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Kuliczkowska-Płaksej J, Zdrojowy-Wełna A, Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska A, Gojny Ł, Bolanowski M. Diagnosis and therapeutic approach to bone health in patients with hypopituitarism. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:513-539. [PMID: 38565758 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-024-09878-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The results of many studies in recent years indicate a significant impact of pituitary function on bone health. The proper function of the pituitary gland has a significant impact on the growth of the skeleton and the appearance of sexual dimorphism. It is also responsible for achieving peak bone mass, which protects against the development of osteoporosis and fractures later in life. It is also liable for the proper remodeling of the skeleton, which is a physiological mechanism managing the proper mechanical resistance of bones and the possibility of its regeneration after injuries. Pituitary diseases causing hypofunction and deficiency of tropic hormones, and thus deficiency of key hormones of effector organs, have a negative impact on the skeleton, resulting in reduced bone mass and susceptibility to pathological fractures. The early appearance of pituitary dysfunction, i.e. in the pre-pubertal period, is responsible for failure to achieve peak bone mass, and thus the risk of developing osteoporosis in later years. This argues for the need for a thorough assessment of patients with hypopituitarism, not only in terms of metabolic disorders, but also in terms of bone disorders. Early and properly performed treatment may prevent patients from developing the bone complications that are so common in this pathology. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kuliczkowska-Płaksej
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Zdrojowy-Wełna
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gojny
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department and Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wybrzeże Pasteura 4, Wrocław, 50-367, Poland
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Liu C, Hua L, Liu K, Xin Z. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormone correlates to osteoporosis and fractures in euthyroid individuals. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:2017-2029. [PMID: 36795243 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that thyroid function affects bone metabolism and even fractures risk. However, little is known about the relationship between thyroid sensitivity and osteoporosis and fractures. Therefore, we explored the relationship between thyroid sensitivity-related indices and bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures in euthyroid US adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 20,686 subjects from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data were extracted and analyzed during 2007 to 2010. A total of 3403 men and postmenopausal women aged 50 years or older with available data on diagnosis of osteoporosis and/or fragility fractures, bone mineral density (BMD) and thyroid function, were eligible. TSH index (TSHI), thyrotrophin T4/T3 resistance index (TT4RI/TT3RI), Thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), Parametric TFQI (PTFQI), free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine ratio (FT3/FT4), the secretory capacity of the thyroid gland (SPINA-GT) and the sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) were calculated. RESULTS FT3/FT4, SPINA-GD, FT4, TSHI, TT4RI, TFQI and PTFQIFT4 were significantly correlated with BMD (P < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that FT3/FT4 and SPINA-GD was significantly positively associated with BMD, while FT4, TSHI, TT4RI, TFQI and PTFQIFT4 were negatively associated with BMD (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for osteoporosis of TSHI, TFQI and PTFQIFT4 were 1.314(1.076, 1.605), 1.743(1.327, 2.288) and 1.827(1.359, 2.455) respectively, and were 0.746(0.620, 0.898) for FT3/FT4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In elderly euthyroid individuals, impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones correlates to osteoporosis and fractures, independent of other conventional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - L Hua
- Department of Mathematics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - K Liu
- Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Z Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, 1 Dong Jiao Min Xiang, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Wu J, Huang H, Yu X. How does Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect bone metabolism? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:191-205. [PMID: 36509987 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09778-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow contains resident cellular components that are not only involved in bone maintenance but also regulate hematopoiesis and immune responses. The immune system and bone interact with each other, coined osteoimmunology. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common chronic autoimmune diseases which is accompanied by lymphocytic infiltration. It shows elevating thyroid autoantibody levels at an early stage and progresses to thyroid dysfunction ultimately. Different effects exert on bone metabolism during different phases of HT. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of the long-term effects of HT on bone and the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology. For patients with HT, the bone is affected not only by thyroid function and the value of TSH, but also by the setting of the autoimmune background. The autoimmune background implies a breakdown of the mechanisms that control self-reactive system, featuring abnormal immune activation and presence of autoantibodies. The etiology of thyroid autoimmunity and osteoimmunology is complex and involves a number of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines, which regulate the pathogenesis of HT and osteoporosis at the same time, and have potential to affect each other. In addition, vitamin D works as a potent immunomodulator to influence both thyroid immunity and osteoimmunology. We conclude that HT affects bone metabolism at least through endocrine and immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism/Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxue Lane, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Deng Y, Han Y, Gao S, Dong W, Yu Y. The Physiological Functions and Polymorphisms of Type II Deiodinase. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:190-202. [PMID: 37150515 PMCID: PMC10164501 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.1599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II deiodinase (DIO2) is thought to provide triiodothyronine (T3) to the nucleus to meet intracellular needs by deiodinating the prohormone thyroxine. DIO2 is expressed widely in many tissues and plays an important role in a variety of physiological processes, such as controlling T3 content in developing tissues (e.g., bone, muscles, and skin) and the adult brain, and regulating adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the identification and cloning of DIO2 have been challenging. In recent years, several clinical investigations have focused on the Thr92Ala polymorphism, which is closely correlated with clinical syndromes such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and osteoarthritis. Thr92Ala-DIO2 was also found to be related to bone and neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. However, relatively few reviews have synthesized research on individual deiodinases, especially DIO2, in the past 5 years. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the physiological functions of DIO2 in thyroid hormone signaling and adaptive thermogenesis in BAT and the brain, as well as the associations between Thr92Ala-DIO2 and bone and neurodegenerative diseases and tumors. This discussion is expected to provide insights into the physiological functions of DIO2 and the clinical syndromes associated with Thr92Ala-DIO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education and Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Stephanus AD, Ramos SCL, Seguti VF, Netto OS, Moraes CF, Gomes LO, de Carvalho LSF, Campos-Staffico AM. Subclinical hypothyroidism is not associated with femoral osteoporosis in individuals aged 50 years or older. J Clin Densitom 2023; 26:101362. [PMID: 36967321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction and osteoporosis are conditions strongly associated with aging, and the prevalence of both conditions is expected to increase in the coming decades. Thyroid hormones regulate bone metabolism, and the role of subclinical hypothyroidism on bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. Hence, this study aims to assess the association of subclinical hypothyroidism with femoral osteopenia and osteoporosis in individuals aged 50 years or older. METHODOLOGY This retrospective cohort study was carried out with 864 outpatients having at least one result for TSH levels before the first record of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The primary endpoints were osteopenia (-2.5 standard deviation (SD) <T-score <-1.0SD) and osteoporosis (T-score ≤-2.5SD). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the association of subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH ≥4.5 mIU/L) with osteopenia and osteoporosis in unadjusted and covariate-adjusted models. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated, and p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was no significant association between subclinical hypothyroidism and femoral osteopenia in either unadjusted [HR: 1.149 (0.835-1.580); p=0.394] or fully covariate-adjusted models [HR: 1.069 (0.774-1.477); p=0.687]. Subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with femoral osteoporosis in the unadjusted analysis [HR: 1.981 (1.044-3.757); p= 0.036], but a lack of association occurred and remained after successive covariate-adjustments analyses [HR: 1.392 (0.615-3.152); p=0.428]. CONCLUSION Subclinical hypothyroidism is not independently associated with either femoral osteopenia or osteoporosis in individuals aged 50 years or older over a four-year follow-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Stephanus
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | - Vladimir F Seguti
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo S Netto
- Department of Medicine, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Clayton F Moraes
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Lucy O Gomes
- Department of Gerontology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Okada S, Isoda A, Hoshi H, Okada J, Okada K, Yamada E, Saito T, Watanabe T, Kikkawa K, Ohshima K. The ratio of free triiodothyronine to free thyroxine is regulated differently in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated and not treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102704. [PMID: 36621107 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Triiodothyronine reduces sodium glucose cotransporter 2 expression in the kidney and increased glucose excretion in urine of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Free thyroxine is also negatively associated with islet beta-cell function in euthyroid subjects. However, the influence of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor on thyroid function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus has not been established. METHODS We investigated thyroid function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the presence or absence of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in a multicenter retrospective study conducted between 2019 and 2021. All participants visited the hospital monthly for type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment and plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin level measurements. Furthermore, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, and free thyroxine levels were measured annually. RESULTS Free triiodothyronine level and the free triiodothyronine:free thyroxine ratio in the group treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor were significantly higher than the levels in the group not treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor. Free triiodothyronine levels in the group treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor were significantly higher than the levels in the group not treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (p = 0.040). Free thyroxine levels in the group treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor were significantly lower than the levels in the group not treated with sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (p = 0.002). Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor affects free triiodothyronine levels free thyroxine levels, and the free triiodothyronine:free thyroxine ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Okada
- Hoshi-Iin, 204-1 Nishizen-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 379-2131, Japan; Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Isoda
- Hoshi-Iin, 204-1 Nishizen-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 379-2131, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hoshi
- Hoshi-Iin, 204-1 Nishizen-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 379-2131, Japan
| | - Junichi Okada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave., Price 369, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Kazuya Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Eijiro Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsugumichi Saito
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takuya Watanabe
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Saku Central Hospital Advanced Care Center, 28-3400 Nakagomi, Saku, Nagano, 385-0051, Japan
| | - Koji Kikkawa
- Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Kihachi Ohshima
- Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
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Abstract
In this article, starting with the recognition that iodine is essential for normal thyroid function and is a component of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, we discuss the many seminal observations and discoveries that have led to identification of various pathways of TH metabolism and their potential roles in TH economy and action. We then recount evidence that TH metabolism participates in maintaining the appropriate content of active hormone in a TH-responsive tissue or cell. Thus, metabolism of the TH is not merely a means by which it is degraded and eliminated from the body, but an essential component of an intricate system by which the thyroid exerts its multiple regulatory effects on almost all organs and tissues. The article ends with a summary of the current concepts and some outstanding questions that are awaiting answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Anne Galton
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
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Wibowo A, Hidayat T, Wahyuningrum SN. Type 2 Deiodinase A/G (Thr92Ala) Polymorphism and Circulating Thyroid Hormone Level of Childbearing Age Women in Area Replete with Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO) is an enzyme that regulates thyroid hormone activity. DIO consists of three types: deiodinase 1 (D1), 2 (D2), and 3 (D3). D2 is a gene that plays an important role in regulation of the biochemistry of the thyroid hormone in several tissues. D2 also plays a role in the production of triiodothyronine and controlling thyroid hormone signals. This study measured the observation that about 15% of the normal population show that D2 gene polymorphism (Thr92Ala) potentially affects the activity of D2.
