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Hao Y, Karaoz U, Yang L, Yachimski PS, Tseng W, Nossa CW, Ye W, Tseng M, Poles M, Francois F, Traube M, Brown SM, Chen Y, Torralba M, Peek RM, Brodie EL, Pei Z. Progressive dysbiosis of human orodigestive microbiota along the sequence of gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett's esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:1703-1716. [PMID: 35751398 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) has drastically increased in the United States since 1970s for unclear reasons. We hypothesized that the widespread usage of antibiotics has increased the procarcinogenic potential of the orodigestive microbiota along the sequence of gastroesophageal reflux (GR), Barrett's esophagus (BE), and EA phenotypes. This case control study included normal controls (NC) and three disease phenotypes GR, BE, and EA. Microbiota in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach, and rectum were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Overall, we discovered 44 significant pairwise differences in abundance of microbial taxa between the four phenotypes, with 12 differences in the mouth, 21 in the esophagus, two in the stomach, and nine in the rectum. Along the GR→BE→EA sequence, oral and esophageal microbiota were more diversified, the dominant genus Streptococcus was progressively depleted while six other genera Atopobium, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, and Lautropia progressively enriched. In NC, Streptococcus appeared to control populations of other genera in the foregut via numerous negative and positive connections, while in disease states, the rich network was markedly simplified. Inferred gene functional content showed a progressive enrichment through the stages of EA development in genes encoding antibiotic resistance, ligands of Toll-like and NOD-like receptors, nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway, and acetaldehyde metabolism. The orodigestive microbiota is in a progressive dysbiotic state along the GR-BE-EA sequence. The increasing dysbiosis and antibiotic and procarcinogenic genes in the disease states warrants further study to define their roles in EA pathogenesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Hao
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulas Karaoz
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Liying Yang
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patrick S Yachimski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wenzhi Tseng
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos W Nossa
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mengkao Tseng
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Poles
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fritz Francois
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Morris Traube
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stuart M Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Population Health and Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Richard M Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Eoin L Brodie
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, New York, USA
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Hao Y, Yang L, Galvao Neto A, Amin MR, Kelly D, Brown SM, Branski RC, Pei Z. HPViewer: sensitive and specific genotyping of human papillomavirus in metagenomic DNA. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:1986-1995. [PMID: 29377990 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation Shotgun DNA sequencing provides sensitive detection of all 182 HPV types in tissue and body fluid. However, existing computational methods either produce false positives misidentifying HPV types due to shared sequences among HPV, human and prokaryotes, or produce false negative since they identify HPV by assembled contigs requiring large abundant of HPV reads. Results We designed HPViewer with two custom HPV reference databases masking simple repeats and homology sequences respectively and one homology distance matrix to hybridize these two databases. It directly identified HPV from short DNA reads rather than assembled contigs. Using 100 100 simulated samples, we revealed that HPViewer was robust for samples containing either high or low number of HPV reads. Using 12 shotgun sequencing samples from respiratory papillomatosis, HPViewer was equal to VirusTAP, and Vipie and better than HPVDetector with the respect to specificity and was the most sensitive method in the detection of HPV types 6 and 11. We demonstrated that contigs-based approaches had disadvantages of detection of HPV. In 1573 sets of metagenomic data from 18 human body sites, HPViewer identified 104 types of HPV in a body-site associated pattern and 89 types of HPV co-occurring in one sample with other types of HPV. We demonstrated HPViewer was sensitive and specific for HPV detection in metagenomic data. Availability and implementation HPViewer can be accessed at https://github.com/yuhanH/HPViewer/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Hao
- Department of Pathology.,Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories
| | - Liying Yang
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Medicine
| | | | - Milan R Amin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | - Stuart M Brown
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology.,Department of Medicine.,Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA
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Tetz G, Brown SM, Hao Y, Tetz V. Type 1 Diabetes: an Association Between Autoimmunity, the Dynamics of Gut Amyloid-producing E. coli and Their Phages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9685. [PMID: 31273267 PMCID: PMC6609616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), a common autoimmune disorder, is not completely understood. Recent studies suggested the gut microbiome plays a role in T1D. We have used public longitudinal microbiome data from T1D patients to analyze amyloid-producing bacterial composition and found a significant association between initially high amyloid-producing Escherichia coli abundance, subsequent E. coli depletion prior to seroconversion, and T1D development. In children who presented seroconversion or developed T1D, we observed an increase in the E. coli phage/E. coli ratio prior to E. coli depletion, suggesting that the decrease in E. coli was due to prophage activation. Evaluation of the role of phages in amyloid release from E. coli biofilms in vitro suggested an indirect role of the bacterial phages in the modulation of host immunity. This study for the first time suggests that amyloid-producing E. coli, their phages, and bacteria-derived amyloid might be involved in pro-diabetic pathway activation in children at risk for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10013, USA. .,Tetz Laboratories, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Stuart M Brown
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, 10012, USA.,New York Genome Center, New York, New York, 10013, USA
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10013, USA
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Sethi S, Hao Y, Brown SM, Walker T, Yadav R, Zaman K, Aggarwal AN, Behera D. Elucidation of drug resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from North India by whole-genome sequencing. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:11-15. [PMID: 31121336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Rapid diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is required for better patient management and treatment outcomes. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and deletions/insertions that are responsible for mostMycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance. WGS is being performed at scale in high-income countries, but there are limited reports of its use in India. METHODS In this study, 33 clinicalM. tuberculosis isolates from the Mycobacterial Repository in Chandigarh underwent WGS. Phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was performed according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Four isolates were excluded from the analysis due to culture contamination or mislabelling during the study. RESULTS Among the remaining 29 isolates, 21 (72.4%) were multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and 1 (3.4%) was extensively-drug resistant TB (XDR-TB). The most common mutations observed for isoniazid, rifampicin, ofloxacin and kanamycin resistance werekatG(S315T), rpoB(S450L), gyrA(A90V) and rrs(A1401G), respectively. The isolates mainly belonged to lineages 2 and 3, with most MDR-TB among lineage 2 isolates. CONCLUSION WGS ofM. tuberculosis isolates allows the detection of drug resistance to all drugs in a single test and also provides insight into the evolution and drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sethi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - Stuart M Brown
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, NY 10016, USA
| | - Timothy Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Ashutosh Nath Aggarwal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Digambar Behera
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
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Brown SM, Chen H, Hao Y, Laungani BP, Ali TA, Dong C, Lijeron C, Kim B, Wultsch C, Pei Z, Krampis K. MGS-Fast: Metagenomic shotgun data fast annotation using microbial gene catalogs. Gigascience 2019; 8:giz020. [PMID: 30942867 PMCID: PMC6446249 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods used for annotating metagenomics shotgun sequencing (MGS) data rely on a computationally intensive and low-stringency approach of mapping each read to a generic database of proteins or reference microbial genomes. RESULTS We developed MGS-Fast, an analysis approach for shotgun whole-genome metagenomic data utilizing Bowtie2 DNA-DNA alignment of reads that is an alternative to using the integrated catalog of reference genes database of well-annotated genes compiled from human microbiome data. This method is rapid and provides high-stringency matches (>90% DNA sequence identity) of the metagenomics reads to genes with annotated functions. We demonstrate the use of this method with data from a study of liver disease and synthetic reads, and Human Microbiome Project shotgun data, to detect differentially abundant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes gene functions in these experiments. This rapid annotation method is freely available as a Galaxy workflow within a Docker image. CONCLUSIONS MGS-Fast can confidently transfer functional annotations from gene databases to metagenomic reads, with speed and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brown
