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Yang K, Tang Z, Xing C, Yan N. STING signaling in the brain: Molecular threats, signaling activities, and therapeutic challenges. Neuron 2024; 112:539-557. [PMID: 37944521 PMCID: PMC10922189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an innate immune signaling protein critical to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. STING signaling is also emerging as an exciting and integral part of many neurological diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances in STING signaling in the brain. We summarize how molecular threats activate STING signaling in the diseased brain and how STING signaling activities in glial and neuronal cells cause neuropathology. We also review human studies of STING neurobiology and consider therapeutic challenges in targeting STING to treat neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zhen Tang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cong Xing
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nan Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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2
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Li R, Sterling K, Song W. Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer's disease: challenges, successes and future. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:248. [PMID: 37386015 PMCID: PMC10310781 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β protein (Aβ) is the main component of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its accumulation has been considered as the molecular driver of Alzheimer's pathogenesis and progression. Aβ has been the prime target for the development of AD therapy. However, the repeated failures of Aβ-targeted clinical trials have cast considerable doubt on the amyloid cascade hypothesis and whether the development of Alzheimer's drug has followed the correct course. However, the recent successes of Aβ targeted trials have assuaged those doubts. In this review, we discussed the evolution of the amyloid cascade hypothesis over the last 30 years and summarized its application in Alzheimer's diagnosis and modification. In particular, we extensively discussed the pitfalls, promises and important unanswered questions regarding the current anti-Aβ therapy, as well as strategies for further study and development of more feasible Aβ-targeted approaches in the optimization of AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Huaqiu Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keenan Sterling
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Weihong Song
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Vojtechova I, Machacek T, Kristofikova Z, Stuchlik A, Petrasek T. Infectious origin of Alzheimer’s disease: Amyloid beta as a component of brain antimicrobial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010929. [PMCID: PMC9671327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis, focusing on pathological proteins aggregation, has so far failed to uncover the root cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), or to provide an effective therapy. This traditional paradigm essentially explains a mechanism involved in the development of sporadic AD rather than its cause. The failure of an overwhelming majority of clinical studies (99.6%) demonstrates that a breakthrough in therapy would be difficult if not impossible without understanding the etiology of AD. It becomes more and more apparent that the AD pathology might originate from brain infection. In this review, we discuss a potential role of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and eukaryotic parasites as triggers of AD pathology. We show evidence from the current literature that amyloid beta, traditionally viewed as pathological, actually acts as an antimicrobial peptide, protecting the brain against pathogens. However, in case of a prolonged or excessive activation of a senescent immune system, amyloid beta accumulation and aggregation becomes damaging and supports runaway neurodegenerative processes in AD. This is paralleled by the recent study by Alam and colleagues (2022) who showed that alpha-synuclein, the protein accumulating in synucleinopathies, also plays a critical physiological role in immune reactions and inflammation, showing an unforeseen link between the 2 unrelated classes of neurodegenerative disorders. The multiplication of the amyloid precursor protein gene, recently described by Lee and collegues (2018), and possible reactivation of human endogenous retroviruses by pathogens fits well into the same picture. We discuss these new findings from the viewpoint of the infection hypothesis of AD and offer suggestions for future research. More than a century after its discovery, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains incurable and mysterious. The dominant hypothesis of amyloid cascade has succeeded in explaining the key pathological mechanism, but not its trigger. Amyloid beta has been traditionally considered a pathological peptide, and its physiological functions remain poorly known. These knowledge gaps have contributed to repeated failures of clinical studies. The emerging infectious hypothesis of AD considers central nervous system (CNS) infection the primary trigger of sporadic AD. A closely connected hypothesis claims that amyloid beta is an antimicrobial peptide. In this review, we discuss the available evidence for the involvement of infections in AD, coming from epidemiological studies, post mortem analyses of brain tissue, and experiments in vitro and in vivo. We argue there is no unique “Alzheimer’s germ,” instead, AD is a general reaction of the CNS to chronic infections, in the milieu of an aged immune system. The pathology may become self-sustained even without continuous presence of microbes in the brain. Importantly, the infectious hypothesis leads to testable predictions. Targeting amyloid beta should be ineffective, unless the triggering pathogen and inflammatory response are addressed as well. Meticulous control of selected infections might be the best near-term strategy for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Vojtechova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
| | - Tomas Machacek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ales Stuchlik
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Petrasek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: , (IV); , (TP)
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4
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Amyloid-containing biofilms and autoimmunity. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 75:102435. [PMID: 35863164 PMCID: PMC9847210 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms known for their ability to adapt to their environment. In response to stressful environmental conditions or in the presence of a contact surface, they commonly form multicellular aggregates called biofilms. Biofilms form on various abiotic or biotic surfaces through a dynamic stepwise process involving adhesion, growth, and extracellular matrix production. Biofilms develop on tissues as well as on implanted devices during infections, providing the bacteria with a mechanism for survival under harsh conditions including targeting by the immune system and antimicrobial therapy. Like pathogenic bacteria, members of the human microbiota can form biofilms. Biofilms formed by enteric bacteria contribute to several human diseases including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, until recently the interactions of immune cells with biofilms had been mostly uncharacterized. Here, we will discuss how components of the enteric biofilm produced in vivo, specifically amyloid curli and extracellular DNA, could be interacting with the host's immune system causing an unpredicted immune response.
