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Herod MR, Gold S, Lasecka-Dykes L, Wright C, Ward JC, McLean TC, Forrest S, Jackson T, Tuthill TJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. Genetic economy in picornaviruses: Foot-and-mouth disease virus replication exploits alternative precursor cleavage pathways. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006666. [PMID: 28968463 PMCID: PMC5638621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA genomes of picornaviruses are translated into single polyproteins which are subsequently cleaved into structural and non-structural protein products. For genetic economy, proteins and processing intermediates have evolved to perform distinct functions. The picornavirus precursor protein, P3, is cleaved to produce membrane-associated 3A, primer peptide 3B, protease 3Cpro and polymerase 3Dpol. Uniquely, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) encodes three similar copies of 3B (3B1-3), thus providing a convenient natural system to explore the role(s) of 3B in the processing cascade. Using a replicon system, we confirmed by genetic deletion or functional inactivation that each copy of 3B appears to function independently to prime FMDV RNA replication. However, we also show that deletion of 3B3 prevents replication and that this could be reversed by introducing mutations at the C-terminus of 3B2 that restored the natural sequence at the 3B3-3C cleavage site. In vitro translation studies showed that precursors with 3B3 deleted were rapidly cleaved to produce 3CD but that no polymerase, 3Dpol, was detected. Complementation assays, using distinguishable replicons bearing different inactivating mutations, showed that replicons with mutations within 3Dpol could be recovered by 3Dpol derived from "helper" replicons (incorporating inactivation mutations in all three copies of 3B). However, complementation was not observed when the natural 3B-3C cleavage site was altered in the "helper" replicon, again suggesting that a processing abnormality at this position prevented the production of 3Dpol. When mutations affecting polyprotein processing were introduced into an infectious clone, viable viruses were recovered but these had acquired compensatory mutations in the 3B-3C cleavage site. These mutations were shown to restore the wild-type processing characteristics when analysed in an in vitro processing assay. Overall, this study demonstrates a dual functional role of the small primer peptide 3B3, further highlighting how picornaviruses increase genetic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan R. Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Joseph C. Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C. McLean
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Forrest
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Oh HS, Pathak HB, Goodfellow IG, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE. Insight into poliovirus genome replication and encapsidation obtained from studies of 3B-3C cleavage site mutants. J Virol 2009; 83:9370-87. [PMID: 19587035 PMCID: PMC2738245 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02076-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A poliovirus (PV) mutant (termed GG), which is incapable of producing 3AB, VPg, and 3CD proteins due to a defective cleavage site between the 3B and 3C proteins, replicated, producing 3BC-linked RNA rather than the VPg-linked RNA produced by the wild type (WT). GG PV RNA is quasi-infectious. The yield of infectious GG PV relative to replicated RNA is reduced by almost 5 logs relative to that of WT PV. Proteolytic activity required for polyprotein processing is normal for the GG mutant. 3BC-linked RNA can be encapsidated as efficiently as VPg-linked RNA. However, a step after genome replication but preceding virus assembly that is dependent on 3CD and/or 3AB proteins limits production of infectious GG PV. This step may involve release of replicated genomes from replication complexes. A pseudorevertant (termed EG) partially restored cleavage at the 3B-3C cleavage site. The reduced rate of formation of 3AB and 3CD caused corresponding reductions in the observed rate of genome replication and infectious virus production by EG PV without impacting the final yield of replicated RNA or infectious virus relative to that of WT PV. Using EG PV, we showed that genome replication and encapsidation were distinct steps in the multiplication cycle. Ectopic expression of 3CD protein reversed the genome replication phenotype without alleviating the infectious-virus production phenotype. This is the first report of a trans-complementable function for 3CD for any picornavirus. This observation supports an interaction between 3CD protein and viral and/or host factors that is critical for genome replication, perhaps formation of replication complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Suk Oh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Harsh B. Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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3
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Cornell CT, Brunner JE, Semler BL. Differential rescue of poliovirus RNA replication functions by genetically modified RNA polymerase precursors. J Virol 2004; 78:13007-18. [PMID: 15542652 PMCID: PMC525034 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.13007-13018.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described the RNA replication properties of poliovirus transcripts harboring chimeric RNA polymerase sequences representing suballelic exchanges between poliovirus type 1 (PV1) and coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) utilizing an in vitro translation and RNA replication assay (C. Cornell, R. Perera, J. E. Brunner, and B. L. Semler, J. Virol. 78:4397-4407, 2004). We showed that three of the seven chimeras were capable of RNA replication in vitro, although replication levels were greatly reduced compared to that of wild-type transcripts. Interestingly, one of the replication-competent transcripts displayed a strand-specific RNA synthesis defect suggesting (i) a differential replication complex assembly mechanism involving 3D and/or precursor molecules (i.e., 3CD) required for negative- versus positive-strand RNA synthesis or (ii) effect(s) on the ability of the 3D polymerase to form higher-ordered structures required for positive-strand RNA synthesis. In this study, we have attempted to rescue defective RNA replication in vitro by cotranslating nonstructural proteins from a transcript encoding a large precursor polyprotein (P3) to complement 3D polymerase and/or precursor polypeptide functions altered in each of the chimeric constructs. Utilization of a wild-type P3 construct revealed that all transcripts containing chimeric PV1/CVB3 polymerase sequences can be complemented in trans for both negative- and positive-strand RNA synthesis. Furthermore, data from experiments utilizing genetically modified forms of the P3 polyprotein, containing mutations within 3C or 3D sequences, strongly suggest the existence of different protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions required for positive- versus negative-strand RNA synthesis. These results, combined with data from in vitro RNA elongation assays, indicate that the delivery of active 3D RNA polymerase to replication complexes requires a series of macromolecular interactions that rely on the presence of specific 3D amino acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Cornell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Med. Sci. B240, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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4
