche C, Young WR, Barraquand F. Local intraspecific aggregation in phytoplankton model communities: spatial scales of occurrence and implications for coexistence. J Math Biol 2024; 88:68. [PMID: 38661851 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The coexistence of multiple phytoplankton species despite their reliance on similar resources is often explained with mean-field models assuming mixed populations. In reality, observations of phytoplankton indicate spatial aggregation at all scales, including at the scale of a few individuals. Local spatial aggregation can hinder competitive exclusion since individuals then interact mostly with other individuals of their own species, rather than competitors from different species. To evaluate how microscale spatial aggregation might explain phytoplankton diversity maintenance, an individual-based, multispecies representation of cells in a hydrodynamic environment is required. We formulate a three-dimensional and multispecies individual-based model of phytoplankton population dynamics at the Kolmogorov scale. The model is studied through both simulations and the derivation of spatial moment equations, in connection with point process theory. The spatial moment equations show a good match between theory and simulations. We parameterized the model based on phytoplankters' ecological and physical characteristics, for both large and small phytoplankton. Defining a zone of potential interactions as the overlap between nutrient depletion volumes, we show that local species composition-within the range of possible interactions-depends on the size class of phytoplankton. In small phytoplankton, individuals remain in mostly monospecific clusters. Spatial structure therefore favours intra- over inter-specific interactions for small phytoplankton, contributing to coexistence. Large phytoplankton cell neighbourhoods appear more mixed. Although some small-scale self-organizing spatial structure remains and could influence coexistence mechanisms, other factors may need to be explored to explain diversity maintenance in large phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Picoche
- Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, Talence, France
| | | | - Frédéric Barraquand
- Institute of Mathematics of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux and CNRS, Talence, France.
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2
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Zhou C, Ding Y, Zang R. Compositional changes at neighborhood and stand scales during recovery of a tropical lowland rainforest after shifting cultivation on Hainan Island, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119951. [PMID: 38171125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Understanding compositional changes during secondary forest recovery is crucial for effective restoration efforts. While previous research has predominantly focused on shifts in species composition at the stand scale, this study delves into the recovery dynamics in three compositional aspects of location (neighbor distances), size (tree diameters), and species (tree species) at both stand and neighborhood scale. The investigation spans nine chronosequence plots within a tropical lowland rainforest ecosystem after shifting cultivation, including three each for young-secondary forests (18-30 years), old-secondary forests (60 years), and old-growth forests (without obvious human interference). The quantification of location, size, and species composition involved categorized neighbor distances (Near, Moderate, Far-distance), tree diameters (Small, Medium, Large-tree), and tree species (Pioneer, Intermediate, Climax-species) into three groups, respectively. Compositional changes at the stand scale (plot) were directly based on these groups, while at the neighborhood scale, assessment involved combination types of these groups within a neighborhood (comprising three adjacent trees). At the stand scale, neighbor distances shifted from Near to Moderate and Far, tree diameters transitioned from Small to Medium and Large, and tree species of Pioneer gave way to Climax. Meanwhile, at the neighborhood scale, there was a notable decline in the aggregations of Near-distance (N), Small-tree (S), and Pioneer-species (P), while the mixtures of Far and Moderate-distance (F-M), Large and Small-tree (L-S), and Climax and Intermediate-species (C-I) experienced a marked increase. The compositional change exhibited a recovery pattern, with the fastest recovery in neighbor distances, followed by tree diameters and tree species. Moreover, compositional recovery in tree diameters and tree species at the neighborhood scale generally lagged behind that at the stand scale. The study suggests that rapid restoration of secondary forest can be achieved by different targeted cutting according to the recovery stages, aimed at reduce the Pioneer-species, Small-tree and Near-distance in neighborhood. Our findings underscore that analyzing the compositional changes in three aspects at two scales not only provides a profound understanding of secondary forest recovery dynamics, but also offers valuable insights for guiding practices in the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runguo Zang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Wang X, He Y, Sedio BE, Jin L, Ge X, Glomglieng S, Cao M, Yang J, Swenson NG, Yang J. Phytochemical diversity impacts herbivory in a tropical rainforest tree community. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1898-1910. [PMID: 37776563 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics provides an unprecedented window into diverse plant secondary metabolites that represent a potentially critical niche dimension in tropical forests underlying species coexistence. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to evaluate chemical composition of 358 tree species and its relationship with phylogeny and variation in light environment, soil nutrients, and insect herbivore leaf damage in a tropical rainforest plot. We report no phylogenetic signal in most compound classes, indicating rapid diversification in tree metabolomes. We found that locally co-occurring species were more chemically dissimilar than random and that local chemical dispersion and metabolite diversity were associated with lower herbivory, especially that of specialist insect herbivores. Our results highlight the role of secondary metabolites in mediating plant-herbivore interactions and their potential to facilitate niche differentiation in a manner that contributes to species coexistence. Furthermore, our findings suggest that specialist herbivore pressure is an important mechanism promoting phytochemical diversity in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunyun He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Brian E Sedio
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, Austin, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Lu Jin
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suphanee Glomglieng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Nathan G Swenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, Notre Dame, USA
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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4
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Quy V. Nguyen, Pham MP, Meng L, Bui HM, Pham HT, Nguyen HV, Nguyen TT, Kang YX. Spatial Structure of the Dominant Tree Species in an Evergreen Broadleaved Forest Stand in South Vietnam. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022130131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Murphy HT, Bradford MG. The role of big trees and abundant species in driving spatial patterns of species richness in an Australian tropical rainforest. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9324. [PMID: 36188495 PMCID: PMC9486822 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen T. Murphy
- CSIRO, Australian Tropical Sciences and Innovation Precinct James Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia
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6
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Spatial distribution pattern of dominant tree species in different disturbance plots in the Changbai Mountain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14161. [PMID: 35986205 PMCID: PMC9391346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of disturbance on spatial patterns and species interactions provide critical information on community structure and species coexistence. Two standard plots of 1-ha were set, one of them was a sample plot with retrograde succession after disturbance, and the other one was undisturbed. Spatial indices and Spatial patterns statistics were used to analyze the spatial pattern and inter-specific correlation of main tree species in two plots. Our results showed that the diameter distributions of different species have reverse J-shape, unimodal and bimodal distribution in the disturbed plot, while bell-shaped curves were observed in the undisturbed plot. The distributions of tree species were mainly showed clustered patterns in almost all scales through univariate pair correlation function. Some similar results of the classification of Wiegand scheme of species association consistent with the consequences of the bivariate pair correlation. The mark variograms showed positive autocorrelation at a coarse scale. The current study may aid in efforts of forest management planning and ecosystem services. Meanwhile, different research methods of spatial distribution also help to improve the accuracy of spatial distribution and the interspecific association of tree species.
