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Zhang X, Lin Y, Xin J, Zhang Y, Yang K, Luo Y, Wang B. Red blood cells in biology and translational medicine: natural vehicle inspires new biomedical applications. Theranostics 2024; 14:220-248. [PMID: 38164142 PMCID: PMC10750198 DOI: 10.7150/thno.87425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most abundant cell type in the blood, and play a critical role in oxygen transport. With the development of nanobiotechnology and synthetic biology, scientists have found multiple ways to take advantage of the characteristics of RBCs, such as their long circulation time, to construct universal RBCs, develop drug delivery systems, and transform cell therapies for cancer and other diseases. This article reviews the component and aging mystery of RBCs, the methods for the applied universal RBCs, and the application prospects of RBCs, such as the engineering modification of RBCs used in cytopharmaceuticals for drug delivery and immunotherapy. Finally, we summarize some perspectives on the biological features of RBCs and provide further insights into translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310009
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310058
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yindan Lin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310009
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinxia Xin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310009
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310029
| | - Ying Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310009
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310029
| | | | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310058
- Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China, 310009
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310029
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310029
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2
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Wu J, Wang X, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Su S, Shou H, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang B. Targeted glycan degradation potentiates cellular immunotherapy for solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300366120. [PMID: 37695897 PMCID: PMC10515149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300366120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell-based cancer therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T)-cell immunotherapy, have demonstrated impressive potency against hematological tumors. However, the efficacy of CAR-T cells against solid tumors remains limited. Herein, we designed tumor-targeting molecule-sialidase conjugates that potently and selectively stripped different sialoglycans from a variety of cancer cells. Desialylation enhanced induced pluripotent stem cell-derived chimeric antigen receptor-macrophage (CAR-iMac) infiltration and activation. Furthermore, the combination of cancer cell desialylation and CAR-iMac adoptive cellular therapy exerted a dramatic therapeutic effect on solid tumors and significantly prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice; these effects were mainly dependent on blockade of the checkpoint composed of sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-5 and Siglec-10 on the macrophages, and knockout of the glycoimmune checkpoint receptors could construct a CAR-iMac cell with stronger anticancer activity. This strategy that reverts the immune escape state ("cold tumor") to a sensitive recognition state ("hot tumor") has great significance for enhancing the effect of cellular immunotherapy on solid tumors. Therefore, desialylation combined with CAR-iMac cellular immunotherapy is a promising approach to enhance treatment with cellular immunotherapy and expand the valid indications among solid tumors, which provides inspiration for the development of cellular immunotherapies with glycoimmune checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuqiao Huang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- Ultrasonic Department, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Siyu Su
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Hao Shou
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Cancer Cancer, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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3
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Makarava N, Baskakov IV. Role of sialylation of N-linked glycans in prion pathogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:201-214. [PMID: 35088180 PMCID: PMC9329487 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian prion or PrPSc is a proteinaceous infectious agent that consists of a misfolded, self-replicating state of the prion protein or PrPC. PrPC and PrPSc are posttranslationally modified with N-linked glycans, which are sialylated at the terminal positions. More than 30 years have passed since the first characterization of the composition and structural diversity of N-linked glycans associated with the prion protein, yet the role of carbohydrate groups that constitute N-glycans and, in particular, their terminal sialic acid residues in prion disease pathogenesis remains poorly understood. A number of recent studies shed a light on the role of sialylation in the biology of prion diseases. This review article discusses several mechanisms by which terminal sialylation dictates the spread of PrPSc across brain regions and the outcomes of prion infection in an organism. In particular, relationships between the sialylation status of PrPSc and important strain-specific features including lymphotropism, neurotropism, and neuroinflammation are discussed. Moreover, emerging evidence pointing out the roles of sialic acid residues in prion replication, cross-species transmission, strain competition, and strain adaptation are reviewed. A hypothesis according to which selective, strain-specified recruitment of PrPC sialoglycoforms dictates unique strain-specific disease phenotypes is examined. Finally, the current article proposes that prion strains evolve as a result of a delicate balance between recruiting highly sialylated glycoforms to avoid an "eat-me" response by glia and limiting heavily sialylated glycoforms for enabling rapid prion replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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4
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Thiagarajan P, Parker CJ, Prchal JT. How Do Red Blood Cells Die? Front Physiol 2021; 12:655393. [PMID: 33790808 PMCID: PMC8006275 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.655393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Thiagarajan
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles J Parker
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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5
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Jamshidi N, Xu X, von Löhneysen K, Soldau K, Mohney RP, Karoly ED, Scott M, Friedman JS. Metabolome Changes during In Vivo Red Cell Aging Reveal Disruption of Key Metabolic Pathways. iScience 2020; 23:101630. [PMID: 33103072 PMCID: PMC7575880 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms for cellular aging is a fundamental question in biology. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) survive for approximately 100 days, and their survival is likely limited by functional decline secondary to cumulative damage to cell constituents, which may be reflected in altered metabolic capabilities. To investigate metabolic changes during in vivo RBC aging, labeled cell populations were purified at intervals and assessed for abundance of metabolic intermediates using mass spectrometry. A total of 167 metabolites were profiled and quantified from cell populations of defined ages. Older RBCs maintained ATP and redox charge states at the cost of altered activity of enzymatic pathways. Time-dependent changes were identified in metabolites related to maintenance of the redox state and membrane structure. These findings illuminate the differential metabolic pathway usage associated with normal cellular aging and identify potential biomarkers to determine average RBC age and rates of RBC turnover from a single blood sample. Altered glycolytic, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism occurs in normal RBC aging GSH pools are maintained in spite of age-dependent shifts in enzyme synthesis Changes in choline and GPC suggest alterations in membrane lipid metabolism Ophthalmate, GPC, and ergothioneine are candidate metabolic clocks for RBC aging
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Jamshidi
- University of California, San Diego, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Radiological Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiuling Xu
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Katrin Soldau
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Pathology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Scott
- San Diego Mesa College, Chemistry Department, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Friedman
- Friedman Bioventure, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA.,DTx Pharma, Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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6
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Baskakov IV. Role of sialylation in prion disease pathogenesis and prion structure. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:31-52. [PMID: 32958238 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian prion or PrPSc is a proteinaceous infectious agent that consists of a misfolded, self-replicating state of a sialoglycoprotein called the prion protein or PrPC. Sialylation of the prion protein, a terminal modification of N-linked glycans, was discovered more than 30 years ago, yet the role of sialylation in prion pathogenesis is not well understood. This chapter summarizes current knowledge on the role of sialylation of the prion protein in prion diseases. First, we discuss recent data suggesting that sialylation of PrPSc N-linked glycans determines the fate of prion infection in an organism and control prion lymphotropism. Second, emerging evidence pointing out at the role N-glycans in neuroinflammation are discussed. Thirds, this chapter reviews a mechanism postulating that sialylated N-linked glycans are important players in defining strain-specific structures. A new hypothesis according to which individual strain-specific PrPSc structures govern selection of PrPC sialoglycoforms is discussed. Finally, this chapter explain how N-glycan sialylation control the prion replication and strain interference. In summary, comprehensive review of our knowledge on N-linked glycans and their sialylation provided in this chapter helps to answer important questions of prion biology that have been puzzling for years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V Baskakov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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7