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Parsley TB, Cornell CT, Semler BL. Modulation of the RNA binding and protein processing activities of poliovirus polypeptide 3CD by the viral RNA polymerase domain. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:12867-76. [PMID: 10212275 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the role of the RNA polymerase domain (3D) in the proteinase substrate recognition and RNA binding properties of poliovirus polypeptide 3CD, we generated recombinant 3C and 3CD polypeptides and purified them to near homogeneity. By using these purified proteins in in vitro cleavage assays with structural and non-structural viral polyprotein substrates, we found that 3CD processes the poliovirus structural polyprotein precursor (P1) 100 to 1000 times more efficiently than 3C processes P1. We also found that trans-cleavage of other 3CD molecules and sites within the non-structural P3 precursor is more efficiently mediated by 3CD than 3C. However, 3C and 3CD appear to be equally efficient in the processing of a non-structural polyprotein precursor, 2C3AB. Four mutated 3CD polyproteins with site-directed lesions in the 3D domain of the proteinase were analyzed for their ability to process viral polyprotein precursors and to form a ternary complex with RNA sequences encoded in the 5' terminus of the viral genome. Analysis of mutated 3CD polypeptides revealed that specific mutations within the 3D amino acid sequences of 3CD confer differential effects on 3CD activity. All four mutated 3CD proteins tested were able to process the P1 structural precursor with wild type or near wild type efficiency. However, three of the mutated enzymes demonstrated an impaired ability to process some sites within the P3 non-structural precursor, relative to wild type 3CD. One of the mutant 3CD polypeptides, 3CD-3DK127A, also displayed a defect in its ability to form a ternary ribonucleoprotein complex with poliovirus 5' RNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Parsley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Paul AV, Mugavero J, Molla A, Wimmer E. Internal ribosomal entry site scanning of the poliovirus polyprotein: implications for proteolytic processing. Virology 1998; 250:241-53. [PMID: 9770438 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Based on previous studies of dicistronic polioviruses carrying two internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESes), we performed a novel experiment of IRES scanning through a polypeptide by inserting sequentially the IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus into the open reading frame (ORF) of the poliovirus polyprotein at selected 3Cpro-specific Q*G cleavage sites. No cytopathic effects were observed after transfection of HeLa cells with any of the dicistronic constructs, and no virus was recovered. In vitro translation of the dicistronic RNA transcripts in HeLa cell-free extracts revealed that multiple defects in the processing of the P2-P3 domain of the polyprotein is the primary reason for the lethal phenotypes. Surprisingly, the interruption of 3Cpro-catalyzed cleavages downstream of 2C interfered with the 2Apro-catalyzed, primary cleavage between P1 and P2. In contrast, insertion of a foreign coding sequence (V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120) into the ORF of the polyprotein at the 2C-3A junction yielded a viable virus that appeared to be genetically stable over several passages. The results of these experiments, which are generally applicable to analyses of viral polyproteins or multidomain polypeptides, suggest that processing of the P2-P3 domain by 3C-3CDpro is rapid and accurate only in the context of the unperturbed P2-P3 precursor; this is consistent with cleavages occurring in cis. Moreover, an intact 2C-3A precursor is not required for viral proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Paul
- School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
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6
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Cao X, Wimmer E. Genetic variation of the poliovirus genome with two VPg coding units. EMBO J 1996; 15:23-33. [PMID: 8598203 PMCID: PMC449914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amongst the picornaviruses, poliovirus encodes a single copy of the genome-linked protein, VPg wheras foot-and-mouth disease virus uniquely encodes three copies of VPg. We have previously shown that a genetically engineered poliovirus genome containing two tandemly arranged VPgs is quasi-infectious (qi) that, upon genome replication, inadvertently deleted one complete VPg sequence. Using two genetically marked viral genomes with two VPg sequences, we now provide evidence that this deletion occurs via homologous recombination. The mechanism was abrogated when the second VPg was engineered such that its nucleotide sequence differed from that of the first VPg sequence by 36%. Such genomes also expressed a qi phenotype, but progeny viruses resulted from (i) random deletions yielding single VPg coding sequences of varying length lacking the Q*G cleavage site between the VPgs and (ii) mutations in the AKVQ*G cleavage sites between the VPgs at either the P4, P1 or P1' position. These variants present a unique genetic system defining the cleavage signals recognized in 3Cpro-catalyzed proteolysis. We propose a recognition event in the cis cleavages of the polyprotein P2-P3 region, and we present a hypothesis why the poliovirus genome does not tolerate two tandemly arranged VPg sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Cao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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7
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Plotch SJ, Palant O. Poliovirus protein 3AB forms a complex with and stimulates the activity of the viral RNA polymerase, 3Dpol. J Virol 1995; 69:7169-79. [PMID: 7474138 PMCID: PMC189638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.11.7169-7179.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus protein 3B (also known as VPg) is covalently linked to the 5' ends of both genomic and antigenomic viral RNA. Genetic and biochemical studies have implicated protein 3AB, the membrane-bound precursor to VPg, in the initiation of genomic RNA synthesis. We have purified 3AB to near homogeneity following thrombin cleavage of purified glutathione S-transferase-3AB. When added to transcription reaction mixtures catalyzed by poliovirus RNA polymerase (3Dpol), 3AB stimulated RNA synthesis up to 75-fold with oligo(U)-primed virion RNA, globin mRNA, and unprimed synthetic, full-length minus-strand viral RNA as the templates. Synthetic VPg also stimulated RNA synthesis but was only 1 to 2% as effective as 3AB on a molar basis. The increased level of transcription was not the result of enhancing the elongation rate of the polymerase. No evidence was found for uridylylation of 3AB or for covalent linkage to RNA transcription products. 3AB sedimented as a multimer in glycerol gradients. In the presence of the polymerase, the sedimentation rate of both proteins increased, suggesting the formation of a complex. Detergent prevented both multimerization and complex formation. The polymerase also bound to immobilized glutathione S-transferase-3AB; this procedure was used to purify the polymerase to near homogeneity. These results suggest a mechanism for bringing together 3AB, 3Dpol (or its precursor 3CD), and viral RNA in host cell membranous vesicles in which all viral RNA synthesis occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Plotch
- Molecular Biology Research Section, Lederle Laboratories, American Cyanamid Company, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA
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8
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Molla A, Harris KS, Paul AV, Shin SH, Mugavero J, Wimmer E. Stimulation of poliovirus proteinase 3Cpro-related proteolysis by the genome-linked protein VPg and its precursor 3AB. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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9
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Properties of purified recombinant poliovirus protein 3aB as substrate for viral proteinases and as co-factor for RNA polymerase 3Dpol. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Blair WS, Li X, Semler BL. A cellular cofactor facilitates efficient 3CD cleavage of the poliovirus P1 precursor. J Virol 1993; 67:2336-43. [PMID: 8383245 PMCID: PMC240391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.4.2336-2343.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of poliovirus capsid proteins from a capsid protein precursor (P1) is mediated by virus-encoded proteinase 3CD and involves a complicated set of proteinase-substrate interactions. In addition to substrate and enzymatic determinants required for this interaction, we describe a cellular cofactor, which facilitates 3CD recognition of the P1 precursor. Cellular cofactor activity is 3CD dependent and salt dependent. Our analysis shows that proteolytic cleavage of the P1 precursor at the VP0/VP3 cleavage site exhibits a greater dependency on the cellular cofactor than cleavage at the VP3/VP1 site. Such a greater dependency on cellular cofactor activity can be relieved (in part) by the substitution of an Ala residue for the Pro residue at the -4 position of the VP0/VP3 cleavage site. However, mutant viruses containing Pro-to-Ala substitutions at the -4 position of the VP0/VP3 site exhibit defects in viral growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Blair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717-4025
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11