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Maus RL, Leontovich AA, Moore RM, Becher L, Nevala WK, Flotte TJ, Guo R, Schimke JM, Dicke BA, Yan Y, Markovic SN. Resolving the heterogeneous tumor-centric cellular neighborhood through multiplexed, spatial paracrine interactions in the setting of immune checkpoint blockade. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:78-89. [PMID: 35992329 PMCID: PMC9390837 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct interactions between tumor and immune cells mediate the antitumor effect of all modern cancer immunotherapeutic agents. Simultaneously, tumor cells have evolved mechanisms of evasion including the downregulation of HLA-I potentially disrupting the mechanism of action employed by many immune checkpoint inhibitors. And yet the in situ interplay between these cells within the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remains elusive. Recent advances in histologic multiplex bioimaging platforms have enabled in-depth molecular characterization of single cells within spatially-preserved and clinically archived tumor tissues. Herein, we applied multiplex immunofluorescence (MxIF) to excisional lymph node biopsies from 14 patients with metastatic melanoma who experienced clear objective responses to immunotherapy (7 complete response; 7 progressive disease) to determine distinguishing features of the TIME in the pretreatment setting. Distinct regions of the TIME were evaluated using 35 proteins probing tumor, immune and vasculature components across 323 fields of view. Single cell compositional analysis confirmed established prognostic immune cell types including increased prevalence of cytotoxic T cells within the tumor core FOVs of responders. Integrating single cell quantification with the spatial arrangement of cellular neighborhoods surrounding tumor cells revealed novel, spatial immune signatures capable of stratifying TIME based on clinical response. Our analysis revealed dynamic cellular composition of the TCCN based on anatomical subregion, functional expression of HLA-I by the index tumor cell and ultimately clinical response to immunotherapy. Overall, this study provides an analytical framework to resolve the cellular complexity of the TIME, increasingly relevant to the outcomes of modern cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L.G. Maus
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alexey A. Leontovich
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Raymond M. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laura Becher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Thomas J. Flotte
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Betty A. Dicke
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yiyi Yan
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Svetomir N. Markovic
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Wiegand T, Wang X, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Bourg NA, Cao M, Ci X, Davies SJ, Hao Z, Howe RW, Kress WJ, Lian J, Li J, Lin L, Lin Y, Ma K, McShea W, Mi X, Su SH, Sun IF, Wolf A, Ye W, Huth A. Consequences of spatial patterns for coexistence in species-rich plant communities. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:965-973. [PMID: 33941904 PMCID: PMC8257505 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ecology cannot yet fully explain why so many tree species coexist in natural communities such as tropical forests. A major difficulty is linking individual-level processes to community dynamics. We propose a combination of tree spatial data, spatial statistics and dynamical theory to reveal the relationship between spatial patterns and population-level interaction coefficients and their consequences for multispecies dynamics and coexistence. Here we show that the emerging population-level interaction coefficients have, for a broad range of circumstances, a simpler structure than their individual-level counterparts, which allows for an analytical treatment of equilibrium and stability conditions. Mechanisms such as animal seed dispersal, which result in clustering of recruits that is decoupled from parent locations, lead to a rare-species advantage and coexistence of otherwise neutral competitors. Linking spatial statistics with theories of community dynamics offers new avenues for explaining species coexistence and calls for rethinking community ecology through a spatial lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Xugao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, .
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman A Bourg
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Min Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiuqin Ci
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Stuart J Davies
- Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO), Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zhanqing Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University
| | - Robert W Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Juyu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie Li
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Centre for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Luxiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yiching Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - William McShea
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | - Xiangcheng Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - I-Fang Sun
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Ecology and Sustainability, National Dong Hwa University
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI, USA
| | - Wanhui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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9
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Fibich P, Novotný V, Ediriweera S, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N, Molem K, Weiblen GD, Lepš J. Common spatial patterns of trees in various tropical forests: Small trees are associated with increased diversity at small spatial scales. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8085-8095. [PMID: 34188873 PMCID: PMC8216943 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are notable for their high species diversity, even on small spatial scales, and right-skewed species and size abundance distributions. The role of individual species as drivers of the spatial organization of diversity in these forests has been explained by several hypotheses and processes, for example, stochastic dilution, negative density dependence, or gap dynamics. These processes leave a signature in spatial distribution of small trees, particularly in the vicinity of large trees, likely having stronger effects on their neighbors. We are exploring species diversity patterns within the framework of various diversity-generating hypotheses using individual species-area relationships. We used the data from three tropical forest plots (Wanang-Papua New Guinea, Barro Colorado Island-Panama, and Sinharaja-Sri Lanka) and included also the saplings (DBH ≥ 1 cm). Resulting cross-size patterns of species richness and evenness reflect the dynamics of saplings affected by the distribution of large trees. When all individuals with DBH ≥1 cm are included, ~50% of all tree species from the 25- or 50-ha plot can be found within 35 m radius of an individual tree. For all trees, 72%-78% of species were identified as species richness accumulators, having more species present in their surroundings than expected by null models. This pattern was driven by small trees as the analysis of DBH >10 cm trees showed much lower proportion of accumulators, 14%-65% of species identified as richness repellers and had low richness of surrounding small trees. Only 11%-26% of species had lower species evenness than was expected by null models. High proportions of species richness accumulators were probably due to gap dynamics and support Janzen-Connell hypothesis driven by competition or top-down control by pathogens and herbivores. Observed species diversity patterns show the importance of including small tree size classes in analyses of the spatial organization of diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Fibich
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Novotný
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Sisira Ediriweera
- Department of Science and TechnologyUva Wellassa UniversityBadullaSri Lanka
| | | | | | - Kenneth Molem
- New Guinea Binatang Research CenterMadangPapua New Guinea
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Department of Plant BiologyBell MuseumUniversity of MinnesotaSt PaulMNUSA
| | - Jan Lepš
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
- Biology Centre CASInstitute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
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10
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Keil P, Wiegand T, Tóth AB, McGlinn DJ, Chase JM. Measurement and analysis of interspecific spatial associations as a facet of biodiversity. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Keil
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 Praha – Suchdol165 00 Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ 04318 Leipzig Germany
| | - Anikó B. Tóth
- Centre for Ecosystem Sciences School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Daniel J. McGlinn
- Department of Biology College of Charleston Charleston South Carolina 29401 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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11
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Jin LS, Yin D, Fortin MJ, Cadotte MW. The mechanisms generating community phylogenetic patterns change with spatial scale. Oecologia 2020; 193:655-664. [PMID: 32621030 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies that test community assembly hypotheses in observational communities frequently evaluate patterns for plots or entire communities, yet studies that examine assembly patterns across spatial scales show that they are greatly influenced by scale. Here, we test the spatial dependency of patterns of relatedness and plant height for all individual herbaceous plants along five 40-m old-field transects (Southern Ontario, Canada). We identified each individual plant and measured its distance along the transect and its height, and we constructed a molecular phylogeny for all observed species. To uncover the scale at which community phylogenetic and trait similarities shift, we used partial Mantel correlograms and distance-based Moran Eigenvector Maps (dbMEMs). We found that communities shift from significantly overdispersed at relatively smaller scales (i.e., < 15 m) to spatially clustered at larger scales, showing that assembly mechanism influence depends on scale of observation. This pattern was observed for both phylogeny and height, but was the strongest when considering phylogeny only. These results reveal the importance of spatial scale when examining community phylogenetic or trait patterns, where finding support for one assembly mechanism at a single scale does not necessarily mean that other mechanisms are also not important for structuring community composition and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanna S Jin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deyi Yin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, 416-208-5105, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Scarborough, 416-208-5105, Canada.
