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Charrière K, Schneider V, Perrignon-Sommet M, Lizard G, Benani A, Jacquin-Piques A, Vejux A. Exploring the Role of Apigenin in Neuroinflammation: Insights and Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5041. [PMID: 38732259 PMCID: PMC11084463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of various central nervous system disorders, is often associated with oxidative stress and neuronal or oligodendrocyte cell death. It is therefore very interesting to target neuroinflammation pharmacologically. One therapeutic option is the use of nutraceuticals, particularly apigenin. Apigenin is present in plants: vegetables (parsley, celery, onions), fruits (oranges), herbs (chamomile, thyme, oregano, basil), and some beverages (tea, beer, and wine). This review explores the potential of apigenin as an anti-inflammatory agent across diverse neurological conditions (multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive and memory disorders, and toxicity related to trace metals and other chemicals. Drawing upon major studies, we summarize apigenin's multifaceted effects and underlying mechanisms in neuroinflammation. Our review underscores apigenin's therapeutic promise and calls for further investigation into its clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Charrière
- Université de Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, UMR 1322 LINC, INSERM CIC 1431, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Vincent Schneider
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (V.S.); (M.P.-S.); (A.B.); (A.J.-P.)
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Manon Perrignon-Sommet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (V.S.); (M.P.-S.); (A.B.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - Alexandre Benani
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (V.S.); (M.P.-S.); (A.B.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (V.S.); (M.P.-S.); (A.B.); (A.J.-P.)
- Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Department, CHU F. Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
- Memory Resource and Research Center (CMRR), CHU F. Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; (V.S.); (M.P.-S.); (A.B.); (A.J.-P.)
- Bio-PeroxIL Laboratory, EA7270, University of Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France;
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Lénárt N, Cserép C, Császár E, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Microglia-neuron-vascular interactions in ischemia. Glia 2024; 72:833-856. [PMID: 37964690 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating condition that results in impaired blood flow in the brain leading to acute brain injury. As the most common form of stroke, occlusion of cerebral arteries leads to a characteristic sequence of pathophysiological changes in the brain tissue. The mechanisms involved, and comorbidities that determine outcome after an ischemic event appear to be highly heterogeneous. On their own, the processes leading to neuronal injury in the absence of sufficient blood supply to meet the metabolic demand of the cells are complex and manifest at different temporal and spatial scales. While the contribution of non-neuronal cells to stroke pathophysiology is increasingly recognized, recent data show that microglia, the main immune cells of the central nervous system parenchyma, play previously unrecognized roles in basic physiological processes beyond their inflammatory functions, which markedly change during ischemic conditions. In this review, we aim to discuss some of the known microglia-neuron-vascular interactions assumed to contribute to the acute and delayed pathologies after cerebral ischemia. Because the mechanisms of neuronal injury have been extensively discussed in several excellent previous reviews, here we focus on some recently explored pathways that may directly or indirectly shape neuronal injury through microglia-related actions. These discoveries suggest that modulating gliovascular processes in different forms of stroke and other neurological disorders might have presently unexplored therapeutic potential in combination with neuroprotective and flow restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolett Lénárt
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Momentum Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Surala M, Soso-Zdravkovic L, Munro D, Rifat A, Ouk K, Vida I, Priller J, Madry C. Lifelong absence of microglia alters hippocampal glutamatergic networks but not synapse and spine density. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2348-2374. [PMID: 38589666 PMCID: PMC11094096 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia sculpt developing neural circuits by eliminating excess synapses in a process called synaptic pruning, by removing apoptotic neurons, and by promoting neuronal survival. To elucidate the role of microglia during embryonic and postnatal brain development, we used a mouse model deficient in microglia throughout life by deletion of the fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus. Surprisingly, young adult Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice display no changes in excitatory and inhibitory synapse number and spine density of CA1 hippocampal neurons compared with Csf1r+/+ littermates. However, CA1 neurons are less excitable, receive less CA3 excitatory input and show altered synaptic properties, but this does not affect novel object recognition. Cytokine profiling indicates an anti-inflammatory state along with increases in ApoE levels and reactive astrocytes containing synaptic markers in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice. Notably, these changes in Csf1rΔFIRE/ΔFIRE mice closely resemble the effects of acute microglial depletion in adult mice after normal development. Our findings suggest that microglia are not mandatory for synaptic pruning, and that in their absence pruning can be achieved by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Surala
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luna Soso-Zdravkovic
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Munro
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Rifat
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Koliane Ouk
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Imre Vida
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute for Integrative Neuroanatomy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- University of Edinburgh and UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- DZNE Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich and German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Madry
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Neurophysiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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Getachew B, Hauser SR, Bennani S, El Kouhen N, Sari Y, Tizabi Y. Adolescent alcohol drinking interaction with the gut microbiome: implications for adult alcohol use disorder. Adv Drug Alcohol Res 2024; 4:11881. [PMID: 38322648 PMCID: PMC10846679 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2024.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Reciprocal communication between the gut microbiota and the brain, commonly referred to as the "gut-brain-axis" is crucial in maintaining overall physiological homeostasis. Gut microbiota development and brain maturation (neuronal connectivity and plasticity) appear to be synchronized and to follow the same timeline during childhood (immature), adolescence (expansion) and adulthood (completion). It is important to note that the mesolimbic reward circuitry develops early on, whereas the maturation of the inhibitory frontal cortical neurons is delayed. This imbalance can lead to increased acquirement of reward-seeking and risk-taking behaviors during adolescence, and consequently eventuate in heightened risk for substance abuse. Thus, there is high initiation of alcohol drinking in early adolescence that significantly increases the risk of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. The underlying causes for heightened AUD risk are not well understood. It is suggested that alcohol-associated gut microbiota impairment during adolescence plays a key role in AUD neurodevelopment in adulthood. Furthermore, alcohol-induced dysregulation of microglia, either directly or indirectly through interaction with gut microbiota, may be a critical neuroinflammatory pathway leading to neurodevelopmental impairments and AUD. In this review article, we highlight the influence of adolescent alcohol drinking on gut microbiota, gut-brain axis and microglia, and eventual manifestation of AUD. Furthermore, novel therapeutic interventions via gut microbiota manipulations are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sheketha R. Hauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Samia Bennani
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nacer El Kouhen
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Sari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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5
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Gilbert EAB, Livingston J, Flores EG, Khan M, Kandavel H, Morshead CM. Metformin treatment reduces inflammation, dysmyelination and disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2024; 1822:148648. [PMID: 37890574 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, death or damage of oligodendrocytes, and axonal degeneration. Current MS treatments are non-curative, associated with undesired side-effects, and expensive, highlighting the need for expanded therapeutic options for patients. There is great interest in developing interventions using drugs or therapeutics to reduce symptom onset and protect pre-existing myelin. Metformin is a well-tolerated drug used to treat Type 2 diabetes that has pleiotropic effects in the central nervous system (CNS), including reducing inflammation, enhancing oligodendrogenesis, increasing the survival/proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), and increasing myelination. Here, we investigated whether metformin administration could improve functional outcomes, modulate oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and reduce inflammation in a well-established mouse model of MS- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Male and female mice received metformin treatment at the time of EAE induction ("acute") or upon presentation of disease symptoms ("delayed"). We found that acute metformin treatment improved functional outcomes, concomitant with reduced microglia numbers and decreased dysmyelination. Conversely, delayed metformin treatment did not improve functional outcomes. Our findings reveal that metformin administration can improve EAE outcomes when administered before symptom onset in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A B Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Jessica Livingston
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Emilio Garcia Flores
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Monoleena Khan
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Harini Kandavel
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3E1, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.
