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Logeman BL, Grieco SF, Holmes TC, Xu X. Unfolding neural diversity: how dynamic three-dimensional genome architecture regulates brain function and disease. Mol Psychiatry 2025:10.1038/s41380-025-03056-3. [PMID: 40410418 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-025-03056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2025] [Revised: 05/01/2025] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/25/2025]
Abstract
The advent of single cell multi-omic technologies has ushered in a revolution in how we study the impact of three-dimensional genome organization on brain cellular composition and function. Transcriptomic and epigenomic studies reveal enormous cellular diversity that is present in mammalian nervous systems, raising the question, "how does this diversity arise and for what is its use?" Advances in the field of three-dimensional nuclear architecture have illuminated our understanding of how genome folding gives rise to dynamic gene expression programs important in healthy brain function and in disease. In this review we highlight recent work defining how neuronal identity, maturation, and plasticity are shaped by genome architecture. We discuss how newly identified genetic variations influence genome architecture and contribute to the evolution of species-unique neuronal and behavioral functional traits. We include examples for both humans and model organisms in which maladaptive genomic architecture is a causal agent in disease. Finally, we make conclusions and address future perspectives of dynamic three-dimensional genome (4D nucelome) research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Logeman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Steven F Grieco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Todd C Holmes
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xiangmin Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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2
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Kim H, Jeon Y, Kim S, Guo Y, Kim D, Jang G, Brasch J, Um JW, Ko J. EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated excitatory synaptic functions are negatively modulated by MDGA2. Prog Neurobiol 2025; 250:102772. [PMID: 40316130 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2025] [Revised: 03/24/2025] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/04/2025]
Abstract
MDGA2 is an excitatory synapse-specific suppressor that uses distinct extracellular mechanisms to negatively regulate various postsynaptic properties. Here, we identify EphB2, an excitatory synapse-specific receptor tyrosine kinase, as a new binding partner for MDGA2. The first three immunoglobulin domains of MDGA2 undergo cis-binding to the ligand-binding domain of EphB2, enabling MDGA2 to compete with Ephrin-B1 for binding to EphB2. Moreover, EphB2 forms complexes with MDGA2 and GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in mouse brains. MDGA2 deletion promotes formation of the EphB2/Ephrin-B1 complex but does not alter the surface expression levels and Ephrin-stimulated activation of EphB2 receptors and downstream GluN2B-containing NMDARs in cultured neurons. AlphaFold-based molecular replacement experiments reveal that MDGA2 must bind EphB2 to suppress spontaneous synaptic transmission and NMDAR-mediated, but not AMPAR-mediated, postsynaptic responses at excitatory synapses in cultured neurons. These results collectively suggest that MDGA2 is a versatile factor that suppresses distinct excitatory postsynaptic properties via different transsynaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonho Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Younghyeon Jeon
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Seunghye Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Gyubin Jang
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Julia Brasch
- Department of Biochemistry, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea.
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 333 Techno Jungangdae-Ro, Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu 42988, South Korea; Center for Synapse Diversity and Specificity, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea.
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3
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Wozna‐Wysocka M, Jazurek‐Ciesiolka M, Przybyl L, Wronka D, Misiorek JO, Suszynska‐Zajczyk J, Figura G, Ciesiolka A, Sobieszczanska P, Zeller A, Niemira M, Switonski PM, Fiszer A. Insights into RNA-mediated pathology in new mouse models of Huntington's disease. FASEB J 2024; 38:e70182. [PMID: 39604147 PMCID: PMC11602643 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202401465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative polyglutamine (polyQ) disease resulting from the expansion of CAG repeats located in the ORF of the huntingtin gene (HTT). The extent to which mutant mRNA-driven disruptions contribute to HD pathogenesis, particularly in comparison to the dominant mechanisms related to the gain-of-function effects of the mutant polyQ protein, is still debatable. To evaluate this contribution in vivo, we generated two mouse models through a knock-in strategy at the Rosa26 locus. These models expressed distinct variants of human mutant HTT cDNA fragment: a translated variant (HD/100Q model, serving as a reference) and a nontranslated variant (HD/100CAG model). The cohorts of animals were subjected to a broad spectrum of molecular, behavioral, and cognitive analysis for 21 months. Behavioral testing revealed alterations in both models, with the HD/100Q model exhibiting late disease phenotype. The rotarod, static rod, and open-field tests showed some motor deficits in HD/100CAG and HD/100Q model mice during the light phase, while ActiMot indicated hyperkinesis during the dark phase. Both models also exhibited certain gene deregulations in the striatum that are related to disrupted pathways and phenotype alterations observed in HD. In conclusion, we provide in vivo evidence for a minor contributory role of mutant RNA in HD pathogenesis. The separated effects resulting from the presence of mutant RNA in the HD/100CAG model led to less severe but, to some extent, similar types of impairments as in the HD/100Q model. Increased anxiety was one of the most substantial effects caused by mutant HTT RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lukasz Przybyl
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Dorota Wronka
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Figura
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
- Present address:
Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznanPoland
| | - Adam Ciesiolka
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
- Present address:
Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyAdam Mickiewicz UniversityPoznanPoland
| | | | - Anna Zeller
- Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| | - Magdalena Niemira
- Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Clinical Research CentreMedical University of BialystokBialystokPoland
| | | | - Agnieszka Fiszer
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
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4
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Iyer L, Johnson K, Collier S, Koretsky AP, Petrus E. Post-Critical Period Transcriptional and Physiological Adaptations of Thalamocortical Connections after Sensory Loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.11.19.624130. [PMID: 39876977 PMCID: PMC11774545 DOI: 10.1101/2024.11.19.624130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Unilateral whisker denervation activates plasticity mechanisms and circuit adaptations in adults. Single nucleus RNA sequencing and multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed differentially expressed genes related to altered glutamate receptor distributions and synaptogenesis in thalamocortical (TC) recipient layer 4 (L4) neurons of the sensory cortex, specifically those receiving input from the intact whiskers after whisker denervation. Electrophysiology detected increased spontaneous excitatory events at L4 neurons, confirming an increase in synaptic connections. Elevated expression levels of Gria2 mRNA and functional GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors at the TC synapse indicate the presence of stabilized and potentiated TC synapses to L4 excitatory neurons along the intact pathway after unilateral whisker denervation. These adaptations likely underlie the increased cortical activity observed in rodents during intact whisker sensation after unilateral whisker denervation. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the adult brain supports recovery after unilateral sensory loss.