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Zhao Y, Fan M, Chen Y, Liu Z, Shao C, Jin B, Wang X, Hui L, Wang S, Liao Z, Ling D, Tang R, Wang B. Surface-anchored framework for generating RhD-epitope stealth red blood cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaw9679. [PMID: 32219154 PMCID: PMC7083617 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw9679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus D (RhD) is one of the most important immunogenic antigens on red blood cells (RBCs). However, the supply of RhD-negative blood frequently faces critical shortages in clinical practice, and the positive-to-negative transition of the RhD antigen remains a great challenge. Here, we developed an alternative approach for sheltering the epitopes on RhD-positive RBCs using a surface-anchored framework, which is flexible but can achieve an optimal shield effect with minimal physicochemical influence on the cell. The chemical framework completely obstructed the RhD antigens on the cell surface, and the assessments of both blood transfusion in a mouse model and immunostimulation with human RhD-positive RBCs in a rabbit model confirmed the RhD-epitope stealth characteristics of the engineered RBCs. This work provides an efficient methodology for improving the cell surface for universal blood transfusion and generally indicates the potential of rationally designed cell surface engineering for transfusion and transplantation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mingjie Fan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yanni Chen
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lanlan Hui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Shuaifei Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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8
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Makarava N, Chang JCY, Baskakov IV. Region-Specific Sialylation Pattern of Prion Strains Provides Novel Insight into Prion Neurotropism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030828. [PMID: 32012886 PMCID: PMC7037812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prions are unconventional infectious agents that invade and replicate in an organism by recruiting a normal form of a prion protein (PrPC) and converting it into misfolded, disease-associated state referred to as PrPSc. PrPC is posttranslationally modified with two N-linked glycans. Prion strains replicate by selecting substrates from a large pool of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host. Brain regions have different vulnerability to prion infection, however, molecular mechanisms underlying selective vulnerability is not well understood. Toward addressing this question, the current study looked into a possibility that sialylation of PrPSc might be involved in defining selective vulnerability of brain regions. The current work found that in 22L -infected animals, PrPSc is indeed sialylated in a region dependent manner. PrPSc in hippocampus and cortex was more sialylated than PrPSc from thalamus and stem. Similar trends were also observed in brain materials from RML- and ME7-infected animals. The current study established that PrPSc sialylation status is indeed region-specific. Together with previous studies demonstrating that low sialylation status accelerates prion replication, this work suggests that high vulnerability of certain brain region to prion infection could be attributed to their low sialylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer Chen-Yu Chang
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (N.M.); (J.C.-Y.C.)
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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9
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Baskakov IV, Katorcha E, Makarava N. Prion Strain-Specific Structure and Pathology: A View from the Perspective of Glycobiology. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120723. [PMID: 30567302 PMCID: PMC6315442 DOI: 10.3390/v10120723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases display multiple disease phenotypes characterized by diverse clinical symptoms, different brain regions affected by the disease, distinct cell tropism and diverse PrPSc deposition patterns. The diversity of disease phenotypes within the same host is attributed to the ability of PrPC to acquire multiple, alternative, conformationally distinct, self-replicating PrPSc states referred to as prion strains or subtypes. Structural diversity of PrPSc strains has been well documented, yet the question of how different PrPSc structures elicit multiple disease phenotypes remains poorly understood. The current article reviews emerging evidence suggesting that carbohydrates in the form of sialylated N-linked glycans, which are a constitutive part of PrPSc, are important players in defining strain-specific structures and disease phenotypes. This article introduces a new hypothesis, according to which individual strain-specific PrPSc structures govern selection of PrPC sialoglycoforms that form strain-specific patterns of carbohydrate epitopes on PrPSc surface and contribute to defining the disease phenotype and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
| | - Elizaveta Katorcha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Qadri SM, Donkor DA, Nazy I, Branch DR, Sheffield WP. Bacterial neuraminidase-mediated erythrocyte desialylation provokes cell surface aminophospholipid exposure. Eur J Haematol 2018; 100:502-510. [PMID: 29453885 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface desialylation is associated with erythrocyte aging and mediates phagocytic recognition and clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Neuraminidases, a family of glycohydrolytic enzymes, cleave the glycosidic linkages between sialic acid and mucopolysaccharides and have previously been implicated in erythrocyte dysfunction associated with sepsis. Erythrocytes in septic patients further display a phenotype of accelerated eryptosis characterized by membrane phospholipid scrambling resulting in phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization. Herein, we examined the impact of artificial erythrocyte desialylation on eryptosis. METHODS Using flow cytometry and/or fluorescence microscopy, we analyzed desialylation patterns and eryptotic alterations in erythrocytes exposed to Clostridium perfringens-derived neuraminidase. RESULTS Exogenous bacterial neuraminidase significantly augmented membrane PS exposure and cytosolic Ca2+ levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Neuraminidase treatment significantly reduced fluorescence-tagged agglutinin binding, an effect temporally preceding the increase in PS externalization. Neuraminidase-induced PS exposure was significantly curtailed by pretreatment with the pan-sialidase inhibitor N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid. Neuraminidase treatment further induced hemolysis but did not significantly impact erythrocyte volume, ceramide abundance, or the generation of reactive oxygen species. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data reveal that alteration of erythrocyte sialylation status by bacterial neuraminidase favors eryptotic cell death, an effect potentially contributing to reduced erythrocyte lifespan and anemia in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Qadri
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - David A Donkor
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,McMaster Centre for Transfusion Research, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Donald R Branch
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William P Sheffield
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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12
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Stibler H, Borg S. Glycoprotein glycosyltransferase activities in serum in alcohol-abusing patients and healthy controls. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.1991.11978688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Stibler
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska Hospital Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Borg
- Department of Psychiatry, St Göran's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Katorcha E, Baskakov IV. Analyses of N-linked glycans of PrP Sc revealed predominantly 2,6-linked sialic acid residues. FEBS J 2017; 284:3727-3738. [PMID: 28898525 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian prions (PrPSc ) consist of misfolded, conformationally altered, self-replicating states of the sialoglycoprotein called prion protein or PrPC . Recent studies revealed that the sialylation status of PrPSc plays a major role in evading innate immunity and infecting a host. Establishing the type of linkage by which sialic acid residues are attached to galactose is important, as it helps to identify the sialyltransferases responsible for sialylating PrPC and outline strategies for manipulating the sialyation status of PrPSc . Using enzymatic treatment with sialidases and lectin blots, this study demonstrated that in N-linked glycans of PrPSc , the sialic acid residues are predominantly alpha 2,6-linked. High percentages of alpha 2,6-linked sialic acids were observed in PrPSc of three prion strains 22L, RML, and ME7, as well as PrPSc from brain, spleen, or N2a cells cultured in vitro. Moreover, the variation in the percentage of alpha 2,3- versus 2,6-linked sialic acid was found to be relatively minor between brain-, spleen-, or cell-derived PrPSc , suggesting that the type of linkage is independent of tissue type. Based on the current results, we propose that sialyltransferases of St6Gal family, which is responsible for attaching sialic acids via alpha 2,6-linkages to N-linked glycans, controls sialylation of PrPC and PrPSc .