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Wen W, Li H, Luo J. Potential Role of MANF, an ER Stress Responsive Neurotrophic Factor, in Protecting Against Alcohol Neurotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2992-3015. [PMID: 35254650 PMCID: PMC10928853 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02786-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure during pregnancy is harmful to the fetus and causes a wide range of long-lasting physiological and neurocognitive impairments, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The neurobehavioral deficits observed in FASD result from structural and functional damages in the brain, with neurodegeneration being the most destructive consequence. Currently, there are no therapies for FASD. It is exigent to delineate the underlying mechanisms of alcohol neurotoxicity and develop an effective strategy of treatment. ER stress, caused by the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER, is the hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including alcohol-induced neurodegeneration. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is a newly discovered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responsive neurotrophic factor that regulates diverse neuronal functions. This review summarizes the recent findings revealing the effects of MANF on the CNS and its protective role against neurodegeneration. Particularly, we focus the role of MANF on alcohol-induced ER stress and neurodegeneration and discuss the therapeutic potential of MANF in treating alcohol neurotoxicity such as FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, 52246, USA.
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Enhancing S-nitrosoglutathione reductase decreases S-nitrosylation of Drp1 and reduces neuronal apoptosis in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage both in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res Bull 2022; 183:184-200. [PMID: 35304287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a hemorrhagic stroke with a high mortality and disability rate. Nitric oxide (NO) can promote blood supply through vasodilation, leading to protein S-nitrosylation. However, the function of S-nitrosylation in neurons after SAH remains unclear. Excessive NO in the pathological state is converted into S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and stored in cells, which leads to high S-nitrosylation of intracellular proteins and causes nitrosative stress. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) promotes GSNO degradation and protects cells from excessive S-nitrosylation. We conducted an in vivo rat carotid puncture model and an in vitro neuron hemoglobin intervention. The results showed that SAH induction increased NO, GSNO, neuron protein S-nitrosylation, and neuronal apoptosis, while decreasing the level and activity of GSNOR. GSNOR overexpression by lentivirus decreased GSNO but had little effect on NO. GSNOR overexpression also improved short- and long-term neurobehavioral outcomes in rats and alleviated nitrosative stress. Furthermore, GSNOR reduced neuronal apoptosis and played a neuroprotective role by alleviating Drp1 S-nitrosylation, reducing mitochondrial division. Thus, the regulation of GSNOR in early brain injury and neuronal denitrosylation may play an important role in neuroprotection.
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Waddell J, McKenna MC, Kristian T. Brain ethanol metabolism and mitochondria. CURRENT TOPICS IN BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2022; 23:1-13. [PMID: 36873619 PMCID: PMC9980429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse and dependence in humans causes an extreme shift in metabolism for which the human brain is not evolutionarily prepared. Oxidation of ethanol and acetaldehyde are not regulated, making ethanol a dominating metabolic substrate that prevents the activity of enzymes from oxidizing their usual endogenous substrates. The enzymes required to oxidize ethanol across the variety of affected tissues all produce acetaldehyde which is then converted to acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). ALDHs are NAD+-dependent enzymes, and mitochondrial ALDH2 is likely the primary contributor to ethanol-derived acetaldehyde clearance in cells. Metabolism of alcohol has several adverse effects on mitochondria including increased free radical levels, hyperacetylation of mitochondrial proteins, and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. This review discusses the role of astrocytic and neuronal mitochondria in ethanol metabolism that contributes to the acute and chronic changes in mitochondrial function and morphology, that might promote tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. We also propose potential modes of therapeutic intervention to reduce the toxicity of chronic alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary C McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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4