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Blair WS, Semler BL. Role for the P4 amino acid residue in substrate utilization by the poliovirus 3CD proteinase. J Virol 1991; 65:6111-23. [PMID: 1656088 PMCID: PMC250289 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.11.6111-6123.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid insertions or substitutions were introduced into the poliovirus P1 capsid precursor at locations proximal to the two known Q-G cleavage sites to examine the role of the P4 residue in substrate processing by proteinase 3CD. Analysis of the processing profile of P1 precursors containing four-amino-acid insertions into the carboxy terminus of VP3 or a single-amino-acid substitution at the P4 position of the VP3-VP1 cleavage site demonstrates that substitution of the alanine residue in the P4 position of the VP3-VP1 cleavage site significantly affects cleavage at that site by proteinase 3CD. A single-amino-acid substitution at the P4 position of the VP0-VP3 cleavage site, on the other hand, has only a slight effect on 3CD-mediated processing at this cleavage site. Finally, analysis of six amino acid insertion mutations containing Q-G amino acid pairs demonstrates that the in vitro and in vivo selection of a cleavage site from two adjacent Q-G amino acid pairs depends on the presence of an alanine in the P4 position of the cleaved site. Our data provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the alanine residue in the P4 position of the VP3-VP1 cleavage site is a required substrate determinant for the recognition and cleavage of that site by proteinase 3CD and suggest that the P4 alanine residue may be specifically recognized by proteinase 3CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Blair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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12
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Harber JJ, Bradley J, Anderson CW, Wimmer E. Catalysis of poliovirus VP0 maturation cleavage is not mediated by serine 10 of VP2. J Virol 1991; 65:326-34. [PMID: 1845893 PMCID: PMC240521 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.326-334.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation of the poliovirus capsid occurs as the result of a single unexplained proteolytic event during which 58 to 59 copies of the 60 VP0 capsid protein precursors are cleaved. An autocatalytic mechanism for cleavage of VP0 to VP4 and VP2 was proposed by Arnold et al. (E. Arnold, M. Luo, G. Vriend, M. G. Rossman, A. C. Palmenberg, G. D. Parks, M. J. Nicklin, and E. Wimmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:21-25, 1987) in which serine 10 of VP2 is activated by virion RNA to catalyze VP4-VP2 processing. The hypothesis rests on the observation that a hydrogen bond was observed between serine 10 of VP2 (S2010) and the carboxyl terminus of VP4 in three mature picornaviral atomic structures: rhinovirus 14, mengovirus, and poliovirus type 1 (Mahoney). We constructed mutant viruses with cysteine (S2010C) or alanine (S2010A) replacing serine 10 of VP2; these exhibited normal proteolytic processing of VP0. While our results do not exclude an autocatalytic mechanism for the maturation cleavage, they do eliminate the conserved S2010 residue as the catalytic amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Harber
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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13
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Lawson M, Dasmahapatra B, Semler B. Species-specific substrate interaction of picornavirus 3C proteinase suballelic exchange mutants. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Blair WS, Hwang SS, Ypma-Wong MF, Semler BL. A mutant poliovirus containing a novel proteolytic cleavage site in VP3 is altered in viral maturation. J Virol 1990; 64:1784-93. [PMID: 2157059 PMCID: PMC249316 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1784-1793.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A six-amino-acid insertion containing a Q-G amino acid pair was introduced into the carboxy terminus of the capsid protein VP3 (between residues 236 and 237). Transfection of monkey cells with full-length poliovirus cDNA containing the insertion described above yields a mutant virus (Sel-1C-02) in which cleavage occurs almost entirely at the inserted Q-G amino acid pair instead of at the wild-type VP3-VP1 cleavage site. Mutant Sel-1C-02 is delayed in the kinetics of virus production at 39 degrees C and exhibits a defect in VP0 cleavage into VP2 and VP4 at 39 degrees C. Sucrose gradient analysis of HeLa cell extracts prepared from cells infected by Sel-1C-02 at 39 degrees C shows an accumulation of fast-sedimenting replication-packaging complexes and a significant amount of uncleaved VP0 present in fractions containing mature virions. Our data provide in vivo evidence for the importance of determinants other than the conserved amino acid pair (Q-G) for recognition and cleavage of the P1 precursor by proteinase 3CD and show that an alteration in the carboxy terminus of VP3 or the amino terminus of VP1 affects the process of viral maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Blair
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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15
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Lawson MA, Semler BL. Picornavirus Protein Processing—Enzymes, Substrates, and Genetic Regulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75602-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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16
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Ransone LJ, Dasgupta A. Multiple isoelectric forms of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: evidence for phosphorylation. J Virol 1989; 63:4563-8. [PMID: 2552140 PMCID: PMC251089 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4563-4568.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus-specific RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3Dpol) was purified to apparent homogeneity. A single polypeptide of an apparent molecular weight of 63,000 catalyzes the synthesis of dimeric and monomeric RNA products in response to the poliovirion RNA template. Analysis of purified 3Dpol by two-dimensional electrophoresis showed multiple forms of 3Dpol, suggesting posttranslational modification of the protein in virus-infected cells. The two major forms of 3Dpol appear to have approximate pI values of 7.1 and 7.4. Incubation of purified 3Dpol with calf intestinal phosphatase resulted in almost complete disappearance of the pI 7.1 form and a concomitant increase in the intensity of the pI 7.4 form of 3Dpol. Addition of 32P-labeled Pi during infection of HeLa cells with poliovirus resulted in specific labeling of 3Dpol and 3CD, a viral protein which contains the entire 3Dpol sequence. Both 3Dpol and 3CD appear to be phosphorylated at serine residues. Ribosomal salt washes prepared from both mock- and poliovirus-infected cells contain phosphatases capable of dephosphorylating quantitatively the phosphorylated form (pI 7.1) of 3Dpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Ransone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90024-1747
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17
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Dewalt PG, Lawson MA, Colonno RJ, Semler BL. Chimeric picornavirus polyproteins demonstrate a common 3C proteinase substrate specificity. J Virol 1989; 63:3444-52. [PMID: 2545915 PMCID: PMC250920 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.8.3444-3452.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species proteolytic processing was demonstrated by the 3C proteinases of human rhinovirus 14 and coxsackievirus B3 on poliovirus-specific polypeptide precursors. Chimeric picornavirus cDNA genomes were constructed in a T7 transcription vector in which the poliovirus 3C coding region was substituted with the corresponding allele from human rhinovirus 14 or coxsackievirus B3. In vitro translation and processing of the polypeptides encoded by the chimeric genomes demonstrated that the proteolytic processing of poliovirus P2 region (nonstructural) proteins could be functionally substituted by the heterologous proteinases. In contrast, the 3C proteinase activities expressed from the chimeric genomes were incapable of recognizing the poliovirus-specific processing sites within the capsid precursor. Since the amino acid sequences flanking and inclusive of the P2 region cleavage sites of the three viruses are not stringently conserved, these results provide evidence for the existence of common conformational determinants necessary for 3C-mediated processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Dewalt
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717
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18