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Katorcha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Baskakov IV. Limited understanding of the functional diversity of N-linked glycans as a major gap of prion biology. Prion 2017; 11:82-88. [PMID: 28324664 PMCID: PMC5399891 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2017.1301338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among a broad range of hypotheses on the molecular nature of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or scrapie agents discussed in 1960s was a hypothesis of self-replicating polysaccharides. While the studies of the past 40 years provided unambiguous proof that this is not the case, emerging evidence suggests that carbohydrates in the form of sialylated N-linked glycans, which are a constitutive part of mammalian prions or PrPSc, are essential in determining prion fate in an organism. The current extra-view article discusses recent advancements on the role of N-linked glycans and specifically their sialylation status in controlling prion fate. In addition, this manuscript introduces a new concept on the important role of strain-specific functional carbohydrate epitopes on the PrPSc surface as main determinants of strain-specific biologic features. According to this concept, individual strain-specific folding patterns of PrPSc govern selection of PrPC sialoglycoforms expressed by a host that can be accommodated within particular PrPSc structures. Strain-specific patterns of functional carbohydrate epitopes formed by N-linked glycans on PrPSc surfaces define strain-specific biologic features. As a constitutive part of PrPSc, the individual strain-specific patterns of carbohydrate epitopes propagate faithfully within a given host as long as individual strain-specific PrPSc structures are maintained, ensuring inheritance of strain-specific biologic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Srivastava S, Katorcha E, Daus ML, Lasch P, Beekes M, Baskakov IV. Sialylation Controls Prion Fate in Vivo. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2359-2368. [PMID: 27998976 PMCID: PMC5313106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.768010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions or PrPSc are proteinaceous infectious agents that consist of misfolded, self-replicating states of a sialoglycoprotein called the prion protein or PrPC The current work tests a new hypothesis that sialylation determines the fate of prions in an organism. To begin, we produced control PrPSc from PrPC using protein misfolding cyclic amplification with beads (PMCAb), and also generated PrPSc with reduced sialylation levels using the same method but with partially desialylated PrPC as a substrate (dsPMCAb). Syrian hamsters were inoculated intraperitoneally with brain-derived PrPSc or PrPSc produced in PMCAb or dsPMCAb and then monitored for disease. Animals inoculated with brain- or PMCAb-derived PrPSc developed prion disease, whereas administration of dsPMCAb-derived PrPSc with reduced sialylation did not cause prion disease. Animals inoculated with dsPMCAb-derived material were not subclinical carriers of scrapie, as no PrPSc was detected in brains or spleen of these animals by either Western blotting or after amplification by serial PMCAb. In subsequent experiments, trafficking of brain-, PMCAb-, and dsPMCAb-derived PrPSc to secondary lymphoid organs was monitored in wild type mice. PrPSc sialylation was found to be critical for effective trafficking of PrPSc to secondary lymphoid organs. By 6 hours after inoculation, brain- and PMCAb-derived PrPSc were found in spleen and lymph nodes, whereas dsPMCAb-derived PrPSc was found predominantly in liver. This study demonstrates that the outcome of prion transmission to a wild type host is determined by the sialylation status of the inoculated PrPSc Furthermore, this work suggests that the sialylation status of PrPSc plays an important role in prion lymphotropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and
| | - Elizaveta Katorcha
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and
| | - Martin L Daus
- the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lasch
- the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Beekes
- the Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- From the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology and
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 and
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16
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Abstract
Alterations at the level of plasma membrane are reported to play an important role in cellular senescence. The present study was undertaken to correlate cellular senescence, membrane transport processes and organismal aging. To achieve this objective activities of membrane linked Na+/K + ATPase (NKA), Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) and correlation with membrane hydrxyperoxide level, sialic acid content and membrane protein oxidation was studied in density-gradient fractionated young and old erythrocytes from 4 and 24 month old Wistar rats. The results reveal that cellular aging within the tissue is associated with significant decrease in activities of NKA and NHE of senescent erythrocytes in comparison to younger cell population of same age group. The result shows that impaired ion homeostasis due to altered membrane transporters including functional and compositional changes may be one of the reasons responsible behind rat erythrocyte aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Allahabad , Allahabad , India
| | | | - Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Allahabad , Allahabad , India
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17
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Katorcha E, Daus ML, Gonzalez-Montalban N, Makarava N, Lasch P, Beekes M, Baskakov IV. Reversible off and on switching of prion infectivity via removing and reinstalling prion sialylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33119. [PMID: 27609323 PMCID: PMC5017131 DOI: 10.1038/srep33119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens. To recognize pathogens, this system detects a number of molecular features that discriminate pathogens from host cells, including terminal sialylation of cell surface glycans. Mammalian cell surfaces, but generally not microbial cell surfaces, have sialylated glycans. Prions or PrPSc are proteinaceous pathogens that lack coding nucleic acids but do possess sialylated glycans. We proposed that sialylation of PrPSc is essential for evading innate immunity and infecting a host. In this study, the sialylation status of PrPSc was reduced by replicating PrPSc in serial Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification using sialidase-treated PrPC substrate and then restored to original levels by replication using non-treated substrate. Upon intracerebral administration, all animals that received PrPSc with original or restored sialylation levels were infected, whereas none of the animals that received PrPSc with reduced sialylation were infected. Moreover, brains and spleens of animals from the latter group were completely cleared of prions. The current work established that the ability of prions to infect the host via intracerebral administration depends on PrPSc sialylation status. Remarkably, PrPSc infectivity could be switched off and on in a reversible manner by first removing and then restoring PrPSc sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Katorcha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America
| | - Martin L Daus
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nuria Gonzalez-Montalban
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America
| | - Peter Lasch
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Beekes
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201 United States of America
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18
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Baskakov IV, Katorcha E. Multifaceted Role of Sialylation in Prion Diseases. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:358. [PMID: 27551257 PMCID: PMC4976111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian prion or PrP(Sc) is a proteinaceous infectious agent that consists of a misfolded, self-replicating state of a sialoglycoprotein called the prion protein, or PrP(C). Sialylation of the prion protein N-linked glycans was discovered more than 30 years ago, yet the role of sialylation in prion pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Recent years have witnessed extraordinary growth in interest in sialylation and established a critical role for sialic acids in host invasion and host-pathogen interactions. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the role of sialylation of the prion protein in prion diseases. First, we discuss the correlation between sialylation of PrP(Sc) glycans and prion infectivity and describe the factors that control sialylation of PrP(Sc). Second, we explain how glycan sialylation contributes to the prion replication barrier, defines strain-specific glycoform ratios, and imposes constraints for PrP(Sc) structure. Third, several topics, including a possible role for sialylation in animal-to-human prion transmission, prion lymphotropism, toxicity, strain interference, and normal function of PrP(C), are critically reviewed. Finally, a metabolic hypothesis on the role of sialylation in the etiology of sporadic prion diseases is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V. Baskakov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Srivastava S, Makarava N, Katorcha E, Savtchenko R, Brossmer R, Baskakov IV. Post-conversion sialylation of prions in lymphoid tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6654-62. [PMID: 26627256 PMCID: PMC4672809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517993112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylated glycans on the surface of mammalian cells act as part of a "self-associated molecular pattern," helping the immune system to recognize "self" from "altered self" or "nonself." To escape the host immune system, some bacterial pathogens have evolved biosynthetic pathways for host-like sialic acids, whereas others recruited host sialic acids for decorating their surfaces. Prions lack nucleic acids and are not conventional pathogens. Nevertheless, prions might use a similar strategy for invading and colonizing the lymphoreticular system. Here we show that the sialylation status of the infectious, disease-associated state of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) changes with colonization of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). As a result, spleen-derived PrP(Sc) is more sialylated than brain-derived PrP(Sc). Enhanced sialylation of PrP(Sc) is recapitulated in vitro by incubating brain-derived PrP(Sc) with primary splenocytes or cultured macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. General inhibitors of sialyltranserases (STs), the enzymes that transfer sialic acid residues onto terminal positions of glycans, suppressed extrasialylation of PrP(Sc). A fluorescently labeled precursor of sialic acid revealed ST activity associated with RAW macrophages. This study illustrates that, upon colonization of SLOs, the sialylation status of prions changes by host STs. We propose that this mechanism is responsible for camouflaging prions in SLOs and has broad implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Srivastava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Elizaveta Katorcha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Regina Savtchenko