- New York University Langonne Medical Center, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- New York University Langonne Medical Center, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- New York University Langonne Medical Center, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Bobby P Laungani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thahmina A Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Changsu Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Carlos Lijeron
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Baekdoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Claudia Wultsch
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Konstantinos Krampis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Translational and Basic Research, Belfer Research Building, Hunter College of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, US
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Institute of Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 333 E 38th St, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Brown SM, Bush SJ, Summers KM, Hume DA, Lawrence AB. Environmentally enriched pigs have transcriptional profiles consistent with neuroprotective effects and reduced microglial activity. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:6-15. [PMID: 29778628 PMCID: PMC6002610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is widely used to study the effects of external factors on brain development, function and health in rodent models, but very little is known of the effects of EE on the brain in a large animal model such as the pig. Twenty-four young pigs (aged 5 weeks at start of study, 1:1 male: female ratio) were housed in environmentally enriched (EE) pens and provided with additional enrichment stimulation (a bag filled with straw) once daily. Litter, weight and sex matched controls n= (24) were housed in barren (B) conditions. Behaviour was recorded on alternate days from study day 10. After 21 days, RNA-sequencing of the frontal cortex of male piglets culled one hour after the enrichment stimulation, but not those at 4 h after stimulation, showed upregulation of genes involved in neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity in the EE compared to the B condition. This result is mirrored in the behavioural response to the stimulation which showed a peak in activity around the 1 h time-point. By contrast, EE piglets displayed a signature consistent with a relative decrease in microglial activity compared to those in the B condition. These results confirm those from rodents, suggesting that EE may also confer neuronal health benefits in large mammal models, through a potential relative reduction in neuroinflammatory process and increase in neuroprotection driven by an enrichment-induced increase in behavioural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - S J Bush
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K M Summers
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK; Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLd, 4102, Australia
| | - D A Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK; Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLd, 4102, Australia
| | - A B Lawrence
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, EH25 9RG, UK; SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that alterations in the gut phagobiota may contribute to pathophysiological processes in mammals; however, the association of bacteriophage community structure with Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been yet characterized. Towards this end, we used a published dataset to analyse bacteriophage composition and determine the phage/bacteria ratio in faecal samples from drug-naive PD patients and healthy participants. Our analyses revealed significant alterations in the representation of certain bacteriophages in the phagobiota of PD patients. We identified shifts of the phage/bacteria ratio in lactic acid bacteria known to produce dopamine and regulate intestinal permeability, which are major factors implicated in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we observed the depletion of Lactococcus spp. in the PD group, which was most likely due to the increase of lytic c2-like and 936-like lactococcal phages frequently present in dairy products. Our findings add bacteriophages to the list of possible factors associated with the development of PD, suggesting that gut phagobiota composition may serve as a diagnostic tool as well as a target for therapeutic intervention, which should be confirmed in further studies. Our results open a discussion on the role of environmental phages and phagobiota composition in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Stuart M Brown
- Tetz Laboratories, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Tetz Laboratories, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Victor Tetz
- Human Microbiology Institute, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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Brown SM, Arefi M, Stones R, Loo PS, Barnard S, Bloxham C, Stefanos N, Langtry JAA, Worthy S, Calonje E, Husain A, Rajan N. Inherited pulmonary cylindromas: extending the phenotype of CYLD mutation carriers. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:662-668. [PMID: 29569226 PMCID: PMC6175122 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CYLD are recognized to be associated with the development of multiple cutaneous cylindromas. We encountered such a patient who presented with breathlessness because of multiple pulmonary cylindromas. Objectives To search for clinical and radiological features of multiple pulmonary cylindromas in a cohort of 16 patients with CYLD mutations. Methods A retrospective case‐note review was carried out in a tertiary dermatogenetics clinic where CYLD mutation carriers are reviewed on an annual basis. In‐depth investigation was carried out for patients with pulmonary tumours. Results Four patients had radiological imaging of their lungs, of which two had multiple pulmonary cylindromas that were confirmed histologically. Serial computed tomography monitoring allowed for pre‐emptive endobronchial laser ablation, preventing major airway obstruction and pulmonary collapse. Conclusions Pulmonary cylindromas are an unrecognized, but infrequently symptomatic, aspect of the phenotype in these patients that can have implications for patient care. They should be considered in patients with a high tumour burden that present with respiratory symptoms, and where appropriate, monitored with serial imaging. What's already known about this topic? Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CYLD are recognized to be associated with the development of multiple cutaneous cylindromas, spiradenomas and trichoepitheliomas. Beyond the skin, salivary gland tumours are seen in less than approximately 5% of patients, but otherwise the tropism of this disease is recognized as exclusively cutaneous.
What does this study add? We report multiple pulmonary cylindromas in two patients out of a series of 16 patients, a previously unreported aspect of this genetic disease. Deep phenotyping with radiological, histological and genetic approaches provides evidence that supports that these tumours are similar to cutaneous cylindromas and share a cytokeratin signature seen in cutaneous cylindroma.
What is the translational message? Patients with this rare disease should be investigated if they present with new symptoms of respiratory disease. These data inform the clinical surveillance and management of patients with this rare condition and also inform the longstanding debate on benign metastases.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17046 available online https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - M Arefi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - R Stones
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - P S Loo
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - S Barnard
- Department of Cardiothoracics, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - C Bloxham
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - N Stefanos
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - J A A Langtry
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - S Worthy
- Department of Radiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - E Calonje
- Dermatopathology Department, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K
| | - A Husain
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - N Rajan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Jung H, Baek M, D'Elia KP, Boisvert C, Currie PD, Tay BH, Venkatesh B, Brown SM, Heguy A, Schoppik D, Dasen JS. The Ancient Origins of Neural Substrates for Land Walking. Cell 2018; 172:667-682.e15. [PMID: 29425489 PMCID: PMC5808577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Walking is the predominant locomotor behavior expressed by land-dwelling vertebrates, but it is unknown when the neural circuits that are essential for limb control first appeared. Certain fish species display walking-like behaviors, raising the possibility that the underlying circuitry originated in primitive marine vertebrates. We show that the neural substrates of bipedalism are present in the little skate Leucoraja erinacea, whose common ancestor with tetrapods existed ∼420 million years ago. Leucoraja exhibits core features of tetrapod locomotor gaits, including left-right alternation and reciprocal extension-flexion of the pelvic fins. Leucoraja also deploys a remarkably conserved Hox transcription factor-dependent program that is essential for selective innervation of fin/limb muscle. This network encodes peripheral connectivity modules that are distinct from those used in axial muscle-based swimming and has apparently been diminished in most modern fish. These findings indicate that the circuits that are essential for walking evolved through adaptation of a genetic regulatory network shared by all vertebrates with paired appendages. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Jung