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5
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Roy ER, Chiu G, Li S, Propson NE, Kanchi R, Wang B, Coarfa C, Zheng H, Cao W. Concerted type I interferon signaling in microglia and neural cells promotes memory impairment associated with amyloid β plaques. Immunity 2022; 55:879-894.e6. [PMID: 35443157 PMCID: PMC9109419 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The principal signals that drive memory and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive. Here, we revealed brain-wide cellular reactions to type I interferon (IFN-I), an innate immune cytokine aberrantly elicited by amyloid β plaques, and examined their role in cognition and neuropathology relevant to AD in a murine amyloidosis model. Using a fate-mapping reporter system to track cellular responses to IFN-I, we detected robust, Aβ-pathology-dependent IFN-I activation in microglia and other cell types. Long-term blockade of IFN-I receptor (IFNAR) rescued both memory and synaptic deficits and resulted in reduced microgliosis, inflammation, and neuritic pathology. Microglia-specific Ifnar1 deletion attenuated the loss of post-synaptic terminals by selective engulfment, whereas neural Ifnar1 deletion restored pre-synaptic terminals and decreased plaque accumulation. Overall, IFN-I signaling represents a critical module within the neuroinflammatory network of AD and prompts concerted cellular states that are detrimental to memory and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Roy
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gabriel Chiu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanming Li
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rupa Kanchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baiping Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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6
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Lea-Henry TN, Chuah A, Stanley M, Athanasopoulos V, Starkey MR, Christiadi D, Kitching AR, Cook MC, Andrews TD, Vinuesa CG, Walters GD, Jiang SH. Increased burden of rare variants in genes of the endosomal Toll-like receptor pathway in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2021; 30:1756-1763. [PMID: 34266320 DOI: 10.1177/09612033211033979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the frequency of rare variants in genes of the pathophysiologically relevant endosomal Toll-like receptor (eTLR) pathway and any quantifiable differences in variant rarity, predicted deleteriousness, or molecular proximity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS 65 genes associated with the eTLR pathway were identified by literature search and pathway analysis. Using next generation sequencing techniques, these were compared in two randomised cohorts of patients with SLE (n = 114 and n = 113) with 197 healthy controls. Genetically determined ethnicity was used to normalise minor allele frequencies (MAF) for the identified genetic variants and these were then compared by their frequency: rare (MAF < 0.005), uncommon (MAF 0.005-0.02), and common (MAF >0.02). This was compared to the results for 65 randomly selected genes. RESULTS Patients with SLE are more likely to carry a rare nonsynonymous variant affecting proteins within the eTLR pathway than healthy controls. Furthermore, individuals with SLE are more likely to have multiple rare variants in this pathway. There were no differences in rarity, Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) score, or molecular proximity for rare eTLR pathway variants. CONCLUSIONS Rare non-synonymous variants are enriched in patients with SLE in the eTLR pathway. This supports the hypothesis that SLE arises from several rare variants of relatively large effect rather than many common variants of small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom N Lea-Henry
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Maurice Stanley
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Vicki Athanasopoulos
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, Huangpu Qu, China
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Christiadi
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, 439191Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology. Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, Huangpu Qu, China
| | - Thomas D Andrews
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, Huangpu Qu, China
| | - Giles D Walters
- Department of Renal Medicine, 34381Canberra Hospital, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - Simon H Jiang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology, NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,China Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Jiao Tong University Shanghai, Huangpu Qu, China.,Department of Renal Medicine, 34381Canberra Hospital, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
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7
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Liu W, Xu Y, Li X, Meng Y, Wang H, Liu C, Liu C, Wang L. A DNA G-quadruplex converts SOD1 into fibrillar aggregates. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Shmookler Reis RJ, Atluri R, Balasubramaniam M, Johnson J, Ganne A, Ayyadevara S. "Protein aggregates" contain RNA and DNA, entrapped by misfolded proteins but largely rescued by slowing translational elongation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13326. [PMID: 33788386 PMCID: PMC8135009 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All neurodegenerative diseases feature aggregates, which usually contain disease-specific diagnostic proteins; non-protein constituents, however, have rarely been explored. Aggregates from SY5Y-APPSw neuroblastoma, a cell model of familial Alzheimer's disease, were crosslinked and sequences of linked peptides identified. We constructed a normalized "contactome" comprising 11 subnetworks, centered on 24 high-connectivity hubs. Remarkably, all 24 are nucleic acid-binding proteins. This led us to isolate and sequence RNA and DNA from Alzheimer's and control aggregates. RNA fragments were mapped to the human genome by RNA-seq and DNA by ChIP-seq. Nearly all aggregate RNA sequences mapped to specific genes, whereas DNA fragments were predominantly intergenic. These nucleic acid mappings are all significantly nonrandom, making an artifactual origin extremely unlikely. RNA (mostly cytoplasmic) exceeded DNA (chiefly nuclear) by twofold to fivefold. RNA fragments recovered from AD tissue were ~1.5-to 2.5-fold more abundant than those recovered from control tissue, similar to the increase in protein. Aggregate abundances of specific RNA sequences were strikingly differential between cultured SY5Y-APPSw glioblastoma cells expressing APOE3 vs. APOE4, consistent with APOE4 competition for E-box/CLEAR motifs. We identified many G-quadruplex and viral sequences within RNA and DNA of aggregates, suggesting that sequestration of viral genomes may have driven the evolution of disordered nucleic acid-binding proteins. After RNA-interference knockdown of the translational-procession factor EEF2 to suppress translation in SY5Y-APPSw cells, the RNA content of aggregates declined by >90%, while reducing protein content by only 30% and altering DNA content by ≤10%. This implies that cotranslational misfolding of nascent proteins may ensnare polysomes into aggregates, accounting for most of their RNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Ramani Atluri
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
| | | | - Jay Johnson
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Akshatha Ganne
- BioInformatics Program University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock AR USA
| | - Srinivas Ayyadevara
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock AR USA
- Department of Geriatrics University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA
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9
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Fu W, Liu Y, Liu F, Liu C, Li J, Niu J, Han P, Xu D, Hou J, Ma Y, Feng J, Li Z, Mu R, Yang G. A Novel Autoantibody Induced by Bacterial Biofilm Conserved Components Aggravates Lupus Nephritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656090. [PMID: 33841441 PMCID: PMC8027312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease with multiple autoantibody production and often affects the kidneys, known as lupus nephritis. However, the mechanism underlying lupus nephritis development is unclear. Biofilms that protect bacteria from stress are ubiquitous in almost every environment. Here, we identified that a conserved peptide (HU1) derived from DNABII proteins, one of major bacterial biofilm components, was specifically recognized by sera from about 47% patients with SLE. Moreover, the serum anti-HU1 levels showed a significant positive correlation with lupus nephritis occurrence. Presence of antibodies against HU1 in pristane-induced mice aggravated lupus nephritis, although these antibodies also attenuated bacterial biofilm formation. We further identified that antibodies against HU1 cross-recognized protein disulfide isomerase (P4HB) located on the renal cell surface and inhibited the activities of this enzyme. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism underlying the development of lupus nephritis triggered by bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Fu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Fangjie Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiali Niu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Peng Han
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Hou
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
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10
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Roy ER, Wang B, Wan YW, Chiu G, Cole A, Yin Z, Propson NE, Xu Y, Jankowsky JL, Liu Z, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Ginsberg SD, Butovsky O, Zheng H, Cao W. Type I interferon response drives neuroinflammation and synapse loss in Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1912-1930. [PMID: 31917687 DOI: 10.1172/jci133737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is a key cytokine that curbs viral infection and cell malignancy. Previously, we demonstrated a potent IFN immunogenicity of nucleic acid-containing (NA-containing) amyloid fibrils in the periphery. Here, we investigated whether IFN is associated with β-amyloidosis inside the brain and contributes to neuropathology. An IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) signature was detected in the brains of multiple murine Alzheimer disease (AD) models, a phenomenon also observed in WT mouse brain challenged with generic NA-containing amyloid fibrils. In vitro, microglia innately responded to NA-containing amyloid fibrils. In AD models, activated ISG-expressing microglia exclusively surrounded NA+ amyloid β plaques, which accumulated in an age-dependent manner. Brain administration of rIFN-β resulted in microglial activation and complement C3-dependent synapse elimination in vivo. Conversely, selective IFN receptor blockade effectively diminished the ongoing microgliosis and synapse loss in AD models. Moreover, we detected activated ISG-expressing microglia enveloping NA-containing neuritic plaques in postmortem brains of patients with AD. Gene expression interrogation revealed that IFN pathway was grossly upregulated in clinical AD and significantly correlated with disease severity and complement activation. Therefore, IFN constitutes a pivotal element within the neuroinflammatory network of AD and critically contributes to neuropathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Roy
- Huffington Center on Aging.,Translational Biology & Molecular Medicine Program, and
| | | | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Zhuoran Yin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology
| | - Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging
| | | | - Zhandong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience & Physiology and the NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Huffington Center on Aging.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Pluchino S, Willis C. Intrinsic antiviral immunity drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1622-1624. [PMID: 32149728 DOI: 10.1172/jci135906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Amyloid aggregates found in brain plaques are viewed as triggers of cytotoxicity and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease (AD). However, the main β-amyloid (Aβ) species and what imbues the aggregates with such toxic potential are still not yet understood. In this issue of the JCI, Roy et al. show that Aβ complexed with nucleic acids triggers an antiviral type I interferon response in neuroglia, resulting in complement-mediated synapse elimination in AD models. These findings identify a putative endogenous immune signaling axis that drives neurodegeneration in AD and has strong implications for the development of precise therapeutic strategies.