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12
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Soil nitrogen concentration mediates the relationship between leguminous trees and neighbor diversity in tropical forests. Commun Biol 2020; 3:317. [PMID: 32561898 PMCID: PMC7305120 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Legumes provide an essential service to ecosystems by capturing nitrogen from the atmosphere and delivering it to the soil, where it may then be available to other plants. However, this facilitation by legumes has not been widely studied in global tropical forests. Demographic data from 11 large forest plots (16–60 ha) ranging from 5.25° S to 29.25° N latitude show that within forests, leguminous trees have a larger effect on neighbor diversity than non-legumes. Where soil nitrogen is high, most legume species have higher neighbor diversity than non-legumes. Where soil nitrogen is low, most legumes have lower neighbor diversity than non-legumes. No facilitation effect on neighbor basal area was observed in either high or low soil N conditions. The legume–soil nitrogen positive feedback that promotes tree diversity has both theoretical implications for understanding species coexistence in diverse forests, and practical implications for the utilization of legumes in forest restoration. Xu et al. examine the effect of leguminous trees on neighbor diversity across 11 plots in tropical forests around the world, and find that in high soil nitrogen conditions, most legume species have higher neighbor diversity than non-legumes, and vice versa where soil nitrogen is low. Their results have practical implications for the utilization of legumes in forest restoration.
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13
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The Status of Prunus padus L. (Bird Cherry) in Forest Communities throughout Europe and Asia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prunus padus L. (bird cherry) belongs to the Racemosa group in subgenus Padus in the genus Prunus L. It is a hardy invasive species, which makes it valuable for securing slopes, and for eco-design. It is a good solitary park tree with early flowering of white flowers in racemes, which have a pleasant smell. However, it may be attacked by cherry-oat aphid, and the small ermine moth, which may weave giant webs over the whole tree, which demonstrates the important role of P. padus in the food web of forest ecosystems. The species is in balance with these pests, other herbivores and diseases throughout Europe and Asia. Another threat is the competition against the invasive P. serotina, but it seems that P. padus is not strongly threatened, though they compete for the same habitats. Moreover, human interference of forest community ecology is probably the greatest threat. The tree is not only winter hardy; it can also survive hot summers and tolerate a wide variety of soil types. It may form dense thickets due to the regeneration of branches bent to the ground and basal shoots, and may be invasive. These characteristics are important in determining the ecological niche of P. padus, which involves the position of the species within an ecosystem, comprising both its habitat requirements and the functional role. It is also important that P. padus has effective dispersal of pollen and seeds. This, together with the previously noted characteristics and the fact that the tree can cope well with climate change, define it as a not threatened species. However, the ssp. borealis is threatened and national level monitoring is required. Prunus padus has been exploited by farmers and rural population, but is less used today. However, it is still used for making syrup, jam and liquor. Moreover, the wood is valuable for wood carving and making cabinets. All tissues are valuable as sources of powerful natural antioxidants. However, the interest in the P. padus fruit and other tissues is overshadowed by the interest in other wild species of edible and human health-related berries. Moreover, the tree is used in horticulture as an ornamental in gardens and parks, values that deserve a new focus.
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Spatial Patterns and Interspecific Associations During Natural Regeneration in Three Types of Secondary Forest in the Central Part of the Greater Khingan Mountains, Heilongjiang Province, China. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seedling and sapling spatial patterns are important in community regeneration, and understanding the natural regeneration mechanisms of tree species in relation to spatial patterns will help improve forest management and community restoration efficiency. Based on data from three fixed plots established in birch forests (BF), coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests (CBMF) and coniferous mixed forests (CMF) in the central Greater Khingan Mountains in Heilongjiang Province, China, in 2017, we used the univariate and bivariate O-ring functions of the point pattern analysis method to evaluate the spatial patterns and associations of the main tree species in these three forest types at different development stages and identified the community successional stages according to the interspecific associations between dominant tree species and other tree species. The results showed that Betula platyphylla and Larix gmelinii in BF exhibited identical spatial distribution patterns and had a tendency to transition from an aggregated to a random distribution from saplings to adult trees, whereas every tree type in CBMF generally showed a random distribution. Adult trees of the main tree species in CMF, i.e., L. gmelinii and Picea koraiensis, mainly showed a random distribution, but P. koraiensis at other size classes generally showed an aggregated distribution. The intraspecific associations of the main tree species in BF and CMF at different development stages were constrained by the spatial scale within a given scope, while those in CBMF at different development stages were not significantly constrained by spatial scale. The results also show that the density of the three forest types was affected by the distance between the individuals of the various tree classes and adult trees, with different levels of influence. We analyzed the interspecific associations between dominant tree species and other tree species and then assessed community succession progress and found that the BF and CMF exhibited medium-term community succession, while the CBMF was in the primary stage. Our results further show that the spatial distribution patterns of the tree species in the small-diameter classes were jointly affected by adjacent habitats and diffusional limitations and that scale dependence existed in the intraspecific and interspecific associations. The analysis of the natural regeneration of spatial distribution and interspecific associations represents an efficient way to explore the stability of forest communities and dynamic changes in interspecific relationships during succession. The study results thus provide a theoretical basis for developing rational forest management measures.