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Pallai PV, Burkhardt F, Skoog M, Schreiner K, Bax P, Cohen KA, Hansen G, Palladino DEH, Harris KS, Nicklin MJ, Wimmer E. Cleavage of synthetic peptides by purified poliovirus 3C proteinase. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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19
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Plotch SJ, Palant O, Gluzman Y. Purification and properties of poliovirus RNA polymerase expressed in Escherichia coli. J Virol 1989; 63:216-25. [PMID: 2535728 PMCID: PMC247675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.216-225.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding the RNA polymerase of poliovirus has been expressed in Escherichia coli under the transcriptional control of a T7 bacteriophage promoter. The poliovirus enzyme was designed to contain only a single additional amino acid, the N-terminal methionine. The recombinant enzyme has been purified to near homogeneity, and polyclonal antibodies have been prepared against it. The enzyme exhibits poly(A)-dependent oligo(U)-primed poly(U) polymerase activity as well as RNA polymerase activity. In the presence of an oligo(U) primer, the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a full-length copy of either poliovirus or globin RNA templates. In the absence of added primer, RNA products up to twice the length of the template are synthesized. When incubated in the presence of a single nucleoside triphosphate, [alpha-32P]UTP, the enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of radioactive label into template RNA. These results are discussed in light of previously proposed models of poliovirus RNA synthesis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Plotch
- Molecular Biology Research Section, American Cyanamid Company, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York 10965
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20
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Poliovirus-induced modification of host cell RNA polymerase IIO is prevented by cycloheximide and zinc. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Kuhn RJ, Tada H, Ypma-Wong MF, Semler BL, Wimmer E. Mutational analysis of the genome-linked protein VPg of poliovirus. J Virol 1988; 62:4207-15. [PMID: 2845132 PMCID: PMC253853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.11.4207-4215.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a mutagenesis cartridge (R. J. Kuhn, H. Tada, M. F. Ypma-Wong, J. J. Dunn, B. L. Semler, and E. Wimmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:519-523, 1988), we have generated single and multiple amino acid replacement mutants, as well as a single amino acid insertion mutant in the genome-linked protein VPg of poliovirus. Moreover, we constructed three different 5-amino-acid insertion mutants that map close to the C terminus of 3A, a viral polypeptide whose coding sequence is adjacent to VPg. Transfection of HeLa cells with RNA synthesized in vitro was used to test the effect of the mutation on viral proliferation. Mutations were either lethal or nonlethal. A temperature-sensitive phenotype was not observed. The arginine at position 17 of VPg could not be exchanged with any other amino acid without loss of viability, whereas the lysine at position 20, an amino acid conserved among all known polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses, was replaceable with several neutral amino acids and even with glutamic acid. Replacement of poliovirus VPg with echovirus 9 VPg yielded viable virus with impaired growth properties. Our results suggest considerable flexibility in the amino acid sequence of a functional VPg. All insertions in polypeptide 3A proved to be lethal. In vitro translation of mutated viral RNAs gave patterns of proteolytic processing that in some cases was aberrant, even though the mutation was nonlethal.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Kuhn
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794
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22
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Structural domains of the poliovirus polyprotein are major determinants for proteolytic cleavage at Gln-Gly pairs. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Schmidt MG, Rollo EE, Grodberg J, Oliver DB. Nucleotide sequence of the secA gene and secA(Ts) mutations preventing protein export in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3404-14. [PMID: 2841285 PMCID: PMC211308 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.8.3404-3414.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA sequence of the secA gene, essential for protein export in Escherichia coli, was determined and found to encode a hydrophilic protein of 901 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 101,902, consistent with its previously determined size and subcellular location. Sequence analysis of 9 secA(Ts) mutations conferring general protein export and secA regulatory defects revealed that these mutations were clustered in three specific regions within the first 170 amino acid residues of the SecA protein and were the result of single amino acid changes predicted to be severely disruptive of protein structure and function. The DNA sequence immediately upstream of secA was shown to encode a previously inferred gene, gene X. Sequence analysis of a conditionally lethal amber mutation, am109, previously inferred to be located proximally in the secA gene, revealed that it was located distally in gene X and was conditionally lethal due to its polar effect on secA expression. This and additional evidence are presented indicating that gene X and secA are cotranscribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-8621
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24
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Ypma-Wong MF, Semler BL. Processing determinants required for in vitro cleavage of the poliovirus P1 precursor to capsid proteins. J Virol 1987; 61:3181-9. [PMID: 3041039 PMCID: PMC255896 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.10.3181-3189.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We generated defined alterations in poliovirus protein-processing substrates and assayed the effects of these alterations with an in vitro expression system. A complete cDNA copy of the poliovirus genome was inserted into a bacteriophage T7 transcription vector. Using this expression template, we produced RNA transcripts containing defined regions of the poliovirus capsid precursor polypeptide (P1) and RNA transcripts containing mutations in the P1 and P2 regions. In vitro translation of P1-derived transcripts allowed us to characterize the 3C-mediated cleavage of P1 to capsid proteins. We demonstrated that, for either posttranslational or cotranslational cleavage at any of the Q-G amino acid pairs within P1, almost the entire P1 precursor is required. We also demonstrated that minimal sequences 3' to the 2A coding sequence are required to generate active 2A proteinase in vitro and that two specific four-amino-acid insertions in protein 2C do not alter 2A- or 3C-mediated processing of the poliovirus polyprotein. In addition, we demonstrated that substantial deletion of P1 sequences does not alter 2A-mediated cleavage of the Y-G site at the P1-P2 junction. These results allowed us to compare the P1 sequences required for 2A- versus 3C-mediated processing of the capsid precursor, and we discuss these results in the context of the three-dimensional structure of the capsid proteins.
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25
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Morrow CD, Warren B, Lentz MR. Expression of enzymatically active poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6050-4. [PMID: 2819863 PMCID: PMC299005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus genome is replicated by a virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA polymerase). The RNA polymerase is first synthesized as a larger precursor polypeptide, which is subsequently processed by a viral proteinase, 3Cpro, to give the mature polymerase molecule, 3Dpol. To further characterize the poliovirus RNA polymerase, we have constructed plasmids that expressed this protein in Escherichia coli. The plasmids consisted of fusions between the E. coli DNA encoding the first 13 amino acids of the trp operon leader protein and viral genes encoding the 3Cpro and 3Dpol polypeptides. E. coli harboring such plasmids gave significant, inducible levels of enzymatically active RNA polymerase as determined by the poly(A).oligo(U) poly(U) polymerase assay. The purified RNA polymerase activity from E. coli corresponded to a protein with the approximate molecular weight of the mature 3Dpol protein. The availability of a recombinant, enzymatically active poliovirus RNA polymerase provides a system in which we can precisely delineate the role this enzyme plays in the regulation of poliovirus replication.