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6
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Mohebalizadeh M, Babapour G, Maleki Aghdam M, Mohammadi T, Jafari R, Shafiei-Irannejad V. Role of Maternal Immune Factors in Neuroimmunology of Brain Development. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03749-2. [PMID: 38057641 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation during pregnancy may occur due to various factors. This condition, in which maternal immune system activation occurs, can affect fetal brain development and be related to neurodevelopmental diseases. MIA interacts with the fetus's brain development through maternal antibodies, cytokines, chemokines, and microglial cells. Antibodies are associated with the development of the nervous system by two mechanisms: direct binding to brain inflammatory factors and binding to brain antigens. Cytokines and chemokines have an active presence in inflammatory processes. Additionally, glial cells, defenders of the nervous system, play an essential role in synaptic modulation and neurogenesis. Maternal infections during pregnancy are the most critical factors related to MIA; however, several studies show the relation between these infections and neurodevelopmental diseases. Infection with specific viruses, such as Zika, cytomegalovirus, influenza A, and SARS-CoV-2, has revealed effects on neurodevelopment and the onset of diseases such as schizophrenia and autism. We review the relationship between maternal infections during pregnancy and their impact on neurodevelopmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mohebalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Urmia, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Urmia, Iran
| | - Golsa Babapour
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mahdi Maleki Aghdam
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Urmia, Iran
| | - Tooba Mohammadi
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Taketomi T, Tsuruta F. Towards an Understanding of Microglia and Border-Associated Macrophages. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1091. [PMID: 37626977 PMCID: PMC10452120 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in regulating bodily functions by sensing and integrating environmental cues and maintaining proper physiological conditions. Recent research has revealed that CNS functions are closely coordinated with the immune system. As even minor disturbances of the immune system in the CNS can lead to various dysfunctions, diseases, or even death, it is highly specialized and segregated from that in peripheral regions. Microglia in the parenchyma and macrophages at the interface between the CNS and peripheral regions are essential immune cells in the CNS that monitor environmental changes. Recent omics analyses have revealed that these cells exhibit highly heterogeneous populations. In this review, we summarize the functions and diversity of microglia in the brain parenchyma and those of macrophages in the border regions, such as the meninges, perivascular spaces, and choroid plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Taketomi
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
| | - Fuminori Tsuruta
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan;
- Master’s and Doctoral Programs in Biology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- PhD Program in Humanics, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- Master’s and Doctoral Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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8
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Monet MC, Quan N. Complex Neuroimmune Involvement in Neurodevelopment: A Mini-Review. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2979-2991. [PMID: 37489149 PMCID: PMC10363380 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s410562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly evident that cells and molecules of the immune system play significant roles in neurodevelopment. As perinatal infection is associated with the development of neurodevelopmental disorders, previous research has focused on demonstrating that the induction of neuroinflammation in the developing brain is capable of causing neuropathology and behavioral changes. Recent studies, however, have revealed that immune cells and molecules in the brain can influence neurodevelopment without the induction of overt inflammation, identifying neuroimmune activities as integral parts of normal neurodevelopment. This mini-review describes the shift in literature that has moved from emphasizing the intrusion of inflammatory events as a main culprit of neurodevelopmental disorders to evaluating the deviation of the normal neuroimmune activities in neurodevelopment as a potential pathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C Monet
- Stiles-Nicholson Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, USA
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9
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Alonso Bellido IM, Posada-Pérez M, Hernández-Rasco F, Vázquez-Reyes S, Cabanillas M, Herrera AJ, Bachiller S, Soldán-Hidalgo J, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, de Pablos RM, Venero JL, Ruiz R. Microglial Caspase-3 is essential for modulating hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun 2023:S0889-1591(23)00157-5. [PMID: 37327833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a process involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Many researchers have described microglia as a key component in regulating the formation and migration of new neurons along the rostral migratory stream. Caspase-3 is a cysteine-aspartate-protease classically considered as one of the main effector caspases in the cell death program process. In addition to this classical function, we have identified the role of this protein as a modulator of microglial function; however, its action on neurogenic processes is unknown. The aim of the present study is to identify the role of Caspase-3 in neurogenesis-related microglial functions. To address this study, Caspase-3 conditional knockout mice in the microglia cell line were used. Using this tool, we wanted to elucidate the role of this protein in microglial function in the hippocampus, the main region in which adult neurogenesis takes place. After the reduction of Caspase-3 in microglia, mutant mice showed a reduction of microglia in the hippocampus, especially in the dentate gyrus region, a region inherently associated to neurogenesis. In addition, we found a reduction in doublecortin-positive neurons in conditional Caspase-3 knockout mice, which corresponds to a reduction in neurogenic neurons. Furthermore, using high-resolution image analysis, we also observed a reduction in the phagocytic capacity of microglia lacking Caspase-3. Behavioral analysis using object recognition and Y-maze tests showed altered memory and learning in the absence of Caspase-3. Finally, we identified specific microglia located specifically in neurogenic niche positive for Galectin 3 which colocalized with Cleaved-Caspase-3 in control mice. Taken together, these results showed the essential role of Caspase-3 in microglial function and highlight the relevant role of this specific microglial phenotype in the maintenance of AHN in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Alonso Bellido
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mercedes Posada-Pérez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Hernández-Rasco
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sandra Vázquez-Reyes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Cabanillas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Parasitology, Laboratory of Immunovirology, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Seville, Spain; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús Soldán-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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10
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Wang H, Li J, Zhang H, Wang M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Regulation of microglia polarization after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1182621. [PMID: 37361996 PMCID: PMC10285223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1182621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke ranks second as a leading cause of death and permanent disability globally. Microglia, innate immune cells in the brain, respond rapidly to ischemic injury, triggering a robust and persistent neuroinflammatory reaction throughout the disease's progression. Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the mechanism of secondary injury in ischemic stroke and is a significant controllable factor. Microglia activation takes on two general phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory M1 type and the anti-inflammatory M2 type, although the reality is more complex. The regulation of microglia phenotype is crucial to controlling the neuroinflammatory response. This review summarized the key molecules and mechanisms of microglia polarization, function, and phenotypic transformation following cerebral ischemia, with a focus on the influence of autophagy on microglia polarization. The goal is to provide a reference for the development of new targets for the treatment for ischemic stroke treatment based on the regulation of microglia polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lifang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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11
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Gilbert EAB, Livingston J, Garcia-Flores E, Kehtari T, Morshead CM. Metformin Improves Functional Outcomes, Activates Neural Precursor Cells, and Modulates Microglia in a Sex-Dependent Manner After Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2023:7174953. [PMID: 37209417 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in devastating patient outcomes with few treatment options. A promising approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the activation of endogenous precursor populations including neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) which are located in the periventricular zone (PVZ), and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) found throughout the parenchyma. In the adult spinal cord, resident NSPCs are primarily mitotically quiescent and aneurogenic, while OPCs contribute to ongoing oligodendrogenesis into adulthood. Each of these populations is responsive to SCI, increasing their proliferation and migration to the site of injury; however, their activation is not sufficient to support functional recovery. Previous work has shown that administration of the FDA-approved drug metformin is effective at promoting endogenous brain repair following injury, and this is correlated with enhanced NSPC activation. Here, we ask whether metformin can promote functional recovery and neural repair following SCI in both males and females. Our results reveal that acute, but not delayed metformin administration improves functional outcomes following SCI in both sexes. The functional improvement is concomitant with OPC activation and oligodendrogenesis. Our data also reveal sex-dependent effects of metformin following SCI with increased activation of NSPCs in females and reduced microglia activation in males. Taken together, these findings support metformin as a viable therapeutic strategy following SCI and highlight its pleiotropic effects in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A B Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Livingston
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emilio Garcia-Flores
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tarlan Kehtari
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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13