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15
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Patterns of local species richness and their associations with functional traits in a 60‐ha tropical forest dynamics plot. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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16
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Wang H, Peng H, Hui G, Hu Y, Zhao Z. Large trees are surrounded by more heterospecific neighboring trees in Korean pine broad-leaved natural forests. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9149. [PMID: 29904133 PMCID: PMC6002480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative conspecific density dependence is one of the principal mechanisms affecting plant performance and community spatial patterns. Although many studies identified the prevalence of density dependent effects in various vegetation types by analyzing conspecific spatial dispersal patterns (spatial patterning) of forest trees, interactions between individuals and heterospecific neighboring trees caused by density-dependent effects are often neglected. The effects of negative density dependence lead us to expect that neighbourhood species segregation would increase with increasing tree size and that larger trees would be surrounded by more heterospecific neighbours than would smaller trees. We studied four mapped 1-Ha plots on Changbaishan Mountain in North-eastern China and used marked point pattern analysis to explore whether trees of different sizes exhibited differences in neighbourhood species segregation; we also determined whether larger trees were more likely to have heterospecific neighbours than smaller trees were. Our results show that bigger trees generally have higher species mingling levels. Neighborhood species segregation ranged from lower than expected levels to random or nearly random patterns at small scales as tree size classes increased under heterogeneous Poisson null model tests. This study provides some evidence in support of negative density dependent effects in temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
- Fengyangshan National Nature Reserve, Longquan, Zhejiang province, 323700, China
| | - Gangying Hui
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yanbo Hu
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, 100091, China
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17
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Shao X, Brown C, Worthy SJ, Liu L, Cao M, Li Q, Lin L, Swenson NG. Intra‐specific relatedness, spatial clustering and reduced demographic performance in tropical rainforest trees. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1174-1181. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China
| | - Calum Brown
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19 82467 Garmisch‐Partenkirchen Germany
| | | | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
| | - Qiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
| | - Luxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun Mengla Yunnan666303 China
| | - Nathan G. Swenson
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming Yunnan 650201 China
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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18
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Wiegand T, May F, Kazmierczak M, Huth A. What drives the spatial distribution and dynamics of local species richness in tropical forest? Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1503. [PMID: 28931739 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the structure and dynamics of highly diverse tropical forests is challenging. Here we investigate the factors that drive the spatio-temporal variation of local tree numbers and species richness in a tropical forest (including 1250 plots of 20 × 20 m2). To this end, we use a series of dynamic models that are built around the local spatial variation of mortality and recruitment rates, and ask which combination of processes can explain the observed spatial and temporal variation in tree and species numbers. We find that processes not included in classical neutral theory are needed to explain these fundamental patterns of the observed local forest dynamics. We identified a large spatio-temporal variability in the local number of recruits as the main missing mechanism, whereas variability of mortality rates contributed to a lesser extent. We also found that local tree numbers stabilize at typical values which can be explained by a simple analytical model. Our study emphasized the importance of spatio-temporal variability in recruitment beyond demographic stochasticity for explaining the local heterogeneity of tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Biodiversity Synthesis, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix May
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Biodiversity Synthesis, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany .,Institute of Computer Science, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Kazmierczak
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Biodiversity Synthesis, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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19
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Baruah G, Molau U, Jägerbrand AK, Alatalo JM. Impacts of seven years of experimental warming and nutrient addition on neighbourhood species interactions and community structure in two contrasting alpine plant communities. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Wiegand T, Uriarte M, Kraft NJ, Shen G, Wang X, He F. Spatially Explicit Metrics of Species Diversity, Functional Diversity, and Phylogenetic Diversity: Insights into Plant Community Assembly Processes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spatial processes underlie major species coexistence mechanisms. A range of spatial analysis techniques are increasingly applied to data of fully mapped communities to quantify spatial structures in species and phylogenetic and functional diversity at some given spatial scale with the goal of gaining insights into processes of community assembly and dynamics. We review these techniques, including spatial point pattern analysis, quadrat-based analyses, and individual-based neighborhood models, and provide a practical roadmap for ecologists in the analysis of local spatial structures in species and phylogenetic and functional diversity. We show how scale-dependent metrics of spatial diversity can be used in concert with ecological null models, statistical models, and dynamic community simulation models to detect spatial patterns, reveal the influence of the biotic neighborhood on plant performance, and quantify the relative contribution of species interactions, habitat heterogeneity, and stochastic processes to community assembly across scale. Future works should integrate these approaches into a dynamic spatiotemporal framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - María Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York 10027
| | - Nathan J.B. Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Guochun Shen
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xugao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Fangliang He
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H1, Canada
- Sun Yat-sen University-Alberta Joint Laboratory for Biodiversity Conservation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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21
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Jácome-Flores ME, Delibes M, Wiegand T, Fedriani JM. Spatial patterns of an endemic Mediterranean palm recolonizing old fields. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8556-8568. [PMID: 28031807 PMCID: PMC5167057 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout Europe, increased levels of land abandonment lead to (re)colonization of old lands by forests and shrublands. Very little is known about the spatial pattern of plants recolonizing such old fields. We mapped in two 21-22-ha plots, located in the Doñana National Park (Spain), all adult individuals of the endozoochorous dwarf palm Chamaerops humilisL. and determined their sex and sizes. We used techniques of spatial point pattern analysis (SPPA) to precisely quantify the spatial structure of these C. humilis populations. The objective was to identify potential processes generating the patterns and their likely consequences on palm reproductive success. We used (1) Thomas point process models to describe the clustering of the populations, (2) random labeling to test the sexual spatial segregation, and (3) mark correlation functions to assess spatial structure in plant sizes. Plants in both plots showed two critical scales of clustering, with small clusters of a radius of 2.8-4 m nested within large clusters with 38-44 m radius. Additional to the clustered individuals, 11% and 27% of all C. humilis individuals belonged to a random pattern that was independently superimposed to the clustered pattern. The complex spatial pattern of C. humilis could be explained by the effect of different seed-dispersers and predators' behavior and their relative abundances. Plant sexes had no spatial segregation. Plant sizes showed a spatial aggregation inside the clusters, with a decreasing correlation with distance. Clustering of C. humilis is strongly reliant on its seed dispersers and stressful environmental conditions. However, it seems that the spatial patterns and dispersal strategies of the dwarf palm make it a successful plant for new habitat colonization. Our results provide new information on the colonization ability of C. humilis and can help to develop management strategies to recover plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Jácome-Flores
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Miguel Delibes
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ Leipzig Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - José M Fedriani
- Department of Conservation Biology Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC) Seville Spain; Department of Ecological Modelling Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ Leipzig Germany; Technical University of Lisbon Institute of Agronomy Centre for Applied Ecology Lisboa Portugal
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22
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Perry GLW, Miller BP, Lamont BB, Enright NJ. Community-level spatial structure supports a model of stochastic geometry in species-rich shrublands. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George L. W. Perry
- School of Environment; Univ. of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Ben P. Miller
- Kings Park Science; Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority; 1 Kattidj Close Kings Park WA 6005 Australia
- School of Plant Biology; Univ. of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia Australia
| | - Byron B. Lamont
- Dept of Environment and Agriculture; Curtin Univ.; PO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Neal J. Enright
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch Univ.; Perth WA 6150 Australia
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23
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Wang J, Cheng Y, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Von Gadow K. Relationships between tree biomass productivity and local species diversity. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of BeijingBeijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yanxia Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of BeijingBeijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of BeijingBeijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yazhou Zhao
- College of Landscape ArchitectureBeijing University of Agriculture Beijing 102206 China
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources and Ecosystem Processes of BeijingBeijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China
| | - Klaus Von Gadow
- Faculty of Forestry and Forest EcologyGeorg‐August‐University Göttingen Göttingen D‐37077 Germany
- Department of Forest and Wood ScienceUniversity of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
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Wang X, Wiegand T, Kraft NJB, Swenson NG, Davies SJ, Hao Z, Howe R, Lin Y, Ma K, Mi X, Su SH, Sun IF, Wolf A. Stochastic dilution effects weaken deterministic effects of niche-based processes in species rich forests. Ecology 2016; 97:347-60. [PMID: 27145610 DOI: 10.1890/14-2357.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent theory predicts that stochastic dilution effects may result in species-rich communities with statistically independent species spatial distributions, even if the underlying ecological processes structuring the community are driven by deterministic niche differences. Stochastic dilution is a consequence of the stochastic geometry of biodiversity where the identities of the nearest neighbors of individuals of a given species are largely unpredictable. Under such circumstances, the outcome of deterministic species interactions may vary greatly among individuals of a given species. Consequently, nonrandom patterns in the biotic neighborhoods of species, which might be expected from coexistence or community assembly theory (e.g., individuals of a given species are neighbored by phylogenetically similar species), are weakened or do not emerge, resulting in statistical independence of species spatial distributions. We used data on phylogenetic and functional similarity of tree species in five large forest dynamics plots located across a gradient of species richness to test predictions of the stochastic dilution hypothesis. To quantify the biotic neighborhood of a focal species we used the mean phylogenetic (or functional) dissimilarity of the individuals of the focal species to all species within a local neighborhood. We then compared the biotic neighborhood of species to predictions from stochastic null models to test if a focal species was surrounded by more or less similar species than expected by chance. The proportions of focal species that showed spatial independence with respect to their biotic neighborhoods increased with total species richness. Locally dominant, high-abundance species were more likely to be surrounded by species that were statistically more similar or more dissimilar than expected by chance. Our results suggest that stochasticity may play a stronger role in shaping the spatial structure of species rich tropical forest communities than it does in species poorer forests. These findings represent an important step towards understanding the factors that govern the spatial configuration of local biotic communities. The stochastic dilution effect is a simple geometric mechanism that can explain why species' spatial distributions in species-rich communities approximate independence from their biotic neighborhood, even if deterministic niche processes are in effect.