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Myungin Baek
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kristen P D'Elia
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Catherine Boisvert
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; EMBL Australia, Melbourne Node, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Stuart M Brown
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, Division for Advanced Research Technologies, and Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Schoppik
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Brown SM, Heguy A, Zappile P, Chen H, Goradia A, Wang Y, Hao Y, Roy NK, Vitale K, Chambers RC, Wirgin I. A Dramatic Difference in Global Gene Expression between TCDD-Treated Atlantic Tomcod Larvae from the Resistant Hudson River and a Nearby Sensitive Population. Genome Biol Evol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5604119 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic tomcod in the Hudson River Estuary bioaccumulate high hepatic burdens of
environmental toxicants. Previously, we demonstrated that Hudson River tomcod developed
resistance to TCDD and PCB toxicity probably through strong natural selection during their
early life-stages for a variant of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor2 (AHR2). Here, we
evaluated the genomic consequences of the resistant genotype by comparing global gene
expression in larval tomcod from the Hudson River with expression in larvae from a nearby
sensitive population (Shinnecock Bay). We developed an annotated draft tomcod genome to
explore the effects of multigenerational exposure to toxicants and a functionally impaired
AHR2 on the transcriptome. We used the tomcod genome as a reference in RNA-Seq to compare
global gene expression in tomcod larvae from the Hudson River and Shinnecock Bay after
experimental exposure of larvae to graded doses of TCDD. We found dramatic differences
between offspring from the two populations in the number of genes that were differentially
expressed at all doses (0.01, 0.1, and 1 ppb) and even in the vehicle controls. At the two
lowest TCDD doses, 250 and 1,141 genes were differentially expressed in Shinnecock Bay
larvae compared with 14 and 12, respectively, in Hudson River larvae. At the highest dose
(1.0 ppb), 934 genes were differentially expressed in Shinnecock Bay larvae and 173 in
Hudson River larvae, but only 28 (16%) of affected genes were shared among both
populations. Given the large difference between the two populations in the number and
identity of differentially expressed genes, it is likely that the AHR2 pathway interacts
directly or indirectly with many genes beyond those known in the AHR2 battery and that
other regulatory systems may also respond to TCDD exposure. The effects of chronic
multi-generational exposure to environmental toxicants on the genome of Hudson River
tomcod are much greater than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU School of
Medicine
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, NYU School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine
| | - Paul Zappile
- Genome Technology Center, NYU School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine
| | | | - Yilan Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine
| | - Yuhan Hao
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU School of
Medicine
| | - Nirmal K Roy
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine
| | - Kristy Vitale
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine
| | - R Christopher Chambers
- Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory, Northeast Fisheries Science Center,
National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration,
Highlands, New Jersey
| | - Isaac Wirgin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine
- Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Pain SD, Bardayan DW, Blackmon JC, Brown SM, Chae KY, Chipps KA, Cizewski JA, Jones KL, Kozub RL, Liang JF, Matei C, Matos M, Moazen BH, Nesaraja CD, Okołowicz J, O'Malley PD, Peters WA, Pittman ST, Płoszajczak M, Schmitt KT, Shriner JF, Shapira D, Smith MS, Stracener DW, Wilson GL. Constraint of the astrophysical ^{26g}Al(p,γ)^{27}Si destruction rate at stellar temperatures. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:212501. [PMID: 26066430 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.212501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Galactic 1.809-MeV γ-ray signature from the β decay of ^{26g}Al is a dominant target of γ-ray astronomy, of which a significant component is understood to originate from massive stars. The ^{26g}Al(p,γ)^{27}Si reaction is a major destruction pathway for ^{26g}Al at stellar temperatures, but the reaction rate is poorly constrained due to uncertainties in the strengths of low-lying resonances in ^{27}Si. The ^{26g}Al(d,p)^{27}Al reaction has been employed in inverse kinematics to determine the spectroscopic factors, and hence resonance strengths, of proton resonances in ^{27}Si via mirror symmetry. The strength of the 127-keV resonance is found to be a factor of 4 higher than the previously adopted upper limit, and the upper limit for the 68-keV resonance has been reduced by an order of magnitude, considerably constraining the ^{26g}Al destruction rate at stellar temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Pain
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D W Bardayan
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - J C Blackmon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - S M Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - K Y Chae
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K A Chipps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - J A Cizewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - K L Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - R L Kozub
- Department of Physics, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, USA
| | - J F Liang
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - C Matei
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Building 6008, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6374, USA
| | - M Matos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - B H Moazen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - C D Nesaraja
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Okołowicz
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, PL-31342 Kraków, Poland
| | - P D O'Malley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | - W A Peters
- Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Building 6008, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6374, USA
| | - S T Pittman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - M Płoszajczak
- Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds (GANIL), CEA/DSMCNRS/IN2P3, Boîte Postale 55027, F-14076 Caen Cedex, France
| | - K T Schmitt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - J F Shriner
- Department of Physics, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, Tennessee 38505, USA
| | - D Shapira
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M S Smith
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - D W Stracener
- Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - G L Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Brown SM, Jenkins BD. Profiling gene expression to distinguish the likely active diazotrophs from a sea of genetic potential in marine sediments. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:3128-42. [PMID: 24447468 PMCID: PMC4231279 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) cycling microbial communities in marine sediments are extremely diverse, and it is unknown whether this diversity reflects extensive functional redundancy. Sedimentary denitrifiers remove significant amounts of N from the coastal ocean and diazotrophs are typically regarded as inconsequential. Recently, N fixation has been shown to be a potentially important source of N in estuarine and continental shelf sediments. Analysis of expressed genes for nitrite reductase (nirS) and a nitrogenase subunit (nifH) was used to identify the likely active denitrifiers and nitrogen fixers in surface sediments from different seasons in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA). The overall diversity of diazotrophs expressing nifH decreased along the estuarine gradient from the estuarine head to an offshore continental shelf site. Two groups of sequences related to anaerobic sulphur/iron reducers and sulphate reducers dominated libraries of expressed nifH genes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data shows the highest abundance of both groups at a mid bay site, and the highest nifH expression at the head of the estuary, regardless of season. Several potential environmental factors, including water temperature, oxygen concentration and metal contamination, may influence the abundance and nifH expression of these two bacterial groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Fabrikant J, Touloei K, Brown SM. A review and update on melanocyte stimulating hormone therapy: afamelanotide. J Drugs Dermatol 2013; 12:775-779. [PMID: 23884489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Afamelanotide ([Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH) is an analog of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone given as a subcutaneous injection. Afamelanotide is currently undergoing phase II and III trials in Europe and the US for skin diseases including vitiligo, erythropoietic protoporphyria, polymorphic light eruption and prevention of actinic keratoses in organ transplant recipients. Unregulated analogs and chemicals are being sold online ahead of formal approval. A number of counterfeit chemicals, 'Melanotans' are being sold for tanning purposes. Currently, afamelanotide is already on the market in Italy and Switzerland for patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria. This paper will review the current literature on this promising compound.