AIM: This study aimed to determine D2 polymorphisms and their association with thyroid hormone levels in women of childbearing age in replete iodine deficiency disorder areas.
METHODS: Total number of subjects was 131. Analysis of serum TSH, T3, fT3, T4, and fT4 levels was done using ELISA. Polymorphism of Thr92Ala was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method.
RESULTS: The results showed that the frequencies of the genotypes Thr92Ala were AA 16.79%, AG 41.22%, and GG 41.99%, whereas the allele frequency A 37.5% and G 62.5% (p HWE = 0.171). In this study, we found no differences of TSH and thyroid hormone level between group of each allel. Mean of TSH and thyroid hormone level was on normal range.
CONCLUSION: This D2 polymorphism is associated with fT4 levels rather than fT3 but not statistically significant. Heterozygous alleles at D2 AG have higher TSH levels compared with homozygous alleles.
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Low Bone Turnover Due to Hypothyroidism or Anti-Resorptive Treatment Does Not Affect Whole-Body Glucose Homeostasis in Male Mice. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091462. [PMID: 36143246 PMCID: PMC9502862 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a large and dynamic tissue and its maintenance requires high amounts of energy as old or damaged bone structures need to be replaced during the process of bone remodeling. Glucose homeostasis is an essential prerequisite for a healthy bone and vice versa, the skeleton can act as an endocrine organ on energy metabolism. We recently showed that hypothyroidism in mice leads to an almost complete arrest of bone remodeling. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the profound suppression of bone remodeling affects whole-body glucose homeostasis. To that end, male C57BL/6JRj mice were rendered hypothyroid over 4 weeks using methimazole and sodium perchlorate in the drinking water. We confirmed trabecular bone gain due to decreased bone turnover in hypothyroid mice with decreased cortical but increased vertebral bone strength. Further, we found impaired glucose handling but not insulin resistance with hypothyroidism. In hypothyroid bone, glucose uptake and expression of glucose transporter Glut4 were reduced by 44.3% and 13.9%, respectively, suggesting lower energy demands. Nevertheless, hypothyroidism led to distinct changes in glucose uptake in muscle, liver, and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Reduced glucose uptake (−30.6%) and Glut1/Glut4 transcript levels (−31.9%/−67.5%) were detected in muscle tissue. In contrast, in liver and eWAT we observed increased glucose uptake by 25.6% and 68.6%, respectively, and upregulated expression of glucose transporters with hypothyroidism. To more specifically target bone metabolism and discriminate between the skeletal and systemic effects of hypothyroidism on energy metabolism, male mice were treated with zoledronate (ZOL), a bisphosphonate, that led to decreased bone turnover, trabecular bone gain, and reduced local glucose uptake into bone (−40.4%). However, ZOL-treated mice did not display alterations of systemic glucose handling nor insulin tolerance. Despite the close mutual crosstalk of bone and glucose metabolism, in this study, we show that suppressing bone remodeling does not influence whole-body glucose homeostasis in male mice.
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Oláh T, Cai X, Gao L, Walter F, Pape D, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Quantifying the Human Subchondral Trabecular Bone Microstructure in Osteoarthritis with Clinical CT. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201692. [PMID: 35670136 PMCID: PMC9376842 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by critical alterations of the subchondral bone microstructure, besides the well-known cartilaginous changes. Clinical computed tomography (CT) detection of quantitative 3D microstructural subchondral bone parameters is applied to monitor changes of subchondral bone structure in different stages of human OA and is compared with micro-CT, the gold standard. Determination by clinical CT (287 µm resolution) of key microstructural parameters in tibial plateaus with mild-to-moderate and severe OA reveals strong correlations to micro-CT (35 µm), high inter- and intraobserver reliability, and small relative differences. In vivo, normal, mild-to-moderate, and severe OA are compared with clinical CT (331 µm). All approaches detect characteristic expanded trabecular structure in severe OA and fundamental microstructural correlations with clinical OA stage. Multivariate analyses at various in vivo and ex vivo imaging resolutions always reliably separate mild-to-moderate from severe OA (except mild-to-moderate OA from normal), revealing a striking similarity between 287 µm clinical and 35 µm micro-CT. Thus, accurate structural measurements using clinical CT with a resolution near the trabecular dimensions are possible. Clinical CT offers an opportunity to quantitatively monitor subchondral bone microstructure in clinical and experimental settings as an advanced tool of investigating OA and other diseases affecting bone architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
- Cartilage Net of the Greater RegionKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
| | - Liang Gao
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
- Cartilage Net of the Greater RegionKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
| | - Frédéric Walter
- Clinique d'EichCentre Hospitalier de Luxembourg78 Rue d'EichLuxembourg1460Luxembourg
| | - Dietrich Pape
- Cartilage Net of the Greater RegionKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
- Clinique d'EichCentre Hospitalier de Luxembourg78 Rue d'EichLuxembourg1460Luxembourg
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
- Cartilage Net of the Greater RegionKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental OrthopaedicsSaarland UniversityKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
- Cartilage Net of the Greater RegionKirrberger Straße 100, Building 37Homburg SaarD‐66421Germany
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Fu X, Sun X, Zhang C, Lv N, Guo H, Xing C, Lv J, Wu J, Zhu X, Liu M, Su L. Genkwanin Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Bone Destruction and Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss. Front Nutr 2022; 9:921037. [PMID: 35811983 PMCID: PMC9260391 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.921037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The first objective of this study was to probe the effects of genkwanin (GKA) on osteoclast. The second goal of this study was to study whether GKA can protect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ovariectomized (OVX) induced bone loss. Materials and Methods Various concentrations of GKA (1 and 10 mg/kg) were injected into mice. Different concentrations of GKA (1 and 5 μM) were used to detect the effects of GKA on osteoclast and osteoblast. Key Findings GKA attenuated the osteoclast differentiation promoted by RANKL and expression of marker genes containing c-fos, ctsk as well as bone resorption related gene Trap and to the suppression of MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, GKA induced BMMs cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, GKA prevented LPS-induced and ovariectomized-induced bone loss in mice. Conclusion Our research revealed that GKA had a potential to be an effective therapeutic agent for osteoclast-mediated osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanning Lv
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China
- Lianyungang Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Xing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwen Wu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoli Zhu,
| | - Mingming Liu
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang, China
- Lianyungang Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Lianyungang, China
- Mingming Liu,
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- Li Su,
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Rodríguez Ruiz A, van Hoolwerff M, Sprangers S, Suchiman E, Schoenmaker T, Dibbets-Schneider P, Bloem JL, Nelissen RGHH, Freund C, Mummery C, Everts V, de Vries TJ, Ramos YFM, Meulenbelt I. Mutation in the CCAL1 locus accounts for bidirectional process of human subchondral bone turnover and cartilage mineralization. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 62:360-372. [PMID: 35412619 PMCID: PMC9788812 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the mechanism by which the readthrough mutation in TNFRSF11B, encoding osteoprotegerin (OPG) with additional 19 amino acids at its C-terminus (OPG-XL), causes the characteristic bidirectional phenotype of subchondral bone turnover accompanied by cartilage mineralization in chondrocalcinosis patients. METHODS OPG-XL was studied by human induced pluripotent stem cells expressing OPG-XL and two isogenic CRISPR/Cas9-corrected controls in cartilage and bone organoids. Osteoclastogenesis was studied with monocytes from OPG-XL carriers and matched healthy controls followed by gene expression characterization. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and MRI analyses were used to characterize the phenotype of carriers and non-carriers of the mutation. RESULTS Human OPG-XL carriers relative to sex- and age-matched controls showed, after an initial delay, large active osteoclasts with high number of nuclei. By employing hiPSCs expressing OPG-XL and isogenic CRISPR/Cas9-corrected controls to established cartilage and bone organoids, we demonstrated that expression of OPG-XL resulted in excessive fibrosis in cartilage and high mineralization in bone accompanied by marked downregulation of MGP, encoding matrix Gla protein, and upregulation of DIO2, encoding type 2 deiodinase, gene expression, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The readthrough mutation at CCAL1 locus in TNFRSF11B identifies an unknown role for OPG-XL in subchondral bone turnover and cartilage mineralization in humans via DIO2 and MGP functions. Previously, OPG-XL was shown to affect binding between RANKL and heparan sulphate (HS) resulting in loss of immobilized OPG-XL. Therefore, effects may be triggered by deficiency in the immobilization of OPG-XL Since the characteristic bidirectional pathophysiology of articular cartilage calcification accompanied by low subchondral bone mineralization is also a hallmark of OA pathophysiology, our results are likely extrapolated to common arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eka Suchiman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Section Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Oral Cell Biology,Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam
| | | | | | - Rob G H H Nelissen
- Department of Orthopedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Oral Cell Biology,Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit , Amsterdam
| | - Yolande F M Ramos
- Correspondence to: Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC Postzone S-05-P, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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13