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25
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Buckley HL, Case BS, Ellison AM. Using codispersion analysis to characterize spatial patterns in species co‐occurrences. Ecology 2016; 97:32-9. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0578.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Buckley
- Department of Ecology Lincoln University Lincoln Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
| | - Bradley S. Case
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
- Department of Informatics and Enabling Technologies Lincoln University Lincoln Canterbury 7647 New Zealand
| | - Aaron M. Ellison
- Harvard Forest Harvard University 324 North Main Street Petersham Massachusetts 01366 USA
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26
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Chacón-Labella J, de la Cruz M, Pescador DS, Escudero A. Individual species affect plant traits structure in their surroundings: evidence of functional mechanisms of assembly. Oecologia 2016; 180:975-87. [PMID: 26820565 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating community assembly through the use of functional traits is a promising tool for testing predictions arising from Niche and Coexistence theories. Although interactions among neighboring species and their inter-specific differences are known drivers of coexistence with a strong spatial signal, assessing the role of individual species on the functional structure of the community at different spatial scales remains a challenge. Here, we ask whether individual species exert a measurable effect on the spatial organization of different functional traits in local assemblages. We first propose and compute two functions that describe different aspects of functional trait organization around individual species at multiple scales: individual weighted mean area relationship and individual functional diversity area relationship. Secondly, we develop a conceptual model on the relationship and simultaneous variation of these two metrics, providing five alternative scenarios in response to the ability of some target species to modify its neighbor environment and the possible assembly mechanisms involved. Our results show that some species influence the spatial structure of specific functional traits, but their effects were always restricted to the finest spatial scales. In the basis of our conceptual model, the observed patterns point to two main mechanisms driving the functional structure of the community at the fine scale, "biotic" filtering meditated by individual species and resource partitioning driven by indirect facilitation rather than by competitive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chacón-Labella
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain.
| | - Marcelino de la Cruz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - David S Pescador
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Arroyo AI, Pueyo Y, Saiz H, Alados CL. Plant-plant interactions as a mechanism structuring plant diversity in a Mediterranean semi-arid ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5305-5317. [PMID: 30151133 PMCID: PMC6102514 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-plant interactions are among the fundamental processes that shape structure and functioning of arid and semi-arid plant communities. Despite the large amount of studies that have assessed the relationship between plant-plant interactions (i.e., facilitation and competition) and diversity, often researchers forget a third kind of interaction, known as allelopathy. We examined the effect of plant-plant interactions of three dominant species: the perennial grass Lygeum spartum, the allelopathic dwarf shrub Artemisia herba-alba, and the nurse shrub Salsola vermiculata, on plant diversity and species composition in a semi-arid ecosystem in NE Spain. Specifically, we quantified the interaction outcome (IO) based on species co-occurrence, we analyzed diversity by calculation of the individual species-area relationship (ISAR), and compositional changes by calculation of the Chao-Jaccard similarity index. We found that S. vermiculata had more positive IO values than L. spartum, and A. herba-alba had values between them. Lygeum spartum and A. herba-alba acted as diversity repellers, whereas S. vermiculata acted as a diversity accumulator. As aridity increased, A. herba-alba transitioned from diversity repeller to neutral and S. vermiculata transitioned from neutral to diversity accumulator, while L. spartum remained as diversity repeller. Artemisia herba-alba had more perennial grass species in its local neighborhood than expected by the null model, suggesting some tolerance of this group to its "chemical neighbor". Consequently, species that coexist with A. herba-alba were very similar among different A. herba-alba individuals. Our findings highlight the role of the nurse shrub S. vermiculata as ecosystem engineer, creating and maintaining patches of diversity, as well as the complex mechanism that an allelopathic plant may have on diversity and species assemblage. Further research is needed to determine the relative importance of allelopathy and competition in the overall interference of allelopathic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio I Arroyo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Av. Montañana 1005 P.O. Box 13.034 50080 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Yolanda Pueyo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Av. Montañana 1005 P.O. Box 13.034 50080 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Hugo Saiz
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Av. Montañana 1005 P.O. Box 13.034 50080 Zaragoza Spain.,UMR 6553 Ecobio CNRS - University of Rennes 1 Av. du General Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Concepción L Alados
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (CSIC) Av. Montañana 1005 P.O. Box 13.034 50080 Zaragoza Spain
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Punchi-Manage R, Wiegand T, Wiegand K, Getzin S, Huth A, Gunatilleke CVS, Gunatilleke IAUN. Neighborhood diversity of large trees shows independent species patterns in a mixed dipterocarp forest in Sri Lanka. Ecology 2015; 96:1823-34. [PMID: 26378305 DOI: 10.1890/14-1477.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interactions among neighboring individuals influence plant performance and should create spatial patterns in local community structure. In order to assess the role of large trees in generating spatial patterns in local species richness, we used the individual species-area relationship (ISAR) to evaluate the species richness of trees of different size classes (and dead trees) in circular neighborhoods with varying radius around large trees of different focal species. To reveal signals of species interactions, we compared the ISAR function of the individuals of focal species with that of randomly selected nearby locations. We expected that large trees should strongly affect the community structure of smaller trees in their neighborhood, but that these effects should fade away with increasing size class. Unexpectedly, we found that only few focal species showed signals of species interactions with trees of the different size classes and that this was less likely for less abundant focal species. However, the few and relatively weak departures from independence were consistent with expectations of the effect of competition for space and the dispersal syndrome on spatial patterns. A noisy signal of competition for space found for large trees built up gradually with increasing life stage; it was not yet present for large saplings but detectable for intermediates. Additionally, focal species with animal-dispersed seeds showed higher species richness in their neighborhood than those with gravity- and gyration-dispersed seeds. Our analysis across the entire ontogeny from recruits to large trees supports the hypothesis that stochastic effects dilute deterministic species interactions in highly diverse communities. Stochastic dilution is a consequence of the stochastic geometry of biodiversity in species-rich communities where the identities of the nearest neighbors of a given plant are largely unpredictable. While the outcome of local species interactions is governed for each plant by deterministic fitness and niche differences, the large variability of competitors causes also a large variability in the outcomes of interactions and does not allow for strong directed responses at the species level. Collectively, our results highlight the critical effect of the stochastic geometry of biodiversity in structuring local spatial patterns of tropical forest diversity.