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Reinhard Brossmer
- Biochemistry Center, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia V Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
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20
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Reviakine I. New horizons in platelet research: Understanding and harnessing platelet functional diversity. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 60:133-52. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-151942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Villa CH, Pan DC, Zaitsev S, Cines DB, Siegel DL, Muzykantov VR. Delivery of drugs bound to erythrocytes: new avenues for an old intravascular carrier. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:795-826. [PMID: 26228773 PMCID: PMC4712023 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, researchers have used erythrocytes for drug delivery of a wide variety of therapeutics in order to improve their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, controlled release and pharmacodynamics. Approaches include encapsulation of drugs within erythrocytes, as well as coupling of drugs onto the red cell surface. This review focuses on the latter approach, and examines the delivery of red blood cell (RBC)-surface-bound anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-microbial agents, as well as RBC carriage of nanoparticles. Herein, we discuss the progress that has been made in surface loading approaches, and address in depth the issues relevant to surface loading of RBC, including intrinsic features of erythrocyte membranes, immune considerations, potential surface targets and techniques for the production of affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Villa
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel C Pan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergei Zaitsev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Wang X, Song Y, Su Y, Tian Q, Li B, Quan J, Deng Y. Are PEGylated liposomes better than conventional liposomes? A special case for vincristine. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1092-100. [PMID: 26024386 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1027015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses a significant threat to human health worldwide, and many therapies have been used for its palliative and curative treatments. Vincristine has been extensively used in chemotherapy. However, there are two major challenges concerning its applications in various tumors: (1) Vincristine's antitumor mechanism is cell-cycle-specific, and the duration of its exposure to tumor cells can significantly affect its antitumor activity and (2) Vincristine is widely bio-distributed and can be rapidly eliminated. One solution to these challenges is the encapsulation of vincristine into liposomes. Vincristine can be loaded into conventional liposomes, but it quickly leak out owing to its high membrane permeability. Numerous approaches have been attempted to overcome this problem. Vincristine has been loaded into PEGylated liposomes to prolong circulation time and improve tumor accumulation. These liposomes indeed prolong circulation time, but the payout characteristic of vincristine is severer, resulting in a compromised outcome rather than a better efficacy compared to conventional sphingomyelin (SM)/cholesterol (Chol) liposomes. In 2012, the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved SM/Chol liposomal vincristine (Marqibo®) for commercial use. In this review, we mainly focus on the drug's rapid leakage problem and the potentially relevant solutions that can be applied during the development of liposomal vincristine and the reason for conventional liposomal vincristine rather than PEGylated liposomes has access to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Wang
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yanzhi Song
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Su
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Qingjing Tian
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Boqun Li
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Quan
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yihui Deng
- a School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
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23
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Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, Raychaudhuri S, Ruhaak LR, Lebrilla CB. Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review. J Autoimmun 2015; 57:1-13. [PMID: 25578468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we will review the role of glycans in the immune system. Specific topics covered include: the glycosylation sites of IgE, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgG; how glycans can encode "self" identity by functioning as either danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or self-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs); the role of glycans as markers of protein integrity and age; how the glycocalyx can dictate the migration pattern of immune cells; and how the combination of Fc N-glycans and Ig isotype dictate the effector function of immunoglobulins. We speculate that the latter may be responsible for the well-documented association between alterations of the serum glycome and autoimmunity. Due to technological limitations, the extent of these autoimmune-associated glycan alterations and their role in disease pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we also review the current technologies available for glycan analysis, placing an emphasis on Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM), a rapid high-throughput technology that has great potential for glycan biomarker research. Finally, we put forth The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity, which states that each autoimmune disease will have a unique glycan signature characterized by the site-specific relative abundances of individual glycan structures on immune cells and extracellular proteins, especially the site-specific glycosylation patterns of the different immunoglobulin(Ig) classes and subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Forum Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Reason Wilken
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 3301 C Street, Suite 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Siba Raychaudhuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - L Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Yamada C, Davenport RD. A case of extravascular hemolysis with Tk-activation. Clin Case Rep 2014; 2:137-42. [PMID: 25356271 PMCID: PMC4184649 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message A 50-year-old female with ovarian cancer for 4 years presented with abdominal pain. She started antibiotics for possible infection, and developed extravascular hemolysis. All antigen detection tests were negative, but lectin panel suggested Tk-activation. Additional laboratory testing in conjunction with blood bank is essential to investigate rare cause of hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Yamada
- Transfusion Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robertson D Davenport
- Transfusion Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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25
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Sørensen ALT, Clausen H, Wandall HH. Carbohydrate clearance receptors in transfusion medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1820:1797-808. [PMID: 22846227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex carbohydrates play important functions for circulation of proteins and cells. They provide protective shields and refraction from non-specific interactions with negative charges from sialic acids to enhance circulatory half-life. For recombinant protein therapeutics carbohydrates are especially important to enhance size and reduce glomerular filtration loss. Carbohydrates are, however, also ligands for a large number of carbohydrate-binding lectins exposed to the circulatory system that serve as scavenger receptors for the innate immune system, or have more specific roles in targeting of glycoproteins and cells. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here we provide an overview of the common lectin receptors that play roles for circulating glycoproteins and cells, and present a discussion of ways to engineer glycosylation of recombinant biologics and cells to improve therapeutic effects. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS While the pharmaceutical industry has learned how to exploit carbohydrates to improve pharmacokinetic properties of recombinant therapeutics, our understanding of how to improve cell-based therapies by manipulation of complex carbohydrates is still at its infancy. Progress with the latter has recently been achieved with cold-stored platelets, where exposure of uncapped glycans lead to rapid clearance from circulation by several lectin-mediated pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding lectin-mediated clearance pathways is essential for progress in development of biological pharmaceuticals.