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12
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Roy ER, Cao W. Antiviral Immune Response in Alzheimer's Disease: Connecting the Dots. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:577744. [PMID: 33132831 PMCID: PMC7561672 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.577744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents an enormous public health challenge currently and with increasing urgency in the coming decades. Our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of AD is rather incomplete, which is manifested in stagnated therapeutic developments. Apart from the well-established Amyloid Hypothesis of AD, gaining traction in recent years is the Pathogen Hypothesis, which postulates a causal role of infectious agents in the development of AD. Particularly, infection by viruses, among a diverse range of microorganisms, has been implicated. Recently, we described a prominent antiviral immune response in human AD brains as well as murine amyloid beta models, which has consequential effects on neuropathology. Such findings expectedly allude to the question about viral infections and AD. In this Perspective, we would like to discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the antiviral immune response, highlight how such pathway directly promotes AD pathogenesis, and depict a multilayered connection between antiviral immune response and other agents and factors relevant to AD. By tying together these threads of evidence, we provide a cohesive perspective on the uprising of antiviral immune response in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Roy
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wei Cao
- Huffington Center on Aging and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Ennerfelt HE, Lukens JR. The role of innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:225-246. [PMID: 32588460 PMCID: PMC7783860 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis has dominated Alzheimer's disease (AD) research for almost 30 years. This hypothesis hinges on the predominant clinical role of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in propagating neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and eventual cognitive impairment in AD. Recent research in the AD field has identified the brain-resident macrophages, known as microglia, and their receptors as integral regulators of both the initiation and propagation of inflammation, Aβ accumulation, neuronal loss, and memory decline in AD. Emerging studies have also begun to reveal critical roles for distinct innate immune pathways in AD pathogenesis, which has led to great interest in harnessing the innate immune response as a therapeutic strategy to treat AD. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in our understanding of innate immunity and inflammation in AD onset and progression. Additionally, there has been mounting evidence suggesting pivotal contributions of environmental factors and lifestyle choices in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, we will also discuss recent findings, suggesting that many of these AD risk factors influence AD progression via modulation of microglia and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Ennerfelt
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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14
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Lee EY, Srinivasan Y, de Anda J, Nicastro LK, Tükel Ç, Wong GCL. Functional Reciprocity of Amyloids and Antimicrobial Peptides: Rethinking the Role of Supramolecular Assembly in Host Defense, Immune Activation, and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1629. [PMID: 32849553 PMCID: PMC7412598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological self-assembly is a concept that is classically associated with amyloids, such as amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. In prokaryotic organisms, amyloids are assembled extracellularly in a similar fashion to human amyloids. Pathogenicity of amyloids is attributed to their ability to transform into several distinct structural states that reflect their downstream biological consequences. While the oligomeric forms of amyloids are thought to be responsible for their cytotoxicity via membrane permeation, their fibrillar conformations are known to interact with the innate immune system to induce inflammation. Furthermore, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic amyloids can self-assemble into molecular chaperones to bind nucleic acids, enabling amplification of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Recent work has shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) follow a strikingly similar paradigm. Previously, AMPs were thought of as peptides with the primary function of permeating microbial membranes. Consistent with this, many AMPs are facially amphiphilic and can facilitate membrane remodeling processes such as pore formation and fusion. We show that various AMPs and chemokines can also chaperone and organize immune ligands into amyloid-like ordered supramolecular structures that are geometrically optimized for binding to TLRs, thereby amplifying immune signaling. The ability of amphiphilic AMPs to self-assemble cooperatively into superhelical protofibrils that form structural scaffolds for the ordered presentation of immune ligands like DNA and dsRNA is central to inflammation. It is interesting to explore the notion that the assembly of AMP protofibrils may be analogous to that of amyloid aggregates. Coming full circle, recent work has suggested that Aβ and other amyloids also have AMP-like antimicrobial functions. The emerging perspective is one in which assembly affords a more finely calibrated system of recognition and response: the detection of single immune ligands, immune ligands bound to AMPs, and immune ligands spatially organized to varying degrees by AMPs, result in different immunologic outcomes. In this framework, not all ordered structures generated during multi-stepped AMP (or amyloid) assembly are pathological in origin. Supramolecular structures formed during this process serve as signatures to the innate immune system to orchestrate immune amplification in a proportional, situation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lauren K Nicastro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,California Nano Systems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Huang YM, Hong XZ, Shen J, Geng LJ, Pan YH, Ling W, Zhao HL. Amyloids in Site-Specific Autoimmune Reactions and Inflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 10:2980. [PMID: 31993048 PMCID: PMC6964640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid deposition is a histological hallmark of common human disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes. Although some reports highlight that amyloid fibrils might activate the innate immunity system via pattern recognition receptors, here, we provide multiple lines of evidence for the protection by site-specific amyloid protein analogs and fibrils against autoimmune attacks: (1) strategies targeting clearance of the AD-related brain amyloid plaque induce high risk of deadly autoimmune destructions in subjects with cognitive dysfunction; (2) administration of amyloidogenic peptides with either full length or core hexapeptide structure consistently ameliorates signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; (3) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is exacerbated following genetic deletion of amyloid precursor proteins; (4) absence of islet amyloid coexists with T-cell-mediated insulitis in autoimmune diabetes and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome; (5) use of islet amyloid polypeptide agonists rather than antagonists improves diabetes care; and (6) common suppressive signaling pathways by regulatory T cells are activated in both local and systemic amyloidosis. These findings indicate dual modulation activity mediated by amyloid protein monomers, oligomers, and fibrils to maintain immune homeostasis. The protection from autoimmune destruction by amyloid proteins offers a novel therapeutic approach to regenerative medicine for common degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Huang
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xue-Zhi Hong
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Li-Jun Geng
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yan-Hong Pan
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Wei Ling
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi Area of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Center for Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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16