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Ma JQ, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bian YQ, Qu XP, Song LJ, Wang C, Gao L, Fang QX, Zhao DC, Shen LL, Liu B. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing-based construction of a hippocampal neuron atlas in mice with epileptic cognitive impairment. iScience 2024; 27:111065. [PMID: 39635132 PMCID: PMC11615225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays a critical role in learning and memory, and mice with epileptic cognitive impairment exhibit hippocampal atrophy. However, there is still a lack of research on the hippocampal cell atlas related to these disorders. Here, we utilized snRNA-seq to characterize the transcriptomic changes in hippocampal neurons of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) cognitive-impaired mice. The intercellular heterogeneity of 20 subpopulations of neurons was analyzed, focusing on aspects such as cell communication, gene expressions, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, and module gene set analysis. Based on the degree of relevance to synaptic biological functions, the subpopulations associated with cognitive impairment (ExN1, 3, 8 and InN1, 6) were preliminarily identified. We also identified some key biomarkers in DRE cognitive-impaired mice, such as Ptprz1 and Calb1. Finally, we integrate and validate our dataset using identified well-annotated marker genes in the hippocampal region, further supporting the functional annotation of neuronal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yong-Qian Bian
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Jia Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi-Xing Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - De-Chang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Liang-Liang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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6
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Li M, Na X, Lin F, Liang S, Huang Y, Song J, Xu X, Yang C. DMF-ChIP-seq for Highly Sensitive and Integrated Epigenomic Profiling of Low-Input Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52047-52058. [PMID: 39303213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Mapping genome-wide DNA-protein interactions (DPIs) provides insights into the epigenetic landscape of complex biological systems and elucidates the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in biological progress. However, current technologies in DPI profiling still suffer from high cell demands, low detection sensitivity, and large reagent consumption. To address these problems, we developed DMF-ChIP-seq that builds on digital microfluidic (DMF) technology to profile genome-wide DPIs in a highly efficient, cost-effective, and user-friendly way. The entire workflow including cell pretreatment, antibody recognition, pA-Tn5 tagmentation, fragment enrichment, and PCR amplification is programmatically manipulated on a single chip. Leveraging closed submicroliter reaction volumes and a superhydrophobic interface, DMF-ChIP-seq presented higher sensitivity in peak enrichment than other current methods, with high accuracy (Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) > 0.86) and high repeatability (PCC > 0.92). Furthermore, DMF-ChIP-seq was capable of processing the samples with as few as 8 cells while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio. By applying DMF-ChIP-seq, H3K27ac histone modification of early embryonic cells during differentiation was profiled for the investigation of epigenomic landscape dynamics. With the benefits of high efficiency and sensitivity in DPI analysis, the system provides great promise in studying epigenetic regulation during various biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyin Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xing Na
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fanghe Lin
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuehan Huang
- School of International Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Song
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xing Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Technology for Precision Medicine, School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, the Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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Spildrejorde M, Leithaug M, Samara A, Aass HCD, Sharma A, Acharya G, Nordeng H, Gervin K, Lyle R. Citalopram exposure of hESCs during neuronal differentiation identifies dysregulated genes involved in neurodevelopment and depression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1428538. [PMID: 39055655 PMCID: PMC11269147 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1428538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including citalopram, are widely used antidepressants during pregnancy. However, the effects of prenatal exposure to citalopram on neurodevelopment remain poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the impact of citalopram exposure on early neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells using a multi-omics approach. Citalopram induced time- and dose-dependent effects on gene expression and DNA methylation of genes involved in neurodevelopmental processes or linked to depression, such as BDNF, GDF11, CCL2, STC1, DDIT4 and GAD2. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed distinct clusters of stem cells, neuronal progenitors and neuroblasts, where exposure to citalopram subtly influenced progenitor subtypes. Pseudotemporal analysis showed enhanced neuronal differentiation. Our findings suggest that citalopram exposure during early neuronal differentiation influences gene expression patterns associated with neurodevelopment and depression, providing insights into its potential neurodevelopmental impact and highlighting the importance of further research to understand the long-term consequences of prenatal SSRI exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Spildrejorde
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnus Leithaug
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Division of Clinical Paediatrics, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Astrid Lindgren Children′s Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomaterials, FUTURE Center for Functional Tissue Reconstruction, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Christian D. Aass
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ankush Sharma
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B-cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ganesh Acharya
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Center for Fetal Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Gervin
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert Lyle
- PharmaTox Strategic Research Initiative, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Hamad MIK, Emerald BS, Kumar KK, Ibrahim MF, Ali BR, Bataineh MF. Extracellular molecular signals shaping dendrite architecture during brain development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1254589. [PMID: 38155836 PMCID: PMC10754048 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1254589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper growth and branching of dendrites are crucial for adequate central nervous system (CNS) functioning. The neuronal dendritic geometry determines the mode and quality of information processing. Any defects in dendrite development will disrupt neuronal circuit formation, affecting brain function. Besides cell-intrinsic programmes, extrinsic factors regulate various aspects of dendritic development. Among these extrinsic factors are extracellular molecular signals which can shape the dendrite architecture during early development. This review will focus on extrinsic factors regulating dendritic growth during early neuronal development, including neurotransmitters, neurotrophins, extracellular matrix proteins, contact-mediated ligands, and secreted and diffusible cues. How these extracellular molecular signals contribute to dendritic growth has been investigated in developing nervous systems using different species, different areas within the CNS, and different neuronal types. The response of the dendritic tree to these extracellular molecular signals can result in growth-promoting or growth-limiting effects, and it depends on the receptor subtype, receptor quantity, receptor efficiency, the animal model used, the developmental time windows, and finally, the targeted signal cascade. This article reviews our current understanding of the role of various extracellular signals in the establishment of the architecture of the dendrites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I. K. Hamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kukkala K. Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwa F. Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R. Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mo’ath F. Bataineh