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26
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Fan W, Yan W, Xu Z, Ni H. Erythrocytes load of low molecular weight chitosan nanoparticles as a potential vascular drug delivery system. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 95:258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Silva DCN, Jovino CN, Silva CAL, Fernandes HP, Filho MM, Lucena SC, Costa AMDN, Cesar CL, Barjas-Castro ML, Santos BS, Fontes A. Optical tweezers as a new biomedical tool to measure zeta potential of stored red blood cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31778. [PMID: 22363729 PMCID: PMC3283675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During storage, red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion purposes suffer progressive deterioration. Sialylated glycoproteins of the RBC membrane are responsible for a negatively charged surface which creates a repulsive electrical zeta potential. These charges help prevent the interaction between RBCs and other cells, and especially among each RBCs. Reports in the literature have stated that RBCs sialylated glycoproteins can be sensitive to enzymes released by leukocyte degranulation. Thus, the aim of this study was, by using an optical tweezers as a biomedical tool, to measure the zeta potential in standard RBCs units and in leukocyte reduced RBC units (collected in CPD-SAGM) during storage. Optical tweezers is a sensitive tool that uses light for measuring cell biophysical properties which are important for clinical and research purposes. This is the first study to analyze RBCs membrane charges during storage. In addition, we herein also measured the elasticity of RBCs also collected in CPD-SAGM. In conclusion, the zeta potential decreased 42% and cells were 134% less deformable at the end of storage. The zeta potential from leukodepleted units had a similar profile when compared to units stored without leukoreduction, indicating that leukocyte lyses were not responsible for the zeta potential decay. Flow cytometry measurements of reactive oxygen species suggested that this decay is due to membrane oxidative damages. These results show that measurements of zeta potentials provide new insights about RBCs storage lesion for transfusion purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego C. N. Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cauêh N. Jovino
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. L. Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Heloise P. Fernandes
- Hematology and Transfusion Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, INCTS-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton M. Filho
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos L. Cesar
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L. Barjas-Castro
- Hematology and Transfusion Center, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, INCTS-Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beate S. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Radiobiologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Jellusova J, Nitschke L. Regulation of B cell functions by the sialic acid-binding receptors siglec-G and CD22. Front Immunol 2012; 2:96. [PMID: 22566885 PMCID: PMC3342095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) engagement can lead to many different physiologic outcomes. To achieve an appropriate response, the BCR signal is interpreted in the context of other stimuli and several additional receptors on the B cell surface participate in the modulation of the signal. Two members of the Siglec (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin) family, CD22 and Siglec-G have been shown to inhibit the BCR signal. Recent findings indicate that the ability of these two receptors to bind sialic acids might be important to induce tolerance to self-antigens. Sialylated glycans are usually absent on microbes but abundant in higher vertebrates and might therefore provide an important tolerogenic signal. Since the expression of the specific ligands for Siglec-G and CD22 is tightly regulated and since Siglecs are not only able to bind their ligands in trans but also on the same cell surface this might provide additional mechanisms to control the BCR signal. Although both Siglec-G and CD22 are expressed on B cells and are able to inhibit BCR mediated signaling, they also show unique biological functions. While CD22 is the dominant regulator of calcium signaling on conventional B2 cells and also seems to play a role on marginal zone B cells, Siglec-G exerts its function mainly on B1 cells and influences their lifespan and antibody production. Both Siglec-G and CD22 have also recently been linked to toll-like receptor signaling and may provide a link in the regulation of the adaptive and innate immune response of B cells.