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Qiu CC, Caricchio R, Gallucci S. Triggers of Autoimmunity: The Role of Bacterial Infections in the Extracellular Exposure of Lupus Nuclear Autoantigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2608. [PMID: 31781110 PMCID: PMC6857005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are considered important environmental triggers of autoimmunity and can contribute to autoimmune disease onset and severity. Nucleic acids and the complexes that they form with proteins—including chromatin and ribonucleoproteins—are the main autoantigens in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). How these nuclear molecules become available to the immune system for recognition, presentation, and targeting is an area of research where complexities remain to be disentangled. In this review, we discuss how bacterial infections participate in the exposure of nuclear autoantigens to the immune system in SLE. Infections can instigate pro-inflammatory cell death programs including pyroptosis and NETosis, induce extracellular release of host nuclear autoantigens, and promote their recognition in an immunogenic context by activating the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, bacterial infections can release bacterial DNA associated with other bacterial molecules, complexes that can elicit autoimmunity by acting as innate stimuli of pattern recognition receptors and activating autoreactive B cells through molecular mimicry. Recent studies have highlighted SLE disease activity-associated alterations of the gut commensals and the expansion of pathobionts that can contribute to chronic exposure to extracellular nuclear autoantigens. A novel field in the study of autoimmunity is the contribution of bacterial biofilms to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Biofilms are multicellular communities of bacteria that promote colonization during chronic infections. We review the very recent literature highlighting a role for bacterial biofilms, and their major components, amyloid/DNA complexes, in the generation of anti-nuclear autoantibodies and their ability to stimulate the autoreactive immune response. The best studied bacterial amyloid is curli, produced by enteric bacteria that commonly cause infections in SLE patients, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella spps. Evidence suggests that curli/DNA complexes can trigger autoimmunity by acting as danger signals, molecular mimickers, and microbial chaperones of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie C Qiu
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Catapano M, Vergnano M, Romano M, Mahil SK, Choon SE, Burden AD, Young HS, Carr IM, Lachmann HJ, Lombardi G, Smith CH, Ciccarelli FD, Barker JN, Capon F. IL-36 Promotes Systemic IFN-I Responses in Severe Forms of Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:816-826.e3. [PMID: 31539532 PMCID: PMC7097848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.08.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder associated with severe systemic comorbidities. Whereas IL-36 is a key disease driver, the pathogenic role of this cytokine has mainly been investigated in skin. Thus, its effects on systemic immunity and extracutaneous disease manifestations remain poorly understood. To address this issue, we investigated the consequences of excessive IL-36 activity in circulating immune cells. We initially focused our attention on generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP), a clinical variant associated with pervasive upregulation of IL-36 signaling. By undertaking blood and neutrophil RNA sequencing, we demonstrated that affected individuals display a prominent IFN-I signature, which correlates with abnormal IL-36 activity. We then validated the association between IL-36 deregulation and IFN-I over-expression in patients with severe psoriasis vulgaris (PV). We also found that the activation of IFN-I genes was associated with extracutaneous morbidity, in both GPP and PV. Finally, we undertook mechanistic experiments, demonstrating that IL-36 acts directly on plasmacytoid dendritic cells, where it potentiates toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 activation and IFN-α production. This effect was mediated by the upregulation of PLSCR1, a phospholipid scramblase mediating endosomal TLR-9 translocation. These findings identify an IL-36/ IFN-I axis contributing to extracutaneous inflammation in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Catapano
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vergnano
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Romano
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satveer K Mahil
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siew-Eng Choon
- Department of Dermatology, Sultanah Aminah Hospital, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - A David Burden
- Department of Dermatology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Helen S Young
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen J Lachmann
- National Amyloidosis Centre and Centre for Acute Phase Proteins, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine H Smith
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca D Ciccarelli
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Capon
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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18
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Soni C, Reizis B. Self-DNA at the Epicenter of SLE: Immunogenic Forms, Regulation, and Effects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1601. [PMID: 31354738 PMCID: PMC6637313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive B cells generated through V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow or through accrual of random mutations in secondary lymphoid tissues are mostly purged or edited to prevent autoimmunity. Yet, 10–20% of all mature naïve B cells in healthy individuals have self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs). In patients with serologically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the percentage increases up to 50%, with significant self-DNA reactivity that correlates with disease severity. Endogenous or self-DNA has emerged as a potent antigen in several autoimmune disorders, particularly in SLE. However, the mechanism(s) regulating or preventing anti-DNA antibody production remain elusive. It is likely that in healthy subjects, DNA-reactive B cells avoid activation due to the unavailability of endogenous DNA, which is efficiently degraded through efferocytosis and various DNA-processing proteins. Genetic defects, physiological, and/or pathological conditions can override these protective checkpoints, leading to autoimmunity. Plausibly, increased availability of immunogenic self-DNA may be the key initiating event in the loss of tolerance of otherwise quiescent DNA-reactive B cells. Indeed, mutations impairing apoptotic cell clearance pathways and nucleic acid metabolism-associated genes like DNases, RNases, and their sensors are known to cause autoimmune disorders including SLE. Here we review the literature supporting the idea that increased availability of DNA as an immunogen or adjuvant, or both, may cause the production of pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies and subsequent manifestations of clinical disease such as SLE. We discuss the main cellular players involved in anti-DNA responses; the physical forms and sources of immunogenic DNA in autoimmunity; the DNA-protein complexes that render DNA immunogenic; the regulation of DNA availability by intracellular and extracellular DNases and the autoimmune pathologies associated with their dysfunction; the cytosolic and endosomal sensors of immunogenic DNA; and the cytokines such as interferons that drive auto-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways leading to clinical disease. We propose that prevention of DNA availability by aiding extracellular DNase activity could be a viable therapeutic modality in controlling SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Tetz G, Brown SM, Hao Y, Tetz V. Type 1 Diabetes: an Association Between Autoimmunity, the Dynamics of Gut Amyloid-producing E. coli and Their Phages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9685. [PMID: 31273267 PMCID: PMC6609616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), a common autoimmune disorder, is not completely understood. Recent studies suggested the gut microbiome plays a role in T1D. We have used public longitudinal microbiome data from T1D patients to analyze amyloid-producing bacterial composition and found a significant association between initially high amyloid-producing Escherichia coli abundance, subsequent E. coli depletion prior to seroconversion, and T1D development. In children who presented seroconversion or developed T1D, we observed an increase in the E. coli phage/E. coli ratio prior to E. coli depletion, suggesting that the decrease in E. coli was due to prophage activation. Evaluation of the role of phages in amyloid release from E. coli biofilms in vitro suggested an indirect role of the bacterial phages in the modulation of host immunity. This study for the first time suggests that amyloid-producing E. coli, their phages, and bacteria-derived amyloid might be involved in pro-diabetic pathway activation in children at risk for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10013, USA. .,Tetz Laboratories, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Stuart M Brown