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Schmitt KT, Jones KL, Bey A, Ahn SH, Bardayan DW, Blackmon JC, Brown SM, Chae KY, Chipps KA, Cizewski JA, Hahn KI, Kolata JJ, Kozub RL, Liang JF, Matei C, Matoš M, Matyas D, Moazen B, Nesaraja C, Nunes FM, O'Malley PD, Pain SD, Peters WA, Pittman ST, Roberts A, Shapira D, Shriner JF, Smith MS, Spassova I, Stracener DW, Villano AN, Wilson GL. Halo nucleus 11Be: a spectroscopic study via neutron transfer. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:192701. [PMID: 23003029 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.192701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The best examples of halo nuclei, exotic systems with a diffuse nuclear cloud surrounding a tightly bound core, are found in the light, neutron-rich region, where the halo neutrons experience only weak binding and a weak, or no, potential barrier. Modern direct-reaction measurement techniques provide powerful probes of the structure of exotic nuclei. Despite more than four decades of these studies on the benchmark one-neutron halo nucleus 11Be, the spectroscopic factors for the two bound states remain poorly constrained. In the present work, the 10Be(d,p) reaction has been used in inverse kinematics at four beam energies to study the structure of 11Be. The spectroscopic factors extracted using the adiabatic model were found to be consistent across the four measurements and were largely insensitive to the optical potential used. The extracted spectroscopic factor for a neutron in an nℓj=2s(1/2) state coupled to the ground state of 10Be is 0.71(5). For the first excited state at 0.32 MeV, a spectroscopic factor of 0.62(4) is found for the halo neutron in a 1p(1/2) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Schmitt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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18
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Koarai A, Traves SL, Fenwick PS, Brown SM, Chana KK, Russell REK, Nicholson AG, Barnes PJ, Donnelly LE. Expression of muscarinic receptors by human macrophages. Eur Respir J 2011; 39:698-704. [PMID: 21885397 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00136710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages increase in number and are highly activated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Muscarinic receptor antagonists inhibit acetylcholine-stimulated release of neutrophilic chemoattractants, suggesting that acetylcholine may regulate macrophage responses. Therefore, expression and function of components of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in monocyte-macrophage cells was investigated. RNA was isolated from monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), lung and alveolar macrophages from nonsmokers, smokers and COPD patients, and expression of the high-affinity choline transporter, choline acetyltransferase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter and muscarinic receptors (M(1)-M(5)) ascertained using real-time PCR. M(2) and M(3) receptor expression was confirmed using immunocytochemistry. Release of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and leukotriene (LT)B(4) were measured by ELISA or EIA. All monocyte-macrophage cells expressed mRNA for components of the non-neuronal cholinergic system. Lung macrophages expressed significantly more M(1) mRNA compared with monocytes, and both lung macrophages and alveolar macrophages expressed the highest levels of M(3) mRNA. Expression of M(2) and M(3) protein was confirmed in MDMs and lung macrophages. Carbachol stimulated release of LTB(4) from lung macrophages (buffer 222.3 ± 75.1 versus carbachol 1,118 ± 622.4 pg · mL(-1); n = 15, p<0.05) but not IL-6 or IL-8. LTB(4) release was attenuated by the M(3) antagonist, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP; half maximal effective concentration 5.2 ± 2.2 nM; n = 9). Stimulation of macrophage M(3) receptors promotes release of LTB(4), suggesting that anti-muscarinic agents may be anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koarai
- Airways Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Brown SM, Clapcote SJ, Millar JK, Torrance HS, Anderson SM, Walker R, Rampino A, Roder JC, Thomson PA, Porteous DJ, Evans KL. Synaptic modulators Nrxn1 and Nrxn3 are disregulated in a Disc1 mouse model of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:585-7. [PMID: 21321563 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alsirafy SA, Mousa SM, Brown SM. Palliative care: an unexplored aspect of schistosomiasis neglect? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2011; 29:7-8. [PMID: 21505000 DOI: 10.1177/1049909111406708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samy A Alsirafy
- Palliative Medicine Unit, Kasr Al-Aini School of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
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Chen DS, Barry AE, Leliwa-Sytek A, Smith TA, Peterson I, Brown SM, Migot-Nabias F, Deloron P, Kortok MM, Marsh K, Daily JP, Ndiaye D, Sarr O, Mboup S, Day KP. A molecular epidemiological study of var gene diversity to characterize the reservoir of Plasmodium falciparum in humans in Africa. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16629. [PMID: 21347415 PMCID: PMC3036650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reservoir of Plasmodium infection in humans has traditionally been defined by blood slide positivity. This study was designed to characterize the local reservoir of infection in relation to the diverse var genes that encode the major surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum blood stages and underlie the parasite's ability to establish chronic infection and transmit from human to mosquito. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the molecular epidemiology of the var multigene family at local sites in Gabon, Senegal and Kenya which differ in parasite prevalence and transmission intensity. 1839 distinct var gene types were defined by sequencing DBLα domains in the three sites. Only 76 (4.1%) var types were found in more than one population indicating spatial heterogeneity in var types across the African continent. The majority of var types appeared only once in the population sample. Non-parametric statistical estimators predict in each population at minimum five to seven thousand distinct var types. Similar diversity of var types was seen in sites with different parasite prevalences. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Var population genomics provides new insights into the epidemiology of P. falciparum in Africa where malaria has never been conquered. In particular, we have described the extensive reservoir of infection in local African sites and discovered a unique var population structure that can facilitate superinfection through minimal overlap in var repertoires among parasite genomes. Our findings show that var typing as a molecular surveillance system defines the extent of genetic complexity in the reservoir of infection to complement measures of malaria prevalence. The observed small scale spatial diversity of var genes suggests that var genetics could greatly inform current malaria mapping approaches and predict complex malaria population dynamics due to the import of var types to areas where no widespread pre-existing immunity in the population exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S. Chen
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alyssa E. Barry
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Leliwa-Sytek
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Terry-Ann Smith
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Peterson
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Brown
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
| | - Moses M. Kortok
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Marsh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johanna P. Daily
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Sarr
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Souleymane Mboup
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Karen P. Day
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Comparison was made of two methods for training monkeys to "observe" a two-member serial position sequence by pressing two consecutively lighted keys and then to "report" the sequence by pressing the same two keys in the same order but without the lights. A fading technique involving gradual elimination of brightness cues from "reporting" keys was found more effective than a no-fading procedure in which the cues remained bright during training and then were suddenly removed. Animals that failed to learn to report a new sequence with the no-fading procedure sometimes developed behavior incompatible with that desired. They made repeated and specific errors that prematurely terminated trials of the sequence to-be-learned, even though the correct key was cued by a bright light. They behaved appropriately, however, on succeeding trials of other sequences. Thus, the errors were followed by trials on which reinforcement occurred. Manipulation of this contingency indicated its importance in maintaining the stereotyped error patterns.
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Brown SM, Pittman J, Miller Iii RR, Horton KD, Markewitz B, Hirshberg E, Jones J, Grissom CK. Right and left heart failure in severe H1N1 influenza A infection. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:112-8. [PMID: 20516055 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00008210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Influenza infection can affect cardiac function. The recent pandemic of H1N1 influenza A provided an opportunity to study echocardiographic findings in critically ill infected patients. We hypothesised that critically ill patients with H1N1 infection would have a higher incidence of right and left heart failure than is seen in unselected populations of patients with septic shock and/or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We retrospectively studied all patients admitted to four intensive care units at three hospitals in Salt Lake County, UT, USA, with laboratory-confirmed H1N1 infection in whom a clinical echocardiogram was available. 23 out of 48 patients had qualifying echocardiograms. Right ventricular (RV) dilatation (50-80%) and at least moderate systolic impairment (23%) were common, higher than the range described in general populations with ARDS. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction was present in 17% of patients. No single echocardiographic parameter was associated with 28-day mortality or ventilator-free days to 28 days. Critically ill patients with H1N1 infection frequently exhibit right heart dilatation and failure. RV basal dilatation was extremely common. These patients have less left heart failure than expected on the basis of prior descriptions of influenza myopericarditis or of general populations of septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, USA.