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Ebeling PR, Nguyen HH, Aleksova J, Vincent AJ, Wong P, Milat F. Secondary Osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:240-313. [PMID: 34476488 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a global public health problem, with fractures contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Although postmenopausal osteoporosis is most common, up to 30% of postmenopausal women, > 50% of premenopausal women, and between 50% and 80% of men have secondary osteoporosis. Exclusion of secondary causes is important, as treatment of such patients often commences by treating the underlying condition. These are varied but often neglected, ranging from endocrine to chronic inflammatory and genetic conditions. General screening is recommended for all patients with osteoporosis, with advanced investigations reserved for premenopausal women and men aged < 50 years, for older patients in whom classical risk factors for osteoporosis are absent, and for all patients with the lowest bone mass (Z-score ≤ -2). The response of secondary osteoporosis to conventional anti-osteoporosis therapy may be inadequate if the underlying condition is unrecognized and untreated. Bone densitometry, using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, may underestimate fracture risk in some chronic diseases, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and obesity, and may overestimate fracture risk in others (eg, Turner syndrome). FRAX and trabecular bone score may provide additional information regarding fracture risk in secondary osteoporosis, but their use is limited to adults aged ≥ 40 years and ≥ 50 years, respectively. In addition, FRAX requires adjustment in some chronic conditions, such as glucocorticoid use, type 2 diabetes, and HIV. In most conditions, evidence for antiresorptive or anabolic therapy is limited to increases in bone mass. Current osteoporosis management guidelines also neglect secondary osteoporosis and these existing evidence gaps are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Ebeling
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Hanh H Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Western Health, Victoria 3011, Australia
| | - Jasna Aleksova
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Amanda J Vincent
- Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Phillip Wong
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Frances Milat
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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14
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Phenotypic effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism on SSC7 on fetal outcomes in PRRSV-2 infected gilts. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Zhu S, Pang Y, Xu J, Chen X, Zhang C, Wu B, Gao J. Endocrine Regulation on Bone by Thyroid. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873820. [PMID: 35464058 PMCID: PMC9020229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an endocrine organ, the thyroid acts on the entire body by secreting a series of hormones, and bone is one of the main target organs of the thyroid. SUMMARY This review highlights the roles of thyroid hormones and thyroid diseases in bone homeostasis. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormones play significant roles in the growth and development of bone, and imbalance of thyroid hormones can impair bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yidan Pang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Junjie Gao, ; Bo Wu, ; Changqing Zhang,
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16
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Ng L, Liu Y, Liu H, Forrest D. Cochlear Fibrocyte and Osteoblast Lineages Expressing Type 2 Deiodinase Identified with a Dio2CreERt2 Allele. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab179. [PMID: 34436572 PMCID: PMC8475715 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) amplifies levels of 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone, and is essential for cochlear maturation and auditory development. However, cellular routes for endocrine signaling in the compartmentalized, anatomically complex cochlea are little understood. Dio2 generates T3 from thyroxine (T4), a more abundant thyroid hormone precursor in the circulation, and is dramatically induced in the cochlea before the onset of hearing. The evidence implies that specific Dio2-expressing cell types critically mediate T3 signaling but these cell types are poorly defined because Dio2 is expressed transiently at low levels. Here, using a Dio2CreERt2 knockin that activates a fluorescent reporter, we define Dio2-expressing cochlear cell types at high resolution in male or female mice. Dio2-positive cells were detected in vascularized supporting tissues but not in avascular internal epithelia, indicating segregation of T3-generating and T3-responding tissues. In the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, Dio2-positive fibrocytes clustered around vascular networks that convey T4 into cochlear tissues. In the otic capsule, Dio2-positive osteoblasts localized at cartilage surfaces as the bony labyrinth matures. We corroborated the identities of Dio2-positive lineages by RNA-sequencing of individual cells. The results suggest a previously unrecognized role for fibrocytes in mediating hormonal signaling. We discuss a model whereby fibrocytes mediate paracrine-like control of T3 signaling to the organ of Corti and epithelial target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Foessl I, Bassett JHD, Bjørnerem Å, Busse B, Calado Â, Chavassieux P, Christou M, Douni E, Fiedler IAK, Fonseca JE, Hassler E, Högler W, Kague E, Karasik D, Khashayar P, Langdahl BL, Leitch VD, Lopes P, Markozannes G, McGuigan FEA, Medina-Gomez C, Ntzani E, Oei L, Ohlsson C, Szulc P, Tobias JH, Trajanoska K, Tuzun Ş, Valjevac A, van Rietbergen B, Williams GR, Zekic T, Rivadeneira F, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Bone Phenotyping Approaches in Human, Mice and Zebrafish - Expert Overview of the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE ("GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal traits TranslatiOnal NEtwork"). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:720728. [PMID: 34925226 PMCID: PMC8672201 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.720728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A synoptic overview of scientific methods applied in bone and associated research fields across species has yet to be published. Experts from the EU Cost Action GEMSTONE ("GEnomics of MusculoSkeletal Traits translational Network") Working Group 2 present an overview of the routine techniques as well as clinical and research approaches employed to characterize bone phenotypes in humans and selected animal models (mice and zebrafish) of health and disease. The goal is consolidation of knowledge and a map for future research. This expert paper provides a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art technologies to investigate bone properties in humans and animals - including their strengths and weaknesses. New research methodologies are outlined and future strategies are discussed to combine phenotypic with rapidly developing -omics data in order to advance musculoskeletal research and move towards "personalised medicine".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Foessl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrine Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Åshild Bjørnerem
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Research Centre for Women’s Health, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ângelo Calado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Christou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Douni
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Imke A. K. Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - João Eurico Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Lisbon Academic Medical Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Hassler
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Högler
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Erika Kague
- The School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Karasik
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Patricia Khashayar
- Center for Microsystems Technology, Imec and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bente L. Langdahl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victoria D. Leitch
- Innovative Manufacturing Cooperative Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Philippe Lopes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Georgios Markozannes
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | | | - Evangelia Ntzani
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Center for Research Synthesis in Health, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ling Oei
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Drug Treatment, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan H. Tobias
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Şansın Tuzun
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Department, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Amina Valjevac
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatjana Zekic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Endocrine Lab Platform, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Deng Y, Hu Q, Tang B, Ouyang Q, Hu S, Hu B, Hu J, He H, Chen G, Wang J. Identification of polymorphic loci in the deiodinase 2 gene and their associations with head dimensions in geese. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:639-647. [PMID: 34727635 PMCID: PMC9065781 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was conducted to clone and compare the molecular characteristics of the deiodinase 2 (DIO2) gene between Sichuan White geese and Landes geese, and to analyze the association between polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and head dimensions in Tianfu meat geese. Methods The coding sequence of the DIO2 gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and vector ligation and aligned by DNAMAN software. A total of 350 Tianfu meat geese were used to genotype the polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and measure the head dimensions. Association analysis between the polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene and head dimensions was carried out. Results An 840-bp coding sequence of the DIO2 gene was obtained and comparison analysis identified four polymorphic loci between Sichuan White geese and Landes geese. Further analysis showed that the dominant alleles for the four polymorphic loci were G, G, A, and T and the frequency of the heterozygous genotype was higher than that of the homozygous genotype in Tianfu meat geese. Compared to that in the population of non-knob geese of Tianfu meat geese, the head dimensions in the population of knob geese were significantly higher except for nostril height. However, in the non-knob geese, beak width 1 (BW1), beak width 2 (BW2), nostril length (NL), cranial width 1 (CW1), and maxillary length (ML) had significant differences among different genotypes or haplotypes/diplotypes. Conclusion These results suggested that polymorphisms of the DIO2 gene could be considered molecular markers to select larger heads of geese in the population of non-knob geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Deng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bincheng Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyuan Ouyang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
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19
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Sabatino L, Vassalle C, Del Seppia C, Iervasi G. Deiodinases and the Three Types of Thyroid Hormone Deiodination Reactions. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:952-964. [PMID: 34674502 PMCID: PMC8566136 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is strictly regulated by iodothyronine deiodinase activity, which both preserves the circulating levels of the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) and regulates TH homeostasis at the local level, in a cell- and time-dependent manner. Three deiodinases have been identified-namely iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (DIO1), DIO2, and DIO3-that differ in their catalytic properties and tissue distribution. The deiodinases represent a dynamic system that changes in the different stages of life according to their functions and roles in various cell types and tissues. Deiodinase activity at the tissue level permits cell-targeted fine regulation of TH homeostasis, mediating the activation (DIO1 and DIO2) and inactivation (DIO3) of THs. Deiodinase homeostasis is the driving force that leads T3-target cells towards customized TH signaling, which takes into account both the hormonal circulating levels and the tissue-specific response. This review analyzes the complex role of deiodinases in physiological and pathological contexts, exploring new challenges and opportunities deriving from a deeper knowledge of the dynamics underlying their roles and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sabatino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa,