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Tariq MB, Lee J, McCullough LD. Sex differences in the inflammatory response to stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2023; 45:295-313. [PMID: 36355204 PMCID: PMC10924671 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and disproportionally affects women, in part due to their higher longevity. Older women have poorer outcomes after stroke with high rates of cognitive deficits, depression, and reduced quality of life. Post-stroke inflammatory responses are also sexually dimorphic and drive differences in infarct size and recovery. Factors that influence sex-specific immune responses can be both intrinsic and extrinsic. Differences in gonadal hormone exposure, sex chromosome compliment, and environmental/social factors can drive changes in transcriptional and metabolic profiles. In addition, how these variables interact, changes across the lifespan. After the onset of ischemic injury, necrosis and apoptosis occur, which activate microglia and other glial cells within the central nervous system, promoting the release of cytokines and chemokines and neuroinflammation. Cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses also have dual functions after stroke as they can enhance inflammation acutely, but also contribute to suppression of the inflammatory cascade and later repair. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature on sex-specific inflammatory responses to ischemic stroke. Understanding these differences is critical to identifying therapeutic options for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Tariq
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, MSB7044B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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14
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Zhu X, Huang J, Wu Y, Zhao S, Chai X. Effect of Heat Stress on Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Insights into the Cellular and Molecular Basis of Neuroinflammation-Induced Deficits. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1-13. [PMID: 34767143 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is known to result in neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and disabilities in learning and memory in animals and humans. It has previously been reported that cognitive impairment caused by neuroinflammation may at least in part be mediated by defective hippocampal neurogenesis, and defective neurogenesis has been linked to aberrantly activated microglial cells. Moreover, the release of cytokines within the brain has been shown to contribute to the disruption of cognitive functions in several conditions following neuroinflammation. In this review, we summarize evolving evidence for the current understanding of inflammation-induced deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis, and the resulting behavioral impairments after heat stress. Furthermore, we provide valuable insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation-induced deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis, particularly relating to cognitive dysfunction following heat stress. Lastly, we aim to identify potential mechanisms through which neuroinflammation induces cognitive dysfunction, and elucidate how neuroinflammation contributes to defective hippocampal neurogenesis. This review may therefore help to better understand the relationship between hippocampal neurogenesis and heat stress.
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15
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Yamanishi K, Doe N, Mukai K, Hashimoto T, Gamachi N, Hata M, Watanabe Y, Yamanishi C, Yagi H, Okamura H, Matsunaga H. Acute stress induces severe neural inflammation and overactivation of glucocorticoid signaling in interleukin-18-deficient mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:404. [PMID: 36151082 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL18) is an inflammatory cytokine that is related to psychiatric disorders such as depression and cognitive impairment. We previously found that IL18 deficiency may cause hippocampal impairment, resulting in depression-like behavioral changes. However, the potential role of IL18 in stressful conditions remains uncertain. In the present study, we examined the effect of IL18 on neural inflammation and stress tolerance during acute stress. Littermate Il18+/+ and Il18-/- mice were exposed to a single restraint stress for 6 h, and all assessments were performed 18 h after the mice were released from the restraint. In Il18-/- mice exposed to acute stress, the immobility times in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test were decreased, although no difference was observed in Il18+/+ mice. Il1β, Il6, and Tnfα expression levels in the hippocampus of stressed Il18-/- mice were significantly higher than those in the other groups. Moreover, the numbers of astrocytes and microglia, including those in the active form, were also increased compared with those in other groups. Regarding the molecular mechanism, the HSF5 and TTR genes were specifically expressed in stressed Il18-/- mice. As a potential treatment, intracerebral administration of IL18 to Il18-/- mice resulted in partial recovery of changes in behavioral assessments. Our results revealed that IL18-deficient mice were more sensitive and had a longer response to acute stress than that in normal mice. In addition, neural inflammation and augmentation of glucocorticoid signals caused by stress were more intense and remained longer in Il18-/- mice, resulting in behavioral changes. In conclusion, IL18 might be an indispensable factor that modulates the stress response and maintains balance between neural inflammation and glucocorticoid signaling.
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16
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Cserép C, Schwarcz AD, Pósfai B, László ZI, Kellermayer A, Környei Z, Kisfali M, Nyerges M, Lele Z, Katona I, Ádám Dénes. Microglial control of neuronal development via somatic purinergic junctions. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111369. [PMID: 36130488 PMCID: PMC9513806 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play important roles during development. Although bi-directional communication between microglia and neuronal progenitors or immature neurons has been demonstrated, the main sites of interaction and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. By using advanced methods, here we provide evidence that microglial processes form specialized contacts with the cell bodies of developing neurons throughout embryonic, early postnatal, and adult neurogenesis. These early developmental contacts are highly reminiscent of somatic purinergic junctions that are instrumental for microglia-neuron communication in the adult brain. The formation and maintenance of these junctions is regulated by functional microglial P2Y12 receptors, and deletion of P2Y12Rs disturbs proliferation of neuronal precursors and leads to aberrant cortical cytoarchitecture during development and in adulthood. We propose that early developmental formation of somatic purinergic junctions represents an important interface for microglia to monitor the status of immature neurons and control neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Cserép
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Anett D Schwarcz
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia I László
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; University of Dundee, School of Medicine, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anna Kellermayer
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Környei
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kisfali
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyerges
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Lele
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Katona
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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17
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Lee SL, Lee MHH, Wu KJ, Chiang CW, Chang YX, Fang JD, Tung HH, Kuo LW, Wang Y. Post-ischemic protection of hepatocyte growth factor requires the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase-A reciprocal regulation of the two for neuroprotection in stroke brain. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22494. [PMID: 35976173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200414r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MACo) model of ischemic stroke, intracerebroventricular administration of human recombinant hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mitigated motor impairment and cortical infarction. Recombinant HGF reduced MCAo-induced TNFα and IL1β expression, and alleviated perilesional reactivation of microglia and astrocyte. All of the aforementioned beneficial effects of HGF were antagonized by an inhibitor to the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase (MTP). MCAo upregulated MTP mRNA and protein in the lesioned cortex. MTP protein, not the mRNA, was increased further by recombinant HGF but reduced when MTP inhibitor (MTPi) was added to the treatment. Changes of the endogenous active HGF by MCAo, HGF or MTPi paralleled with the changes of MTP protein under the same conditions whilst neither HGF mRNA nor the total endogenous HGF protein were altered. These data showed that the therapeutic effects of HGF in stroke brain is attributed to its proteolytic activation and that MTP is a main protease of the event. MCAo enhanced MTP mRNA and thus protein expression; the initial use of the recombinant active HGF stabilized MCAo-induced MTP protein and subsequent activation of endogenous latent HGF which in turn stabilized further MTP protein. A reciprocal regulation between MTP and HGF appears to be present where MTP promotes HGF activation and the active HGF prevents MTP protein turnover. This study, for the first time, shows that MTP can participate in neural protection in stroke brain through activation of HGF. The cycles of HGF-MTP regulation achieved preservation of the neurological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Ling Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Michelle Hui-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Xuan Chang
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jung-Da Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiu-Hui Tung