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, 10012, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York, 10013, USA
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10013, USA
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20
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du Teil Espina M, Gabarrini G, Harmsen HJM, Westra J, van Winkelhoff AJ, van Dijl JM. Talk to your gut: the oral-gut microbiome axis and its immunomodulatory role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:1-18. [PMID: 30219863 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities inhabiting the human body, collectively called the microbiome, are critical modulators of immunity. This notion is underpinned by associations between changes in the microbiome and particular autoimmune disorders. Specifically, in rheumatoid arthritis, one of the most frequently occurring autoimmune disorders worldwide, changes in the oral and gut microbiomes have been implicated in the loss of tolerance against self-antigens and in increased inflammatory events promoting the damage of joints. In the present review, we highlight recently gained insights in the roles of microbes in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, we address important immunomodulatory processes, including biofilm formation and neutrophil function, which have been implicated in host-microbe interactions relevant for rheumatoid arthritis. Lastly, we present recent advances in the development and evaluation of emerging microbiome-based therapeutic approaches. Altogether, we conclude that the key to uncovering the etiopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis will lie in the immunomodulatory functions of the oral and gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marines du Teil Espina
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Gabarrini
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan van Winkelhoff
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
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21
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Lee EY, Lee MW, Wong GCL. Modulation of toll-like receptor signaling by antimicrobial peptides. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:173-184. [PMID: 29432957 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are typically thought of as molecular hole punchers that directly kill pathogens by membrane permeation. However, recent work has shown that AMPs are pleiotropic, multifunctional molecules that can strongly modulate immune responses. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the immunomodulatory properties of natural and synthetic antimicrobial peptides, with a special focus on human cathelicidin and defensins. We also summarize the various mechanisms of AMP immune modulation and outline key structural rules underlying the recently-discovered phenomenon of AMP-mediated Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In particular, we describe several complementary studies demonstrating how AMPs self-assemble with nucleic acids to form nanocrystalline complexes that amplify TLR-mediated inflammation. In a broader scope, we discuss how this new conceptual framework allows for the prediction of immunomodulatory behavior in AMPs, how the discovery of hidden antimicrobial activity in known immune signaling proteins can inform these predictions, and how these findings reshape our understanding of AMPs in normal host defense and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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22
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Yang CF, Lin SP, Chiang CP, Wu YH, H'ng WS, Chang CP, Chen YT, Wu JY. Loss of GPNMB Causes Autosomal-Recessive Amyloidosis Cutis Dyschromica in Humans. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:219-232. [PMID: 29336782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis cutis dyschromica (ACD) is a distinct form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis characterized by generalized hyperpigmentation mottled with small hypopigmented macules on the trunks and limbs. Affected families and sporadic case subjects have been reported predominantly in East and Southeast Asian ethnicities; however, the genetic cause has not been elucidated. We report here that the compound heterozygosity or homozygosity of GPNMB truncating alleles is the cause of autosomal-recessive ACD. Six nonsense or frameshift mutations were identified in nine individuals diagnosed with ACD. Immunofluorescence analysis of skin biopsies showed that GPNMB is expressed in all epidermal cells, with the highest staining observed in melanocytes. GPNMB staining is significantly reduced in the lesional skin of affected individuals. Hyperpigmented lesions exhibited significantly increased amounts of DNA/keratin-positive amyloid deposits in the papillary dermis and infiltrating macrophages compared with hypo- or depigmented macules. Depigmentation of the lesions was attributable to loss of melanocytes. Intracytoplasmic fibrillary aggregates were observed in keratinocytes scattered in the lesional epidermis. Thus, our analysis indicates that loss of GPNMB, which has been implicated in melanosome formation, autophagy, phagocytosis, tissue repair, and negative regulation of inflammation, underlies autosomal-recessive ACD and provides insights into the etiology of amyloidosis and pigment dyschromia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Departments of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Weng Siong H'ng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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23
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Mechanisms of Chromatin Remodeling and Repurposing During Extracellular Translocation. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 106:113-137. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's, Huntington's and similar diseases is the assembly of proteins into amyloids rather than folding into their native state. There is an increasing appreciation that amyloids, under specific conditions, may be non-pathogenic. Here we show that amyloids form as a normal part of Xenopus oocyte development. Amyloids are detectable in the cytosol and the nucleus using an amyloid binding dye and antibodies that recognize amyloid structure. In the cytosol, yolk platelets are amyloid reactive, as are a number of yet to be characterized particles. In the nucleus, we find particles associated with transcription by RNA polymerase I, II and III and RNA processing contain amyloids. Nuclear amyloids remain intact for hours following isolation; however, RNase treatment rapidly disrupts nuclear amyloids. Summary: Non-membrane-bound nuclear particles in Xenopus oocytes responsible for RNA transcription, modification and processing contain proteins assembled into amyloids as part of normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hayes
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Daniel L Weeks
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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25
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Lee EY, Lee CK, Schmidt NW, Jin F, Lande R, Curk T, Frenkel D, Dobnikar J, Gilliet M, Wong GC. A review of immune amplification via ligand clustering by self-assembled liquid-crystalline DNA complexes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 232:17-24. [PMID: 26956527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examine how the interferon production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells is amplified by the self-assembly of liquid-crystalline antimicrobial peptide/DNA complexes. These specialized dendritic cells are important for host defense because they quickly release large quantities of type I interferons in response to infection. However, their aberrant activation is also correlated with autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis and lupus. In this review, we will describe how polyelectrolyte self-assembly and the statistical mechanics of multivalent interactions contribute to this process. In a more general compass, we provide an interesting conceptual corrective to the common notion in molecular biology of a dichotomy between specific interactions and non-specific interactions, and show examples where one can construct exquisitely specific interactions using non-specific interactions.