Italy
| | | | - Cristina Del Seppia
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa,
Italy
| | - Giorgio Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa,
Italy
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20
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Hernandez A, Martinez ME, Ng L, Forrest D. Thyroid Hormone Deiodinases: Dynamic Switches in Developmental Transitions. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab091. [PMID: 33963379 PMCID: PMC8248586 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones exert pleiotropic, essential actions in mammalian, including human, development. These actions depend on provision of thyroid hormones in the circulation but also to a remarkable extent on deiodinase enzymes in target tissues that amplify or deplete the local concentration of the primary active form of the hormone T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine), the high affinity ligand for thyroid hormone receptors. Genetic analyses in mice have revealed key roles for activating (DIO2) and inactivating (DIO3) deiodinases in cell differentiation fates and tissue maturation, ultimately promoting neonatal viability, growth, fertility, brain development, and behavior, as well as metabolic, endocrine, and sensory functions. An emerging paradigm is how the opposing activities of DIO2 and DIO3 are coordinated, providing a dynamic switch that controls the developmental timing of a tissue response, often during neonatal and maturational transitions. A second paradigm is how cell to cell communication within a tissue determines the response to T3. Deiodinases in specific cell types, often strategically located near to blood vessels that convey thyroid hormones into the tissue, can regulate neighboring cell types, suggesting a paracrine-like layer of control of T3 action. We discuss deiodinases as switches for developmental transitions and their potential to influence tissue dysfunction in human thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Health, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - M Elena Martinez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Health, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
| | - Lily Ng
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Douglas Forrest
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Abstract
Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) or T4 to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Although evidence of deiodination of T4 to T3 has been available since the 1950s, objective evidence of TH metabolism was not established until the 1970s. The modern paradigm considers that the deiodinases not only play a role in the homeostasis of circulating T3, but they also provide dynamic control of TH signaling: cells that express the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) have enhanced TH signaling due to intracellular build-up of T3; the opposite is seen in cells that express type 3 deiodinase (D3), the inactivating deiodinase. D2 and D3 are expressed in metabolically relevant tissues such as brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver, and their roles have been investigated using cell, animal, and human models. During development, D2 and D3 expression customize for each tissue/organ the timing and intensity of TH signaling. In adult cells, D2 is induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and its expression is invariably associated with enhanced T3 signaling, expression of PGC1 and accelerated energy expenditure. In contrast, D3 expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), dampening T3 signaling and the metabolic rate. The coordinated expression of these enzymes adjusts TH signaling in a time- and tissue-specific fashion, affecting metabolic pathways in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Russo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Cellini M, Rotondi M, Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Chiovato L, Beck-Peccoz P, Lania A, Mazziotti G. Skeletal health in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:431-442. [PMID: 32696339 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis and fractures are important comorbidities in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), with potential negative impact on quality of life and survival. The main determinant of skeletal fragility in DTC is the thyrotropin (TSH)-suppressive therapy, which is commonly recommended to prevent disease's recurrence, especially in patients with structural incomplete response after thyroid surgery and radio-iodine therapy. TSH-suppressive therapy can stimulate bone resorption with consequent bone loss, deterioration of bone microstructure and high risk of fragility fractures. The skeletal effects of TSH-suppressive therapy may be amplified when thyroid cancer cells localize to the skeleton inducing alterations in bone remodelling, impairment of bone structure and further increase in risk of fractures. The management of skeletal fragility in DTC may be challenging, since prediction of fractures is a matter of uncertainty and data on effectiveness and safety of bone-active agents in this clinical setting are still scanty. This review deals with pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of skeletal fragility of patients with DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cellini
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M L Tanda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - E Piantanida
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Endocrine Unit, University of Insubria, ASST Dei Sette Laghi, Viale Borri, 57, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - L Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Beck-Peccoz
- University of Milan, Via Pietro Custodi 16, 20136, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4 Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy.
| | - G Mazziotti
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4 Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy
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23
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Sarin H. Pressure regulated basis for gene transcription by delta-cell micro-compliance modeled in silico: Biphenyl, bisphenol and small molecule ligand models of cell contraction-expansion. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236446. [PMID: 33021979 PMCID: PMC7537880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diameter, lipophilicity and hydrophilicity exclusion affinity limits exist for small molecule carrier-mediated diffusion or transport through channel pores or interaction with the cell surface glycocalyx. The molecular structure lipophilicity limit for non-specific carrier-mediated transmembrane diffusion through polarity-selective transport channels of the cell membrane is Lexternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1 of ≥ 1.07. The cell membrane channel pore size is > 0.752 and < 0.758 nm based on a 3-D ellipsoid model (biphenyl), and within the molecular diameter size range 0.744 and 0.762 nm based on a 2-D elliptical model (alkanol). The adjusted van der Waals diameter (vdWD, adj; nm) for the subset of halogenated vapors is predictive of the required MAC for anesthetic potency at an initial (-) Δ Cmicro effect. The molecular structure L ∙ Hpolar group-1 for Neu5Ac is 0.080, and the L ∙ Hpolar group-1 interval range for the cell surface glycocalyx hydrophilicity barrier interaction is 0.101 (Saxitoxin, Stx; Linternal structure ∙ Hpolar group-1) - 0.092 (m-xylenediamine, Lexternal structure · Hpolar group). Differential predictive effective pressure mapping of gene activation or repression reveals that p-dioxin exposure results in activation of AhR-Erβ (Arnt)/Nrf-2, Pparδ, Errγ (LxRα), Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs, and due to high affinity Dio2 and Dio3 (OH-TriCDD, Lext · H-1: 1.91–4.31) exothermy-antagonism (Δ contraction) with high affinity T4/rT3-TRα-mediated agonism (Δ expansion). co-planar PCB metabolite exposure (Lext · H-1: 1.95–3.91) results in activation of AhR (Erα/β)/Nrf2, Rev-Erbβ, Errα, Dio3 (Dio2) and Trα limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.89 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.05 as compared to p-dioxin. co-, ortho-planar PCB metabolite exposure results in activation of Car/PxR, Pparα (Srebf1,—Lxrβ), Arnt (AhR-Erβ), AR, Dio1 (Dio2) and Trβ limbs with a Δ Cmicro contraction of 0.73 and Δ Cmicro expansion of 1.18 (as compared to p-dioxin). Bisphenol A exposure (Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.08–1.12, BPA–BPE, Errγ; BPAF, Lext struct ∙ H-1: 1.23, CM Erα, β) results in increased duration at Peff for Timm8b (Peff 0.247) transcription and in indirect activation of the AhR/Nrf-2 hybrid pathway with decreased duration at Peff 0.200 (Nrf1) and increased duration at Peff 0.257 (Dffa). The Bpa/Bpaf convergent pathway Cmicro contraction-expansion response increase in the lower Peff interval is 0.040; in comparison, small molecule hormone Δ Cmicro contraction-expansion response increases in the lower Peff intervals for gene expression ≤ 0.168 (Dex· GR) ≥ 0.156 (Dht · AR), with grade of duration at Peff (min·count) of 1.33x105 (Dex/Cort) and 1.8–2.53x105 (Dht/R1881) as compared to the (-) coupled (+) Δ CmicroPeff to 0.136 (Wnt5a, Esr2) with applied DES (1.86x106). The subtype of trans-differentiated cell as a result of an applied toxin or toxicant is predictable by delta-Cmicro determined by Peff mapping. Study findings offer additional perspective on the basis for pressure regulated gene transcription by alterations in cell micro-compliance (Δ contraction-expansion, Cmicro), and are applicable for the further predictive modeling of gene to gene transcription interactions, and small molecule modulation of cell effective pressure (Peff) and its potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Sarin
- Freelance Investigator in Translational Science and Medicine, Charleston, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Kang YE, Kang YM, Park B, Shong M, Yi HS. Type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism is associated with a reduction in bone mineral density: A community-based korean genome and epidemiology study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 93:238-247. [PMID: 32324283 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 deiodinase (DIO2)-mediated thyroid hormone synthesis stimulates osteoblast activity and increases the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers, but there are no large cohort studies to identify the role of the DIO2 polymorphism in bone mineral density in humans. METHODS To investigate the hypothesis that individuals with the DIO2 gene polymorphism are susceptible to osteoporosis, we assessed the polymorphism of the DIO2 gene in 7,524 Koreans drawn from the large-scale Ansan-Anseong cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. All of the participants underwent genotyping of the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism (rs225014). RESULTS A total of 6,022 participants were recruited; 1991 (33.0%) were homozygous for the Thr allele, 2,967 (49.3%) were heterozygous (Thr/Ala), and 1064 (17.7%) were homozygous for the Ala allele. The effects of the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism on axial speed of sound (SOS) and the T-score in the tibia and radius were assessed, with age, gender, oestrogen status, body mass index (BMI), serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) included as covariables. Female subjects carrying the DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism had significantly lower SOS and T-scores than control participants. Cox regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the DIO2 polymorphism and diagnosis of osteoporosis in female participants. CONCLUSION DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism is associated with decreased SOS and T-scores in the tibia of female subjects independent of other clinical parameters, where this indicates a potential functional role of DIO2 in the maintenance of bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Eun Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Mi Kang