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26
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Dewalt PG, Semler BL. Site-directed mutagenesis of proteinase 3C results in a poliovirus deficient in synthesis of viral RNA polymerase. J Virol 1987; 61:2162-70. [PMID: 3035216 PMCID: PMC254238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.7.2162-2170.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotide to introduce amino acid substitutions into the proteinase 3C region of a poliovirus type 1 cDNA clone. The six different mutant viruses recovered exhibited a small-plaque phenotype when assayed on HeLa cells. Further investigation revealed that all the mutations (with the exception of one) yielded P3 region proteins that displayed altered mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A conservative Val----Ala change at amino acid 54 of the proteinase resulted in a virus that was deficient in the production of the mature viral RNA polymerase 3D. Although this mutant achieved less than one-half of the wild-type levels of RNA synthesis during the course of infection, it still grew to nearly wild-type titers.
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27
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Ypma-Wong MF, Semler BL. In vitro molecular genetics as a tool for determining the differential cleavage specificities of the poliovirus 3C proteinase. Nucleic Acids Res 1987; 15:2069-88. [PMID: 3031587 PMCID: PMC340618 DOI: 10.1093/nar/15.5.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a completely in vitro system for generating defined poliovirus proteinase mutations and subsequently assaying the phenotypic expression of such mutations. A complete cDNA copy of the entire poliovirus genome has been inserted into a bacteriophage T7 transcription vector. We have introduced proteinase and/or cleavage site mutations into this cDNA. Mutant RNA is transcribed from the altered cDNA template and is subsequently translated in vitro. Employing such a system, we provide direct evidence for the bimolecular cleavage events carried out by the 3C proteinase. We show that specific genetically-altered precursor polypeptides containing authentic Q-G cleavage sites will not act as substrates for 3C either in cis or in trans. We also provide evidence that almost the entire P3 region is required to generate 3C proteinase activity capable of cleaving the P1 precursor to capsid proteins. However, only the 3C portion of P3 is required to generate 3C proteinase activity capable of cleaving P2 and its processing products.
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28
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Semler BL, Johnson VH, Dewalt PG, Ypma-Wong MF. Site-specific mutagenesis of cDNA clones expressing a poliovirus proteinase. J Cell Biochem 1987; 33:39-51. [PMID: 3029150 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240330105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The cleavage of poliovirus precursor polypeptides occurs at specific amino acid pairs that are recognized by viral proteinases. Most of the polio-specific cleavages occur at glutamine-glycine (Q-G) pairs that are recognized by the viral-encoded proteinase 3C (formerly called P3-7c). In order to carry out a defined molecular genetic study of the enzymatic activity of protein 3C, we have made cDNA clones of the poliovirus genome. The cDNA region corresponding to protein 3C was inserted into an inducible bacterial expression vector. This recombinant plasmid (called pIN-III-C3-7c) utilizes the bacterial lipoprotein promoter to direct the synthesis of a precursor polypeptide that contains the amino acid sequence of protein 3C as well as the amino- and carboxy-terminal Q-G cleavage signals. These signals have been previously shown to allow autocatalytic production of protein 3C in bacteria transformed with plasmid pIN-III-C3-7c. We have taken advantage of the autocatalytic cleavage of 3C in a bacterial expression system to study the effects of site-specific mutagenesis on its proteolytic activity. One mutation that we have introduced into the cDNA region encoding 3C is a single amino acid insertion near the carboxy-terminal Q-G cleavage site. The mutant recombinant plasmid (designated pIN-III-C3-mu 10) directs the synthesis of a bacterial-polio precursor polypeptide that is like the wild-type construct (pIN-III-C3-7c). However, unlike the wild-type precursor, the mutant precursor cannot undergo autocatalytic cleavage to generate the mature proteinase 3C. Rather, the precursor is able to carry out cleavage at the amino-terminal Q-G site but not at the carboxy-terminal site. Thus, we have generated an altered poliovirus proteinase that is still able to carry out at least part of its cleavage activities but is unable to be a suitable substrate for self-cleavage at its carboxy-terminal Q-G pair.
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29
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Anderson K, Bond CW. Structural and physiological properties of mengovirus: avirulent, hemagglutination-defective mutants express altered alpha (1 D) proteins and are adsorption-defective. Arch Virol 1987; 93:13-29. [PMID: 3028339 PMCID: PMC7086560 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/1986] [Accepted: 07/28/1986] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural and physiological properties of two mutants of mengovirus, 205 and 280, were compared to those of wild-type virus to understand the molecular basis of changes exhibited in their biological function. Two dimensional gel electrophoresis of wild-type and mutant structural proteins revealed alterations in the isoelectric character of the alpha (1 D) protein of both mutant 205 and 280. These data suggest that alterations in the alpha (1 D) protein may be responsible for the phenotypic changes by the mutants. A delay in detectable virus-specified protein synthesis was exhibited in mutant-infected cells in comparison to wild-type. The amount of RNA synthesized in mutant- and revertant-infected cells was less than that synthesized in wild-type infected cells. Changes in virus-specified macromolecular synthesis in mutant and revertant-infected cells reflected a decrease in the ability of the viruses to attach to cells.
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30
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Takeda N, Kuhn RJ, Yang CF, Takegami T, Wimmer E. Initiation of poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis in a membrane complex of infected HeLa cells. J Virol 1986; 60:43-53. [PMID: 3018300 PMCID: PMC253900 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.60.1.43-53.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An in vitro poliovirus RNA-synthesizing system derived from a crude membrane fraction of infected HeLa cells was used to analyze the mechanism of initiation of poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis. This system contains an activity that synthesizes the nucleotidyl proteins VPg-pU and VPg-pUpU. These molecules represent the 5'-terminal structure of nascent RNA molecules and of virion RNA. The membranous replication complex is also capable of synthesizing nucleotidyl proteins containing nine or more of the poliovirus 5'-proximal nucleotides as assayed by the formation of the RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotide VPg-pUUAAAACAGp or by fingerprint analysis of the in vitro-synthesized RNA. Incubation of preformed VPg-pUpU with unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates resulted in the formation of VPg-pUUAAAACAGp. This reaction, which appeared to be an elongation of VPg-pUpU, was stimulated by the addition of a soluble fraction (S-10) obtained from uninfected HeLa cells. Preformed VPg-pU could be chased into VPg-pUpU in the presence of UTP. Our data are consistent with a model that VPg-pU can function as a primer for poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis in the membranous replication complex and that the elongation reaction may be stimulated by a host cellular factor.