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Forbes EE, Brown SM, Kimak M, Ferrell RE, Manuck SB, Hariri AR. Genetic variation in components of dopamine neurotransmission impacts ventral striatal reactivity associated with impulsivity. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:60-70. [PMID: 17893706 PMCID: PMC2668513 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in traits such as impulsivity involve high reward sensitivity and are associated with risk for substance use disorders. The ventral striatum (VS) has been widely implicated in reward processing, and individual differences in its function are linked to these disorders. Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in reward processing and is a potent neuromodulator of VS reactivity. Moreover, altered DA signaling has been associated with normal and pathological reward-related behaviors. Functional polymorphisms in DA-related genes represent an important source of variability in DA function that may subsequently impact VS reactivity and associated reward-related behaviors. Using an imaging genetics approach, we examined the modulatory effects of common, putatively functional DA-related polymorphisms on reward-related VS reactivity associated with self-reported impulsivity. Genetic variants associated with relatively increased striatal DA release (DRD2 -141C deletion) and availability (DAT1 9-repeat), as well as diminished inhibitory postsynaptic DA effects (DRD2 -141C deletion and DRD4 7-repeat), predicted 9-12% of the interindividual variability in reward-related VS reactivity. In contrast, genetic variation directly affecting DA signaling only in the prefrontal cortex (COMT Val158Met) was not associated with variability in VS reactivity. Our results highlight an important role for genetic polymorphisms affecting striatal DA neurotransmission in mediating interindividual differences in reward-related VS reactivity. They further suggest that altered VS reactivity may represent a key neurobiological pathway through which these polymorphisms contribute to variability in behavioral impulsivity and related risk for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- EE Forbes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - SM Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Kimak
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - RE Ferrell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - SB Manuck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - AR Hariri
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Conner J, Braidwood L, Brown SM. A strategy for systemic delivery of the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716: redirected tropism by antibody-binding sites incorporated on the virion surface as a glycoprotein D fusion protein. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1579-92. [PMID: 18701918 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on the ability of single-chain variable fragment (scFv) incorporated into the viral envelope to alter the tropism of herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1716. Using recombinant viruses expressing fusion proteins comprising cell-surface antigen-specific scFvs N terminus linked to amino acids 274-393 of gD, we demonstrated that the tropism of these HSV1716 variants was modified such that infection was mediated by the cognate antigen. Thus, an HSV1716 variant that expressed an anti-CD55 scFv targeting moiety linked to these gD residues was able to infect non-permissive Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CD55 and this infection was specifically blocked by an anti-CD55 monoclonal antibody. Similarly, the infection efficiency of an HSV1716 variant for semi-permissive human leukaemic, CD38-positive cell lines was greatly improved by an anti-CD38 scFv targeting moiety linked to gD residues 274-393, and this enhanced infectivity was abrogated specifically by an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Finally, intravenous/intraperitoneal injection of an HSV1716 variant displaying an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) scFv linked to residues 274-393 of gD enhanced destruction of subcutaneous EGFR-positive tumours in nude mice compared to unmodified HSV1716. Therefore, targeting of HSV1716 oncolysis to specific cell types through the display of entry mediating scFv/gD fusion proteins represents an efficient route for systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Conner
- Crusade Laboratories Ltd, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Mace ATM, Harrow SJ, Ganly I, Brown SM. Cytotoxic effects of the oncolytic herpes simplex virus HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2007; 127:880-7. [PMID: 17763002 DOI: 10.1080/00016480601075381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS HSV1716 alone and combined with cisplatin was efficacious in destroying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. Combination treatment with HSV1716 and cisplatin gave additive efficacy. These results indicate that HSV1716 in combination with cisplatin could be of therapeutic value in HNSCC and warrants further investigation. OBJECTIVES HSV1716 is a replication competent herpes simplex virus which selectively replicates and lyses actively dividing cells but not normal or terminally differentiated cells. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of HSV1716 alone and in combination with cisplatin in HNSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three HNSCC cell lines were studied; UM-SCC 14C, UM-SCC 22A and UM-SCC 22B. The permissivity of HSV1716 in these cell lines was determined using multicycle growth experiments. In vitro, cytotoxicity of HSV1716 and cisplatin was determined using an MTS proliferation assay. Isobologram analysis was used to determine the interaction between HSV1716 and cisplatin combination treatment. RESULTS The three HNSCC cell lines studied were permissive for HSV1716 replication. Cytotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent fashion in all three cell lines. Cisplatin was non-toxic to the virus. Isobologram analysis showed additive cytotoxicity when HSV1716 was combined with cisplatin in all three cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M Mace
- Department of Otolaryngology, Glasgow University, Glasgow, UK.
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Barry AE, Leliwa-Sytek A, Tavul L, Imrie H, Migot-Nabias F, Brown SM, McVean GAV, Day KP. Population genomics of the immune evasion (var) genes of Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e34. [PMID: 17367208 PMCID: PMC1828697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Var genes encode the major surface antigen (PfEMP1) of the blood stages of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Differential expression of up to 60 diverse var genes in each parasite genome underlies immune evasion. We compared the diversity of the DBLα domain of var genes sampled from 30 parasite isolates from a malaria endemic area of Papua New Guinea (PNG) and 59 from widespread geographic origins (global). Overall, we obtained over 8,000 quality-controlled DBLα sequences. Within our sampling frame, the global population had a total of 895 distinct DBLα “types” and negligible overlap among repertoires. This indicated that var gene diversity on a global scale is so immense that many genomes would need to be sequenced to capture its true extent. In contrast, we found a much lower diversity in PNG of 185 DBLα types, with an average of approximately 7% overlap among repertoires. While we identify marked geographic structuring, nearly 40% of types identified in PNG were also found in samples from different countries showing a cosmopolitan distribution for much of the diversity. We also present evidence to suggest that recombination plays a key role in maintaining the unprecedented levels of polymorphism found in these immune evasion genes. This population genomic framework provides a cost effective molecular epidemiological tool to rapidly explore the geographic diversity of var genes. Malaria parasites live in red blood cells of the human host for part of the life cycle, during which a family of diverse antigens known as PfEMP1 are placed on the surface. PfEMP1 variants switch by sequential expression of up to 60 var genes. This allows the parasite to evade immune detection within an individual host, enhancing its chances to be transmitted to the mosquito vector in situations where mosquitoes are seasonally available. Methods to rapidly assess var gene diversity in parasite populations are needed to measure antigenic diversity and define relationships with malaria transmission. Using a specialized framework, we completed the first systematic sampling of var genes from parasite genomes obtained from the same (Papua New Guinea [PNG]) and different (global) populations. Globally, there was no limit to the number of var genes because parasites rarely shared var genes. In PNG, var gene numbers were restricted due to high levels of sharing, and most were only found in that population. Recombination was important to the evolution of var genes in PNG. The data suggest there are distinct var genes in different populations, which may have consequences for the spread of malarial disease from one geographic area to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa E Barry
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Aleksandra Leliwa-Sytek
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Livingston Tavul
- Papua New Guinea Institute for Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Heather Imrie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Migot-Nabias
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Stuart M Brown
- Research Computing Resource, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Karen P Day
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Luo L, Chang L, Brown SM, Ao H, Lee DH, Higuera ES, Dubin AE, Chaplan SR. Role of peripheral hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated channel pacemaker channels in acute and chronic pain models in the rat. Neuroscience 2007; 144:1477-85. [PMID: 17196750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channels contribute to rhythmic spontaneous activity in the heart and CNS. Ectopic spontaneous neuronal activity has been implicated in the development and maintenance of acute and chronic hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. Previously, we documented that systemic administration of ZD7288, a specific blocker of pacemaker current (I(h)), decreased ectopic activity in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and reversed tactile allodynia in spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats [Chaplan SR, Guo HQ, Lee DH, Luo L, Liu C, Kuei C, Velumian AA, Butler MP, Brown SM, Dubin AE (2003) Neuronal hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels drive neuropathic pain. J Neurosci 23:1169-1178]. Spontaneous pain is the chief clinical manifestation of peripheral nerve injury; however, a role for I(h) in spontaneous pain has not been described. Here, in further rat studies, we report that systemic administration of ZD7288 reversed spontaneous pain induced by mild thermal injury (MTI) and tactile allodynia induced by SNL and MTI. In contrast, ZD7288 did not reduce thermal hyperalgesia. An important locus of action appears to be in the skin since intraplantar (local) administration of ZD7288 completely suppressed tactile allodynia arising from MTI and SNL and reduced spontaneous pain due to MTI. Immunohistochemical staining of plantar skin sections detected HCN1-HCN4 expression in mechanosensory structures (e.g., Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel cells). Collectively, these data suggest that expression and modulation of I(h) in the peripheral nervous system, including specialized sensory structures, may play a significant role in sensory processing and contribute to spontaneous pain and tactile allodynia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Luo
- Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Dempsey MF, Wyper D, Owens J, Pimlott S, Papanastassiou V, Patterson J, Hadley DM, Nicol A, Rampling R, Brown SM. Assessment of 123I-FIAU imaging of herpes simplex viral gene expression in the treatment of glioma. Nucl Med Commun 2006; 27:611-7. [PMID: 16829761 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200608000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus 1716 (HSV1716), a selectively replication competent mutant of HSV1, is under investigation as an oncolytic viral therapy in human malignant glioma. As with similar therapies, a technique for measurement of viral replication and distribution over time following virus administration is required. Imaging expression of the HSV-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene offers an opportunity for non-invasive assessment of viral distribution in living subjects. This is the first study to explore the use of HSV-tk as a reporter gene and radiolabelled thymidine analogue 5-[(123)I]iodo-1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) uracil ((123)I-FIAU) as a marker substrate to non-invasively monitor HSV1716 replication in humans during treatment of high-grade glioma. METHODS I-FIAU brain SPECT imaging was undertaken in eight patients receiving intra-tumoural injection of HSV1716, before and after administration of the virus. Baseline images were acquired 3 days prior to virus administration and between 1 and 5 days following virus administration. Region of interest analysis was used to investigate whether there was an increase in (123)I-FIAU concentration following virus administration due to HSV-tk expression. RESULT Increased (123)I-FIAU accumulation due to HSV-tk expression was not detected in this study. The possible explanations for this finding are explored and design options for future studies are discussed.