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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25
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Li J, Ge W. Zebrafish as a model for studying ovarian development: Recent advances from targeted gene knockout studies. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 507:110778. [PMID: 32142861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian development is a complex process controlled by precise coordination of multiple factors. The targeted gene knockout technique is a powerful tool to study the functions of these factors. The successful application of this technique in mice in the past three decades has significantly enhanced our understanding on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development. Recently, with the advent of genome editing techniques, targeted gene knockout research can be carried out in many species. Zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model system to study the control of ovarian development. Dozens of genes related to ovarian development have been knocked out in zebrafish in recent years. Much new information and perspectives on the molecular mechanism of ovarian development have been obtained from these mutant zebrafish. Some findings have challenged conventional views. Several genes have been identified for the first time in vertebrates to control ovarian development. Focusing on ovarian development, the purpose of this review is to briefly summarize recent findings using these gene knockout zebrafish models, and compare these findings with mammalian models. These established mutants and rapid development of gene knockout techniques have prompted zebrafish as an ideal animal model for studying ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730070.
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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26
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Hönes GS, Geist D, Moeller LC. Noncanonical Action of Thyroid Hormone Receptors α and
β. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:383-387. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1088-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThyroid hormone (TH) is essential for the regulation of many physiological
processes, especially growth, organ development, energy metabolism and
cardiovascular effects. TH acts via the TH receptors (TR) α and
β. By binding to thyroid hormone responsive elements (TREs) on the DNA,
TRs regulate expression of TH target genes. Thus, TRs are mainly characterized
as ligand dependent transcription factors and regulation of gene expression and
protein synthesis is considered the canonical mode of TH/TR action. The
demonstration that the ligand-bound TRs α and β also mediate
activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway established
noncanonical TH/TR action as an additional mode of TH signaling.
Recently, TR mutant mouse models allowed to determine the underlying mode of
TH/TR action, either canonical or noncanonical TH/TR signaling,
for several physiological TH effects in vivo: Regulation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis requires DNA-binding of TRβ, whereas
hepatic triglyceride content appears to be regulated by noncanonical TRβ
signaling. TRα mediated effects in bone development are dependent on
DNA-binding, whereas several cardiovascular TRα effects are rapid and
independent from DNA-binding. Therefore, noncanonical TH/TR action
contributes to the overall effects of TH in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (G.S.H., D:G.,
L.C.M.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany
| | - Daniela Geist
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (G.S.H., D:G.,
L.C.M.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany
| | - Lars C. Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (G.S.H., D:G.,
L.C.M.), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany
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27
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Leitch VD, Brassill MJ, Rahman S, Butterfield NC, Ma P, Logan JG, Boyde A, Evans H, Croucher PI, Batterham RL, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. PYY is a negative regulator of bone mass and strength. Bone 2019; 127:427-435. [PMID: 31306808 PMCID: PMC6715792 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone loss in anorexia nervosa and following bariatric surgery is associated with an elevated circulating concentration of the gastrointestinal, anorexigenic hormone, peptide YY (PYY). Selective deletion of the PYY receptor Y1R in osteoblasts or Y2R in the hypothalamus results in high bone mass, but deletion of PYY in mice has resulted in conflicting skeletal phenotypes leading to uncertainty regarding its role in the regulation of bone mass. As PYY analogs are under development for treatment of obesity, we aimed to clarify the relationship between PYY and bone mass. METHODS The skeletal phenotype of Pyy knockout (KO) mice was investigated during growth (postnatal day P14) and adulthood (P70 and P186) using X-ray microradiography, micro-CT, back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM), histomorphometry and biomechanical testing. RESULTS Bones from juvenile and Pyy KO mice were longer (P < 0.001), with decreased bone mineral content (P < 0.001). Whereas, bones from adult Pyy KO mice had increased bone mineral content (P < 0.05) with increased mineralisation of both cortical (P < 0.001) and trabecular (P < 0.001) compartments. Long bones from adult Pyy KO mice were stronger (maximum load P < 0.001), with increased stiffness (P < 0.01) and toughness (P < 0.05) compared to wild-type (WT) control mice despite increased cortical vascularity and porosity (P < 0.001). The increased bone mass and strength in Pyy KO mice resulted from increases in trabecular (P < 0.01) and cortical bone formation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that PYY acts as a negative regulator of osteoblastic bone formation, implicating increased PYY levels in the pathogenesis of bone loss during anorexia or following bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Jane Brassill
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Rahman
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Pattara Ma
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Boyde
- Queen Mary University of London, Oral BioEngineering, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London Q1T 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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28
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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29
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Beck‐Cormier S, Lelliott CJ, Logan JG, Lafont DT, Merametdjian L, Leitch VD, Butterfield NC, Protheroe HJ, Croucher PI, Baldock PA, Gaultier‐Lintia A, Maugars Y, Nicolas G, Banse C, Normant S, Magne N, Gérardin E, Bon N, Sourice S, Guicheux J, Beck L, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Slc20a2, Encoding the Phosphate Transporter PiT2, Is an Important Genetic Determinant of Bone Quality and Strength. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:1101-1114. [PMID: 30721528 PMCID: PMC6618161 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fracture and affects over 200 million people worldwide. Bone quality describes the material properties that contribute to strength independently of BMD, and its quantitative analysis is a major priority in osteoporosis research. Tissue mineralization is a fundamental process requiring calcium and phosphate transporters. Here we identify impaired bone quality and strength in Slc20a2-/- mice lacking the phosphate transporter SLC20A2. Juveniles had abnormal endochondral and intramembranous ossification, decreased mineral accrual, and short stature. Adults exhibited only small reductions in bone mass and mineralization but a profound impairment of bone strength. Bone quality was severely impaired in Slc20a2-/- mice: yield load (-2.3 SD), maximum load (-1.7 SD), and stiffness (-2.7 SD) were all below values predicted from their bone mineral content as determined in a cohort of 320 wild-type controls. These studies identify Slc20a2 as a physiological regulator of tissue mineralization and highlight its critical role in the determination of bone quality and strength. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Beck‐Cormier
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | | | - John G Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Laure Merametdjian
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Victoria D Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Natalie C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Hayley J Protheroe
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales (UNSW) AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- The Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of New South Wales (UNSW) AustraliaSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | - Yves Maugars
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Gael Nicolas
- INSERM U1245Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN)RouenFrance
- Department of GeneticsRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
- Centre National de Référence pour les Malades Alzheimer Jeunes (CNR‐MAJ)Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized MedicineRouenFrance
| | | | | | - Nicolas Magne
- Department of NeuroradiologyRouen University HospitalRouenFrance
| | | | - Nina Bon
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Sophie Sourice
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) NantesPôles Hospitalo‐Universitaires (PHU4) ‐ Ostéo‐articulaire ‐ Tête et Cou ‐ Odontologie ‐ Neurochirurgie ‐ Neuro‐traumatologie (OTONN)NantesFrance
| | - Laurent Beck
- INSERM, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton (RMeS), Université de Nantes, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'AlimentationNantes‐Atlantique (ONIRIS)NantesFrance
- Université de NantesUnité de Formation et de Recherche (UFR) OdontologieNantesFrance
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
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30