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Larson JL, Kang SK, Choi BI, Hedlund M, Aschenbrenner LM, Cecil B, Machado G, Nieder M, Fang F. A safety evaluation of DAS181, a sialidase fusion protein, in rodents. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:567-78. [PMID: 21572096 PMCID: PMC3155083 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DAS181 is a novel inhaled drug candidate blocking influenza virus (IFV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections through removal of sialic acid receptors from epithelial surface of the respiratory tract. To support clinical development, a 28-day Good Laboratory Practices inhalation toxicology study was conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats. In this study, achieved average daily doses based on exposure concentrations were 0.47, 0.90, 1.55, and 3.00 mg/kg/day of DAS181 in a dry powder formulation. DAS181 was well tolerated at all dose levels, and there were no significant toxicological findings. DAS181 administration did not affect animal body weight, food consumption, clinical signs, ophthalmology, respiratory parameters, or organ weight. Gross pathology evaluations were unremarkable. Histological examination of the lungs was devoid of pulmonary tissue damage, and findings were limited to mild and transient changes indicative of exposure and clearance of a foreign protein. DAS181 did not show any cytotoxic effects on human and animal primary cells, including hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, osteoblasts, or respiratory epithelial cells. DAS181 did not cause direct or indirect hemolysis. A laboratory abnormality observed in the 28-day toxicology study was mild and transient anemia in male rats at the 3.00 mg/kg dose, which is an expected outcome of enhanced clearance of desialylated red blood cells resulting from systemic exposure with DAS181. Another laboratory observation was a transient dose-dependent elevation in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which can be attributed to reduced ALP clearance resulting from increased protein desialylation due to DAS181 systemic exposure. These laboratory parameters returned to normal at the end of the recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seong-Kwi Kang
- ITR Laboratories Canada, Inc., Baie d’Urfe, Quebec, Canada H9X 3T
| | - Bo In Choi
- ITR Laboratories Canada, Inc., Baie d’Urfe, Quebec, Canada H9X 3T
| | | | | | - Beth Cecil
- Alta Analytical Laboratory, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | | | - Fang Fang
- NexBio, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
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Basu S, Banerjee D, Chandra S, Chakrabarti A. Eryptosis in hereditary spherocytosis and thalassemia: role of glycoconjugates. Glycoconj J 2009; 27:717-22. [PMID: 19757027 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-009-9257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present work is aimed to study the mechanism of faster erythrocyte clearance in hereditary spherocytosis (HS), a heterogeneous disorders characterized by alterations in the proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton along with different kinds of thalassemia. The maximum exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) is found in HS compared to those in both α- and β-thalassemia. Interestingly, in HS more PS exposed cells were found in younger erythrocytes compared to normal and the thalassemics where aged cells showed higher loss of PS asymmetry. Loss of sialic acid and GlcNAc bearing glycoconjugates, presumably the glycophorins, was also found upon aging. The loss of PS asymmetry together with the cell surface glycoproteins mediated by membrane vesiculation, seemed to play key role in early clearance of erythrocytes from circulation following a mechanism similar to HbEβ-thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Basu
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700064, India
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Role of sialic acid for platelet life span: exposure of beta-galactose results in the rapid clearance of platelets from the circulation by asialoglycoprotein receptor-expressing liver macrophages and hepatocytes. Blood 2009; 114:1645-54. [PMID: 19520807 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-199414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although surface sialic acid is considered a key determinant for the survival of circulating blood cells and glycoproteins, its role in platelet circulation lifetime is not fully clarified. We show that thrombocytopenia in mice deficient in the St3gal4 sialyltransferase gene (St3Gal-IV(-/-) mice) is caused by the recognition of terminal galactose residues exposed on the platelet surface in the absence of sialylation. This results in accelerated platelet clearance by asialoglycoprotein receptor-expressing scavenger cells, a mechanism that was recently shown to induce thrombocytopenia during Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis. We now identify platelet GPIbalpha as a major counterreceptor on ST3Gal-IV(-/-) platelets for asialoglycoprotein receptors. Moreover, we report data that establish the importance of sialylation of the von Willebrand factor in its function.
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Cai J, Zhong L. QD as a bifunctional cell-surface marker for both fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:268-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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de la Cruz RR, Pastor AM, Delgado-garcía JM. The Neurotoxic Effects ofRicinus communisAgglutinin-II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549509089967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kimelberg HK, Mayhew EG, Gregoriadis G. Properties and Biological Effects of Liposomes and their uses in Pharmacology and Toxicology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10408447809029333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Stefanich EG, Ren S, Danilenko DM, Lim A, Song A, Iyer S, Fielder PJ. Evidence for an asialoglycoprotein receptor on nonparenchymal cells for O-linked glycoproteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:308-15. [PMID: 18728239 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.142232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell-activating factor receptor 3 (BR3)-Fc is an IgG1-receptor dimeric fusion protein that has multiple O-linked glycosylation sites and sialylation levels that can vary in the manufacturing process. Increased sialic acid levels resulted from increased site occupancy with the O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc-Gal), but because the ratio of sialic acid per mole of oligosaccharide remained approximately 1, this led to increased asialo terminal GalNAc. Previous studies have demonstrated an effect of terminal asialo Gal or GalNAc on the clearance of glycoproteins due to uptake and degradation by lectin receptors in the liver. However, the previous studies examined N-linked oligosaccharides, and there are less data regarding O-linked oligosaccharides. The objective of these studies was to determine the effects on the pharmacokinetics and distribution of the asialo terminal GalNAc and varying amounts of sialic acid residues on BR3-Fc. The results of the data presented here suggest that exposed Gal on the desialylated BR3-Fc led to rapid clearance due to uptake and degradation in the liver that was associated with nonparenchymal cells. It is interesting to note that the data indicated a decreased clearance and increased exposure of BR3-Fc as the sialic acid levels increased, even though increased sialic acid was associated with increased asialo GalNAc. Therefore, the exposed GalNAc did not seem to play a role in the clearance of BR3-Fc; although the Gal linked to the hydroxyl group at position 3 may have prevented an interaction. Because we did not see uptake of desialylated BR3-Fc in hepatocytes where the asialoglycoprotein receptor is localized, this nonparenchymal cell lectin may have preference for O-linked glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Stefanich
- Department of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Basu S, Banerjee D, Chandra S, Chakrabarti A. Loss of phospholipid membrane asymmetry and sialylated glycoconjugates from erythrocyte surface in haemoglobin E beta-thalassaemia. Br J Haematol 2008; 141:92-9. [PMID: 18324971 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.06995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate any correlation between the extent of phosphatidylserine (PS) asymmetry and sialylated glycoconjugate levels with the faster clearance of circulating erythrocytes in haemoglobin E (HbE) beta-thalassaemia. Erythrocytes from peripheral blood samples of different HbEbeta-thalassaemia patients showed loss of PS asymmetry measured by annexin V binding using flow cytometry. Maximum PS exposure was found when HbE was 50-60% and HbF was <20% indicating a possible correlation with severity of the disease. Separation of erythrocytes into aged and younger cells showed higher loss of PS asymmetry in the younger erythrocytes of HbEbeta-thalassaemia patients when compared with normal blood, where PS asymmetry was lost only in the older cells. Sialylated glycoconjugate measurement using the lectins wheatgerm agglutinin and pokeweed mitogen showed loss of sialic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-bearing glycoproteins in the order normal<homozygous E<HbEbeta-thalassaemic upon ageing. A possible correlation was found between the loss of PS asymmetry with HbE level and the reduction of glycophorins from the cell surface, mediated by membrane vesiculation. A more facilitated vesiculation process in HbEbeta-thalassaemic erythrocytes could lead to faster shedding of glycophorin-containing microvesicles, leaving highly PS-exposed erythrocytes accessible to phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Basu