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Wang T, Song Z, Zhao X, Wu Y, Wu L, Haghparast A, Wu H. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of the mouse brain following chronic social defeat stress. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220133. [PMID: 38264685 PMCID: PMC10742195 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent and disabling mental disorder, involving numerous genetic changes that are associated with abnormal functions in multiple regions of the brain. However, there is little transcriptomic-wide characterization of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) to comprehensively compare the transcriptional changes in multiple brain regions. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) was used to reveal the spatial difference of gene expression in the control, resilient (RES) and susceptible (SUS) mouse brains, and annotated eight anatomical brain regions and six cell types. The gene expression profiles uncovered that CSDS leads to gene synchrony changes in different brain regions. Then it was identified that inhibitory neurons and synaptic functions in multiple regions were primarily affected by CSDS. The brain regions Hippocampus (HIP), Isocortex, and Amygdala (AMY) present more pronounced transcriptional changes in genes associated with depressive psychiatric disorders than other regions. Signalling communication between these three brain regions may play a critical role in susceptibility to CSDS. Taken together, this study provides important new insights into CSDS susceptibility at the ST level, which offers a new approach for understanding and treating depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhihong Song
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Liying Wu
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of NeurobiologyBeijing Institute of Basic Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co‐innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
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10
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Wulfridge P, Yan Q, Rell N, Doherty J, Jacobson S, Offley S, Deliard S, Feng K, Phillips-Cremins JE, Gardini A, Sarma K. G-quadruplexes associated with R-loops promote CTCF binding. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3064-3079.e5. [PMID: 37552993 PMCID: PMC10529333 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
CTCF is a critical regulator of genome architecture and gene expression that binds thousands of sites on chromatin. CTCF genomic localization is controlled by the recognition of a DNA sequence motif and regulated by DNA modifications. However, CTCF does not bind to all its potential sites in all cell types, raising the question of whether the underlying chromatin structure can regulate CTCF occupancy. Here, we report that R-loops facilitate CTCF binding through the formation of associated G-quadruplex (G4) structures. R-loops and G4s co-localize with CTCF at many genomic regions in mouse embryonic stem cells and promote CTCF binding to its cognate DNA motif in vitro. R-loop attenuation reduces CTCF binding in vivo. Deletion of a specific G4-forming motif in a gene reduces CTCF binding and alters gene expression. Conversely, chemical stabilization of G4s results in CTCF gains and accompanying alterations in chromatin organization, suggesting a pivotal role for G4 structures in reinforcing long-range genome interactions through CTCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wulfridge
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Qingqing Yan
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rell
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Doherty
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Skye Jacobson
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah Offley
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra Deliard
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer E Phillips-Cremins
- Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alessandro Gardini
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kavitha Sarma
- Gene expression and Regulation program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Olguin SL, Patel P, Buchanan CN, Dell'Orco M, Gardiner AS, Cole R, Vaughn LS, Sundararajan A, Mudge J, Allan AM, Ortinski P, Brigman JL, Twiss JL, Perrone-Bizzozero NI. KHSRP loss increases neuronal growth and synaptic transmission and alters memory consolidation through RNA stabilization. Commun Biol 2022; 5:672. [PMID: 35798971 PMCID: PMC9262970 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The KH-type splicing regulatory protein (KHSRP) is an RNA-binding protein linked to decay of mRNAs with AU-rich elements. KHSRP was previously shown to destabilize Gap43 mRNA and decrease neurite growth in cultured embryonic neurons. Here, we have tested functions of KHSRP in vivo. We find upregulation of 1460 mRNAs in neocortex of adult Khsrp-/- mice, of which 527 bind to KHSRP with high specificity. These KHSRP targets are involved in pathways for neuronal morphology, axon guidance, neurotransmission and long-term memory. Khsrp-/- mice show increased axon growth and dendritic spine density in vivo. Neuronal cultures from Khsrp-/- mice show increased axon and dendrite growth and elevated KHSRP-target mRNAs, including subcellularly localized mRNAs. Furthermore, neuron-specific knockout of Khsrp confirms these are from neuron-intrinsic roles of KHSRP. Consistent with this, neurons in the hippocampus and infralimbic cortex of Khsrp-/- mice show elevations in frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. The Khsrp-/- mice have deficits in trace conditioning and attention set-shifting tasks compared Khsrp+/+ mice, indicating impaired prefrontal- and hippocampal-dependent memory consolidation with loss of KHSRP. Overall, these results indicate that deletion of KHSRP impairs neuronal development resulting in alterations in neuronal morphology and function by changing post-transcriptional control of neuronal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Olguin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Priyanka Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Courtney N Buchanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Michela Dell'Orco
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Amy S Gardiner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Robert Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Lauren S Vaughn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Joann Mudge
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, 87505, USA
| | - Andrea M Allan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Pavel Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jonathan L Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Carolina Autism and Neurodevelopment Center, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Nora I Perrone-Bizzozero
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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12
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He CH, Zhang L, Song NN, Mei WY, Chen JY, Hu L, Zhang Q, Wang YB, Ding YQ. Satb2 Regulates EphA7 to Control Soma Spacing and Self-Avoidance of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2321-2331. [PMID: 34546353 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soma spacing and dendritic arborization during brain development are key events for the establishment of proper neural circuitry and function. Transcription factor Satb2 is a molecular node in regulating the development of the cerebral cortex, as shown by the facts that Satb2 is required for the regionalization of retrosplenial cortex, the determination of callosal neuron fate, and the regulation of soma spacing and dendritic self-avoidance of cortical pyramidal neurons. In this study, we explored downstream effectors that mediate the Satb2-implicated soma spacing and dendritic self-avoidance. First, RNA-seq analysis of the cortex revealed differentially expressed genes between control and Satb2 CKO mice. Among them, EphA7 transcription was dramatically increased in layers II/III of Satb2 CKO cortex. Overexpression of EphA7 in the late-born cortical neurons of wild-type mice via in utero electroporation resulted in soma clumping and impaired self-avoidance of affected pyramidal neurons, which resembles the phenotypes caused by knockdown of Satb2 expression. Importantly, the phenotypes by Satb2 knockdown was rescued by reducing EphA7 expression in the cortex. Finally, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays indicated a direct suppression of EphA7 expression by Satb2. These findings provide new insights into the complexity of transcriptional regulation of the morphogenesis of cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wan-Ying Mei
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education of China, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Connecting the Neurobiology of Developmental Brain Injury: Neuronal Arborisation as a Regulator of Dysfunction and Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158220. [PMID: 34360985 PMCID: PMC8348801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders can derive from a complex combination of genetic variation and environmental pressures on key developmental processes. Despite this complex aetiology, and the equally complex array of syndromes and conditions diagnosed under the heading of neurodevelopmental disorder, there are parallels in the neuropathology of these conditions that suggest overlapping mechanisms of cellular injury and dysfunction. Neuronal arborisation is a process of dendrite and axon extension that is essential for the connectivity between neurons that underlies normal brain function. Disrupted arborisation and synapse formation are commonly reported in neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we summarise the evidence for disrupted neuronal arborisation in these conditions, focusing primarily on the cortex and hippocampus. In addition, we explore the developmentally specific mechanisms by which neuronal arborisation is regulated. Finally, we discuss key regulators of neuronal arborisation that could link to neurodevelopmental disease and the potential for pharmacological modification of arborisation and the formation of synaptic connections that may provide therapeutic benefit in the future.