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26
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Breakdown of Immune Tolerance in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Dendritic Cells. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6269157. [PMID: 27034965 PMCID: PMC4789470 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6269157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease with multiple tissue manifestations. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the roles of conventional DC and plasmacytoid DC in the development of both murine lupus and human SLE. In the past decade, studies using selective DC depletions have demonstrated critical roles of DC in lupus progression. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies suggest activation of DC by self-antigens in lupus pathogenesis, followed by breakdown of immune tolerance to self. Potential treatment strategies targeting DC have been developed. However, many questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which DC modulate lupus pathogenesis that require further investigations.
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27
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Wang J, Lon HK, Lee SL, Burckart GJ, Pisetsky DS. Oligonucleotide-Based Drug Development: Considerations for Clinical Pharmacology and Immunogenicity. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2015; 49:861-868. [PMID: 30222372 DOI: 10.1177/2168479015592195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of oligonucleotide (OGN)-based therapeutics has been growing dramatically in the past decade, providing innovative platforms to develop agents for the treatment of a wide variety of clinical conditions. OGN agents have unique physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics. This review considers findings from the literature and information on new molecular entities submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration as OGN-based therapeutics. In addition, the article discusses several challenging issues from the perspective of clinical pharmacology, emphasizing the potential of immunogenicity, the effect of renal impairment on OGN exposure, drug-drug interactions, and the utility of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling. The field of OGN-based therapeutics is in evolution and will benefit from further studies as well as clinical experience to formulate guidelines and promote the development of this class of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- 1 Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hoi-Kei Lon
- 1 Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shwu-Luan Lee
- 3 Office of Hematology and Oncology Products, Office of New Drugs, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- 1 Office of Clinical Pharmacology, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- 4 Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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28
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Schwartz K, Ganesan M, Payne DE, Solomon MJ, Boles BR. Extracellular DNA facilitates the formation of functional amyloids in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:123-34. [PMID: 26365835 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Persistent staphylococcal infections often involve surface-associated communities called biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm development is mediated by the co-ordinated production of the biofilm matrix, which can be composed of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA (eDNA) and proteins including amyloid fibers. The nature of the interactions between matrix components, and how these interactions contribute to the formation of matrix, remain unclear. Here we show that the presence of eDNA in S. aureus biofilms promotes the formation of amyloid fibers. Conditions or mutants that do not generate eDNA result in lack of amyloids during biofilm growth despite the amyloidogeneic subunits, phenol soluble modulin peptides, being produced. In vitro studies revealed that the presence of DNA promotes amyloid formation by PSM peptides. Thus, this work exposes a previously unacknowledged interaction between biofilm matrix components that furthers our understanding of functional amyloid formation and S. aureus biofilm biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mahesh Ganesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David E Payne
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael J Solomon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Blaise R Boles
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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29
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Huang X, Dorta-Estremera S, Yao Y, Shen N, Cao W. Predominant Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Stimulating Systemic Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:526. [PMID: 26528288 PMCID: PMC4601279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), which are prominent type I interferon (IFN-I)-producing immune cells, have been extensively implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, whether they participate critically in lupus pathogenesis remains unknown. Recent studies using various genetic and cell type-specific ablation strategies have demonstrated that pDCs play a pivotal role in the development of autoantibodies and the progression of lupus under diverse experimental conditions. The findings of several investigations highlight a notion that pDCs operate critically at the early stage of lupus development. In particular, pDCs have a profound effect on B-cell activation and humoral autoimmunity in vivo. This deeper understanding of the vital role of pDCs in lupus pathogenesis supports the therapeutic targeting of the pDC-IFN-I pathway in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China ; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Yihong Yao
- Cellular Biomedicine Group Inc. , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China ; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Houston, TX , USA
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30
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Abstract
Bacterial infection is associated with increased morbidity in patients with systematic lupus erythematosus. In a recent Immunity paper, Gallo et al. (2015) report that extracellular DNA is bound tightly by bacterial amyloid fibrils during biofilm formation and that amyloid/DNA composites are immune stimulators when injected into mice, leading to autoimmunity.
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31
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Huang X, Li J, Dorta-Estremera S, Di Domizio J, Anthony SM, Watowich SS, Popkin D, Liu Z, Brohawn P, Yao Y, Schluns KS, Lanier LL, Cao W. Neutrophils Regulate Humoral Autoimmunity by Restricting Interferon-γ Production via the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1120-32. [PMID: 26257170 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine the mechanism by which plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and type I interferons promote humoral autoimmunity. In an amyloid-induced experimental autoimmune model, neutrophil depletion enhanced anti-nuclear antibody development, which correlated with heightened IFN-γ production by natural killer (NK) cells. IFN-α/β produced by pDCs activated NK cells via IL-15 induction. Neutrophils released reactive oxygen species (ROS), which negatively modulated the levels of IL-15, thereby inhibiting IFN-γ production. Mice deficient in NADPH oxidase 2 produced increased amounts of IFN-γ and developed augmented titers of autoantibodies. Both the pDC-IFN-α/β pathway and IFN-γ were indispensable in stimulating humoral autoimmunity. Male NZB/W F1 mice expressed higher levels of superoxide than their female lupus-prone siblings, and depletion of neutrophils resulted in spontaneous NK cell and autoimmune B cell activation. Our findings suggest a regulatory role for neutrophils in vivo and highlight the importance of an NK-IFN-γ axis downstream of the pDC-IFN-α/β pathway in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Huang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeremy Di Domizio
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Popkin
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Yihong Yao
- MedImmune, LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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32
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Gallo PM, Rapsinski GJ, Wilson RP, Oppong GO, Sriram U, Goulian M, Buttaro B, Caricchio R, Gallucci S, Tükel Ç. Amyloid-DNA Composites of Bacterial Biofilms Stimulate Autoimmunity. Immunity 2015; 42:1171-84. [PMID: 26084027 PMCID: PMC4500125 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on the human microbiome has established that commensal and pathogenic bacteria can influence obesity, cancer, and autoimmunity through mechanisms mostly unknown. We found that a component of bacterial biofilms, the amyloid protein curli, irreversibly formed fibers with bacterial DNA during biofilm formation. This interaction accelerated amyloid polymerization and created potent immunogenic complexes that activated immune cells, including dendritic cells, to produce cytokines such as type I interferons, which are pathogenic in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). When given systemically, curli-DNA composites triggered immune activation and production of autoantibodies in lupus-prone and wild-type mice. We also found that the infection of lupus-prone mice with curli-producing bacteria triggered higher autoantibody titers compared to curli-deficient bacteria. These data provide a mechanism by which the microbiome and biofilm-producing enteric infections may contribute to the progression of SLE and point to a potential molecular target for treatment of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gallo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Glenn J Rapsinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - R Paul Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Gertrude O Oppong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Uma Sriram