- Institute of Cellular and Systems Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Gong M, Shi R, Liu Y, Ke J, Liu X, Du HZ, Liu CM. Abnormal microglial polarization induced by Arid1a deletion leads to neuronal differentiation deficits. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13314. [PMID: 35854653 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microglia, the prototypical innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are highly plastic and assume their phenotypes dependent on intrinsically genetic, epigenetic regulation or extrinsically microenvironmental cues. Microglia has been recognized as key regulators of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) and brain functions. Chromatin accessibility is implicated in immune cell development and functional regulation. However, it is still unknown whether and how chromatin remodelling regulates the phenotypic plasticity of microglia and exerts what kind of effects on NSPCs. METHODS We investigated the role of chromatin accessibility in microglia by deleting chromatin remodelling gene Arid1a using microglia-specific Cx3cr1-cre and Cx3cr1-CreERT2 mice. RNA-seq and ATAC-seq were performed to dissect the molecular mechanisms. In addition, we examined postnatal M1/M2 microglia polarization and analysed neuronal differentiation of NSPCs. Finally, we tested the effects of microglial Arid1a deletion on mouse behaviours. RESULTS Increased chromatin accessibility upon Arid1a ablation resulted in enhanced M1 microglial polarization and weakened M2 polarization, which led to abnormal neurogenesis and anxiety-like behaviours. Switching the polarization state under IL4 stimulation could rescue abnormal neurogenesis, supporting an essential role for chromatin remodeler ARID1A in balancing microglial polarization and brain functions. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies ARID1A as a central regulator of microglia polarization, establishing a mechanistic link between chromatin remodelling, neurogenesis and mouse behaviours, and highlights the potential development of innovative therapeutics exploiting the innate regenerative capacity of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoxi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinpeng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Zhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Feng YQ, Xu ZZ, Wang YT, Xiong Y, Xie W, He YY, Chen L, Liu GY, Li X, Liu J, Wu Q. Targeting C–C Chemokine Receptor 5: Key to Opening the Neurorehabilitation Window After Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:876342. [PMID: 35573839 PMCID: PMC9095921 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.876342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the world’s second major cause of adult death and disability, resulting in the destruction of brain tissue and long-term neurological impairment; induction of neuronal plasticity can promote recovery after stroke. C–C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) can direct leukocyte migration and localization and is a co-receptor that can mediate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into cells. Its role in HIV infection and immune response has been extensively studied. Furthermore, CCR5 is widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), is engaged in various physiological activities such as brain development, neuronal differentiation, communication, survival, and learning and memory capabilities, and is also involved in the development of numerous neurological diseases. CCR5 is differentially upregulated in neurons after stroke, and the inhibition of CCR5 in specific regions of the brain promotes motor and cognitive recovery. The mechanism by which CCR5 acts as a therapeutic target to promote neurorehabilitation after stroke has rarely been systematically reported yet. Thus, this review aims to discuss the function of CCR5 in the CNS and the mechanism of its effect on post-stroke recovery by regulating neuroplasticity and the inflammatory response to provide an effective basis for clinical rehabilitation after stroke.
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20
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Elgueta D, Murgas P, Riquelme E, Yang G, Cancino GI. Consequences of Viral Infection and Cytokine Production During Pregnancy on Brain Development in Offspring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:816619. [PMID: 35464419 PMCID: PMC9021386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.816619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections during pregnancy can seriously damage fetal neurodevelopment by aberrantly activating the maternal immune system, directly impacting fetal neural cells. Increasing evidence suggests that these adverse impacts involve alterations in neural stem cell biology with long-term consequences for offspring, including neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and cognitive impairment. Here we review how maternal infection with viruses such as Influenza A, Cytomegalovirus, and Zika during pregnancy can affect the brain development of offspring by promoting the release of maternal pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering neuroinflammation of the fetal brain, and/or directly infecting fetal neural cells. In addition, we review insights into how these infections impact human brain development from studies with animal models and brain organoids. Finally, we discuss how maternal infection with SARS-CoV-2 may have consequences for neurodevelopment of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elgueta
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erick Riquelme
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Abstract
Immune cells are known to engage in pathogen defense. However, emerging research has revealed additional roles for immune cells, which are independent of their function in the immune response. Here, we underscore the ability of cells outside of the adaptive immune system to respond to recurring infections through the lens of evolution and cellular memory. With this in mind, we then discuss the bidirectional crosstalk between the immune cells and stem cells and present examples where these interactions regulate tissue repair and regeneration. We conclude by suggesting that comprehensive analyses of the immune system may enable biomedical applications in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beryl N Arinda
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yacoub A Innabi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Juris A Grasis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Néstor J Oviedo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.,Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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22
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Aniol V, Manolova A, Gulyaeva N. Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4261. [PMID: 35457079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.
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23
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Wu C, Pan Y, Wang L, Liu M, Wu M, Wang J, Yang G, Guo Y, Ma Y. A new method for primary culture of microglia in rats with spinal cord injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:63-68. [PMID: 35176626 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At present, the primary culture method of microglia is complicated, and the culture of spinal cord microglia is rare, so we will explore to establish a new and efficient primary culture method of microglia in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). The SCI model of SD rats was established by modified A11en's method, and the model of SCI was performed on 1 d, 3 d, 7 d and 14 d respectively. Then the injured spinal cord was removed, mechanically separated and filtered. The morphology of microglia was observed the next day and its purity was identified by CD11b and Iba1 immunofluorescence labeling. According to the above results, the morphological changes of microglia after 3 d of SCI were observed at 1 d, 2 d and 4 d. The results showed that the purity of microglia was 98%. The number of microglia after 3 d of SCI was the most. After SCI, the migration ability of microglia was enhanced, the number of microglia in the injured area increased, and the number was the highest at 3 d, then gradually decreased. In addition, the microglia after SCI would gradually change from active state to resting state with the passage of time. Therefore, we can use a simple and efficient mechanical separation method to extract primary microglia, which provides the basis for the study of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Wu
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yalan Pan
- Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Nursing Intervention for Chronic Diseases, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lining Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmin Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Wu
- Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Wuxi Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guanglu Yang
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Laboratory of New Techniques of Restoration & Reconstruction, Institute of Traumatology & Orthopedics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; School of Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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24
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Ma S, Zhang N, Yang D, Wang L, Ye S, Zhang Q, Ruan J, Ma J, Wang S, Jiang N, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Zheng C, Fan X, Gong Y, Abdoul Razak MY, Hu W, Pan J, Wang X, Fan J, Li J, Liu R, Shentu Y. ChK1 activation induces reactive astrogliosis through CIP2A/PP2A/STAT3 pathway in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22209. [PMID: 35195302 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101625r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancerous Inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), an endogenous PP2A inhibitor, is upregulated and causes reactive astrogliosis, synaptic degeneration, and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying the increased CIP2A expression in AD brains remains unclear. We here demonstrated that the DNA damage-related Checkpoint kinase 1 (ChK1) is activated in AD human brains and 3xTg-AD mice. ChK1-mediated CIP2A overexpression drives inhibition of PP2A and activates STAT3, then leads to reactive astrogliosis and neurodegeneration in vitro. Infection of mouse brain with GFAP-ChK1-AAV induced AD-like cognitive deficits and exacerbated AD pathologies in vivo. In conclusion, we showed that ChK1 activation induces reactive astrogliosis, degeneration of neurons, and exacerbation of AD through the CIP2A-PP2A-STAT3 pathway, and inhibiting ChK1 may be a potential therapeutic approach for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Shuqing Ma
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Ling Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Simin Ye
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Ruan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | | | - Chenfei Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongsheng Gong
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mahaman Yacoubou Abdoul Razak
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingye Pan
- Key Laboratory of Critical Emergency and Artificial Intelligence of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaochuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junming Fan
- Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Neurological Disorders, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangping Shentu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Emergency and Artificial Intelligence of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
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25
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Craig CF, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Bornstein JC, Apostolopoulos V, Nurgali K. Neuroinflammation as an etiological trigger for depression comorbid with inflammatory bowel disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:4. [PMID: 34983592 PMCID: PMC8729103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) suffer from depression at higher rates than the general population. An etiological trigger of depressive symptoms is theorised to be inflammation within the central nervous system. It is believed that heightened intestinal inflammation and dysfunction of the enteric nervous system (ENS) contribute to impaired intestinal permeability, which facilitates the translocation of intestinal enterotoxins into the blood circulation. Consequently, these may compromise the immunological and physiological functioning of distant non-intestinal tissues such as the brain. In vivo models of colitis provide evidence of increased blood–brain barrier permeability and enhanced central nervous system (CNS) immune activity triggered by intestinal enterotoxins and blood-borne inflammatory mediators. Understanding the immunological, physiological, and structural changes associated with IBD and neuroinflammation may aid in the development of more tailored and suitable pharmaceutical treatment for IBD-associated depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin F Craig
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Immunology Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Heath and Sport, Victoria University, Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Level 4 Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia.