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Freudenthal B, Shetty S, Butterfield NC, Logan JG, Han CR, Zhu X, Astapova I, Hollenberg AN, Cheng SY, Bassett JD, Williams GR. Genetic and Pharmacological Targeting of Transcriptional Repression in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha. Thyroid 2019; 29:726-734. [PMID: 30760120 PMCID: PMC6533791 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormones act in bone and cartilage via thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα). In the absence of triiodothyronine (T3), TRα interacts with co-repressors, including nuclear receptor co-repressor-1 (NCoR1), which recruit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and mediate transcriptional repression. Dominant-negative mutations of TRα cause resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα; OMIM 614450), characterized by excessive repression of T3 target genes leading to delayed skeletal development, growth retardation, and bone dysplasia. Treatment with thyroxine has been of limited benefit, even in mildly affected individuals, and there is a need for new therapeutic strategies. It was hypothesized that (i) the skeletal manifestations of RTHα are mediated by the persistent TRα/NCoR1/HDAC repressor complex containing mutant TRα, and (ii) treatment with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) would ameliorate these manifestations. Methods: The skeletal phenotypes of (i) Thra1PV/+ mice, a well characterized model of RTHα; (ii) Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice, which express an NCoR1 mutant that fails to interact with TRα; and (iii) Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant adult mice were determined. Wild-type, Thra1PV/+, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID, and Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice were also treated with SAHA to determine whether HDAC inhibition results in amelioration of skeletal abnormalities. Results:Thra1PV/+ mice had a severe skeletal dysplasia, characterized by short stature, abnormal bone morphology, and increased bone mineral content. Despite normal bone length, Ncor1ΔID/ΔID mice displayed increased cortical bone mass, mineralization, and strength. Thra1PV/+Ncor1ΔID/ΔID double-mutant mice displayed only a small improvement of skeletal abnormalities compared to Thra1PV/+ mice. Treatment with SAHA to inhibit histone deacetylation had no beneficial or detrimental effects on bone structure, mineralization, or strength in wild-type or mutant mice. Conclusions: These studies indicate treatment with SAHA is unlikely to improve the skeletal manifestations of RTHα. Nevertheless, the findings (i) confirm that TRα1 has a critical role in the regulation of skeletal development and adult bone mass, (ii) suggest a physiological role for alternative co-repressors that interact with TR in skeletal cells, and (iii) demonstrate a novel role for NCoR1 in the regulation of adult bone mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samiksha Shetty
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cho Rong Han
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Inna Astapova
- Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Anthony N. Hollenberg
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: J.H. Duncan Bassett, BMBCh, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Graham R. Williams, MBBS, PhD, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Commonwealth Building, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Carmody C, Ogawa-Wong AN, Martin C, Luongo C, Zuidwijk M, Sager B, Petersen T, Roginski Guetter A, Janssen R, Wu EY, Bogaards S, Neumann NM, Hau K, Marsili A, Boelen A, Silva JE, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Wagers AJ, Larsen PR, Simonides WS, Zavacki AM. A Global Loss of Dio2 Leads to Unexpected Changes in Function and Fiber Types of Slow Skeletal Muscle in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1205-1222. [PMID: 30951174 PMCID: PMC6482039 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine-deiodinase (D2) enzyme converts T4 to T3, and mice deficient in this enzyme [D2 knockout (D2KO) mice] have decreased T3 derived from T4 in skeletal muscle despite normal circulating T3 levels. Because slow skeletal muscle is particularly susceptible to changes in T3 levels, we expected D2 inactivation to result in more pronounced slow-muscle characteristics in the soleus muscle, mirroring hypothyroidism. However, ex vivo studies of D2KO soleus revealed higher rates of twitch contraction and relaxation and reduced resistance to fatigue. Immunostaining of D2KO soleus showed that these properties were associated with changes in muscle fiber type composition, including a marked increase in the number of fast, glycolytic type IIB fibers. D2KO soleus muscle fibers had a larger cross-sectional area, and this correlated with increased myonuclear accretion in myotubes formed from D2KO skeletal muscle precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Consistent with our functional findings, D2KO soleus gene expression was markedly different from that in hypothyroid wild-type (WT) mice. Comparison of gene expression between euthyroid WT and D2KO mice indicated that PGC-1α, a T3-dependent regulator of slow muscle fiber type, was decreased by ∼50% in D2KO soleus. Disruption of Dio2 in the C2C12 myoblast cell line led to a significant decrease in PGC-1α expression and a faster muscle phenotype upon differentiation. These results indicate that D2 loss leads to significant changes in soleus contractile function and fiber type composition that are inconsistent with local hypothyroidism and suggest that reduced levels of PCG-1α may contribute to the observed phenotypical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of Naples “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Zuidwijk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvia Bogaards
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kaman Hau
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Enrique Silva
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone has profound effects on skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Here, we review the current literature concerning thyroid hormone action in bone and cartilage in relation to human disease and animal models. We describe state-of-the-art imaging and biomechanical methods used to determine structural and functional parameters in the skeletal phenotyping of mouse models.
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Jo S, Fonseca TL, Bocco BMLC, Fernandes GW, McAninch EA, Bolin AP, Da Conceição RR, Werneck-de-Castro JP, Ignacio DL, Egri P, Németh D, Fekete C, Bernardi MM, Leitch VD, Mannan NS, Curry KF, Butterfield NC, Bassett JD, Williams GR, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Bianco AC. Type 2 deiodinase polymorphism causes ER stress and hypothyroidism in the brain. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:230-245. [PMID: 30352046 PMCID: PMC6307951 DOI: 10.1172/jci123176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) is a form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. In the brain, T4 is converted to the active form T3 by type 2 deiodinase (D2). Thus, it is intriguing that carriers of the Thr92Ala polymorphism in the D2 gene (DIO2) exhibit clinical improvement when liothyronine (LT3) is added to LT4 therapy. Here, we report that D2 is a cargo protein in ER Golgi intermediary compartment (ERGIC) vesicles, recycling between ER and Golgi. The Thr92-to-Ala substitution (Ala92-D2) caused ER stress and activated the unfolded protein response (UPR). Ala92-D2 accumulated in the trans-Golgi and generated less T3, which was restored by eliminating ER stress with the chemical chaperone 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA). An Ala92-Dio2 polymorphism-carrying mouse exhibited UPR and hypothyroidism in distinct brain areas. The mouse refrained from physical activity, slept more, and required additional time to memorize objects. Enhancing T3 signaling in the brain with LT3 improved cognition, whereas restoring proteostasis with 4-PBA eliminated the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype. In contrast, primary hypothyroidism intensified the Ala92-Dio2 phenotype, with only partial response to LT4 therapy. Disruption of cellular proteostasis and reduced Ala92-D2 activity may explain the failure of LT4 therapy in carriers of Thr92Ala-DIO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungro Jo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Barbara M. L. C. Bocco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gustavo W. Fernandes
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anaysa P. Bolin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Science Institute, University of São Paulo, and
| | - Rodrigo R. Da Conceição
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daniele L. Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Péter Egri
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Németh
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Graduate Program of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victoria D. Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naila S. Mannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine F. Curry
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie C. Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J.H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O. Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biological Science and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zaitune CR, Fonseca TL, Capelo LP, Freitas FR, Beber EH, Dora JM, Wang CC, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Nonaka KO, Maia AL, Gouveia CHA. Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Status Differentially Affects Bone Mass Accrual and Bone Strength in C3H/HeJ Mice: A Mouse Model of Type I Deiodinase Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 31156551 PMCID: PMC6530334 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are deficient of type I deiodinase (D1), an enzyme that activates thyroid hormone (TH), converting thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). Nevertheless, C3H mice present normal serum T3 and a gross euthyroid phenotype. To investigate if a global D1 deficiency interferes in the TH effects on bone, we compared bone growth, bone mass accrual and bone strength of C3H and C57BL/6J (B6) mice under abnormal TH status. Four-week-old female mice of both strains were grouped as Euthyroid, Hypothyroid (pharmacologically-induced), 1xT4 and 10xT4 (hypothyroid animals receiving 1- or 10-fold the physiological dose of T4 /day/16 weeks). Hypothyroidism and TH excess similarly impaired body weight (BW) gain and body growth in both mice strains. In contrast, whereas hypothyroidism only slightly impaired bone mineral density (BMD) accrual in B6 mice, it severely impaired BMD accrual in C3H mice. No differences were observed in serum and bone concentrations of T3 between hypothyroid animals of both strains. Interestingly, treatment with 10xT4 was less deleterious to BMD accrual in C3H than in B6 mice and resulted in less elevated T3 serum levels in B6 than in C3H mice, which is probably explained by the lower D1 activity in C3H mice. In addition, hypothyroidism decreased bone strength only in C3H but not in B6 mice, while TH excess decreased this parameter in both strains. These findings indicate that D1 deficiency contributes to the TH excess-induced differences in bone mass accrual in C3H vs. B6 mice and suggest that deiodinase-unrelated genetic factors might account for the different skeleton responses to hypothyroidism between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa R. Zaitune
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Healthy Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chigago, IL, United States
| | - Luciane P. Capelo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fatima R. Freitas
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor) of Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H. Beber
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - José M. Dora
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Charles C. Wang
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Manuela Miranda-Rodrigues
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Keico O. Nonaka
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana L. Maia
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cecilia H. A. Gouveia
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Cecilia H. A. Gouveia
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35