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Tsai CH, Lin YC, Wiegand T, Nakazawa T, Su SH, Hsieh CH, Ding TS. Individual species-area relationship of woody plant communities in a heterogeneous subtropical monsoon rainforest. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124539. [PMID: 25884405 PMCID: PMC4401546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial structure of species richness is often characterized by the species-area relationship (SAR). However, the SAR approach rarely considers the spatial variability of individual plants that arises from species interactions and species' habitat associations. Here, we explored how the interactions of individual plants of target species influence SAR patterns at a range of neighborhood distances. We analyzed the data of 113,988 woody plants of 110 species from the Fushan Forest Dynamics Plot (25 ha), northern Taiwan, which is a subtropical rainforest heavily influenced by typhoons. We classified 34 dominant species into 3 species types (i.e., accumulator, repeller, or no effect) by testing how the individual species-area relationship (i.e., statistics describing how neighborhood species richness changes around individuals) of target species departs (i.e., positively, negatively, or with no obvious trend) from a null model that accounts for habitat association. Deviation from the null model suggests that the net effect of species' interactions increases (accumulate) or decreases (repel) neighborhood species richness. We found that (i) accumulators were dominant at small interaction distances (<10-30 m); (ii) the detection of accumulator species was lower at large interaction distances (>30 m); (iii) repellers were rarely detected; and (iv) large-sized and abundant species tended to be accumulators. The findings suggest that positive species interactions have the potential to accumulate neighborhood species richness, particularly through size- and density-dependent mechanisms. We hypothesized that the frequently disturbed environment of this subtropical rainforest (e.g., typhoon-driven natural disturbances such as landslides, soil erosion, flooding, and windthrow) might create the spatial heterogeneity of species richness and promote positive species interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Tsai
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Takefumi Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chih-Hao Hsieh
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Su Ding
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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May F, Huth A, Wiegand T. Moving beyond abundance distributions: neutral theory and spatial patterns in a tropical forest. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20141657. [PMID: 25631991 PMCID: PMC4344136 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the relative importance of different processes that determine the spatial distribution of species and the dynamics in highly diverse plant communities remains a challenging question in ecology. Previous modelling approaches often focused on single aggregated forest diversity patterns that convey limited information on the underlying dynamic processes. Here, we use recent advances in inference for stochastic simulation models to evaluate the ability of a spatially explicit and spatially continuous neutral model to quantitatively predict six spatial and non-spatial patterns observed at the 50 ha tropical forest plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The patterns capture different aspects of forest dynamics and biodiversity structure, such as annual mortality rate, species richness, species abundance distribution, beta-diversity and the species-area relationship (SAR). The model correctly predicted each pattern independently and up to five patterns simultaneously. However, the model was unable to match the SAR and beta-diversity simultaneously. Our study moves previous theory towards a dynamic spatial theory of biodiversity and demonstrates the value of spatial data to identify ecological processes. This opens up new avenues to evaluate the consequences of additional process for community assembly and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix May
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Andreas Huth
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wiegand
- Department of Ecological Modelling, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
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Jara-Guerrero A, De la Cruz M, Espinosa CI, Méndez M, Escudero A. Does spatial heterogeneity blur the signature of dispersal syndromes on spatial patterns of woody species? A test in a tropical dry forest. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jara-Guerrero
- Depto de Ciencias Naturales; Univ. Técnica Particular de Loja; CP.: 11-01-608 Loja Ecuador
| | - Marcelino De la Cruz
- Depto de Biología Vegetal; E.U.I.T. Univ. Politécnica de Madrid; ES-28040 Madrid Spain
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; ES-28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Carlos I. Espinosa
- Depto de Ciencias Naturales; Univ. Técnica Particular de Loja; CP.: 11-01-608 Loja Ecuador
| | - Marcos Méndez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; ES-28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Univ. Rey Juan Carlos; ES-28933 Móstoles Spain
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Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Davies SJ, Bennett AC, Gonzalez-Akre EB, Muller-Landau HC, Wright SJ, Abu Salim K, Almeyda Zambrano AM, Alonso A, Baltzer JL, Basset Y, Bourg NA, Broadbent EN, Brockelman WY, Bunyavejchewin S, Burslem DFRP, Butt N, Cao M, Cardenas D, Chuyong GB, Clay K, Cordell S, Dattaraja HS, Deng X, Detto M, Du X, Duque A, Erikson DL, Ewango CEN, Fischer GA, Fletcher C, Foster RB, Giardina CP, Gilbert GS, Gunatilleke N, Gunatilleke S, Hao Z, Hargrove WW, Hart TB, Hau BCH, He F, Hoffman FM, Howe RW, Hubbell SP, Inman-Narahari FM, Jansen PA, Jiang M, Johnson DJ, Kanzaki M, Kassim AR, Kenfack D, Kibet S, Kinnaird MF, Korte L, Kral K, Kumar J, Larson AJ, Li Y, Li X, Liu S, Lum SKY, Lutz JA, Ma K, Maddalena DM, Makana JR, Malhi Y, Marthews T, Mat Serudin R, McMahon SM, McShea WJ, Memiaghe HR, Mi X, Mizuno T, Morecroft M, Myers JA, Novotny V, de Oliveira AA, Ong PS, Orwig DA, Ostertag R, den Ouden J, Parker GG, Phillips RP, Sack L, Sainge MN, Sang W, Sri-Ngernyuang K, Sukumar R, Sun IF, Sungpalee W, Suresh HS, Tan S, Thomas SC, Thomas DW, Thompson J, Turner BL, Uriarte M, Valencia R, Vallejo MI, Vicentini A, Vrška T, Wang X, Wang X, Weiblen G, Wolf A, Xu H, Yap S, Zimmerman J. CTFS-ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:528-49. [PMID: 25258024 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global change is impacting forests worldwide, threatening biodiversity and ecosystem services including climate regulation. Understanding how forests respond is critical to forest conservation and climate protection. This review describes an international network of 59 long-term forest dynamics research sites (CTFS-ForestGEO) useful for characterizing forest responses to global change. Within very large plots (median size 25 ha), all stems ≥ 1 cm diameter are identified to species, mapped, and regularly recensused according to standardized protocols. CTFS-ForestGEO spans 25 °S-61 °N latitude, is generally representative of the range of bioclimatic, edaphic, and topographic conditions experienced by forests worldwide, and is the only forest monitoring network that applies a standardized protocol to each of the world's major forest biomes. Supplementary standardized measurements at subsets of the sites provide additional information on plants, animals, and ecosystem and environmental variables. CTFS-ForestGEO sites are experiencing multifaceted anthropogenic global change pressures including warming (average 0.61 °C), changes in precipitation (up to ± 30% change), atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds (up to 3.8 g N m(-2) yr(-1) and 3.1 g S m(-2) yr(-1)), and forest fragmentation in the surrounding landscape (up to 88% reduced tree cover within 5 km). The broad suite of measurements made at CTFS-ForestGEO sites makes it possible to investigate the complex ways in which global change is impacting forest dynamics. Ongoing research across the CTFS-ForestGEO network is yielding insights into how and why the forests are changing, and continued monitoring will provide vital contributions to understanding worldwide forest diversity and dynamics in an era of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama; Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA, USA
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Flügge AJ, Olhede SC, Murrell DJ. A method to detect subcommunities from multivariate spatial associations. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton J. Flügge
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology; University College London; London UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Sofia C. Olhede
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology; University College London; London UK
- Department of Statistical Science; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - David J. Murrell
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
- Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology; University College London; London UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research; University College London; Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