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26
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Jurcau A, Simion A. Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:14. [PMID: 35008440 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Its increasing incidence has led stroke to be the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite significant advances in recanalization strategies, patients are still at risk for ischemia/reperfusion injuries in this pathophysiology, in which neuroinflammation is significantly involved. Research has shown that in the acute phase, neuroinflammatory cascades lead to apoptosis, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, cerebral edema, and hemorrhagic transformation, while in later stages, these pathways support tissue repair and functional recovery. The present review discusses the various cell types and the mechanisms through which neuroinflammation contributes to parenchymal injury and tissue repair, as well as therapeutic attempts made in vitro, in animal experiments, and in clinical trials which target neuroinflammation, highlighting future therapeutic perspectives.
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27
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Abstract
Intrauterine viral infections during pregnancy by pathogens such as Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Herpes Simplex virus can lead to prenatal as well as postnatal neurodevelopmental disorders. Although maternal viral infections are common during pregnancy, viruses rarely penetrate the trophoblast. When they do cross, viruses can cause adverse congenital health conditions for the fetus. In this context, maternal inflammatory responses to these neurotropic pathogens play a significant role in negatively affecting neurodevelopment. For instance, intrauterine inflammation poses an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Severe inflammatory responses have been linked to stillbirths, preterm births, abortions and microcephaly. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic basis of how immune system shapes the landscape of the brain and how different neurotropic viral pathogens evoke inflammatory responses. Finally, we list the consequences of neuroinflammation on fetal brain development and discuss directions for future research and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Ganguli
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Pavithra L Chavali
- CSIR-Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcCSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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28
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Wang XL, Li L. Microglia Regulate Neuronal Circuits in Homeostatic and High-Fat Diet-Induced Inflammatory Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:722028. [PMID: 34720877 PMCID: PMC8549960 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.722028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages, which actively survey the surrounding microenvironment and promote tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. During this process, microglia participate in synaptic remodeling, neurogenesis, elimination of unwanted neurons and cellular debris. The complex interplay between microglia and neurons drives the formation of functional neuronal connections and maintains an optimal neural network. However, activation of microglia induced by chronic inflammation increases synaptic phagocytosis and leads to neuronal impairment or death. Microglial dysfunction is implicated in almost all brain diseases and leads to long-lasting functional deficiency, such as hippocampus-related cognitive decline and hypothalamus-associated energy imbalance (i.e., obesity). High-fat diet (HFD) consumption triggers mediobasal hypothalamic microglial activation and inflammation. Moreover, HFD-induced inflammation results in cognitive deficits by triggering hippocampal microglial activation. Here, we have summarized the current knowledge of microglial characteristics and biological functions and also reviewed the molecular mechanism of microglia in shaping neural circuitries mainly related to cognition and energy balance in homeostatic and diet-induced inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianjian Li
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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29
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Sallam A, Sudha T, Darwish NHE, Eghotny S, E-Dief A, Hassaan PS, Mousa SA. In vitro differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells into neural precursor cells using small molecules. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 363:109340. [PMID: 34461154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurogenic differentiation of human marrow stromal stem cells (hMSCs) into neural precursor cells (NPCs) offers new hope in many neurological diseases. Stromal cells can be differentiated into NPCs using small molecules acting as chemical inducers. The aim of this study is to formulate an efficient, direct, fast and safe protocol to differentiate hMSCs into NPCs using different inducers: b-mercaptoethanol (BME), triiodothyronine (T3), and curcumin (CUR). NEW METHOD: hMSCs were subjected to either 1 mM BME, 0.5 µM T3, or 5 µM CUR. Neurogenic differentiation was determined by assessing the protein expression of PAX6, SOX2, DLX2, and GAP-43 with flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, along with Nissl staining of differentiated cells. RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD It was revealed that T3 and CUR are 70-80% better than BME in terms of efficiency and safety, and surprisingly BME was a good promoting factor for cell preconditioning with limited effects on neural trans-differentiation related to its toxic effects on cell viability. CONCLUSION Reprogramming of bone marrow stromal cells into neural cells gives hope for treating different neurological disorders. Our study shows that T3 and CUR were effective in generation of NPCs from hMSCs with preservation of cell viability. BME was a good promoting factor for cell preconditioning with limited effects on neural transdifferentiation related to its toxic effects on cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Sallam
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and its Applications, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - Noureldien H E Darwish
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA; Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Samar Eghotny
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer E-Dief
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Passainte S Hassaan
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
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30
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Zawadzka A, Cieślik M, Adamczyk A. The Role of Maternal Immune Activation in the Pathogenesis of Autism: A Review of the Evidence, Proposed Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111516. [PMID: 34768946 PMCID: PMC8584025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease that is characterized by a deficit in social interactions and communication, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. Increasing lines of evidence suggest an important role for immune dysregulation and/or inflammation in the development of ASD. Recently, a relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported in the brain tissue of individuals with ASD. Some recent studies have also reported oxidative stress and mitochondrial abnormalities in animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA). This review is focused on the hypothesis that MIA induces microglial activation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, a deleterious trio in the brain that can lead to neuroinflammation and neurodevelopmental pathologies in offspring. Infection during pregnancy activates the mother’s immune system to release proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and others. Furthermore, these cytokines can directly cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, or activate resident immune cells, resulting in an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. Proinflammatory cytokines that cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may initiate a neuroinflammation cascade, starting with the activation of the microglia. Inflammatory processes induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction that, in turn, may exacerbate oxidative stress in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle that can lead to downstream abnormalities in brain development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Cieślik
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.); Tel.: +48-22-6086420 (M.C.); +48-22-6086572 (A.A.)
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (A.A.); Tel.: +48-22-6086420 (M.C.); +48-22-6086572 (A.A.)