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14
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Maynard TM, Horvath A, Bernot JP, Karpinski BA, Tavares ALP, Shah A, Zheng Q, Spurr L, Olender J, Moody SA, Fraser CM, LaMantia AS, Lee NH. Transcriptional dysregulation in developing trigeminal sensory neurons in the LgDel mouse model of DiGeorge 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1002-1017. [PMID: 32047912 PMCID: PMC7158380 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
LgDel mice, which model the heterozygous deletion of genes at human chromosome 22q11.2 associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), have cranial nerve and craniofacial dysfunction as well as disrupted suckling, feeding and swallowing, similar to key 22q11DS phenotypes. Divergent trigeminal nerve (CN V) differentiation and altered trigeminal ganglion (CNgV) cellular composition prefigure these disruptions in LgDel embryos. We therefore asked whether a distinct transcriptional state in a specific population of early differentiating LgDel cranial sensory neurons, those in CNgV, a major source of innervation for appropriate oropharyngeal function, underlies this departure from typical development. LgDel versus wild-type (WT) CNgV transcriptomes differ significantly at E10.5 just after the ganglion has coalesced. Some changes parallel altered proportions of cranial placode versus cranial neural crest-derived CNgV cells. Others are consistent with a shift in anterior-posterior patterning associated with divergent LgDel cranial nerve differentiation. The most robust quantitative distinction, however, is statistically verifiable increased variability of expression levels for most of the over 17 000 genes expressed in common in LgDel versus WT CNgV. Thus, quantitative expression changes of functionally relevant genes and increased stochastic variation across the entire CNgV transcriptome at the onset of CN V differentiation prefigure subsequent disruption of cranial nerve differentiation and oropharyngeal function in LgDel mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maynard
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016 USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Anelia Horvath
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,McCormick Genomics and Proteomics Center, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - James P Bernot
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Andre L P Tavares
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ankita Shah
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Liam Spurr
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jacqueline Olender
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sally A Moody
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Claire M Fraser
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech-Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016 USA.,Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, 24061, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Norman H Lee
- Institute for Neuroscience, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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15
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Lévy J, Schell B, Nasser H, Rachid M, Ruaud L, Couque N, Callier P, Faivre L, Marle N, Engwerda A, van Ravenswaaij-Arts CMA, Plutino M, Karmous-Benailly H, Benech C, Redon S, Boute O, Boudry Labis E, Rama M, Kuentz P, Assoumani J, Maldergem LV, Dupont C, Verloes A, Tabet AC. EPHA7 haploinsufficiency is associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder. Clin Genet 2021; 100:396-404. [PMID: 34176129 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ephrin receptor and their ligands, the ephrins, are widely expressed in the developing brain. They are implicated in several developmental processes that are crucial for brain development. Deletions in genes encoding for members of the Eph/ephrin receptor family were reported in several neurodevelopmental disorders. The ephrin receptor A7 gene (EPHA7) encodes a member of ephrin receptor subfamily of the protein-tyrosine kinase family. EPHA7 plays a role in corticogenesis processes, determines brain size and shape, and is involved in development of the central nervous system. One patient only was reported so far with a de novo deletion encompassing EPHA7 in 6q16.1. We report 12 additional patients from nine unrelated pedigrees with similar deletions. The deletions were inherited in nine out of 12 patients, suggesting variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. Four patients had tiny deletions involving only EPHA7, suggesting a critical role of EPHA7 in a neurodevelopmental disability phenotype. We provide further evidence for EPHA7 deletion as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorder and delineate its clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lévy
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bérénice Schell
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Hala Nasser
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Rachid
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris Medical School, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1141, Paris University, APHP, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Couque
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs", Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France.,UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de référence "Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs", Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France.,UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Marle
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Dijon, France.,UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aafke Engwerda
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Morgane Plutino
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Sylvia Redon
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, Service de Génétique Médicale, CHRU, Brest, France
| | - Odile Boute
- CHU Lille, Clinique de Génétique "Guy Fontaine", Lille, France
| | | | - Mélanie Rama
- CHU Lille, Institut de Génétique Médicale, Lille, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- UMR-Inserm 1231 GAD Team, Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Génétique Biologique, PCBio, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | | | - Lionel Van Maldergem
- Clinical Investigation Center 1431, INSERM, Besançon, France.,Center of Human Genetics, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Céline Dupont
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Université de Paris Medical School, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1141, Paris University, APHP, Robert-Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Claude Tabet
- Genetics Department, APHP, Robert-Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Department, Human Genetics and Cognitive Function Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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16
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Teo L, Boghdadi AG, Homman-Ludiye J, Mundinano IC, Kwan WC, Bourne JA. Replicating infant-specific reactive astrocyte functions in the injured adult brain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 204:102108. [PMID: 34147584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infants and adults respond differently to brain injuries. Specifically, improved neuronal sparing along with reduced astrogliosis and glial scarring often observed earlier in life, likely contributes to improved long-term outcomes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms could enable the recapitulation of neuroprotective effects, observed in infants, to benefit adults after brain injuries. We reveal that in primates, Eph/ ephrin signaling contributes to age-dependent reactive astrocyte behavior. Ephrin-A5 expression on astrocytes was more protracted in adults, whereas ephrin-A1 was only expressed on infant astrocytes. Furthermore, ephrin-A5 exacerbated major hallmarks of astrocyte reactivity via EphA2 and EphA4 receptors, which was subsequently alleviated by ephrin-A1. Rather than suppressing reactivity, ephrin-A1 signaling shifted astrocytes towards GAP43+ neuroprotection, accounting for improved neuronal sparing in infants. Reintroducing ephrin-A1 after middle-aged focal ischemic injury significantly attenuated glial scarring, improved neuronal sparing and preserved circuitry. Therefore, beneficial infant mechanisms can be recapitulated in adults to improve outcomes after CNS injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Teo
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anthony G Boghdadi
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jihane Homman-Ludiye
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Inaki-Carril Mundinano
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - William C Kwan
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, 15 Innovation Walk, Monash University, Clayton VIC, 3800, Australia.