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Mark Goulian
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bettina Buttaro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Roberto Caricchio
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Stefania Gallucci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA; Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Çagla Tükel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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33
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Li HS, Watowich SS. Innate immune regulation by STAT-mediated transcriptional mechanisms. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:84-101. [PMID: 25123278 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term innate immunity typically refers to a quick but non-specific host defense response against invading pathogens. The innate immune system comprises particular immune cell populations, epithelial barriers, and numerous secretory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and defense peptides. Innate immune cells are also now recognized to play important contributing roles in cancer and pathological inflammatory conditions. Innate immunity relies on rapid signal transduction elicited upon pathogen recognition via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell:cell communication conducted by soluble mediators, including cytokines. A majority of cytokines involved in innate immune signaling use a molecular cascade encompassing receptor-associated Jak protein tyrosine kinases and STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) transcriptional regulators. Here, we focus on roles for STAT proteins in three major innate immune subsets: neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). While knowledge in this area is only now emerging, understanding the molecular regulation of these cell types is necessary for developing new approaches to treat human disorders such as inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by autoantibodies directed against nuclear autoantigens normally concealed from immune recognition in healthy individuals. Here, we summarize recently identified mechanisms of abnormal cell death leading to exposure and aberrant processing of nucleoprotein self antigens, and discuss their role in the SLE pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS During the past few years, the unveiling of several new forms of cell death has expanded our understanding beyond the simple view of 'apoptotic' versus 'necrotic' cell death. SLE patients show abnormalities in cell death at several levels, including increased rates of apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, as well as reduced clearance of dying cells. These abnormalities lead to an increased autoantigen burden and antigen modifications, such as nucleic acid oxidation that increases the inflammatory properties of self antigens. Recent investigations have highlighted the role of opsonins in determining the immunogenic versus tolerogenic characteristics of self antigens. SUMMARY Dysregulation of different forms of programmed cell death contributes to increased exposure, availability, and immunogenic characteristics of intracellular self antigens, which all participate in development of lupus autoimmunity. As our understanding of abnormalities of cell death in SLE advances, potential therapeutic opportunities await human implementation.
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35
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Dorta-Estremera SM, Cao W. Human Pentraxins Bind to Misfolded Proteins and Inhibit Production of Type I Interferon Induced by Nucleic Acid-Containing Amyloid. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 6. [PMID: 31080694 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective Amyloid deposition is linked to multiple human ailments, including neurodegenerative diseases, type 2 diabetes, and systemic amyloidosis. The assembly of misfolded proteins into amyloid fibrils involves an intermediate form, i.e., soluble amyloid precursor (AP), which exerts cytotoxic function. Insoluble amyloid also stimulates innate immune cells to elicit cytokine response and inflammation. How any of these misfolded proteins are controlled by the host remains obscure. Serum amyloid-P component (SAP) is a universal constituent of amyloid deposits. Short-chain pentraxins, which include both SAP and C-reactive protein (CRP), are pattern recognition molecules that bind to diverse ligands and promote the clearance of microbes and cell debris. Whether these pentraxins interact with AP and cofactor-containing amyloid and subsequently impact their function is not known. Methods and Results To detect the interaction between SAP and different types of amyloids, we performed dot blot analysis. The results showed that SAP invariably bound to protein-only, nucleic acid-containing and glycosaminoglycan-containing amyloid fibrils. This interaction required the presence of calcium. By ELISA, both SAP and CRP bound to soluble AP in the absence of divalent cations. Further characterization, by gel filtration, implied that SAP decamer may recognize AP whereas aggregated SAP preferentially associates with amyloid fibril. Although SAP binding did not affect cytotoxic function of AP, SAP potently inhibited the production of interferon-α from human plasmacytoid dendritic cells triggered by DNA-containing amyloid. Conclusions Our data suggest that short pentraxins differentially interact with various forms of misfolded proteins and, in particular, modulate the ability of nucleic acid-containing amyloid to stimulate aberrant type I interferon response. Hence, pentraxins may function as key players in modulating the pathogenesis of protein misfolding diseases as well as interferon-mediated autoimmune manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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36
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Demaria O, Di Domizio J, Gilliet M. Immune sensing of nucleic acids in inflammatory skin diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:519-29. [PMID: 25224103 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0445-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal and cytosolic nucleic acid receptors are important immune sensors required for the detection of infecting or replicating viruses. The intracellular location of these receptors allows viral recognition and, at the same time, avoids unnecessary immune activation to self-nucleic acids that are continuously released by dying host cells. Recent evidence, however, indicates that endogenous factors such as anti-microbial peptides have the ability to break this protective mechanism. Here, we discuss these factors and illustrate how they drive inflammatory responses by promoting immune recognition of self-nucleic acids in skin wounds and inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Demaria
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Zhao D, Zhang S, Meng Y, Xiongwei D, Zhang D, Liang Y, Wang L, Liu C. Polyanion binding accelerates the formation of stable and low-toxic aggregates of ALS-linked SOD1 mutant A4V. Proteins 2014; 82:3356-72. [PMID: 25220364 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The toxic property thus far shared by both ALS-linked SOD1 variants and wild-type SOD1 is an increased propensity to aggregation. However, whether SOD1 oligomers or aggregates are toxic to cells remains to be well defined. Moreover, how the toxic SOD1 species are removed from intra- and extracellular environments also needs to be further explored. The DNA binding has been shown to be capable of accelerating the aggregatio\n of wild-type and oxidized SOD1 forms under acidic and neutral conditions. In this study, we explore the binding of DNA and heparin, two types of essential life polyanions, to A4V, an ALS-linked SOD1 mutant, under acidic conditions, and its consequences. The polyanion binding alters the A4V conformation, neutralizes its local positive charges, and increases its local concentrations along the polyanion chain, which are sufficient to lead to acceleration of the pH-dependent A4V aggregation. The accelerated aggregation, which is ascribed to the polyanion binding-mediated removal or shortening of the lag phase in aggregation, contributes to the formation of amorphous A4V nanoparticles. The prolonged incubation with polyanions not only results in the complete conversion of likely soluble toxic A4V oligomers into non- and low-toxic SDS-resistant aggregates, but also increases their stability. Although this is only an initial step toward reducing the toxicity of SOD1 mutants, the accelerating role of polyanions in protein aggregation might become one of the rapid pathways that remove toxic forms of SOD1 mutants from intra- and extracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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38