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31
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Criado-Marrero M, Smith TM, Gould LA, Kim S, Penny HJ, Sun Z, Gulick D, Dickey CA, Blair LJ. FKBP5 and early life stress affect the hippocampus by an age-dependent mechanism. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 9:100143. [PMID: 34589890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) adversely affects the brain and is commonly associated with the etiology of mental health disorders, like depression. In addition to the mood-related symptoms, patients with depression show dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, increased peripheral inflammation, and structural brain alterations. Although the underlying causes are unknown, polymorphisms in the FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) gene, a regulator of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity, interact with childhood adversities to increase vulnerability to depressive disorders. We hypothesized that high FKBP5 protein levels combined with early life stress (ELS) would alter the HPA axis and brain, promoting depressive-like behaviors. To test this, we exposed males and females of a mouse model overexpressing FKBP5 in the brain (rTgFKBP5 mice), or littermate controls, to maternal separation for 14 days after birth. Then, we evaluated neuroendocrine, behavioral, and brain changes in young adult and aged mice. We observed lower basal corticosterone (CORT) levels in rTgFKBP5 mice, which was exacerbated in females. Aged, but not young, rTgFKBP5 mice showed increased depressive-like behaviors. Moreover, FKBP5 overexpression reduced hippocampal neuron density in aged mice, while promoting markers of microglia expression, but these effects were reversed by ELS. Together, these results demonstrate that high FKBP5 affects basal CORT levels, depressive-like symptoms, and numbers of neurons and microglia in the hippocampus in an age-dependent manner. High FKBP5 reduces basal corticosterone levels in mice, especially in females. ELS prevents FKBP5-induced susceptibility to depressive-like behavior in aged mice. FKBP5 overexpression reduces hippocampal neuron density in aged mice, while increasing microglial markers.
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32
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He GL, Wang ZZ, Yu XT, Shen TT, Luo Z, Li P, Luo X, Tan YL, Gao P, Yang XS. The involvement of microglial CX3CR1 in heat acclimation-induced amelioration of adult hippocampal neurogenesis impairment in EMF-exposed mice. Brain Res Bull 2021; 177:181-193. [PMID: 34555433 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglial CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) has been implicated in numerous cellular mechanisms, including signalling pathways that regulate brain homoeostasis and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Specific environmental conditions can impair hippocampal neurogenesis-related cognition, learning and memory. However, the role of CX3CR1 in the neurogenic alterations resulting from the cross-tolerance protection conferred by heat acclimation (HA) against the effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure is less well understood. Here, we investigated the role of microglial CX3CR1 signalling in adult hippocampal neurogenesis induced by HA in EMF-exposed mice. We found that EMF exposure significantly decreased the number of proliferating and differentiating cells in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, resulting in a reduced neurogenesis rate. Moreover, alterations in the phenotypes of activated microglia and decreased expression levels of CX3CR1, but not sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), were observed in the brains of EMF-exposed mice. Remarkably, HA treatment improved microglial phenotypes, restored the expression of CX3CR1, and ameliorated the decrease in the adult hippocampal neurogenesis rate following EMF exposure. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of CX3CR1 and SIRT1 failed to restore CX3CR1 expression and ameliorate hippocampal neurogenesis impairment following HA plus EMF stimulation. These results indicate that microglial CX3CR1 is involved in the cross-tolerance protective effect of HA on adult hippocampal neurogenesis upon EMF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Lin He
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ze-Ze Wang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ting Yu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Long Tan
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation Ministry of Education, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Sen Yang
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Pérez-Rodríguez DR, Blanco-Luquin I, Mendioroz M. The Participation of Microglia in Neurogenesis: A Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:658. [PMID: 34070012 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis was one of the most important discoveries of the last century, helping us to better understand brain function. Researchers recently discovered that microglia play an important role in this process. However, various questions remain concerning where, at what stage, and what types of microglia participate. In this review, we demonstrate that certain pools of microglia are determinant cells in different phases of the generation of new neurons. This sheds light on how cells cooperate in order to fine tune brain organization. It also provides us with a better understanding of distinct neuronal pathologies.
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Diaz-Jimenez D, Kolb JP, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids as Regulators of Macrophage-Mediated Tissue Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669891. [PMID: 34079551 PMCID: PMC8165320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our immune system has evolved as a complex network of cells and tissues tasked with maintaining host homeostasis. This is evident during the inflammatory responses elicited during a microbial infection or traumatic tissue damage. These responses seek to eliminate foreign material or restore tissue integrity. Even during periods without explicit disturbances, the immune system plays prominent roles in tissue homeostasis. Perhaps one of the most studied cells in this regard is the macrophage. Tissue-resident macrophages are a heterogenous group of sensory cells that respond to a variety of environmental cues and are essential for organ function. Endogenously produced glucocorticoid hormones connect external environmental stress signals with the function of many cell types, producing profound changes in immune cells, including macrophages. Here, we review the current literature which demonstrates specific effects of glucocorticoids in several organ systems. We propose that tissue-resident macrophages, through glucocorticoid signaling, may play an underappreciated role as regulators of organ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Diaz-Jimenez
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Joseph P Kolb
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - John A Cidlowski
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Manole E, Niculite C, Lambrescu IM, Gaina G, Ioghen O, Ceafalan LC, Hinescu ME. Macrophages and Stem Cells-Two to Tango for Tissue Repair? Biomolecules 2021; 11:697. [PMID: 34066618 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MCs) are present in all tissues, not only supporting homeostasis, but also playing an important role in organogenesis, post-injury regeneration, and diseases. They are a heterogeneous cell population due to their origin, tissue specificity, and polarization in response to aggression factors, depending on environmental cues. Thus, as pro-inflammatory M1 phagocytic MCs, they contribute to tissue damage and even fibrosis, but the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype participates in repairing processes and wound healing through a molecular interplay with most cells in adult stem cell niches. In this review, we emphasize MC phenotypic heterogeneity in health and disease, highlighting their systemic and systematic contribution to tissue homeostasis and repair. Unraveling the intervention of both resident and migrated MCs on the behavior of stem cells and the regulation of the stem cell niche is crucial for opening new perspectives for novel therapeutic strategies in different diseases.
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Albert K, Niskanen J, Kälvälä S, Lehtonen Š. Utilising Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease Research: Focus on Glia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094334. [PMID: 33919317 PMCID: PMC8122303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a self-renewable pool of cells derived from an organism's somatic cells. These can then be programmed to other cell types, including neurons. Use of iPSCs in research has been two-fold as they have been used for human disease modelling as well as for the possibility to generate new therapies. Particularly in complex human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, iPSCs can give advantages over traditional animal models in that they more accurately represent the human genome. Additionally, patient-derived cells can be modified using gene editing technology and further transplanted to the brain. Glial cells have recently become important avenues of research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review focuses on using glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) derived from human iPSCs in order to give a better understanding of how these cells contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Using glia iPSCs in in vitro cell culture, cerebral organoids, and intracranial transplantation may give us future insight into both more accurate models and disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Albert
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Sara Kälvälä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Šárka Lehtonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.N.); (S.K.)