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17
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Iguchi T, Oka Y, Yasumura M, Omi M, Kuroda K, Yagi H, Xie MJ, Taniguchi M, Bastmeyer M, Sato M. Mutually Repulsive EphA7-EfnA5 Organize Region-to-Region Corticopontine Projection by Inhibiting Collateral Extension. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4795-4808. [PMID: 33906900 PMCID: PMC8260171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0367-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning relies on the formation of regionally restricted brain circuits that connect cortex with subcortical areas during embryonic development. Layer 5 neurons that are distributed across most cortical areas innervate the pontine nuclei (basilar pons) by protrusion and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their corticospinal extending axons. Pons-derived chemotropic cues are known to attract extending axons, but molecules that regulate collateral extension to create regionally segregated targeting patterns have not been identified. Here, we discovered that EphA7 and EfnA5 are expressed in the cortex and the basilar pons in a region-specific and mutually exclusive manner, and that their repulsive activities are essential for segregating collateral extensions from corticospinal axonal tracts in mice. Specifically, EphA7 and EfnA5 forward and reverse inhibitory signals direct collateral extension such that EphA7-positive frontal and occipital cortical areas extend their axon collaterals into the EfnA5-negative rostral part of the basilar pons, whereas EfnA5-positive parietal cortical areas extend their collaterals into the EphA7-negative caudal part of the basilar pons. Together, our results provide a molecular basis that explains how the corticopontine projection connects multimodal cortical outputs to their subcortical targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings put forward a model in which region-to-region connections between cortex and subcortical areas are shaped by mutually exclusive molecules to ensure the fidelity of regionally restricted circuitry. This model is distinct from earlier work showing that neuronal circuits within individual cortical modalities form in a topographical manner controlled by a gradient of axon guidance molecules. The principle that a shared molecular program of mutually repulsive signaling instructs regional organization-both within each brain region and between connected brain regions-may well be applicable to other contexts in which information is sorted by converging and diverging neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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18
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3D Genome of macaque fetal brain reveals evolutionary innovations during primate corticogenesis. Cell 2021; 184:723-740.e21. [PMID: 33508230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of human brain evolution is essential to understanding human cognition and mental disorders. We generated multi-omics profiles and constructed a high-resolution map of 3D genome architecture of rhesus macaque during corticogenesis. By comparing the 3D genomes of human, macaque, and mouse brains, we identified many human-specific chromatin structure changes, including 499 topologically associating domains (TADs) and 1,266 chromatin loops. The human-specific loops are significantly enriched in enhancer-enhancer interactions, and the regulated genes show human-specific expression changes in the subplate, a transient zone of the developing brain critical for neural circuit formation and plasticity. Notably, many human-specific sequence changes are located in the human-specific TAD boundaries and loop anchors, which may generate new transcription factor binding sites and chromatin structures in human. Collectively, the presented data highlight the value of comparative 3D genome analyses in dissecting the regulatory mechanisms of brain development and evolution.
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19
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Baudet S, Bécret J, Nicol X. Approaches to Manipulate Ephrin-A:EphA Forward Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13070140. [PMID: 32629797 PMCID: PMC7407804 DOI: 10.3390/ph13070140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma A (EphA) receptors and their ephrin-A ligands are key players of developmental events shaping the mature organism. Their expression is mostly restricted to stem cell niches in adults but is reactivated in pathological conditions including lesions in the heart, lung, or nervous system. They are also often misregulated in tumors. A wide range of molecular tools enabling the manipulation of the ephrin-A:EphA system are available, ranging from small molecules to peptides and genetically-encoded strategies. Their mechanism is either direct, targeting EphA receptors, or indirect through the modification of intracellular downstream pathways. Approaches enabling manipulation of ephrin-A:EphA forward signaling for the dissection of its signaling cascade, the investigation of its physiological roles or the development of therapeutic strategies are summarized here.
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20
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Soheili-Nezhad S, Jahanshad N, Guelfi S, Khosrowabadi R, Saykin AJ, Thompson PM, Beckmann CF, Sprooten E, Zarei M. Imaging genomics discovery of a new risk variant for Alzheimer's disease in the postsynaptic SHARPIN gene. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3737-3748. [PMID: 32558014 PMCID: PMC7416020 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) are difficult to investigate, partly because diagnosis lags behind the insidious pathological processes. Therefore, identifying AD neuroimaging markers and their genetic modifiers may help study early mechanisms of neurodegeneration. We aimed to identify brain regions of the highest vulnerability to AD using a data-driven search in the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI, n = 1,100 subjects), and further explored genetic variants affecting this critical brain trait using both ADNI and the younger UK Biobank cohort (n = 8,428 subjects). Tensor-Based Morphometry (TBM) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) identified the limbic system and its interconnecting white-matter as the most AD-vulnerable brain feature. Whole-genome analysis revealed a common variant in SHARPIN that was associated with this imaging feature (rs34173062, p = 2.1 × 10-10 ). This genetic association was validated in the UK Biobank, where it was correlated with entorhinal cortical thickness bilaterally (p = .002 left and p = 8.6 × 10-4 right), and with parental history of AD (p = 2.3 × 10-6 ). Our findings suggest that neuroanatomical variation in the limbic system and AD risk are associated with a novel variant in SHARPIN. The role of this postsynaptic density gene product in β1-integrin adhesion is in line with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular signaling pathway and the recent genome-wide evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourena Soheili-Nezhad
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Guelfi
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Reza Khosrowabadi
- Institute for Cognitive and Brain Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Arnold LL, Cecchini A, Stark DA, Ihnat J, Craigg RN, Carter A, Zino S, Cornelison D. EphA7 promotes myogenic differentiation via cell-cell contact. eLife 2020; 9:53689. [PMID: 32314958 PMCID: PMC7173967 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of proliferating skeletal muscle precursors (myoblasts) to terminally-differentiated myocytes is a critical step in skeletal muscle development and repair. We show that EphA7, a juxtacrine signaling receptor, is expressed on myocytes during embryonic and fetal myogenesis and on nascent myofibers during muscle regeneration in vivo. In EphA7-/- mice, hindlimb muscles possess fewer myofibers at birth, and those myofibers are reduced in size and have fewer myonuclei and reduced overall numbers of precursor cells throughout postnatal life. Adult EphA7-/- mice have reduced numbers of satellite cells and exhibit delayed and protracted muscle regeneration, and satellite cell-derived myogenic cells from EphA7-/- mice are delayed in their expression of differentiation markers in vitro. Exogenous EphA7 extracellular domain will rescue the null phenotype in vitro, and will also enhance commitment to differentiation in WT cells. We propose a model in which EphA7 expression on differentiated myocytes promotes commitment of adjacent myoblasts to terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Arnold
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Alessandra Cecchini
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Danny A Stark
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Jacqueline Ihnat
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Rebecca N Craigg
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Amory Carter
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Sammy Zino
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Ddw Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
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22
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Elkjaer ML, Frisch T, Reynolds R, Kacprowski T, Burton M, Kruse TA, Thomassen M, Baumbach J, Illes Z. Molecular signature of different lesion types in the brain white matter of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:205. [PMID: 31829262 PMCID: PMC6907342 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify pathogenetic markers and potential drivers of different lesion types in the white matter (WM) of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS), we sequenced RNA from 73 different WM areas. Compared to 25 WM controls, 6713 out of 18,609 genes were significantly differentially expressed in MS tissues (FDR < 0.05). A computational systems medicine analysis was performed to describe the MS lesion endophenotypes. The cellular source of specific molecules was examined by RNAscope, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. To examine common lesion specific mechanisms, we performed de novo network enrichment based on shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and found TGFβ-R2 as a central hub. RNAscope revealed astrocytes as the cellular source of TGFβ-R2 in remyelinating lesions. Since lesion-specific unique DEGs were more common than shared signatures, we examined lesion-specific pathways and de novo networks enriched with unique DEGs. Such network analysis indicated classic inflammatory responses in active lesions; catabolic and heat shock protein responses in inactive lesions; neuronal/axonal specific processes in chronic active lesions. In remyelinating lesions, de novo analyses identified axonal transport responses and adaptive immune markers, which was also supported by the most heterogeneous immunoglobulin gene expression. The signature of the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) was more similar to control WM than to lesions: only 465 DEGs differentiated NAWM from controls, and 16 were unique. The upregulated marker CD26/DPP4 was expressed by microglia in the NAWM but by mononuclear cells in active lesions, which may indicate a special subset of microglia before the lesion develops, but also emphasizes that omics related to MS lesions should be interpreted in the context of different lesions types. While chronic active lesions were the most distinct from control WM based on the highest number of unique DEGs (n = 2213), remyelinating lesions had the highest gene expression levels, and the most different molecular map from chronic active lesions. This may suggest that these two lesion types represent two ends of the spectrum of lesion evolution in PMS. The profound changes in chronic active lesions, the predominance of synaptic/neural/axonal signatures coupled with minor inflammation may indicate end-stage irreversible molecular events responsible for this less treatable phase.