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31
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Wellink J, Rezelman G, Goldbach R, Beyreuther K. Determination of the Proteolytic Processing Sites in the Polyprotein Encoded by the Bottom-Component RNA of Cowpea Mosaic Virus. J Virol 1986; 59:50-8. [PMID: 16789257 PMCID: PMC253037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.59.1.50-58.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-component RNA (B-RNA) of cowpea mosaic virus is expressed by the production of a ∼200,000-dalton polyprotein (200K polyprotein), from which the functional proteins are formed by specific proteolytic cleavages. Partial amino-terminal sequences of the various B-RNA-encoded proteins have now been determined. Comparison of the information obtained with the B-RNA sequence allowed the localization of the coding regions for these proteins on B-RNA, the calculation of their precise molecular weights, and the determination of the cleavage sites at which they are released from the polyprotein precursor. Sequence analysis of the 32K protein, which is derived from the amino-terminal end of the 200K polyprotein, indicated that the AUG codon at nucleotide position 207 of the RNA sequence is the translation initiation codon. Sequence analysis of the 170K, 110K, 87K, 84K, 60K, and 58K proteins revealed the existence of three types of cleavage site in the 200K polyprotein: glutamine-serine (two sites), glutamine-methionine (one site), and glutamine-glycine (one site) amino acid pairs. The nature of these cleavage sites suggested that two different viral proteases are involved in the processing of the B-RNA-encoded polyprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wellink
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, 6703 BC Wageningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Werner G, Rosenwirth B, Bauer E, Seifert JM, Werner FJ, Besemer J. Molecular cloning and sequence determination of the genomic regions encoding protease and genome-linked protein of three picornaviruses. J Virol 1986; 57:1084-93. [PMID: 3512851 PMCID: PMC252842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.1084-1093.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the degree of similarity between picornavirus proteases, we cloned the genomic cDNAs of an enterovirus, echovirus 9 (strain Barty), and two rhinoviruses, serotypes 1A and 14LP, and determined the nucleotide sequence of the region which, by analogy to poliovirus, encodes the protease. The nucleotide sequence of the region encoding the genome-linked protein VPg, immediately adjacent to the protease, was also determined. Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences with other available picornavirus sequences showed remarkable homology in proteases and among VPgs. Three highly conserved peptide regions were identified in the protease; one of these is specific for human picornaviruses and has no obvious counterpart in encephalomyocarditis virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, or cowpea mosaic virus proteases. Within the other two peptide regions two conserved amino acids, Cys 147 and His 161, could be the reactive residues of the active site. We used a statistical method to predict certain features of the secondary structures, such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns, and found many of these conformations to be conserved. The hydropathy profiles of the compared proteases were also strikingly similar. Thus, the proteases of human picornaviruses very probably have a similar three-dimensional structure.
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33
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Semler BL, Johnson VH, Tracy S. A chimeric plasmid from cDNA clones of poliovirus and coxsackievirus produces a recombinant virus that is temperature-sensitive. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:1777-81. [PMID: 3006071 PMCID: PMC323167 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have inserted a 405-nucleotide fragment from the 5' noncoding region of the coxsackievirus B3 genome into an infectious cDNA copy of the poliovirus RNA genome. Transfection of plasmid DNA containing this hybrid genome construct into cultured monkey cells produced infectious virus. Recombinant virus stocks displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype for growth at 37 degrees C. We found that there is a dramatic reduction in the level of viral proteins and viral RNAs in HeLa cells infected with the recombinant at 37 degrees C compared to that obtained at 33.5 degrees C. Thus, insertion of a portion of the coxsackievirus genome into the poliovirus genome produces a temperature-sensitive recombinant virus. That this substitution occurs in a region of the poliovirus genome that, to date, has not been shown to have any coding function suggests that RNA sequences involved in replicase recognition or ribosome binding may contribute to the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the recombinant virus.
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34
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Nucleotide and amino acid sequence coding for polypeptides of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12. J Virol 1985; 54:651-60. [PMID: 2987518 PMCID: PMC254848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.54.3.651-660.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding region for the structural and nonstructural polypeptides of the type A12 foot-and-mouth disease virus genome has been identified by nucleotide sequencing of cloned DNA derived from the viral RNA. In addition, 704 nucleotides in the 5' untranslated region between the polycytidylic acid tract and the probable initiation codon of the first translated gene, P16-L, have been sequenced. This region has several potential initiation codons, one of which appears to be a low-frequency alternate initiation site. The coding region encompasses 6,912 nucleotides and ends in a single termination codon, UAA, located 96 nucleotides upstream from a 3'-terminal polyadenylic acid tract. Microsequencing of radiolabeled in vivo and in vitro translation products identified the genome position of the major foot-and-mouth disease virus proteins and the cleavage sites recognized by the putative viral protease and an additional protease(s), probably of cellular origin, to generate primary and functional foot-and-mouth disease virus polypeptides.
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35
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Semler BL, Dorner AJ, Wimmer E. Production of infectious poliovirus from cloned cDNA is dramatically increased by SV40 transcription and replication signals. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:5123-41. [PMID: 6330698 PMCID: PMC318905 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.12.5123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sub-genomic cDNA clones representing the entire genomic RNA of poliovirus Type 1 (Mahoney) have been isolated in E. coli. Construction of a complete cDNA copy of the poliovirus genome in the EcoRI site of plasmid vector pBR325 from these clones is described. Introduction of plasmid DNA containing the complete cDNA copy of polio RNA into cultured primate cells by transfection produces infectious poliovirus. The virus produced by such a transfection appears to be identical to wild type poliovirus. Isolation of a polio recombinant plasmid containing SV40 transcription and replication signals is also described. Transfection of COS-1 cells with this plasmid yields greater than 1,600 plaque-forming units (PFU) per microgram of input DNA.
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36
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Grubman MJ, Robertson BH, Morgan DO, Moore DM, Dowbenko D. Biochemical map of polypeptides specified by foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol 1984; 50:579-86. [PMID: 6323757 PMCID: PMC255676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.2.579-586.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulse-chase labeling of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bovine kidney cells revealed stable and unstable viral-specific polypeptides. To identify precursor-product relationships among these polypeptides, antisera against a number of structural and nonstructural viral-specific polypeptides were used. Cell-free translations programmed with foot-and-mouth disease virion RNA or foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected bovine kidney cell lysates, which were shown to contain almost identical polypeptides, were immunoprecipitated with the various antisera. To further establish identity, some proteins were compared by partial protease digestion. Evidence for a membrane association of the polypeptides coded for by the middle genome region is also presented. A biochemical map of the foot-and-mouth disease virus genome was established from the above information.