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Visco DB, Toscano AE, Juárez PAR, Gouveia HJCB, Guzman-Quevedo O, Torner L, Manhães-de-Castro R. A systematic review of neurogenesis in animal models of early brain damage: Implications for cerebral palsy. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113643. [PMID: 33631199 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain damage during early life is the main factor in the development of cerebral palsy (CP), which is one of the leading neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood. Few studies, however, have focused on the mechanisms of cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation in the brain of individuals with CP. We thus conducted a systematic review of preclinical evidence of structural neurogenesis in early brain damage and the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of CP. Studies were obtained from Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. After screening 2329 studies, 29 studies, covering a total of 751 animals, were included. Prenatal models based on oxygen deprivation, inflammatory response and infection, postnatal models based on oxygen deprivation or hypoxic-ischemia, and intraventricular hemorrhage models showed varying neurogenesis responses according to the nature of the brain damage, the time period during which the brain injury occurred, proliferative capacity, pattern of migration, and differentiation profile in neurogenic niches. Results mainly from rodent studies suggest that prenatal brain damage impacts neurogenesis and curbs generation of neural stem cells, while postnatal models show increased proliferation of neural precursor cells, improper migration, and reduced survival of new neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Bulcão Visco
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa Toscano
- Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Nursing, CAV, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alberto Romero Juárez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Henrique José Cavalcanti Bezerra Gouveia
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Omar Guzman-Quevedo
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Tacámbaro, Tacámbaro, Michoacán, Mexico; Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Post Graduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luz Torner
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Raul Manhães-de-Castro
- Post Graduate Program in Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Studies in Nutrition and Phenotypic Plasticity Unit, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Triviño JJ, von Bernhardi R. The effect of aged microglia on synaptic impairment and its relevance in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104982. [PMID: 33556444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia serve key functions in the central nervous system (CNS), participating in the establishment and regulation of synapses and the neuronal network, and regulating activity-dependent plastic changes. As the neuroimmune system, they respond to endogenous and exogenous signals to protect the CNS. In aging, one of the main changes is the establishment of inflamm-aging, a mild chronic inflammation that reduces microglial response to stressors. Neuroinflammation depends mainly on the increased activation of microglia. Microglia over-activation may result in a reduced capacity for performing normal functions related to migration, clearance, and the adoption of an anti-inflammatory state, contributing to an increased susceptibility for neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress contributes both to aging and to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neuroinflammation associated with age- and disease-dependent mechanisms affect synaptic activity and neurotransmission, leading to cognitive dysfunction. Astrocytes prevent microglial cell cytotoxicity by mechanisms mediated by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). However, TGFβ1-Smad3 pathway is impaired in aging, and the age-related impairment of TGFβ signaling can reduce protective activation while facilitating cytotoxic activation of microglia. A critical analysis on the effect of aging microglia on neuronal function is relevant for the understanding of age-related changes on neuronal function. Here, we present evidence in the context of the "microglial dysregulation hypothesis", which leads to the reduction of the protective functions and increased cytotoxicity of microglia, to discuss the mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative changes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Triviño
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile School of Medicine, Laboratory of Neuroscience. Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile School of Medicine, Laboratory of Neuroscience. Marcoleta 391, Santiago, Chile; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago, Chile.
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Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Yet therapeutic strategies available to treat stroke are very limited. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics that can effectively facilitate functional recovery. The injury that results from stroke is known to induce neurogenesis in penumbra of the infarct region. There is considerable interest in harnessing this response for therapeutic purposes. This review summarizes what is currently known about stroke-induced neurogenesis and the factors that have been identified to regulate it. Additionally, some key studies in this field have been highlighted and their implications on future of stroke therapy have been discussed. There is a complex interplay between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis that dictates stroke outcome and possibly recovery. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory process and how it affects neurogenesis, as well as the need to identify new mechanisms and potential modulators. Neuroinflammatory processes and their impact on post-stroke repair have therefore also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir A Rahman
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, Room 1349, 131 S. Robertson, Ste 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Narayanappa Amruta
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, Room 1349, 131 S. Robertson, Ste 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, A.V. Hill Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, Room 1349, 131 S. Robertson, Ste 1300, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Geribaldi-Doldán N, Fernández-Ponce C, Quiroz RN, Sánchez-Gomar I, Escorcia LG, Velásquez EP, Quiroz EN. The Role of Microglia in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2021; 10:603495. [PMID: 33585220 PMCID: PMC7879977 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.603495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB), the most aggressive malignant glioma, is made up of a large percentage of glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAM), suggesting that immune cells play an important role in the pathophysiology of GB. Under physiological conditions, microglia, the phagocytes of the central nervous system (CNS), are involved in various processes such as neurogenesis or axonal growth, and the progression of different conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Through immunohistochemical studies, markers that enhance GB invasiveness have been shown to be expressed in the peritumoral area of the brain, such as Transforming Growth Factor α (TGF-α), Stromal Sell-Derived Factor 1 (SDF1/CXCL12), Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) and Neurotrophic Factor Derived from the Glial cell line (GDNF), contributing to the increase in tumor mass. Similarly, it has also been described 17 biomarkers that are present in hypoxic periarteriolar HSC niches in bone marrow and in hypoxic periarteriolar GSC niches in glioblastoma. Interestingly, microglia plays an important role in the microenvironment that supports GB progression, being one of the most important focal points in the study of therapeutic targets for the development of new drugs. In this review, we describe the altered signaling pathways in microglia in the context of GB. We also show how microglia interact with glioblastoma cells and the epigenetic mechanisms involved. Regarding the interactions between microglia and neurogenic niches, some authors indicate that glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) are similar to neural stem cells (NSC), common stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ), suggesting that this could be the origin of GB. Understanding the similarities between SVZ and the tumor microenvironment could be important to clarify some mechanisms involved in GB malignancy and to support the discovering of new therapeutic targets for the development of more effective glioblastoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Geribaldi-Doldán
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología Humanas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cecilia Fernández-Ponce
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Roberto Navarro Quiroz
- CMCC-Centro de Matemática, Computação e Cognição, Laboratório do Biologia Computacional e Bioinformática–LBCB, Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Gomar
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Cádiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lorena Gómez Escorcia
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Centro de investigación e innovación en Biomoleculas, Care4You, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Elkin Navarro Quiroz
- Faculty of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Centro de investigación e innovación en Biomoleculas, Care4You, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Ghasemi M, Keyhanian K, Douthwright C. Glial Cell Dysfunction in C9orf72-Related Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020249. [PMID: 33525344 PMCID: PMC7912327 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) repeat expansion mutation in 2011 as the most common genetic abnormality in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig's disease) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), progress in understanding the signaling pathways related to this mutation can only be described as intriguing. Two major theories have been suggested-(i) loss of function or haploinsufficiency and (ii) toxic gain of function from either C9orf72 repeat RNA or dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) generated from repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. Each theory has provided various signaling pathways that potentially participate in the disease progression. Dysregulation of the immune system, particularly glial cell dysfunction (mainly microglia and astrocytes), is demonstrated to play a pivotal role in both loss and gain of function theories of C9orf72 pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathogenic roles of glial cells in C9orf72 ALS/FTD as evidenced by pre-clinical and clinical studies showing the presence of gliosis in C9orf72 ALS/FTD, pathologic hallmarks in glial cells, including TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and p62 aggregates, and toxicity of C9orf72 glial cells. A better understanding of these pathways can provide new insights into the development of therapies targeting glial cell abnormalities in C9orf72 ALS/FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghasemi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-774-441-7726; Fax: +1-508-856-4485