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23
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Cadwell CR, Bhaduri A, Mostajo-Radji MA, Keefe MG, Nowakowski TJ. Development and Arealization of the Cerebral Cortex. Neuron 2019; 103:980-1004. [PMID: 31557462 PMCID: PMC9245854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adult cortical areas consist of specialized cell types and circuits that support unique higher-order cognitive functions. How this regional diversity develops from an initially uniform neuroepithelium has been the subject of decades of seminal research, and emerging technologies, including single-cell transcriptomics, provide a new perspective on area-specific molecular diversity. Here, we review the early developmental processes that underlie cortical arealization, including both cortex intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as embodied by the protomap and protocortex hypotheses, respectively. We propose an integrated model of serial homology whereby intrinsic genetic programs and local factors establish early transcriptomic differences between excitatory neurons destined to give rise to broad "proto-regions," and activity-dependent mechanisms lead to progressive refinement and formation of sharp boundaries between functional areas. Finally, we explore the potential of these basic developmental processes to inform our understanding of the emergence of functional neural networks and circuit abnormalities in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn R Cadwell
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Aparna Bhaduri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohammed A Mostajo-Radji
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA; The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Matthew G Keefe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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24
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Ledda F, Paratcha G. Mechanisms regulating dendritic arbor patterning. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4511-4537. [PMID: 28735442 PMCID: PMC11107629 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2588-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is populated by diverse types of neurons, each of which has dendritic trees with strikingly different morphologies. These neuron-specific morphologies determine how dendritic trees integrate thousands of synaptic inputs to generate different firing properties. To ensure proper neuronal function and connectivity, it is necessary that dendrite patterns are precisely controlled and coordinated with synaptic activity. Here, we summarize the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the formation of cell type-specific dendrite patterns during development. We focus on different aspects of vertebrate dendrite patterning that are particularly important in determining the neuronal function; such as the shape, branching, orientation and size of the arbors as well as the development of dendritic spine protrusions that receive excitatory inputs and compartmentalize postsynaptic responses. Additionally, we briefly comment on the implications of aberrant dendritic morphology for nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ledda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Paratcha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience (IBCN)-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, 3rd Floor, CABA, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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25
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van der Stijl R, Withoff S, Verbeek DS. Spinocerebellar ataxia: miRNAs expose biological pathways underlying pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 108:148-158. [PMID: 28823930 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of various brain disorders including the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in the shared pathogenesis of the different SCA types. We examine the novel findings of a recent cell-type-specific RNA-sequencing study in mouse brain and discuss how the identification of Purkinje-cell-enriched miRNAs highlights biological pathways that expose the mechanisms behind pervasive Purkinje cell degeneration in SCA. These key pathways are likely to contain targets for therapeutic development and represent potential candidate genes for genetically unsolved SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier van der Stijl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebo Withoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Yadav SS, Li J, Stockert JA, Herzog B, O'Connor J, Garzon-Manco L, Parsons R, Tewari AK, Yadav KK. Induction of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Prostate Cancer Cells by Dovitinib (TKI-258) and its Therapeutic Implications. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:357-366. [PMID: 28342996 PMCID: PMC5369368 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men with an estimated mortality of more than 26,000 in 2016 alone. Aggressive and metastatic tumors are treated with androgen deprivation therapies (ADT); however, the tumors acquire resistance and develop into lethal castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). With the advent of better therapeutics, the incidences of a more aggressive neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) variant continue to emerge. Although de novo occurrences of NEPC are rare, more than 25% of the therapy-resistant patients on highly potent new-generation anti-androgen therapies end up with NEPC. This, along with previous observations of an increase in the number of such NE cells in aggressive tumors, has been suggested as a mechanism of resistance development during prostate cancer progression. Dovitinib (TKI-258/CHIR-258) is a pan receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that targets VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR, and KIT. It has shown efficacy in mouse-model of PCa bone metastasis, and is presently in clinical trials for several cancers. We observed that both androgen receptor (AR) positive and AR-negative PCa cells differentiate into a NE phenotype upon treatment with Dovitinib. The NE differentiation was also observed when mice harboring PC3-xenografted tumors were systemically treated with Dovitinib. The mechanistic underpinnings of this differentiation are unclear, but seem to be supported through MAPK-, PI3K-, and Wnt-signaling pathways. Further elucidation of the differentiation process will enable the identification of alternative salvage or combination therapies to overcome the potential resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini S Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Jinyi Li
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Jennifer A Stockert
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Bryan Herzog
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - James O'Connor
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Luis Garzon-Manco
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Ramon Parsons
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Ashutosh K Tewari
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574
| | - Kamlesh K Yadav
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029-6574.