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37
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Dorner AJ, Semler BL, Jackson RJ, Hanecak R, Duprey E, Wimmer E. In vitro translation of poliovirus RNA: utilization of internal initiation sites in reticulocyte lysate. J Virol 1984; 50:507-14. [PMID: 6323749 PMCID: PMC255658 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.2.507-514.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation of poliovirus RNA in rabbit reticulocyte lysate was examined. Translation of poliovirus RNA in this cell-free system resulted in an electrophoretic profile of poliovirus-specific proteins distinct from that observed in vivo or after translation in poliovirus-infected HeLa cell extract. A group of proteins derived from the P3 region of the polyprotein was identified by immunoprecipitation, time course, and N-formyl-[35S]methionine labeling studies to be the product of the initiation of protein synthesis at an internal site(s) located within the 3'-proximal RNA sequences. Utilization of this internal initiation site(s) on poliovirus RNA was abolished when reticulocyte lysate was supplemented with poliovirus-infected HeLa cell extract. Authentic P1-1a was also synthesized in reticulocyte lysate, indicating that correct 5'-proximal initiation of translation occurs in that system. We conclude that the deficiency of a component(s) of the reticulocyte lysate necessary for 5'-proximal initiation of poliovirus protein synthesis resulted in the ability of ribosomes to initiate translation on internal sequences. This aberrant initiation could be corrected by factors present in the HeLa cell extract. Apparently, under certain conditions, ribosomes are capable of recognizing internal sequences as authentic initiation sites.
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38
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Morrow CD, Hocko J, Navab M, Dasgupta A. ATP is required for initiation of poliovirus RNA synthesis in vitro: demonstration of tyrosine-phosphate linkage between in vitro-synthesized RNA and genome-linked protein. J Virol 1984; 50:515-23. [PMID: 6323750 PMCID: PMC255660 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.2.515-523.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus replicase- and host factor-catalyzed copying of 3'-terminal polyadenylic acid [poly(A)] of poliovirion RNA was studied. Host factor-stimulated synthesis of polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] by the replicase required ATP in addition to UTP. ATP was not required for the oligouridylic acid-primed copying of 3'-terminal poly(A) of virion RNA. GTP, CTP, and AMP-PCP (5'-adenylyl beta-gamma methylenediphosphate, an ATP analog) could not replace ATP in host factor-stimulated synthesis of poly(U). Antibodies to poliovirus genome-linked protein (VPg) specifically precipitated in vitro-synthesized poly(U) from a host factor-stimulated reaction. The poly(U) synthesized in a host factor-stimulated reaction was shown to be attached to VPg precursor polypeptide(s) via a tyrosine-phosphate bond as found in poliovirion VPg-RNA.
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39
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Franssen H, Leunissen J, Goldbach R, Lomonossoff G, Zimmern D. Homologous sequences in non-structural proteins from cowpea mosaic virus and picornaviruses. EMBO J 1984; 3:855-61. [PMID: 16453518 PMCID: PMC557438 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Computer analyses have revealed sequence homology between two non-structural proteins encoded by cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), and corresponding proteins encoded by two picornaviruses, poliovirus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. A region of 535 amino acids in the 87-K polypeptide from CPMV was found to be homologous to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases from both picornaviruses, the best matches being found where the picornaviral proteins most resemble each other. Additionally, the 58-K polypeptide from CPMV and polypeptide P2-X from poliovirus contain a conserved region of 143 amino acids. Based on the homology observed, a genetic map of the CPMV genome has been constructed in which the 87-K polypeptide represents the core polymerase domain of the CPMV replicase. These results have implications for the evolution of RNA viruses, and mechanisms are discussed which may explain the existence of homology between picornaviruses (animal viruses with single genomic RNAs) and comoviruses (plant viruses with two genomic RNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Franssen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University, De Dreijen 11, 6703 BC Wageningen
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Carroll AR, Rowlands DJ, Clarke BE. The complete nucleotide sequence of the RNA coding for the primary translation product of foot and mouth disease virus. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:2461-72. [PMID: 6324120 PMCID: PMC318676 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.5.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the coding region of foot and mouth disease virus RNA (strain A1061) is presented. The sequence extends from the primary initiation site, approximately 1200 nucleotide from the 5' end of the genome, in an open translational reading frame of 6,999 nucleotides to a termination codon 93 nucleotides from the 3' terminal poly (A). Available amino acid sequence data correlates with that predicted from the nucleotide sequence. The amino acid sequence around cleavage sites in the polyprotein shows no consistency, although a number of the virus-coded protease cleavage sites are between glutamate and glycine residues.
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41
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Pallansch MA, Kew OM, Semler BL, Omilianowski DR, Anderson CW, Wimmer E, Rueckert RR. Protein processing map of poliovirus. J Virol 1984; 49:873-80. [PMID: 6321771 PMCID: PMC255549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.873-880.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Five previously unmapped proteins (5a, 7d, 8, 9b, and 10) were located on the proteolytic processing map of the polyprotein. One of the proteins, 9b, appears to be the sister fragment of a cleavage reaction (P3-9 leads to P3-9b + VPg). Two of the other newly mapped proteins, 8 and 10, have been identified as sister fragments of X-related proteins 3b and 5b; thus, P2-3b leads to P2-8 + P2-5b and P2-5b leads to P2-10 + P2-X. The remaining proteins, 5a and 7d, mapped in the 1b protein and appear to result from the cleavages P3-1b leads to P3-5a + P3-6b and P3-4b leads to P3-7d + P3-6b. These assignments account for over 95% of the total polioviral proteins and complete the mapping of the major processing pathways.
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42
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Takegami T, Kuhn RJ, Anderson CW, Wimmer E. Membrane-dependent uridylylation of the genome-linked protein VPg of poliovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983; 80:7447-51. [PMID: 6324172 PMCID: PMC389968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.24.7447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A small nucleotidyl-protein has been synthesized in vitro in a membrane fraction of poliovirus-infected HeLa cells. Analyses of the nucleotides and polypeptide have shown that the nucleotidyl-protein is VPg-pUpU: the genome-linked protein of poliovirion RNA covalently bound to the first two 5'-terminal nucleotides of poliovirus RNA. Synthesis of VPg-pUpU in vitro was sensitive to nonionic detergent. We suggest that VPg-pUpU is part of the initiation complex in poliovirus RNA replication in a membranous environment.
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43
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Morrow CD, Dasgupta A. Antibody to a synthetic nonapeptide corresponding to the NH2 terminus of poliovirus genome-linked protein VPg reacts with native VPg and inhibits in vitro replication of poliovirus RNA. J Virol 1983; 48:429-39. [PMID: 6312101 PMCID: PMC255368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.48.2.429-439.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic nonapeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of poliovirus genome-linked protein (VPg) was linked to bovine serum albumin and used to raise antibodies in rabbits. The antipeptide antibodies specifically precipitated the nonapeptide, native VPg, and VPg-linked poliovirion RNA. The antipeptide antibodies inhibited host factor-stimulated, poliovirus replicase-catalyzed in vitro synthesis of full-length (35S) RNA in response to virion RNA. Oligouridylic acid-stimulated RNA synthesis was not affected by the antipeptide antibodies. Preincubation of the antibodies with excess nonapeptide reversed the antipeptide antibody-mediated inhibition of host factor-stimulated RNA synthesis by the poliovirus replicase. A role for VPg in the in vitro replication of poliovirus RNA genome is discussed.