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Rauner M, Baschant U, Roetto A, Pellegrino RM, Rother S, Salbach-Hirsch J, Weidner H, Hintze V, Campbell G, Petzold A, Lemaitre R, Henry I, Bellido T, Theurl I, Altamura S, Colucci S, Muckenthaler MU, Schett G, Komla Ebri D, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Platzbecker U, Hofbauer LC. Transferrin receptor 2 controls bone mass and pathological bone formation via BMP and Wnt signaling. Nat Metab 2019; 1:111-124. [PMID: 30886999 PMCID: PMC6420074 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 2 (Tfr2) is mainly expressed in the liver and controls iron homeostasis. Here, we identify Tfr2 as a regulator of bone homeostasis that inhibits bone formation. Mice lacking Tfr2 display increased bone mass and mineralization independent of iron homeostasis and hepatic Tfr2. Bone marrow transplantation experiments and studies of cell-specific Tfr2 knockout mice demonstrate that Tfr2 impairs BMP-p38MAPK signaling and decreases expression of the Wnt inhibitor sclerostin specifically in osteoblasts. Reactivation of MAPK or overexpression of sclerostin rescues skeletal abnormalities in Tfr2 knockout mice. We further show that the extracellular domain of Tfr2 binds BMPs and inhibits BMP-2-induced heterotopic ossification by acting as a decoy receptor. These data indicate that Tfr2 limits bone formation by modulating BMP signaling, possibly through direct interaction with BMP either as a receptor or as a co-receptor in a complex with other BMP receptors. Finally, the Tfr2 extracellular domain may be effective in the treatment of conditions associated with pathological bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonella Roetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Rother
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Juliane Salbach-Hirsch
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heike Weidner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vera Hintze
- Institute of Materials Science, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Campbell
- Institute of Biomechanics, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- Deep Sequencing, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Regis Lemaitre
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Protein Unit, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ian Henry
- Max Planck Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Scientific Computing Facility, Dresden, Germany
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Igor Theurl
- Department of Internal Medicine VI, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandro Altamura
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Colucci
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Davide Komla Ebri
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe Platzbecker
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University Clinic Leipzig, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C. Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Beneficial effects of hyperoside on bone metabolism in ovariectomized mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1175-1182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Selenium-Related Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092665. [PMID: 30205557 PMCID: PMC6163693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The selenium content of the body is known to control the expression levels of numerous genes, both so-called selenoproteins and non-selenoproteins. Selenium is a trace element essential to human health, and its deficiency is related to, for instance, cardiovascular and myodegenerative diseases, infertility and osteochondropathy called Kashin–Beck disease. It is incorporated as selenocysteine to the selenoproteins, which protect against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. They also participate in the activation of the thyroid hormone, and play a role in immune system functioning. The synthesis and incorporation of selenocysteine occurs via a special mechanism, which differs from the one used for standard amino acids. The codon for selenocysteine is a regular in-frame stop codon, which can be passed by a specific complex machinery participating in translation elongation and termination. This includes a presence of selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) in the 3′-untranslated part of the selenoprotein mRNAs. Nonsense-mediated decay is involved in the regulation of the selenoprotein mRNA levels, but other mechanisms are also possible. Recent transcriptional analyses of messenger RNAs, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs combined with proteomic data of samples from Keshan and Kashin–Beck disease patients have identified new possible cellular pathways related to transcriptional regulation by selenium.
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Mazziotti G, Frara S, Giustina A. Pituitary Diseases and Bone. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:440-488. [PMID: 29684108 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrinology of bone is a new area of research based on the evidence that pituitary hormones may directly modulate bone remodeling and metabolism. Skeletal fragility associated with high risk of fractures is a common complication of several pituitary diseases such as hypopituitarism, Cushing disease, acromegaly, and hyperprolactinemia. As in other forms of secondary osteoporosis, pituitary diseases generally affect bone quality more than bone quantity, and fractures may occur even in the presence of normal or low-normal bone mineral density as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, making difficult the prediction of fractures in these clinical settings. Treatment of pituitary hormone excess and deficiency generally improves skeletal health, although some patients remain at high risk of fractures, and treatment with bone-active drugs may become mandatory. The aim of this review is to discuss the physiological, pathophysiological, and clinical insights of bone involvement in pituitary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Frara
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giustina
- Institute of Endocrinology, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Hyperstimulation of CaSR in human MSCs by biomimetic apatite inhibits endochondral ossification via temporal down-regulation of PTH1R. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6135-E6144. [PMID: 29915064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805159115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult bone injuries, periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) form bone via endochondral ossification (EO), whereas those from bone marrow (BM)/endosteum form bone primarily through intramembranous ossification (IMO). We hypothesized that this phenomenon is influenced by the proximity of MSCs residing in the BM to the trabecular bone microenvironment. Herein, we investigated the impact of the bone mineral phase on human BM-derived MSCs' choice of ossification pathway, using a biomimetic bone-like hydroxyapatite (BBHAp) interface. BBHAp induced hyperstimulation of extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and temporal down-regulation of parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), leading to inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs even in the presence of chondroinductive factors, such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Interestingly rescuing PTH1R expression using human PTH fragment (1-34) partially restored chondrogenesis in the BBHAp environment. In vivo studies in an ectopic site revealed that the BBHAp interface inhibits EO and strictly promotes IMO. Furthermore, CaSR knockdown (CaSR KD) disrupted the bone-forming potential of MSCs irrespective of the absence or presence of the BBHAp interface. Our findings confirm the expression of CaSR in human BM-derived MSCs and unravel a prominent role for the interplay between CaSR and PTH1R in regulating MSC fate and the choice of pathway for bone formation.
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone signaling is customized in a time and cell-specific manner by the deiodinases, homodimeric thioredoxin fold containing selenoproteins. This ensures adequate T3 action in developing tissues, healthy adults and many disease states. D2 activates thyroid hormone by converting the pro-hormone T4 to T3, the biologically active thyroid hormone. D2 expression is tightly regulated by transcriptional mechanisms triggered by endogenous as well as environmental cues. There is also an on/off switch mechanism that controls D2 activity that is triggered by catalysis and functions via D2 ubiquitination/deubiquitination. D3 terminates thyroid hormone action by inactivation of both T4 and T3 molecules. Deiodinases play a role in thyroid hormone homeostasis, development, growth and metabolic control by affecting the intracellular levels of T3 and thus gene expression on a cell-specific basis. In many cases, tight control of these pathways by T3 is achieved with coordinated reciprocal changes in D2-mediated thyroid hormone activation D3-mediated thyroid hormone inactivation.
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Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Development of the Endochondral Skeleton. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:351-381. [PMID: 29407442 PMCID: PMC9830754 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is an established regulator of skeletal growth and maintenance both in clinical studies and in laboratory models. The clinical consequences of altered thyroid status on the skeleton during development and in adulthood are well known, and genetic mouse models in which elements of the TH signaling axis have been manipulated illuminate the mechanisms which underlie TH regulation of the skeleton. TH is involved in the regulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation in several skeletal cell types including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The effects of TH are mediated primarily via the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) α and β, ligand-inducible nuclear receptors which act as transcription factors to regulate target gene expression. Both TRα and TRβ signaling are important for different stages of skeletal development. The molecular mechanisms of TH action in bone are complex and include interaction with a number of growth factor signaling pathways. This review provides an overview of the regulation and mechanisms of TH action in bone, focusing particularly on the role of TH in endochondral bone formation during postnatal growth.
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Noncanonical thyroid hormone signaling mediates cardiometabolic effects in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E11323-E11332. [PMID: 29229863 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) and TH receptors (TRs) α and β act by binding to TH response elements (TREs) in regulatory regions of target genes. This nuclear signaling is established as the canonical or type 1 pathway for TH action. Nevertheless, TRs also rapidly activate intracellular second-messenger signaling pathways independently of gene expression (noncanonical or type 3 TR signaling). To test the physiological relevance of noncanonical TR signaling, we generated knockin mice with a mutation in the TR DNA-binding domain that abrogates binding to DNA and leads to complete loss of canonical TH action. We show that several important physiological TH effects are preserved despite the disruption of DNA binding of TRα and TRβ, most notably heart rate, body temperature, blood glucose, and triglyceride concentration, all of which were regulated by noncanonical TR signaling. Additionally, we confirm that TRE-binding-defective TRβ leads to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis with resistance to TH, while mutation of TRα causes a severe delay in skeletal development, thus demonstrating tissue- and TR isoform-specific canonical signaling. These findings provide in vivo evidence that noncanonical TR signaling exerts physiologically important cardiometabolic effects that are distinct from canonical actions. These data challenge the current paradigm that in vivo physiological TH action is mediated exclusively via regulation of gene transcription at the nuclear level.