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Hu YH, Kitching RL, Lan GY, Zhang JL, Sha LQ, Cao M. Size-class effect contributes to tree species assembly through influencing dispersal in tropical forests. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108450. [PMID: 25251538 PMCID: PMC4177404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the processes of community assembly using size classes of trees. Specifically our work examined (1) whether point process models incorporating an effect of size-class produce more realistic summary outcomes than do models without this effect; (2) which of three selected models incorporating, respectively environmental effects, dispersal and the joint-effect of both of these, is most useful in explaining species-area relationships (SARs) and point dispersion patterns. For this evaluation we used tree species data from the 50-ha forest dynamics plot in Barro Colorado Island, Panama and the comparable 20 ha plot at Bubeng, Southwest China. Our results demonstrated that incorporating an size-class effect dramatically improved the SAR estimation at both the plots when the dispersal only model was used. The joint effect model produced similar improvement but only for the 50-ha plot in Panama. The point patterns results were not improved by incorporation of size-class effects using any of the three models. Our results indicate that dispersal is likely to be a key process determining both SARs and point patterns. The environment-only model and joint-effects model were effective at the species level and the community level, respectively. We conclude that it is critical to use multiple summary characteristics when modelling spatial patterns at the species and community levels if a comprehensive understanding of the ecological processes that shape species' distributions is sought; without this results may have inherent biases. By influencing dispersal, the effect of size-class contributes to species assembly and enhances our understanding of species coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Roger L. Kitching
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Guo-Yu Lan
- Rubber Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiao-Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Li-Qing Sha
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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Barwell LJ, Azaele S, Kunin WE, Isaac NJB. Can coarse‐grain patterns in insect atlas data predict local occupancy? DIVERS DISTRIB 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Louise J. Barwell
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Maclean Building Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
- School of Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Sandro Azaele
- School of Mathematics Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - William E. Kunin
- School of Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nick J. B. Isaac
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Maclean Building Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
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Yang J, Swenson NG, Cao M, Chuyong GB, Ewango CEN, Howe R, Kenfack D, Thomas D, Wolf A, Lin L. A phylogenetic perspective on the individual species-area relationship in temperate and tropical tree communities. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63192. [PMID: 23650553 PMCID: PMC3641141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists have historically used species-area relationships (SARs) as a tool to understand the spatial distribution of species. Recent work has extended SARs to focus on individual-level distributions to generate individual species area relationships (ISARs). The ISAR approach quantifies whether individuals of a species tend have more or less species richness surrounding them than expected by chance. By identifying richness 'accumulators' and 'repellers', respectively, the ISAR approach has been used to infer the relative importance of abiotic and biotic interactions and neutrality. A clear limitation of the SAR and ISAR approaches is that all species are treated as evolutionarily independent and that a large amount of work has now shown that local tree neighborhoods exhibit non-random phylogenetic structure given the species richness. Here, we use nine tropical and temperate forest dynamics plots to ask: (i) do ISARs change predictably across latitude?; (ii) is the phylogenetic diversity in the neighborhood of species accumulators and repellers higher or lower than that expected given the observed species richness?; and (iii) do species accumulators, repellers distributed non-randomly on the community phylogenetic tree? The results indicate no clear trend in ISARs from the temperate zone to the tropics and that the phylogenetic diversity surrounding the individuals of species is generally only non-random on very local scales. Interestingly the distribution of species accumulators and repellers was non-random on the community phylogenies suggesting the presence of phylogenetic signal in the ISAR across latitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nathan G. Swenson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - George B. Chuyong
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Corneille E. N. Ewango
- Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF) Epulu, Ituri Forest, Reserve de Faune a Okapis, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Robert Howe
- Department of Natural and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David Kenfack
- Smithsonian Global Earth Observatory Network, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Duncan Thomas
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy Wolf
- Department of Natural and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin – Green Bay, Green Bay, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Luxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Swenson NG, Mi X, Kress WJ, Thompson J, Uriarte M, Zimmerman JK. Species-time-area and phylogenetic-time-area relationships in tropical tree communities. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1173-83. [PMID: 23762505 PMCID: PMC3678473 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The species-area relationship (SAR) has proven to be one of the few strong generalities in ecology. The temporal analog of the SAR, the species-time relationship (STR), has received considerably less attention. Recent work primarily from the temperate zone has aimed to merge the SAR and the STR into a synthetic and unified species-time-area relationship (STAR) as originally envisioned by Preston (1960). Here we test this framework using two tropical tree communities and extend it by deriving a phylogenetic-time-area relationship (PTAR). The work finds some support for Preston's prediction that diversity-time relationships, both species and phylogenetic, are sensitive to the spatial scale of the sampling. Contrary to the Preston's predictions we find a decoupling of diversity-area and diversity-time relationships in both forests as the time period used to quantify the diversity-area relationship changes. In particular, diversity-area and diversity-time relationships are positively correlated using the initial census to quantify the diversity-area relationship, but weakly or even negatively correlated when using the most recent census. Thus, diversity-area relationships could forecast the temporal accumulation of biodiversity of the forests, but they failed to “back-cast” the temporal accumulation of biodiversity suggesting a decoupling of space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Swenson
- Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
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Wiegand T, Huth A, Getzin S, Wang X, Hao Z, Gunatilleke CVS, Gunatilleke IAUN. Testing the independent species' arrangement assertion made by theories of stochastic geometry of biodiversity. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3312-20. [PMID: 22593112 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assertion that the spatial location of different species is independent of each other is fundamental in major ecological theories such as neutral theory that describes a stochastic geometry of biodiversity. However, this assertion has rarely been tested. Here we use techniques of spatial point pattern analysis to conduct a comprehensive test of the independence assertion by analysing data from three large forest plots with different species richness: a species-rich tropical forest at Barro Colorado Island (Panama), a tropical forest in Sinharaja (Sri Lanka), and a temperate forest in Changbaishan (China). We hypothesize that stochastic dilution effects owing to increasing species richness overpower signals of species associations, thereby yielding approximate species independence. Indeed, the proportion of species pairs showing: (i) no significant interspecific association increased with species richness, (ii) segregation decreased with species richness, and (iii) small-scale interspecific interaction decreased with species richness. This suggests that independence may indeed be a good approximation in the limit of very species-rich communities. Our findings are a step towards a better understanding of factors governing species-rich communities and we propose a hypothesis to explain why species placement in species-rich communities approximates independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Wiegand
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecological Modelling, PF 500136, Leipzig 04301, Germany.