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Stanway G, Cann AJ, Hauptmann R, Hughes P, Clarke LD, Mountford RC, Minor PD, Schild GC, Almond JW. The nucleotide sequence of poliovirus type 3 leon 12 a1b: comparison with poliovirus type 1. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:5629-43. [PMID: 6310508 PMCID: PMC326302 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.16.5629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of the Sabin vaccine strain of poliovirus type 3 (P3/Leon 12 a1 b) has been determined from cDNA cloned in E. coli. The genome comprises a 5' non-coding region of 742 nucleotides, a large open reading frame of 6618 nucleotides (89% of the sequence) and a 3' non-coding region of 72 nucleotides. There is 77.4% base-sequence homology and 89.6% predicted amino-acid homology between types 1 and 3. Conservation of all glutamine-glycine and tyrosine-glycine cleavage sites suggests a mechanism of polyprotein processing similar to that established for poliovirus type 1.
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45
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Oosterom-Dragon EA, Anderson CW. Polypeptide structure and encoding location of the adenovirus serotype 2 late, nonstructural 33K protein. J Virol 1983; 45:251-63. [PMID: 6296434 PMCID: PMC256408 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.251-263.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiochemical microsequence analysis of selected tryptic peptides of the adenovirus type 2 33K nonstructural protein has revealed the precise region of the genomic nucleotide sequence that encodes this protein. The initiation codon for the 33K protein lies 606 nucleotides to the right of the EcoRI restriction site at 70.7 map units and 281 nucleotides to the left of the postulated carboxyterminal codon of the adenovirus 100K protein. The coding regions for these two proteins thus overlap; however, the 33K protein is derived from the +1 frame with respect to the postulated 100K reading frame. Our results contradict an earlier published report suggesting that these two proteins share extensive amino acid sequence homology (N. Axelrod, Virology 87:366-383, 1978). The published nucleotide sequence of the Ad2 EcoRI-F fragment (70.7 to 75.9 map units) cannot accommodate in a single reading frame the peptide sequences of the 33K protein that we have determined. Sequence analysis of DNA fragments derived from virus has confirmed the published nucleotide sequence in all critical regions with respect to the coding region for the 33K protein. Consequently, our data are only consistent with the existence of an mRNA splice within the coding region for 33K. Consensus donor and acceptor splice sequences have been located that would predict the removal of 202 nucleotides from the transcripts for the 33K protein. Removal of these nucleotides would explain the structure of a peptide that cannot otherwise be directly encoded by the EcoRI-F fragment. Identification of the precise splice points by peptide sequencing has permitted a prediction of the complete amino acid sequence for the 33K protein.
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Strauss EG, Strauss JH. Replication strategies of the single stranded RNA viruses of eukaryotes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1983; 105:1-98. [PMID: 6354610 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-69159-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Three closely related genes for the small genome-linked protein (VPg) of picornaviruses have been identified by sequence analysis as a tandem repeat in the genome of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), strain O1K. This unusual structure was also found in the genome of strain C1O, belonging to a different FMDV serotype. Predicted biochemical properties of the three VPg gene products are in excellent agreement with the data from protein analysis of a heterogeneous VPg population from a third FMDV serotype, strain A10 (1). Taken together, these data indicate that the VPgs from all three genes function equally well in vivo. This is the first report of a tandem repeat gene in a viral genome.
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48
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Tuschall DM, Hiebert E, Flanegan JB. Poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase synthesizes full-length copies of poliovirion RNA, cellular mRNA, and several plant virus RNAs in vitro. J Virol 1982; 44:209-16. [PMID: 6183446 PMCID: PMC256254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.44.1.209-216.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase was active on synthetic homopolymeric RNA templates as well as on every natural RNA tested. The polymerase copied polyadenylate. oligouridylate [oligo(U)], polycytidylate . oligoinosinate, and polyinosinate. oligocytidylate templates to about the same extent. The observed activity on polyuridylate. oligoadenylate was about fourfold less. Full-length copies of both poliovirion RNA and a wide variety of other polyadenylated RNAs were synthesized by the polymerase in the presence of oligo(U). Polymerase elongation rates on poliovirion RNA and a heterologous RNA (squash mosaic virus RNA) were about the same. Changes in the Mg(2+) concentration affected the elongation rates on both RNAs to the same extent. With two non-polyadenylated RNAs (tobacco mosaic virus RNA and brome mosaic virus RNA3), the results were different. The purified polymerase synthesized a subgenomic-sized product RNA on brome mosaic virus RNA3 in the presence of oligo(U). This product RNA appeared to initiate on oligo(U) hybridized to an internal oligoadenylate sequence in brome mosaic virus RNA3. No oligo(U)-primed product was synthesized on tobacco mosaic virus RNA. When partially purified polymerase was used in place of the completely purified enzyme, some oligo(U)-independent activity was observed on the brome mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus RNAs. The size of the product RNA from these reactions suggested that at least some of the product RNA was full-sized and covalently linked to the template RNA. Thus, the polymerase was found to copy many different types of RNA and to make full-length copies of the RNAs tested.
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Baron MH, Baltimore D. In vitro copying of viral positive strand RNA by poliovirus replicase. Characterization of the reaction and its products. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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50
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Baron MH, Baltimore D. Antibodies against a synthetic peptide of the poliovirus replicase protein: reaction with native, virus-encoded proteins and inhibition of virus-specific polymerase activities in vitro. J Virol 1982; 43:969-78. [PMID: 6292474 PMCID: PMC256207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.43.3.969-978.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A carboxy-terminal peptide of the poliovirus replicase protein (p63) was chemically synthesized, coupled to bovine serum albumin carrier, and injected into rabbits. The resulting antisera reacted with six virus-specific proteins from HeLa cells infected with poliovirus: NCVP 0b, NCVP 1b, NCVP 2, a protein of about 60,000 daltons, p63, and NCVP 6b. The identity of the 60,000-dalton protein is not known, but the other results were consistent with previous experimental approaches which demonstrated that p63 and the other four polypeptides have common coding sequences. An amino-terminal peptide of p63 failed to elicit an immune response in rabbits. Antibodies raised against the p63 carboxy-terminal peptide inhibited poliovirus replicase and polyuridylic acid polymerase activities in vitro, providing strong support for earlier suggestions that these activities are a property of a single virus-specific polypeptide.
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