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Salama A, Fichou N, Allard M, Dubreil L, De Beaurepaire L, Viel A, Jégou D, Bösch S, Bach JM. MicroRNA-29b modulates innate and antigen-specific immune responses in mouse models of autoimmunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106153. [PMID: 25203514 PMCID: PMC4159199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to important regulatory roles in gene expression through RNA interference, it has recently been shown that microRNAs display immune stimulatory effects through direct interaction with receptors of innate immunity of the Toll-like receptor family, aggravating neuronal damage and tumour growth. Yet no evidence exists on consequences of microRNA immune stimulatory actions in the context of an autoimmune disease. Using microRNA analogues, we here show that pancreatic beta cell-derived microRNA sequences induce pro-inflammatory (TNFa, IFNa, IL-12, IL-6) or suppressive (IL-10) cytokine secretion by primary mouse dendritic cells in a sequence-dependent manner. For miR-29b, immune stimulation in RAW264.7 macrophages involved the endosomal Toll-like receptor-7, independently of the canonical RNA interference pathway. In vivo, the systemic delivery of miR-29b activates CD11b+B220- myeloid and CD11b-B220+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells and induces IFNa, TNFa and IL-6 production in the serum of recipient mice. Strikingly, in a murine model of adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes, miR-29b reduces the cytolytic activity of transferred effector CD8+ T-cells, insulitis and disease incidence in a single standalone intervention. Endogenous miR-29b, spontaneously released from beta-cells within exosomes, stimulates TNFa secretion from spleen cells isolated from diabetes-prone NOD mice in vitro. Hence, microRNA sequences modulate innate and ongoing adaptive immune responses raising the question of their potential role in the breakdown of tolerance and opening up new applications for microRNA-based immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolline Salama
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Nolwenn Fichou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Allard
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- INRA, Nantes, France
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, UMR_A0703 PanTHER, Nantes, France
| | | | - Alexis Viel
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Jégou
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Steffi Bösch
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bach
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, EA 4644 IECM, Nantes, France
- INRA, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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39
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in association with protean clinic manifestations. ANA can bind to nuclear molecules, most prominently DNA and histones in nucleosomes, to form complexes to promote pathogenesis. Because of the intrinsic immunological activity of the nuclear components, these complexes can amplify responses by interacting with diverse pattern recognition receptors and internal sensing systems. Among molecules associated with nucleosomal components, HMGB1, a non-histone protein, can emanate from activated and dying cells; HMGB1's immune activity is determined by post-translational modifications, redox state, and binding to other immune mediators. Although ANAs form complexes that deposit in the kidney or induce type 1 interferon, ANAs may also block immune activity. Together, these studies highlight the importance of complexes in the pathogenesis of lupus and their role as antigens, immunogens, and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA and
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40
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Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were initially identified as the prominent natural type I interferon-producing cells during viral infection. Over the past decade, the aberrant production of interferon α/β by pDCs in response to self-derived molecular entities has been critically implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and recognized as a general feature underlying other autoimmune diseases. On top of imperative studies on human pDCs, the functional involvement and mechanism by which the pDC-interferon α/β pathway facilitates the progression of autoimmunity have been unraveled recently from investigations with several experimental lupus models. This article reviews correlating information obtained from human in vitro characterization and murine in vivo studies and highlights the fundamental and multifaceted contribution of pDCs to the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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41
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Dorta-Estremera SM, Li J, Cao W. Rapid generation of amyloid from native proteins in vitro. J Vis Exp 2013:50869. [PMID: 24335677 DOI: 10.3791/50869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures of polypeptides fulfill many purposes, it is now recognized that most proteins can adopt an alternative assembly of beta-sheet rich amyloid. Insoluble amyloid fibrils are initially associated with multiple human ailments, but they are increasingly shown as functional players participating in various important cellular processes. In addition, amyloid deposited in patient tissues contains nonproteinaceous components, such as nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These cofactors can facilitate the formation of amyloid, resulting in the generation of different types of insoluble precipitates. By taking advantage of our understanding how proteins misfold via an intermediate stage of soluble amyloid precursor, we have devised a method to convert native proteins to amyloid fibrils in vitro. This approach allows one to prepare amyloid in large quantities, examine the properties of amyloid generated from specific proteins, and evaluate the structural changes accompanying the conversion.
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Di Domizio J, Cao W. Fueling autoimmunity: type I interferon in autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:201-10. [PMID: 23445195 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, active research using genomic, cellular and animal modeling approaches has revealed the fundamental forces driving the development of autoimmune diseases. Type I interferon imprints unique molecular signatures in a list of autoimmune diseases. Interferon is induced by diverse nucleic acid-containing complexes, which trigger innate immune activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Interferon primes, activates or differentiates various leukocyte populations to promote autoimmunity. Accordingly, interferon signaling is essential for the initiation and/or progression of lupus in several experimental models. However, the heterogeneous nature of systemic lupus erythematosus requires better characterization on how interferon pathways are activated and subsequently promote the advancement of autoimmune diseases. Given the central role of type I interferon, various strategies are devised to target these cytokines or related pathways to curtail the progression of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Di Domizio
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Di Domizio J, Dorta-Estremera S, Cao W. Methylated BSA mimics amyloid-related proteins and triggers inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63214. [PMID: 23650555 PMCID: PMC3641125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic study of inflammatory or autoimmune diseases requires the generation of mouse models that reproduce the alterations in immune responses observed in patients. Methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) has been widely used to induce antigen-specific inflammation in targeted organs or in combination with single stranded DNA (ssDNA) to generate anti-nucleic acids antibodies in vivo. However, the mechanism by which this modified protein triggers inflammation is poorly understood. By analyzing the biochemical properties of mBSA, we found that mBSA exhibits features of an intermediate of protein misfolding pathway. mBSA readily interact with a list of dyes that have binding specificity towards amyloid fibrils. Intriguingly, mBSA displayed cytotoxic activity and its binding to ssDNA further enhanced formation of beta-sheet rich amyloid fibrils. Moreover, mBSA is recognized by the serum amyloid P, a protein unanimously associated with amyloid plaques in vivo. In macrophages, we observed that mBSA disrupted the lysosomal compartment, signaled along the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, and activated caspase 1, which led to the production of IL-1β. In vivo, mBSA triggered rapid and prominent immune cell infiltration that is dependent on IL-1β induction. Taken together, these data demonstrate that by mimicking amyloidogenic proteins mBSA exhibits strong innate immune functions and serves as a potent adjuvant. These findings advance our understanding on the underlying mechanism of how aberrant immune responses lead to autoimmune reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Di Domizio
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Dorta-Estremera
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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