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27
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Blondeau A, Lucier JF, Matteau D, Dumont L, Rodrigue S, Jacques PÉ, Blouin R. Dual leucine zipper kinase regulates expression of axon guidance genes in mouse neuronal cells. Neural Dev 2016; 11:13. [PMID: 27468987 PMCID: PMC4965899 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-016-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent genetic studies in model organisms, such as Drosophila, C. elegans and mice, have highlighted a critical role for dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) in neural development and axonal responses to injury. However, exactly how DLK fulfills these functions remains to be determined. Using RNA-seq profiling, we evaluated the global changes in gene expression that are caused by shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous DLK in differentiated Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Results Our analysis led to the identification of numerous up- and down-regulated genes, among which several were found to be associated with system development and axon guidance according to gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, respectively. Because of their importance in axonal growth, pruning and regeneration during development and adult life, we then examined by quantitative RT-PCR the mRNA expression levels of the identified axon guidance genes in DLK-depleted cells. Consistent with the RNA-seq data, our results confirmed that loss of DLK altered expression of the genes encoding neuropilin 1 (Nrp1), plexin A4 (Plxna4), Eph receptor A7 (Epha7), Rho family GTPase 1 (Rnd1) and semaphorin 6B (Sema6b). Interestingly, this regulation of Nrp1 and Plxna4 mRNA expression by DLK in Neuro-2a cells was also reflected at the protein level, implicating DLK in the modulation of the function of these axon guidance molecules. Conclusions Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that axon guidance genes are downstream targets of the DLK signaling pathway, which through their regulation probably modulates neuronal cell development, structure and function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-016-0068-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréanne Blondeau
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Dominick Matteau
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Lauralyne Dumont
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pierre-Étienne Jacques
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.,Département d'informatique, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Richard Blouin
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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28
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Receptor tyrosine kinase EphA7 is required for interneuron connectivity at specific subcellular compartments of granule cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29710. [PMID: 27405707 PMCID: PMC4942821 DOI: 10.1038/srep29710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal transmission is regulated by the local circuitry which is composed of principal neurons targeted at different subcellular compartments by a variety of interneurons. However, mechanisms that contribute to the subcellular localisation and maintenance of GABAergic interneuron terminals are poorly understood. Stabilization of GABAergic synapses depends on clustering of the postsynaptic scaffolding protein gephyrin and its interaction with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor collybistin. Lentiviral knockdown experiments in adult rats indicated that the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA7 is required for the stabilisation of basket cell terminals on proximal dendritic and somatic compartments of granular cells of the dentate gyrus. EphA7 deficiency and concomitant destabilisation of GABAergic synapses correlated with impaired long-term potentiation and reduced hippocampal learning. Reduced GABAergic innervation may be explained by an impact of EphA7 on gephyrin clustering. Overexpression or ephrin stimulation of EphA7 induced gephyrin clustering dependent on the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) which is an interaction partner of gephyrin. Gephyrin interactions with mTOR become released after mTOR activation while enhanced interaction with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor collybistin was observed in parallel. In conclusion, EphA7 regulates gephyrin clustering and the maintenance of inhibitory synaptic connectivity via mTOR signalling.
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29
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Chen C, Jin J, Lee GA, Silva E, Donoghue M. Cross-species functional analyses reveal shared and separate roles for Sox11 in frog primary neurogenesis and mouse cortical neuronal differentiation. Biol Open 2016; 5:409-17. [PMID: 26962049 PMCID: PMC4890661 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-functioning brain requires production of the correct number and types of cells during development; cascades of transcription factors are essential for cellular coordination. Sox proteins are transcription factors that affect various processes in the development of the nervous system. Sox11, a member of the SoxC family, is expressed in differentiated neurons and supports neuronal differentiation in several systems. To understand how generalizable the actions of Sox11 are across phylogeny, its function in the development of the frog nervous system and the mouse cerebral cortex were compared. Expression of Sox11 is largely conserved between these species; in the developing frog, Sox11 is expressed in the neural plate, neural tube and throughout the segmented brain, while in the mouse cerebral cortex, Sox11 is expressed in differentiated zones, including the preplate, subplate, marginal zone and cortical plate. In both frog and mouse, data demonstrate that Sox11 supports a role in promoting neuronal differentiation, with Sox11-positive cells expressing pan-neural markers and becoming morphologically complex. However, frog and mouse Sox11 cannot substitute for one another; a functional difference likely reflected in sequence divergence. Thus, Sox11 appears to act similarly in subserving neuronal differentiation but is species-specific in frog neural development and mouse corticogenesis. Summary: Sox11 acts to designate neurons in both mouse and frog brains, but orthologs are not functionally redundant. These data show evolutionary conservation of Sox11 function with molecular divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Garrett A Lee
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Elena Silva
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Maria Donoghue
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Street NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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30
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Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:240-56. [PMID: 26790531 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eph receptor Tyr kinases and their membrane-tethered ligands, the ephrins, elicit short-distance cell-cell signalling and thus regulate many developmental processes at the interface between pattern formation and morphogenesis, including cell sorting and positioning, and the formation of segmented structures and ordered neural maps. Their roles extend into adulthood, when ephrin-Eph signalling regulates neuronal plasticity, homeostatic events and disease processes. Recently, new insights have been gained into the mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in different cell types, and into the physiological importance of ephrin-Eph in different organs and in disease, raising questions for future research directions.
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Zhu X, Girardo D, Govek EE, John K, Mellén M, Tamayo P, Mesirov JP, Hatten ME. Role of Tet1/3 Genes and Chromatin Remodeling Genes in Cerebellar Circuit Formation. Neuron 2015; 89:100-12. [PMID: 26711116 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanisms underlying early steps in cerebellar development are known, evidence is lacking on genetic and epigenetic changes during the establishment of the synaptic circuitry. Using metagene analysis, we report pivotal changes in multiple reactomes of epigenetic pathway genes in cerebellar granule cells (GCs) during circuit formation. During this stage, Tet genes are upregulated and vitamin C activation of Tet enzymes increases the levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at exon start sites of upregulated genes, notably axon guidance genes and ion channel genes. Knockdown of Tet1 and Tet3 by RNAi in ex vivo cerebellar slice cultures inhibits dendritic arborization of developing GCs, a critical step in circuit formation. These findings demonstrate a role for Tet genes and chromatin remodeling genes in the formation of cerebellar circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Girardo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Eve-Ellen Govek
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keisha John
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marian Mellén
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jill P Mesirov
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Orchestration of Neuronal Differentiation and Progenitor Pool Expansion in the Developing Cortex by SoxC Genes. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26203155 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the cerebral cortex forms, specialized molecular cascades direct the expansion of progenitor pools, the differentiation of neurons, or the maturation of discrete neuronal subtypes, together ensuring that the correct amounts and classes of neurons are generated. In several neural systems, the SoxC transcriptional regulators, particularly Sox11 and Sox4, have been characterized as functioning exclusively and redundantly in promoting neuronal differentiation. Using the mouse cerebral cortex as a model, Sox11 and Sox4 were examined in the formation of the most complex part of the mammalian brain. Anticipated prodifferentiation roles were observed. Distinct expression patterns and mutant phenotypes, however, reveal that Sox11 and Sox4 are not redundant in the cortex, but rather act in overlapping and discrete populations of neurons. In particular, Sox11 acts in early-born neurons; binding to its partner protein, Neurogenin1, leads to selective targeting and transactivation of a downstream gene, NeuroD1. In addition to neuronal expression, Sox4 was unexpectedly expressed in intermediate progenitor cells, the transit amplifying cell of the cerebral cortex. Sox4 mutant analyses reveal a requirement for Sox4 in IPC specification and maintenance. In intermediate progenitors, Sox4 partners with the proneural gene Neurogenin2 to activate Tbrain2 and then with Tbrain2 to maintain this cell fate. This work reveals an intricately structured molecular architecture for SoxC molecules, with Sox11 acting in a select set of cortical neurons and Sox4 playing an unanticipated role in designating secondary progenitors.