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Eastgate RM, Griffiths GD, Waddingham PE, Moody AD, Butler TKH, Cobb SV, Comaish IF, Haworth SM, Gregson RM, Ash IM, Brown SM. Modified virtual reality technology for treatment of amblyopia. Eye (Lond) 2006; 20:370-4. [PMID: 15832182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The conventional patching/occlusion treatment for amblyopia sometimes gives disappointing results for a number of reasons: it is unpopular, prolonged, frequently resulting in poor or noncompliance, and also disrupts fusion. The aim of this research was to develop a novel virtual-reality (VR)-based display system that facilitates the treatment of amblyopia with both eyes stimulated simultaneously. METHODS We have adopted a multidisciplinary approach, combining VR expertise with a team of ophthalmologists and orthoptists to develop the Interactive Binocular Treatment (I-BiT) system. This system incorporates adapted VR technology and specially written software providing interactive 2D and 3D games and videos to the patient via a stereo (binocular) display, and a control screen for the clinician. RESULTS We developed a prototype research system designed for treatment of amblyopia in children. CONCLUSIONS The result is a novel way to treat amblyopia, which allows binocular treatment. It is interactive, and as it is partially software based, can be adapted to suit the age/ability, and needs of the patient. This means that the treatment can be made captivating and enjoyable. Further research is on-going to determine the efficacy of this new modality in the treatment of amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Eastgate
- Virtual Reality Applications Research Team (VIRART), University of Nottingham, UK.
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Waddingham PE, Butler TKH, Cobb SV, Moody ADR, Comaish IF, Haworth SM, Gregson RM, Ash IM, Brown SM, Eastgate RM, Griffiths GD. Preliminary results from the use of the novel Interactive binocular treatment (I-BiT) system, in the treatment of strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia. Eye (Lond) 2006; 20:375-8. [PMID: 15832181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a novel application of adapted virtual reality (VR) technology, for the binocular treatment of amblyopia. We describe the use of the system in six children. METHODS Subjects consisted of three conventional treatment 'failures' and three conventional treatment 'refusers', with a mean age of 6.25 years (5.42-7.75 years). Treatment consisted of watching video clips and playing interactive games with specifically designed software to allow streamed binocular image presentation. RESULTS Initial vision in the amblyopic eye ranged from 6/12 to 6/120 and post-treatment 6/7.5 to 6/24-1. Total treatment time was a mean of 4.4 h. Five out of six children have shown an improvement in their vision (average increase of 10 letters), including those who had previously failed to comply with conventional occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Improvements in vision were demonstrable within a short period of time, in some children after 1 h of treatment. This system is an exciting and promising application of VR technology as a new treatment for amblyopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Waddingham
- Directorate of Ophthalmology, A Floor, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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Morton E, Macrae IM, McCabe C, Brown SM, White F. Identification of the growth arrest and DNA damage protein GADD34 in the normal human heart and demonstration of alterations in expression following myocardial ischaemia. Int J Cardiol 2006; 107:126-9. [PMID: 16337513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest and DNA damage protein 34 (GADD34) is a multifunctional protein upregulated in response to cellular stress and is believed to mediate DNA repair and restore protein synthesis. In the present study we have examined GADD34 immunoreactivity in human myocardial tissue at defined survival times following cardiac arrest and determined alterations in expression following ischaemia. In the normal human heart, GADD34 immunoreactivity was generally intense and present within most cells. GADD34 immunoreactivity was downregulated in tissue displaying ischaemic damage and remained intense in adjacent non-infarcted tissue. Unlike brain, GADD34 was not found to be upregulated in the peri-infarct zone. Cells displaying apoptotic changes were located in regions displaying reduced GADD34 immunoreactivity. In the brain, it is thought that GADD34 supports re-initiation of protein synthesis following ischaemia. Similarly, GADD34 may perform important functions in cardiac tissue in response to ischaemia.
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Brown SM, Peet E, Manuck SB, Williamson DE, Dahl RE, Ferrell RE, Hariri AR. A regulatory variant of the human tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene biases amygdala reactivity. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:884-8, 805. [PMID: 16044172 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that a newly identified second isoform of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene (TPH2) is preferentially involved in the rate-limiting synthesis of neuronal serotonin. Genetic variation in the human TPH2 gene (hTPH2) has been associated with altered in vitro enzyme activity as well as increased risk for mood disorders. Here, we provide the first in vivo evidence that a relatively frequent regulatory variant (G(-844)T) of hTPH2 biases the reactivity of the amygdala, a neural structure critical in the generation and regulation of emotional behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Quigg M, Mairs RJ, Brown SM, Harland J, Dunn P, Rampling R, Livingstone A, Wilson L, Boyd M. Assessment In Vitro of a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Glioma, Combining Herpes Simplex Virus HSV1716-mediated Oncolysis with Gene Transfer and Targeted Radiotherapy. Med Chem 2005; 1:423-9. [PMID: 16787326 DOI: 10.2174/1573406054864124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered herpes simplex virus ICP34.5 null mutants replicate only in dividing cells and have shown potential for the treatment of malignant disease, including glioma. Phase I trials have demonstrated the safety of these viruses in various clinical settings but it is envisaged that for full efficacy they will be used in combination with other therapeutic modalities. To enhance virus-induced tumour cytotoxicity, we have engineered an ICP34.5 null mutant (HSV1716) of HSV1 which expresses the noradrenaline transporter gene (NAT). This virus is designated HSV1716/NAT. We have shown previously that introduction of the NAT gene into a range of tumour cells, via plasmid-mediated transfection, conferred the capacity for active uptake of the radiopharmaceutical [131I]MIBG and resulted in dose-dependent toxicity. In this study, combination therapy utilising HSV1716/NAT and [131I]MIBG was assessed in vitro by the MTT assay. We demonstrate that the NAT gene, introduced by HSV1716/NAT into cultured glioma cells, was expressed 1 h after viral infection, enabling active uptake of [131I]MIBG. The combination of viral oncolysis and induced radiopharmaceutical uptake resulted in significantly enhanced cytotoxicity compared to either agent alone and the response was dose- and time-dependent. These studies show that the combination of oncolytic HSV therapy with targeted radiotherapy has the potential for effective tumour cell kill and warrants further investigation as a treatment for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Quigg
- Targeted Therapies Group, Centre for Oncology and Applied Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Cancer Research UK Beatson Laboratories, and Crusade Laboratories Ltd., Southern General Hospital, Glasgow G61 1BD, Scotland, UK
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Harrow S, Papanastassiou V, Harland J, Mabbs R, Petty R, Fraser M, Hadley D, Patterson J, Brown SM, Rampling R. HSV1716 injection into the brain adjacent to tumour following surgical resection of high-grade glioma: safety data and long-term survival. Gene Ther 2005; 11:1648-58. [PMID: 15334111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Following standard treatment, the prognosis remains poor in patients with high-grade glioma and new therapies are urgently required. Herpes simplex virus 1716 (HSV1716) is an ICP34.5 null mutant that is selectively replication competent and shown to be safe and to replicate following injection into high-grade glioma. We demonstrate that following surgical resection, HSV1716 is safe when injected into the brain adjacent to excised tumour. In all, 12 patients with recurrent or newly diagnosed high-grade glioma underwent maximal resection of the tumour. HSV1716 was injected into eight to 10 sites around the resulting tumour cavity with the intent of infecting residual tumour cells. As clinically indicated, patients proceeded to further radiotherapy or chemotherapy. There has been no clinical evidence of toxicity associated with the administration of HSV1716. Longitudinal follow-up has allowed the assessment of overall survival compared to that of similar patients not treated with HSV1716. Three patients remain alive and clinically stable at 15, 18 and 22 months postsurgery and HSV1716 injection. Remarkably, the first patient in the trial, who had extensive recurrent disease preprocedure, is alive at 22 months since injection of HSV1716 and 29 months since first diagnosis. Imaging has demonstrated a reduction of residual tumour over the 22-month period despite no further medical intervention since the surgery and HSV1716 injection. In this study, we demonstrate that on the basis of clinical observations, there has been no toxicity following the administration of HSV1716 into the resection cavity rim in patients with high-grade glioma. The survival and imaging data, in addition to the lack of toxicity, give us confidence to proceed to a clinical trial to demonstrate efficacy of HSV1716 in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harrow