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, India
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37
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Josefsson EC, Hartwig JH, Hoffmeister KM. Platelet Storage Temperature – How Low Can We Go? Transfus Med Hemother 2007. [DOI: 10.1159/000103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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38
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Tadokoro T, Yamamoto K, Kuwahara I, Fujisawa H, Ikekita M, Taniguchi A, Sato T, Furukawa K. Preferential reduction of the α-2-6-sialylation from cell surface N-glycans of human diploid fibroblastic cells by in vitro aging. Glycoconj J 2006; 23:443-52. [PMID: 16897185 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-7152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human diploid fibroblastic cell line, TIG-3, has a finite life span of about 80 population doubling levels (PDL), and is used for in vitro aging studies. Young cells (PDL 23) grew to higher cell densities at a higher growth rate than aged cells (PDL 77). When the electrophoretic mobility of cells was determined, the negative surface charge of the aged cells decreased significantly when compared to that of young cells. Lectin blot analysis of membrane glycoproteins showed that the alpha-2-6-sialylation but not the alpha-2-3-sialylation of N-glycans decreases markedly in the aged cells when compared to the young cells. In support of this observation, the cDNA microarray assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that the gene expression of the alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase I (ST6Gal I), which transfers sialic acid to galactose residues of N-glycans, decreases in the aged cells. These results indicate that the concordant decrease of the alpha-2,6-sialylation of N-glycans with the ST6Gal I gene expression is induced in TIG-3 cells by in vitro aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tadokoro
- Department of Biosignal Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Bhanushali AA, Raghunathan R, Kalraiya RD, Mehta NG. Cancer-related anemia in a rat model: alpha2-macroglobulin from Yoshida sarcoma shortens erythrocyte survival. Eur J Haematol 2002; 68:42-8. [PMID: 11952820 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of Yoshida ascites sarcoma in rats was found to lead to a reduction in the hemoglobin content, the erythrocyte count and the packed cell volume of blood to 30% of normal in 4 d; however, there was no decrease in the mean cell hemoglobin, the mean cell volume and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, or suppression of erythropoiesis. The red cells from the circulation of tumor-bearing animals, tagged with (51)Cr and injected intravenously in normal rats, showed significantly faster clearance than normal. The erythrocytes contaminating the tumor ascites exhibited extremely short survival, suggesting that one or more secreted tumor product(s) may be responsible for the effect. Incubation of red cells from normal rats in the cell-free ascites fluid, or with an isoform of alpha2-macroglobulin purified from it, also led to reduction in the survival; but the ascites fluid depleted specifically of alpha2-macroglobulin was without any effect. The erythrocytes exhibiting reduced survival showed a proportionate decrease in their cellular deformability. The study identifies a tumor product that is directly responsible for the causation of anemia in the host, and the mechanism by which it does so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna A Bhanushali
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Division, Cancer Research Institute, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
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Abstract
CD38 is an ectoenzyme, which can produce metabolites with intracellular Ca(2+) mobilizing properties and has multiple immunological functions. However, we have recently shown that CD38 is also localized to the nucleus of rat hepatocyte whereby its metabolite cADPR, is able to mobilize nuclear Ca(2+) stores. In this study, we further characterize the localization of nuclear CD38 in the spleen, an important immune organ. We managed to detect the presence of ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity in the nuclear fraction. With Western blotting, we managed to characterize a 42-45 kDa protein band that is typical of CD38 under reducing and non-reducing conditions. However, as a comparison, other nuclear fractions from tissues like thymus, cardiac muscle and cerebellum yielded an additional 85 kDa protein band under non-reducing conditions. Both protein bands could be blocked with a CD38 blocking peptide. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the expression of CD38 in the marginal zone and in the red pulp. In contrast, the germinal center remained largely immunonegative for CD38. This is the first report of a functionally active ADP-ribosyl cyclase/CD38 in the spleen nuclear fraction. The results here suggest that the presence of CD38 in the nuclear environment might have a corollary to functional and regulatory roles in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Meng Khoo
- Clinical Research Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, S308433, Singapore, Singapore.
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Sillanaukee P, Strid N, Allen JP, Litten RZ. Possible Reasons Why Heavy Drinking Increases Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Seitz RC, Poschmann A, Hellwege HH. Monoclonal antibodies for the detection of desialylation of erythrocyte membranes during haemolytic disease and haemolytic uraemic syndrome caused by the in vivo action of microbial neuraminidase. Glycoconj J 1997; 14:699-706. [PMID: 9337082 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018565316310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Especially in childhood, the in vivo action of microbial neuraminidase may cause haemolytic anaemia or life-threatening haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The exposure of the Thomsen-Friedenreich (T) crypto-antigen and T-antigen polyagglutinability of erythrocytes has been described as the first sign of toxic cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from sialoglycoproteins of cell membranes. This phenomenon may, however, be too unspecific to initiate treatment for toxin elimination. The present study investigated the diagnostic effectiveness of a panel of three monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) for the estimation of the clinical significance of neuraminidase action in vivo. Depending on the amount of Neu5Ac released, the mcabs I-C4, II-Q9 and III-Y12 recognized different epitopes on erythrocyte asialoglycophorin. In 1345 patients, the mcab II-09 detected cleavage of Neu5Ac in 32 children who had T-antigen polyagglutinability and mild to moderate haemolytic anaemia. However, only 10 patients, whose erythrocytes were agglutinated by the mcabs III-Y12 or I-C4, developed severe haemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and finally the life-threatening haemolytic uraemic syndrome (p<0.0002). In conclusion, these mcabs provided an early marker of the in vivo action of neuraminidase. Two different degrees of erythrocyte desialylation, as defined by these mcabs, are suggested to reflect the severity of toxin-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Seitz
- Department of Pediatrics, University-Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are terminal components of many glycoproteins and glycolipids especially of higher animals. In this exposed position they contribute significantly to the structural properties of these molecules, both in solution and on cell surfaces. Therefore, it is not surprising that Sias are important regulators of cellular and molecular interactions, in which they play a dual role. They can either mask recognition sites or serve as recognition determinants. Whereas the role of Sias in masking and in binding of pathogens to host cells has been documented over many years, their role in nonpathological cellular interaction has only been shown recently. The aim of this chapter is to summarize our knowledge about Sias in masking, for example, galactose residues, and to review the progress made during the past few years with respect to Sias as recognition determinants in the adhesion of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, and particularly as binding sites for endogenous cellular interaction molecules. Finally, perspectives for future research on these topics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kelm
- Biochemisches Institut, University of Kiel, Germany