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Leitch VD, Di Cosmo C, Liao XH, O’Boy S, Galliford TM, Evans H, Croucher PI, Boyde A, Dumitrescu A, Weiss RE, Refetoff S, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. An Essential Physiological Role for MCT8 in Bone in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3055-3066. [PMID: 28637283 PMCID: PMC5659673 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T3 is an important regulator of skeletal development and adult bone maintenance. Thyroid hormone action requires efficient transport of T4 and T3 into target cells. We hypothesized that monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8, encoded by Mct8 on the X-chromosome, is an essential thyroid hormone transporter in bone. To test this hypothesis, we determined the juvenile and adult skeletal phenotypes of male Mct8 knockout mice (Mct8KO) and Mct8D1D2KO compound mutants, which additionally lack the ability to convert the prohormone T4 to the active hormone T3. Prenatal skeletal development was normal in both Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice, whereas postnatal endochondral ossification and linear growth were delayed in both Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice. Furthermore, bone mass and mineralization were decreased in adult Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice, and compound mutants also had reduced bone strength. Delayed bone development and maturation in Mct8KO and Mct8D1D2KO mice is consistent with decreased thyroid hormone action in growth plate chondrocytes despite elevated serum T3 concentrations, whereas low bone mass and osteoporosis reflects increased thyroid hormone action in adult bone due to elevated systemic T3 levels. These studies identify an essential physiological requirement for MCT8 in chondrocytes, and demonstrate a role for additional transporters in other skeletal cells during adult bone maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D. Leitch
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Di Cosmo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Sam O’Boy
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Galliford
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Evans
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Peter I. Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alan Boyde
- Queen Mary University of London, Oral Growth and Development, Bart’s and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roy E. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
- Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Graham R. Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - J. H. Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Aubert CE, Floriani C, Bauer DC, da Costa BR, Segna D, Blum MR, Collet TH, Fink HA, Cappola AR, Syrogiannouli L, Peeters RP, Åsvold BO, den Elzen WPJ, Luben RN, Bremner AP, Gogakos A, Eastell R, Kearney PM, Hoff M, Le Blanc E, Ceresini G, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Khaw KT, Langhammer A, Stott DJ, Westendorp RGJ, Ferrucci L, Williams GR, Gussekloo J, Walsh JP, Aujesky D, Rodondi N. Thyroid Function Tests in the Reference Range and Fracture: Individual Participant Analysis of Prospective Cohorts. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:2719-2728. [PMID: 28482002 PMCID: PMC6283437 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperthyroidism is associated with increased fracture risk, but it is not clear if lower thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and higher free thyroxine (FT4) in euthyroid individuals are associated with fracture risk. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of TSH and FT4 with incident fractures in euthyroid individuals. DESIGN Individual participant data analysis. SETTING Thirteen prospective cohort studies with baseline examinations between 1981 and 2002. PARTICIPANTS Adults with baseline TSH 0.45 to 4.49 mIU/L. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was incident hip fracture. Secondary outcomes were any, nonvertebral, and vertebral fractures. Results were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for age and sex. For clinical relevance, we studied TSH according to five categories: 0.45 to 0.99 mIU/L; 1.00 to 1.49 mIU/L; 1.50 to 2.49 mIU/L; 2.50 to 3.49 mIU/L; and 3.50 to 4.49 mIU/L (reference). FT4 was assessed as study-specific standard deviation increase, because assays varied between cohorts. RESULTS During 659,059 person-years, 2,565 out of 56,835 participants had hip fracture (4.5%; 12 studies with data on hip fracture). The pooled adjusted HR (95% CI) for hip fracture was 1.25 (1.05 to 1.49) for TSH 0.45 to 0.99 mIU/L, 1.19 (1.01 to 1.41) for TSH 1.00 to 1.49 mIU/L, 1.09 (0.93 to 1.28) for TSH 1.50 to 2.49 mIU/L, and 1.12 (0.94 to 1.33) for TSH 2.50 to 3.49 mIU/L (P for trend = 0.004). Hip fracture was also associated with FT4 [HR (95% CI) 1.22 (1.11 to 1.35) per one standard deviation increase in FT4]. FT4 only was associated with any and nonvertebral fractures. Results remained similar in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Among euthyroid adults, lower TSH and higher FT4 are associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. These findings may help refine the definition of optimal ranges of thyroid function tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole E Aubert
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Floriani
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Douglas C Bauer
- Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Primary Health Care (Berner Institut für Hausarztmedizin), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology, Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Segna
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuel R Blum
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Howard A Fink
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Anne R Cappola
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lamprini Syrogiannouli
- Institute of Primary Health Care (Berner Institut für Hausarztmedizin), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn O Åsvold
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wendy P J den Elzen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra P Bremner
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Apostolos Gogakos
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Hammersmith Campus, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Eastell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia M Kearney
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, T12 PX46 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mari Hoff
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Erin Le Blanc
- Center for Health Research NW, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon 97277
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Geriatric Endocrine Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3062 Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Arnulf Langhammer
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - David J Stott
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G31 2ER, United Kingdom
| | - Rudi G J Westendorp
- Department of Public Health, Center for Health Aging, University of Copenhagen, 1004 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
| | - Graham R Williams
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jacobijn Gussekloo
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Drahomir Aujesky
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care (Berner Institut für Hausarztmedizin), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Siddiqui JA, Partridge NC. Physiological Bone Remodeling: Systemic Regulation and Growth Factor Involvement. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:233-45. [PMID: 27053737 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00061.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is essential for adult bone homeostasis. It comprises two phases: bone formation and resorption. The balance between the two phases is crucial for sustaining bone mass and systemic mineral homeostasis. This review highlights recent work on physiological bone remodeling and discusses our knowledge of how systemic and growth factors regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawed A Siddiqui
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nicola C Partridge
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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Freudenthal B, Logan J, Croucher PI, Williams GR, Bassett JHD. Rapid phenotyping of knockout mice to identify genetic determinants of bone strength. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R31-46. [PMID: 27535945 PMCID: PMC5064764 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic determinants of osteoporosis remain poorly understood, and there is a large unmet need for new treatments in our ageing society. Thus, new approaches for gene discovery in skeletal disease are required to complement the current genome-wide association studies in human populations. The International Knockout Mouse Consortium (IKMC) and the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) provide such an opportunity. The IKMC generates knockout mice representing each of the known protein-coding genes in C57BL/6 mice and, as part of the IMPC initiative, the Origins of Bone and Cartilage Disease project identifies mutants with significant outlier skeletal phenotypes. This initiative will add value to data from large human cohorts and provide a new understanding of bone and cartilage pathophysiology, ultimately leading to the identification of novel drug targets for the treatment of skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Freudenthal
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John Logan
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter I Croucher
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - J H Duncan Bassett
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Houbrechts AM, Delarue J, Gabriëls IJ, Sourbron J, Darras VM. Permanent Deiodinase Type 2 Deficiency Strongly Perturbs Zebrafish Development, Growth, and Fertility. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3668-81. [PMID: 27580812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenocysteine-containing enzymes that activate or inactivate thyroid hormones (THs). Deiodinase type 2 (Dio2) catalyzes the conversion of the prohormone T4 into the transcriptionally active T3 and is the predominant activating deiodinase in zebrafish. Using zinc finger nucleases, we generated two different dio2(-/-) mutant zebrafish lines to investigate the physiological function of this TH activator. The first line contains a deletion of 9 bp, resulting in an in-frame elimination of three conserved amino acids. The other line is characterized by an insertion of 4 bp, leading to the introduction of a premature stop-codon. Both lines completely lack Dio2 activity, resulting in a strong reduction of T3 abundancy in all tissues tested. Early development is clearly perturbed in these animals, as shown by a diverse set of morphometric parameters, defects in swim bladder inflation, and disturbed locomotor activity tested between 1 and 7 days after fertilization. Permanent Dio2 deficiency also provokes long-term effects because growth and especially fertility are severely hampered. Possible compensatory mechanisms were investigated in adult dio2(-/-) mutants, revealing a down-regulation of the inactivating deiodinase Dio3 and TH receptor transcript levels. As the first nonmammalian model with permanent Dio2 deficiency, these mutant zebrafish lines provide evidence that Dio2 is essential to assure normal development and to obtain a normal adult phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Houbrechts
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Delarue
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle J Gabriëls
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jo Sourbron
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (A.M.H., J.D., I.J.G., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Division of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, and Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery (J.S.), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Schweizer U, Fradejas‐Villar N. Why 21? The significance of selenoproteins for human health revealed by inborn errors of metabolism. FASEB J 2016; 30:3669-3681. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und MolekularbiologieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universitfät Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Noelia Fradejas‐Villar
- Institut für Biochemie und MolekularbiologieRheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universitfät Bonn Bonn Germany
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