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Clark JS, Bell DM, Hersh MH, Kwit MC, Moran E, Salk C, Stine A, Valle D, Zhu K. Individual-scale variation, species-scale differences: inference needed to understand diversity. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:1273-87. [PMID: 21978194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As ecological data are usually analysed at a scale different from the one at which the process of interest operates, interpretations can be confusing and controversial. For example, hypothesised differences between species do not operate at the species level, but concern individuals responding to environmental variation, including competition with neighbours. Aggregated data from many individuals subject to spatio-temporal variation are used to produce species-level averages, which marginalise away the relevant (process-level) scale. Paradoxically, the higher the dimensionality, the more ways there are to differ, yet the more species appear the same. The aggregate becomes increasingly irrelevant and misleading. Standard analyses can make species look the same, reverse species rankings along niche axes, make the surprising prediction that a species decreases in abundance when a competitor is removed from a model, or simply preclude parameter estimation. Aggregation explains why niche differences hidden at the species level become apparent upon disaggregation to the individual level, why models suggest that individual-level variation has a minor impact on diversity when disaggregation shows it to be important, and why literature-based synthesis can be unfruitful. We show how to identify when aggregation is the problem, where it has caused controversy, and propose three ways to address it.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Ruiz-Jaen MC, Potvin C. Can we predict carbon stocks in tropical ecosystems from tree diversity? Comparing species and functional diversity in a plantation and a natural forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:978-987. [PMID: 20958305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
• Linking tree diversity to carbon storage can provide further motivation to conserve tropical forests and to design carbon-enriched plantations. Here, we examine the role of tree diversity and functional traits in determining carbon storage in a mixed-species plantation and in a natural tropical forest in Panama. • We used species richness, functional trait diversity, species dominance and functional trait dominance to predict tree carbon storage across these two forests. Then we compared the species ranking based on wood density, maximum diameter, maximum height, and leaf mass per area (LMA) between sites to reveal how these values changed between different forests. • Increased species richness, a higher proportion of nitrogen fixers and species with low LMA increased carbon storage in the mixed-species plantation, while a higher proportion of large trees and species with high LMA increased tree carbon storage in the natural forest. Furthermore, we found that tree species varied greatly in their absolute and relative values between study sites. • Different results in different forests mean that we cannot easily predict carbon storage capacity in natural forests using data from experimental plantations. Managers should be cautious when applying functional traits measured in natural populations in the design of carbon-enriched plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ruiz-Jaen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield, Montréal H3A-1B1, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Potvin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield, Montréal H3A-1B1, QC, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
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Mejía-Domínguez NR, Meave JA, Díaz-Ávalos C, González EJ. Individual Canopy-tree Species Effects on Their Immediate Understory Microsite and Sapling Community Dynamics. Biotropica 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adler FR. The effects of intraspecific density dependence on species richness and species abundance distributions. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-010-0108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Many of the most interesting questions ecologists ask lead to analyses of spatial data. Yet, perhaps confused by the large number of statistical models and fitting methods available, many ecologists seem to believe this is best left to specialists. Here, we describe the issues that need consideration when analysing spatial data and illustrate these using simulation studies. Our comparative analysis involves using methods including generalized least squares, spatial filters, wavelet revised models, conditional autoregressive models and generalized additive mixed models to estimate regression coefficients from synthetic but realistic data sets, including some which violate standard regression assumptions. We assess the performance of each method using two measures and using statistical error rates for model selection. Methods that performed well included generalized least squares family of models and a Bayesian implementation of the conditional auto-regressive model. Ordinary least squares also performed adequately in the absence of model selection, but had poorly controlled Type I error rates and so did not show the improvements in performance under model selection when using the above methods. Removing large-scale spatial trends in the response led to poor performance. These are empirical results; hence extrapolation of these findings to other situations should be performed cautiously. Nevertheless, our simulation-based approach provides much stronger evidence for comparative analysis than assessments based on single or small numbers of data sets, and should be considered a necessary foundation for statements of this type in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Beale
- The Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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Shen G, Yu M, Hu XS, Mi X, Ren H, Sun IF, Ma K. Species-area relationships explained by the joint effects of dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity. Ecology 2010; 90:3033-41. [PMID: 19967859 DOI: 10.1890/08-1646.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Species-area relationships (SARs) characterize the spatial distribution of species diversity in community ecology, but the biological mechanisms underlying the SARs have not been fully explored. Here, we examined the roles of dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity in shaping SARs in two large-scale forest plots. One is a 24-ha subtropical forest in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, China. The other is a 50-ha tropical rain forest in Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Spatial point pattern models were applied to investigate the contributions of dispersal and habitat heterogeneity and their interactions to the formation of the SARs in the two sites. The results showed that, although dispersal and habitat heterogeneity each could significantly contribute to the SARs, each alone was insufficient to explain the SARs. Their joint effects sufficiently explained the real SARs, suggesting that heterogeneous habitat and dispersal limitation are two predominant mechanisms for maintaining the spatial distributions of the species in these two forests. These results add to our understanding of the ecological processes underlying the spatial variation of SARs in natural forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wiegand T, Martínez I, Huth A. Recruitment in Tropical Tree Species: Revealing Complex Spatial Patterns. Am Nat 2009; 174:E106-40. [DOI: 10.1086/605368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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46
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Biganzoli F, Wiegand T, Batista WB. Fire-mediated interactions between shrubs in a South American temperate savannah. OIKOS 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Asner GP, Martin RE, Ford AJ, Metcalfe DJ, Liddell MJ. Leaf chemical and spectral diversity in Australian tropical forests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2009; 19:236-253. [PMID: 19323186 DOI: 10.1890/08-0023.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Leaf chemical and spectral properties of 162 canopy species were measured at 11 tropical forest sites along a 6024 mm precipitation/yr and 8.7 degrees C climate gradient in Queensland, Australia. We found that variations in foliar nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid concentrations, as well as specific leaf area (SLA), were expressed more strongly among species within a site than along the entire climate gradient. Integrated chemical signatures consisting of all leaf properties did not aggregate well at the genus or family levels. Leaf chemical diversity was maximal in the lowland tropical forest sites with the highest temperatures and moderate precipitation levels. Cooler and wetter montane tropical forests contained species with measurably lower variation in their chemical signatures. Foliar optical properties measured from 400 to 2500 nm were also highly diverse at the species level, and were well correlated with an ensemble of leaf chemical properties and SLA (r2 = 0.54-0.83). A probabilistic diversity model amplified the leaf chemical differences among species, revealing that lowland tropical forests maintain a chemical diversity per unit richness far greater than that of higher elevation forests in Australia. Modeled patterns in spectral diversity and species richness paralleled those of chemical diversity, demonstrating a linkage between the taxonomic and remotely sensed properties of tropical forest canopies. We conclude that species are the taxonomic unit causing chemical variance in Australian tropical forest canopies, and thus ecological and remote sensing studies should consider the role that species play in defining the functional properties of these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Asner
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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