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Brown SM, Kieffaber PD, Carroll CA, Vohs JL, Tracy JA, Shekhar A, O'Donnell BF, Steinmetz JE, Hetrick WP. Eyeblink conditioning deficits indicate timing and cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2005; 58:94-108. [PMID: 15878730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that individuals with schizophrenia manifest abnormalities in structures (cerebellum and basal ganglia) and neurotransmitter systems (dopamine) linked to internal-timing processes. A single-cue tone delay eyeblink conditioning paradigm comprised of 100 learning and 50 extinction trials was used to examine cerebellar timing circuits in 13 medicated patients with schizophrenia and 13 age- and sex-matched controls. Patients with schizophrenia showed impaired learning of the conditioned response compared to controls and also greater within-subject variability in the timing of their responses. These findings are consistent with models of schizophrenia in which timing deficits underlie information-processing abnormalities and clinical features of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Al-Shahri MZ, Brown SM, Bruera ED. Palliative care. Proposal for a national program in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2004; 25:1791-5. [PMID: 15711643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
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White F, McCaig D, Brown SM, Graham DI, Harland J, Macrae IM. Up-regulation of a growth arrest and DNA damage protein (GADD34) in the ischaemic human brain: implications for protein synthesis regulation and DNA repair. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2004; 30:683-91. [PMID: 15541008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00584.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GADD34 is a growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene up-regulated in response to DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. It is thought that GADD34 may play a crucial role in cell survival in ischaemia. GADD34 expression was assessed immunohistochemically in post-mortem human hippocampal tissue obtained from patients surviving for defined periods (0-24 h; 24 h-7 days) after a cardiac arrest and in age-matched control subjects. In control brain, cytoplasm staining in GADD34 immunopositive cells was faint but present throughout the hippocampus and cortex. There was minimal change in GADD34 expression in the group surviving 0-24 h after cardiac arrest. However GADD34 immunostaining was markedly increased in selectively vulnerable regions in the 24 h-7 day survival group. Increased GADD34 staining was present in ischaemic neurones and in some morphologically normal neurones after cardiac arrest. Extensive ischaemic damage was found to correlate with elevated GADD34 immunostaining in the CA1 layer of the hippocampus (**P < 0.0016). In addition, GADD34 was found to colocalize with proliferating cell nuclear antigen in some neurones. The up-regulation of GADD34 in response to global ischaemia in the human brain plus its influence on protein synthesis and DNA repair suggests that this protein may have the potential to influence cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- F White
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, UK.
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Kuriakose MA, Chen WT, He ZM, Sikora AG, Zhang P, Zhang ZY, Qiu WL, Hsu DF, McMunn-Coffran C, Brown SM, Elango EM, Delacure MD, Chen FA. Selection and validation of differentially expressed genes in head and neck cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:1372-83. [PMID: 15170515 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We applied a robust combinatorial (multi-test) approach to microarray data to identify genes consistently up- or down-regulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). RNA was extracted from 22 paired samples of HNSCC and normal tissue from the same donors and hybridized to the Affymetrix U95A chip. Forty-two differentially expressed probe sets (representing 38 genes and one expressed sequence tag) satisfied all statistical tests of significance and were selected for further validation. Selected probe sets were validated by hierarchical clustering, multiple probe set concordance, and target-subunit agreement. In addition, real-time PCR analysis of 8 representative (randomly selected from 38) genes performed on both microarray-tested and independently obtained samples correlated well with the microarray data. The genes identified and validated by this method were in comparatively good agreement with other rigorous HNSCC microarray studies. From this study, we conclude that combinatorial analysis of microarray data is a promising technique for identifying differentially expressed genes with few false positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kuriakose
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, New York School of Medicine, 411 Rusk Research Building, 400E, 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Brown SM, Sikora K, Levin A. Palliative care and cancer trials. J Med Ethics 2003; 29:371. [PMID: 14662821 PMCID: PMC1733800 DOI: 10.1136/jme.29.6.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Abstract
Whether herpes simplex virus (HSV) is viewed as a pathogen or as a model eukaryotic system, it is virtually certain that any experimental work will require the virus to be grown and assayed. The following chapter is therefore seen as the fundamental first step before embarking on more intellectually and technically challenging technology. Its importance should not however be underestimated. It never fails to surprize us that people who describe themselves as virologists have little understanding of the basic requirements needed to attain a contamination-free, high-titer, low particle:plaque-forming units (PFU) ratio, genetically pure virus stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harland
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Southern General Hospital, Neurovirology Research Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brown
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Weinberg JM, Bowerman JG, Brown SM, Gerstein D, Kane KS, Selevan J, Virdee S. Atopic dermatitis: a new treatment paradigm using pimecrolimus. J Drugs Dermatol 2003; 2:131-40. [PMID: 12852364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), often called eczema, is a disease characterized by intense pruritus, erythema, dry skin, and inflammation. Pimecrolimus is a novel steroid-free treatment for AD. Consistently positive results have been found with pimecrolimus treatment in infants, children/adolescents, and adults. Its safety record is excellent, and studies have found no clinically relevant drug-related systemic adverse events. In this article, we first review atopic dermatitis and conventional treatment strategies. We then discuss various aspects of pimecrolimus, including pharmacologic properties, toxicology, short- and long-term studies, and safety and adverse events. Finally, we propose a new steroid-sparing treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Weinberg
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Abstract
Self-peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) complexes profoundly influence the biology of T lymphocytes. They promote the selection of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the thymus, maintain the homeostasis of peripheral T cells prior to encounter with antigen, and modify the responsiveness of T cells to foreign antigens. In addition, they can serve as antigens for autoaggressive T cells that induce autoimmune diseases. The complete sequencing of the genomes of human, mouse, and many pathogenic organisms now provides us with a comprehensive list of all possible proteins that may be the source of foreign antigenic and self-peptides. A computational approach using profile-based similarity searches on potential self-MHC-binding peptides can be used to efficiently predict self-peptides with biological activities. The common feature of the identified peptides is similarity to antigen. Thus, self-peptides may form 'hazy' images of the universe of antigens that are used as templates to create and maintain the TCR repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Santori