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Kim YJ, Ibrahim LA, Wang SZ, Yuan W, Evgrafov OV, Knowles JA, Wang K, Tao HW, Zhang LI. EphA7 regulates spiral ganglion innervation of cochlear hair cells. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:452-69. [PMID: 26178595 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During the development of periphery auditory circuitry, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) form a spatially precise pattern of innervation of cochlear hair cells (HCs), which is an essential structural foundation for central auditory processing. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental formation of this precise innervation pattern remain not well understood. Here, we specifically examined the involvement of Eph family members in cochlear development. By performing RNA-sequencing for different types of cochlear cell, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we found that EphA7 was strongly expressed in a large subset of SGNs. In EphA7 deletion mice, there was a reduction in the number of inner radial bundles originating from SGNs and projecting to HCs as well as in the number of ribbon synapses on inner hair cells (IHCs), as compared with wild-type or heterozygous mutant mice, attributable to fewer type I afferent fibers. The overall activity of the auditory nerve in EphA7 deletion mice was also reduced, although there was no significant change in the hearing intensity threshold. In vitro analysis further suggested that the reduced innervation of HCs by SGNs could be attributed to a role of EphA7 in regulating outgrowth of SGN neurites as knocking down EphA7 in SGNs resulted in diminished SGN fibers. In addition, suppressing the activity of ERK1/2, a potential downstream target of EphA7 signaling, either with specific inhibitors in cultured explants or by knocking out Prkg1, also resulted in reduced SGN fibers. Together, our results suggest that EphA7 plays an important role in the developmental formation of cochlear innervation pattern through controlling SGN fiber ontogeny. Such regulation may contribute to the salience level of auditory signals presented to the central auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Kim
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leena A Ibrahim
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sheng-Zhi Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology of Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Oleg V Evgrafov
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - James A Knowles
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kai Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Department of Psychiatry, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Department of Cell And Neurobiology, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Li I Zhang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90033.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School Of Medicine, University Of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Valnegri P, Puram SV, Bonni A. Regulation of dendrite morphogenesis by extrinsic cues. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:439-47. [PMID: 26100142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites play a central role in the integration and flow of information in the nervous system. The morphogenesis and maturation of dendrites is hence an essential step in the establishment of neuronal connectivity. Recent studies have uncovered crucial functions for extrinsic cues in the development of dendrites. We review the contribution of secreted polypeptide growth factors, contact-mediated proteins, and neuronal activity in distinct phases of dendrite development. We also highlight how extrinsic cues influence local and global intracellular mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis. Finally, we discuss how these studies have advanced our understanding of neuronal connectivity and have shed light on the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Valnegri
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Azad Bonni
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Scheenen WJJM, Celikel T. Nanophysiology: Bridging synapse ultrastructure, biology, and physiology using scanning ion conductance microscopy. Synapse 2015; 69:233-41. [PMID: 25655013 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic communication is at the core of neural circuit function, and its plasticity allows the nervous system to adapt to the changes in its environment. Understanding the mechanisms of this synaptic (re)organization will benefit from novel methodologies that enable simultaneous study of synaptic ultrastructure, biology, and physiology in identified circuits. Here, we describe one of these methodologies, i.e., scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), for electrical mapping of the membrane anatomy in tens of nanometers resolution in living neurons. When combined with traditional patch-clamp and fluorescence microscopy techniques, and the newly emerging nanointerference methodologies, SICM has the potential to mechanistically bridge the synaptic structure and function longitudinally throughout the life of a synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim J J M Scheenen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and the corresponding ephrin ligands play a pivotal role in the glioma development and progression. Aberrant protein expression levels of the Eph receptors and ephrins are often associated with higher tumor grade and poor prognosis. Their function in tumorigenesis is complex due to the intricate network of possible co-occurring interactions between neighboring tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. Both Ephs and ephrins localize on the surface of tumor cells, tumor vasculature, glioma stem cells, tumor cells infiltrating brain, and immune cells infiltrating tumors. They can both promote and inhibit tumorigenicity depending on the downstream forward and reverse signalling generated. All the above-mentioned features make the Ephs/ephrins system an intriguing candidate for the development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma treatment. This review will give a general overview on the structure and the function of Ephs and ephrins, with a particular emphasis on the state of the knowledge of their role in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferluga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Waldemar Debinski, M.D., Ph.D., Director of Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Thomas K. Hearn Jr. Brain Tumor Research Center, Professor of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, and Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, Phone: (336) 716-9712, Fax: (336) 713-7639,
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Cissé M, Checler F. Eph receptors: new players in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 73:137-49. [PMID: 25193466 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is devastating and leads to permanent losses of memory and other cognitive functions. Although recent genetic evidences strongly argue for a causative role of Aβ in AD onset and progression (Jonsson et al., 2012), its role in AD etiology remains a matter of debate. However, even if not the sole culprit or pathological trigger, genetic and anatomical evidences in conjunction with numerous pharmacological studies, suggest that Aβ peptides, at least contribute to the disease. How Aβ contributes to memory loss remains largely unknown. Soluble Aβ species referred to as Aβ oligomers have been shown to be neurotoxic and induce network failure and cognitive deficits in animal models of the disease. In recent years, several proteins were described as potential Aβ oligomers receptors, amongst which are the receptor tyrosine kinases of Eph family. These receptors together with their natural ligands referred to as ephrins have been involved in a plethora of physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic neurogenesis, learning and memory, diabetes, cancers and anxiety. Here we review recent discoveries on Eph receptors-mediated protection against Aβ oligomers neurotoxicity as well as their potential as therapeutic targets in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustapha Cissé
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNS, "Labex Distalz", 660 route des Lucioles, 06560, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France..
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