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Bratosin D, Mazurier J, Debray H, Lecocq M, Boilly B, Alonso C, Moisei M, Motas C, Montreuil J. Flow cytofluorimetric analysis of young and senescent human erythrocytes probed with lectins. Evidence that sialic acids control their life span. Glycoconj J 1995; 12:258-67. [PMID: 7496140 DOI: 10.1007/bf00731328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Comparing the properties of 'young' and senescent ('aged') O+ erythrocytes isolated by applying ultracentrifugation in a self-forming Percoll gradient, we demonstrate that the sialic acids of membrane glycoconjugates control the life span of erythrocytes and that the desialylation of glycans is responsible for the clearance of the aged erythrocytes. This capture is mediated by a beta-galactolectin present in the membrane of macrophages. The evidence supporting these conclusions is as follows: (1) Analysis by flow cytofluorimetry of the binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled lectins specific for sialic acids shows that the aged erythrocytes bind less WGA, LPA, SNA and MAA than young erythrocytes. The binding of DSA and LCA is not modified. On the contrary, the number of binding sites of UEA-I specific for O antigen and of AAA decreases significantly. PNA and GNA do not bind to erythrocytes. (2) RCA120 as well as Erythrina cristagalli and Erythrina corallodendron lectins specific for terminal beta-galactose residues lead to unexpected and unexplained results with a decrease in the number of lectin binding sites associated with increasing desialylation. (3) The glycoconjugates from the old erythrocytes incorporate more sialic acid than the young cells. This observation results from the determination of the rate of transfer by alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase of fluorescent or radioactive N-acetylneuraminic acid, using as donors CMP-9-fluoresceinyl-NeuAc and CMP-[14C]-NeuAc, respectively. (4) Microscopy shows that the old erythrocytes are captured preferentially by the macrophages relative to the young ones. Fixation of erythrocytes by the macrophage membrane is inhibited by lactose, thus demonstrating the involvement of a terminal beta-galactose specific macrophage lectin. (5) Comparative study of the binding of WGA, LPA, SNA and MAA to the aged erythrocytes and to the in vitro enzymatically desialylated erythrocytes shows that the desialylation rate of aged cells is low but sufficient to lead to their capture by the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bratosin
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest
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Marín C, Mosquera J, Rodríguez-Iturbe B. Neuraminidase promotes neutrophil, lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration in the normal rat kidney. Kidney Int 1995; 47:88-95. [PMID: 7537344 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1995.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an enzyme produced by several microorganisms, which is capable of liberating sialic acid from glycoproteins and modifying cellular adhesion mechanisms. NA is considered a virulence factor in some bacterial species and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, a disease in which glomerular leukocyte infiltration is a prominent feature. We examined the effect of NA on kidney infiltration by neutrophils (PMN), T lymphocytes (TL) and monocyte-macrophages (MM). Intravenous injection of NA resulted in an early increase in the number of PMN (1 hr, 3.42 +/- 0.19 cells/cgs, mean +/- SEM; 3 hr, 3.63 +/- 0.13; 6 hr, 2.9 +/- 0.24; controls, 1.53 +/- 0.18; P < 0.001) and MM (1 hr, 3.49 +/- 0.16; 3 hr, 4.02 +/- 0.2; 6 hr, 3.88 +/- 0.27; controls 1.43 +/- 0.14; P < 0.001) in the glomeruli, while TL increased later (24 hr, 2.29 +/- 0.14; 48 hr, 2.4 +/- 0.2; 72 hr, 2.16 +/- 0.15; controls 0.7 +/- 0.07; P < 0.001). PMN and TL were also increased in the interstitium (up to ninefold for PMN and up to threefold for TL). Following i.v. injection of 51Cr-labeled NA-treated leukocytes, renal radioactive uptake was significantly increased at all times tested (percent radioactivity/gram of tissue after PMN injection, 3 hr, 5.57 +/- 0.46, mean +/- SEM; 12 hr, 5.38 +/- 0.77; 60 hr, 6.51 +/- 1.1; controls, 1.26 +/- 0.17, 1.75 +/- 0.25, and 2.46 +/- 0.08, respectively; P < 0.001 in each case.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marín
- Unidad de Diálisis, Hospital Universitario, Maracaibo, Venezuela
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46
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Knibbs R, Osborne S, Glick G, Goldstein I. Binding determinants of the sialic acid-specific lectin from the slug Limax flavus. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)46659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kiehne K, Schauer R. The influence of alpha- and beta-galactose residues and sialic acid O-acetyl groups of rat erythrocytes on the interaction with peritoneal macrophages. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY HOPPE-SEYLER 1992; 373:1117-23. [PMID: 1335729 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1992.373.2.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The significance of glycoconjugates on the surface of rat erythrocytes was studied in the interaction of these cells with homologous peritoneal macrophages. The erythrocytes exposing terminal alpha-galactose and thus of B blood group specificity, as well as sialic acid are not bound by the macrophages. beta-Galactose residues exposed by sialidase induced strong binding and additional alpha-galactosidase treatment enhanced the binding. beta-Galactose exposed on glycolipids after pronase and alpha-galactosidase treatment induced no binding. An intact protein core of the glycoproteins on the erythrocyte surface was necessary for interaction with macrophages. Partial de-O-acetylation of sialic acids prior to sialidase treatment stimulated subsequent binding of the erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kiehne
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität zu Kiel
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Knibbs RN, Goldstein IJ, Ratcliffe RM, Shibuya N. Characterization of the carbohydrate binding specificity of the leukoagglutinating lectin from Maackia amurensis. Comparison with other sialic acid-specific lectins. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Murayama J, Manabe H, Fukuda K, Utsumi H, Hamada A. Structure of the major O-glycosidic oligosaccharide of monkey erythrocyte glycophorin. Glycoconj J 1989; 6:499-510. [PMID: 2535496 DOI: 10.1007/bf01053773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acids and the major O-glycosidic oligosaccharide of glycophorin MK from monkey (Japanese monkey, Macaca fuscata) erythrocyte membranes were characterized. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) was found as the major sialic acid, which was confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the trimethylsilyl methyl ester. Three O-glycosidic oligosaccharide units were obtained from a tryptic glycopeptide that contained all of the carbohydrate units in glycophorin MK by mild alkaline borohydride/borotritide treatment. Carbohydrate analyses of the oligosaccharides revealed that they were composed of Neu5Gc, galactose and N-acetylgalactosaminitol in the molar ratios of 1:1:1 (trisaccharide), 2:1:1 (tetrasaccharide) and 3:1:1 (pentasaccharide). The content of oligosaccharide units was estimated to be 1:12:5 for penta-, tetra- and trisaccharide, respectively, based on the yields, the molecular weight, and the number of oligosaccharide attachment sites in the amino-acid sequence. The tetrasaccharide was the major oligosaccharide and its structure was proposed to be Neu5Gc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-3[Neu5Gc alpha 2-6]GalNAcol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Murayama
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gutowski KA, Linseman DA, Aminoff D. The effect of glycosidases on the survival of rat erythrocytes in circulation. Carbohydr Res 1988; 178:307-13. [PMID: 3191511 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)80120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic removal of sialyl groups from mammalian erythrocytes resulted in their rapid sequestration from circulation subsequent to autologous transfusion. It has been demonstrated by many investigators that the terminal beta-D-galactosyl group, exposed on red blood cell by in vitro desialosylation, is recognized by an autoimmune anti-galactosyl IgG and/or by a lectin-like receptor on monocytes and macrophages. It is demonstrated herein that the disaccharide structure beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-D-GalpNAc (a) is masked in normal rat RBC, but exposed in asialo-RBC; (b) could be detected with fluorescently-labeled peanut agglutinin; (c) could be released from the asialo-RBC with an endo-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase; and (d) upon its removal by treatment with the endo-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminidase, enhances the survival of the asialo-RBC in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gutowski
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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