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Matuschewski K, Ross J, Brown SM, Kaiser K, Nussenzweig V, Kappe SHI. Infectivity-associated changes in the transcriptional repertoire of the malaria parasite sporozoite stage. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41948-53. [PMID: 12177071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Injection of Plasmodium salivary gland sporozoites into the vertebrate host by Anopheles mosquitoes initiates malaria infection. Sporozoites develop within oocysts in the mosquito midgut and then enter and mature in the salivary glands. Although morphologically similar, oocyst sporozoites and salivary gland sporozoites differ strikingly in their infectivity to the mammalian host, ability to elicit protective immune responses, and cell motility. Here, we show that differential gene expression coincides with these dramatic phenotypic differences. Using suppression subtractive cDNA hybridization we identified highly up-regulated mRNAs transcribed from 30 distinct genes in salivary gland sporozoites. Of those genes, 29 are not significantly expressed in the parasite's blood stages. The most frequently recovered transcript encodes a protein kinase. Developmental up-regulation of specific mRNAs in the infectious transmission stage of Plasmodium indicates that their translation products may have unique roles in hepatocyte infection and/or development of liver stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Matuschewski
- Michael Heidelberger Division, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
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Abstract
HSV1716 is a selectively replication competent mutant of herpes simplex virus which is in trial in glioma patients. We have demonstrated that HSV1716 is non-toxic when delivered into tumour or into brain adjacent to tumour, yet replicates within tumour cells. Tumour tissue, from one patient treated 2.5 years previously with intra-tumoural HSV1716, was put into culture. The cultured cells were shown to be glial in origin with no evidence of residual HSV1716. These cells were subsequently infected at a MOI of 0.1 with either HSV1716 or wild-type HSV17(+). The HSV17(+) infected cells were completely rounded up or lysed within 72 h. Although the cells supported HSV1716 replication and also became rounded or lysed, a proportion (approximately 20%) remained viable. These cells continued to divide and shed low levels of HSV1716 up to 31 days after infection when there was evidence of rapid virus replication resulting in complete cell lysis. These data demonstrate that HSV1716 can 'persist' in human glioma cells at least in vitro and gives credence to the possibility that in tumours in vivo a similar phenomenon may take place. If this were the case, then HSV1716 has the potential to kill tumour cells over a prolonged period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Harland
- Neurovirology Research Laboratories, University of Glasgow, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Santori FR, Kieper WC, Brown SM, Lu Y, Neubert TA, Johnson KL, Naylor S, Vukmanović S, Hogquist KA, Jameson SC. Rare, structurally homologous self-peptides promote thymocyte positive selection. Immunity 2002; 17:131-42. [PMID: 12196285 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although it is clear that positive selection of T cells involves recognition of specific self-peptide/MHC complexes, the nature of these self-ligands and their relationship to the cognate antigen are controversial. Here we used two complementary strategies to identify naturally occurring self-peptides able to induce positive selection of T cells bearing a specific T cell receptor, OT-I. Both the bioassay- and bioinformatics-based strategies identified the same self-peptides, derived from F-actin capping protein and beta-catenin. These peptides displayed charge conservation at two key TCR contact residues. The biological activity of 43 other self-peptides and of complex peptide libraries directly correlated to the extent of conservation at TCR contact residues. These results demonstrate that selecting self-peptides are rare and can be identified by homology-based search strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio R Santori
- Michael Heidelberger Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Kaplan Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, NY 10016, USA
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Imai H, Harland J, McCulloch J, Graham DI, Brown SM, Macrae IM. Specific expression of the cell cycle regulation proteins, GADD34 and PCNA, in the peri-infarct zone after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:1929-36. [PMID: 12099899 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle proteins play key roles in cell survival or death under pathological conditions. Expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein, GADD34 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) have been investigated in the core and peri-infarct zone at 2 and 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At these times after MCAO, numerous GADD34-positive cells were present, particularly in the peri-infarct zone (e.g. 24 +/- 4 and 52 +/- 6 immunopositive cells/0.25 mm2 at 2 and 24 h, respectively, in cortex). PCNA-immunopositive cells were barely detectable in the peri-infarct zone at 2 h; however, numerous PCNA-immunopositive cells were present in this zone by 24 h (0.7 +/- 0.3 and 10.6 +/- 1.5 immunopositive cells/0.25 mm2, respectively) as well as in the adjacent cortex and in the contralateral cingulate cortex. Most GADD34-immunopositive cells coexpressed the neuronal marker Neu-N with a smaller number coexpressing the microglial marker, Mrf-1. Evidence of morphologically 'abnormal' and 'normal' GADD34 immunopositive neurons was found within the peri-infarct zone. The majority of PCNA immunopositive cells were Mrf-1 positive with a smaller number Neu-N positive. Double-labelling revealed colocalization of GADD34 and PCNA in some cells within the peri-infarct zone and in the ependymal cells lining the ventricles. The presence of GADD34 and PCNA in a key anatomical location pertinent to the evolving ischaemic lesion indicates that GADD34, either alone or in combination with PCNA, has the potential to influence cell survival in ischaemically compromised tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imai
- Wellcome Surgical Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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49
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Abstract
Breaking translational symmetry in magnetostatics imparts a scale dependence that is commonly investigated in physics (W. Warren et al., 1993, Science 262, 2005-2008). An interesting and important example arises in nuclear magnetic resonance studies involving the dipolar mean field of adjacent nuclear spins where the scattering (transfer of spatial spin gratings) via intermolecular macroscopic fields carries a signature of the local spatial distribution of the spin density. For arbitrary geometry, the inverse problem of extracting this spin distribution from experiments is intractable. Here we point out a simple, universal crossover in the scaling behavior at the sample's characteristic length scale, xi, of the species fluctuations in the sample along the measurement direction. This behavior is observed experimentally in an oil-water emulsion, an important representation of complex, heterogeneous, soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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50
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the evolution of postoperative astigmatism in children having cataract extraction with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation through a 6.25 mm superior scleral tunnel wound. SETTING A university clinical practice. METHODS A retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients having cataract extraction and IOL implantation in the practice of 1 surgeon from 1995 to 2000 was performed. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student t test for nonpaired data. RESULTS Ten eyes of 9 children were included. Six cataracts were due to corneal or corneoscleral lacerations, 3 were idiopathic, and 1 occurred after blunt trauma. Eight eyes could not be refracted preoperatively because of mature cataract. The mean cylindrical correction of all refractions performed 1 to 15 days after surgery (n = 6) was 6.71 diopters (D) +/- 1.63 (SD); of those performed at 16 to 30 days (n = 6), 2.71 +/- 2.09 D; and of those performed at 31 to 45 days (n = 7), 1.93 +/- 1.48 D. The mean spherical equivalent of the final (dispensed) refraction was -0.21 +/- 1.79 D; the mean cylindrical correction of this refraction was 1.13 +/- 0.79 D. The difference between the cylindrical correction of the final prescription and the corneal astigmatism in fellow eyes was not statistically significant (P =.29). CONCLUSIONS Relaxation of large amounts of suture-induced astigmatism occurs in children having cataract extraction. Surgeons should not hesitate to secure scleral wounds meticulously in children for fear of a permanent undesirable refractive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-7217, USA.
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