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Abstract
Müller glia originate from neuroepithelium and are the principal glial cells in the retina. During retinal development, Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. In lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish, Müller glia possess a remarkable capacity for retinal regeneration following various forms of injury through a reprogramming process in which endogenous Müller glia proliferate and differentiate into all types of retinal cells. In mammals, Müller glia become reactive in response to damage to protect or to further impair retinal function. Although mammalian Müller glia have regenerative potential, it is limited as far as repairing damaged retina. Lessons learned from zebrafish will help reveal the critical mechanisms involved in Müller glia reprogramming. Progress has been made in triggering Müller glia to reprogram and generate functional neurons to restore vision in mammals indicating that Müller glia reprogramming may be a promising therapeutic strategy for human retinal diseases. This review comprehensively summarizes the mechanisms related to retinal regeneration in model animals and the critical advanced progress made in Müller glia reprogramming in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Abstract
The discovery that new neurons are produced in some regions of the adult mammalian brain is a paradigm-shift in neuroscience research. These new-born cells are produced from neuroprogenitors mainly in the subventricular zone at the margin of the lateral ventricle, subgranular zone in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and in the striatum, a component of the basal ganglia, even in humans. In the human hippocampus, neuroblasts are produced even in elderlies. The regulation of adult neurogenesis is a complex phenomenon involving a multitude of molecules, neurotransmitters and soluble factors released by different sources including glial cells. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are considered to play an important role on the regulation of adult neurogenesis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Following stroke and other acute neural disorders, there is an increase in the numbers of neuroblast production in the neurogenic niches. Microglial activation is believed to display both beneficial and detrimental role on adult neurogenesis after stroke, depending on the activation level and brain location. In this article, we review the scientific evidence addressing the role of microglial activation on adult neurogenesis after ischemia. A comprehensive understanding of the microglial role after stroke and other neural disorders it is an important step for development of future therapies based on manipulation of adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijair R C Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Michelle Nerissa C Dias
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Walace Gomes-Leal
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará-Brazil, Belém-Pará, Brazil
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Mesnil M, Defamie N, Naus C, Sarrouilhe D. Brain Disorders and Chemical Pollutants: A Gap Junction Link? Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010051. [PMID: 33396565 PMCID: PMC7824109 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of brain pathologies has increased during last decades. Better diagnosis (autism spectrum disorders) and longer life expectancy (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease) partly explain this increase, while emerging data suggest pollutant exposures as a possible but still underestimated cause of major brain disorders. Taking into account that the brain parenchyma is rich in gap junctions and that most pollutants inhibit their function; brain disorders might be the consequence of gap-junctional alterations due to long-term exposures to pollutants. In this article, this hypothesis is addressed through three complementary aspects: (1) the gap-junctional organization and connexin expression in brain parenchyma and their function; (2) the effect of major pollutants (pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, heavy metals, airborne particles, etc.) on gap-junctional and connexin functions; (3) a description of the major brain disorders categorized as neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, epilepsy), neurobehavioral (migraines, major depressive disorders), neurodegenerative (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases) and cancers (glioma), in which both connexin dysfunction and pollutant involvement have been described. Based on these different aspects, the possible involvement of pollutant-inhibited gap junctions in brain disorders is discussed for prenatal and postnatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Mesnil
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Norah Defamie
- Laboratoire STIM, ERL7003 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, 1 rue G. Bonnet–TSA 51 106, 86073 Poitiers, France; (M.M.); (N.D.)
| | - Christian Naus
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada;
| | - Denis Sarrouilhe
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Humaine, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 6 rue de La Milétrie, bât D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-5-49-45-43-58
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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Cserép C, Pósfai B, Dénes Á. Shaping Neuronal Fate: Functional Heterogeneity of Direct Microglia-Neuron Interactions. Neuron 2020; 109:222-240. [PMID: 33271068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional contribution of microglia to normal brain development, healthy brain function, and neurological disorders is increasingly recognized. However, until recently, the nature of intercellular interactions mediating these effects remained largely unclear. Recent findings show microglia establishing direct contact with different compartments of neurons. Although communication between microglia and neurons involves intermediate cells and soluble factors, direct membrane contacts enable a more precisely regulated, dynamic, and highly effective form of interaction for fine-tuning neuronal responses and fate. Here, we summarize the known ultrastructural, molecular, and functional features of direct microglia-neuron interactions and their roles in brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Cserép
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary; Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Szigony u. 43, 1083 Budapest, Hungary.
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Adams KV, Mahmud N, Green-Holland M, Vonderwalde I, Umebayashi D, Sachewsky N, Coles BL, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM. Constraint-induced movement therapy promotes motor recovery after neonatal stroke in the absence of neural precursor activation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1334-1349. [PMID: 33010080 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and currently available rehabilitation treatments are insufficient to promote recovery. Activating neural precursor cells (NPCs) in adult rodents, in combination with rehabilitation, can accelerate functional recovery following stroke. Here, we describe a novel method of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in a rodent model of neonatal stroke that leads to improved functional outcomes, and we asked whether the recovery was correlated with expansion of NPCs. A hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) injury was induced on postnatal day 8 (PND8) via unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by systemic hypoxia. One week and two weeks post-H/I, CIMT was administered in the form of 3 botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, which induced temporary paralysis in the unaffected limb. Functional recovery was assessed using the foot fault task. NPC proliferation was assessed using the neurosphere assay and EdU immunohistochemistry. We found that neonatal H/I injury alone expands the NPC pool by >2.5-fold relative to controls. We determined that using Botox injections as a method to provide CIMT results in significant functional motor recovery after H/I. However, CIMT does not lead to enhanced NPC activation or migration into the injured parenchyma in vivo. At the time of functional recovery, increased numbers of proliferating inflammatory cells were found within the injured motor cortex. Together, these findings suggest that NPC activation following CIMT does not account for the observed functional improvement and suggests that CIMT-mediated modification of the CNS inflammatory response may play a role in the motor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ilan Vonderwalde
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daisuke Umebayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadia Sachewsky
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,KITE, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Al-Onaizi M, Al-Khalifah A, Qasem D, ElAli A. Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6875. [PMID: 32961703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Li Q, Xiao H, Shao Y, Chang X, Zhang Y, Zhou Z. Paraquat increases Interleukin-1β in hippocampal dentate gyrus to impair hippocampal neurogenesis in adult mice. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 200:110733. [PMID: 32450442 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridium dichloride, PQ), a non-selective and efficient herbicide, causes neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and memory dysfunction. However, adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. Female adult C57/BL6 mice were divided into 3 groups and treated with PQ (intraperitoneal injection, 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) or the vehicle (an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline) every two days, at day 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, for a total of 14 doses. We evaluated blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and PQ concentrations during the course of PQ exposure and tested interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations in dentate gyrus (DG) after 28 days PQ exposure. In addition, memory function, neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferation, neurogenesis and microglia polarization were analyzed after PQ exposure. Furthermore, mice were intraperitoneal injections of anti-IL-1β during 5 mg/kg PQ exposure to test the rule of IL-1β. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and PQ concentrations increased gradually during PQ exposure (n = 6). Moreover, memory function, NSCs proliferation and neurogenesis were impaired after 5 mg/kg PQ exposure (n = 6). Further analyses revealed that 'classically' activated (M1) microglia and IL-1β concentrations in DG were increased after 5 mg/kg PQ treatment (n = 6). Moreover, we found that neutralization of IL-1β partly restored PQ-induced NSCs impairments and memory dysfunction (n = 6). In conclusion, our results revealed that PQ induced NSCs impairments and memory dysfunction in adult mice, which was related to the release of IL-1β by M1-polarized microglia in DG. These findings may help understand the neurotoxic effect of PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongxi Xiao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiuli Chang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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