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Penaloza CG, Cruz M, Germain G, Jabeen S, Javdan M, Lockshin RA, Zakeri Z. Higher sensitivity of female cells to ethanol: methylation of DNA lowers Cyp2e1, generating more ROS. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:111. [PMID: 32653010 PMCID: PMC7353761 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cells taken from mouse embryos before sex differentiation respond to insults according to their chromosomal sex, a difference traceable to differential methylation. We evaluated the mechanism for this difference in the controlled situation of their response to ethanol. Methods We evaluated the expression of mRNA for alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehyrogenases (ALDH), and a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (Cyp2e1) in male and female mice, comparing the expressions to toxicity under several experimental conditions evaluating redox and other states. Results Females are more sensitive to ethanol. Disulfiram, which inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), increases cell death in males, eliminating the sex dimorphism. The expressions ADH Class 1 to 4 and ALDH Class 1 and 2 do not differ by sex. However, females express approximately 8X more message for Cyp2e1, an enzyme in the non-canonical pathway. Female cells produce approximately 15% more ROS (reactive oxygen species) than male cells, but male cells contain approximately double the concentration of GSH, a ROS scavenger. Scavenging ROS with N-acetyl cysteine reduces cell death and eliminates sex dimorphism. Finally, since many of the differences in gene expression derive from methylation of DNA, we exposed cells to the methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza- 2-deoxycytidine; blocking methylation eliminates both the difference in expression of Cyp2e1 and cell death. Conclusion We conclude that the sex-differential cell death caused by ethanol derives from sex dimorphic methylation of Cyp2e1 gene, resulting in generation of more ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Penaloza
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.,Present Address: Chancellor's Office, Leeward Community College, Pearl City, HI, USA
| | - Mayra Cruz
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Gabrielle Germain
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Sidra Jabeen
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Mohammad Javdan
- Queensborough Community College, City College of New York, Bayside, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Lockshin
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA
| | - Zahra Zakeri
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, NSB E143, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA.
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Xie J, Tian XF, He SG, Wei YL, Peng B, Wu ZQ. Evaluating the Intoxicating Degree of Liquor Products with Combinations of Fusel Alcohols, Acids, and Esters. Molecules 2018; 23:E1239. [PMID: 29789494 PMCID: PMC6100290 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of fusel alcohols on the intoxicating degree of liquor products, formulated liquors (FLs) were prepared by blending 1-propanol, isobutanol, and isoamyl alcohol with ethanol, organic acids, and corresponding ethyl esters to simulate the formula of traditional Chinese liquors. The prepared FLs were submitted for evaluation of their intoxicating degree (ID). The results showed that the fusel alcohols had a biphasic effect on the IDs of the FLs, depending on the comprehensive coordination of the characteristic minor components. The importance of the suitable ratio of alcohols/acids/esters (RAAE) on the IDs was also revealed. Under an optimal ratio level, the fusel alcohols exhibited negligible effects on the IDs of the FLs. Moreover, the ratio of isoamyl alcohol to isobutanol (IA/IB) showed a strong positive correlation to the IDs of the FLs. This study lays a foundation for the potential application in producing low-ID liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiao-Fei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Song-Gui He
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd., Foshan 528203, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yun-Lu Wei
- Guangdong Jiujiang Distillery Co., Ltd., Foshan 528203, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Peng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
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Increased GSNOR Expression during Aging Impairs Cognitive Function and Decreases S-Nitrosation of CaMKIIα. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9741-9758. [PMID: 28883020 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0681-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, an increasing number of people suffer from age-related cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. Here, we found that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), the key enzyme that metabolizes intracellular nitric oxide (NO) and regulates S-nitrosation, was significantly increased in the hippocampus of both aging humans and mice. Transgenic mice overexpressing GSNOR exclusively in neurons showed cognitive impairment in behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze, fear conditioning, and the Y-maze test. We also found that GSNOR transgenic mice have LTP defects and lower dendrite spine density, whereas GSNOR knock-out mice rescued the age-related cognitive impairment. Analysis of S-nitrosation showed significantly decreased hippocampal CaMKIIα S-nitrosation in naturally aged mice and GSNOR transgenic mice. Consistent with the change in CaMKIIα S-nitrosation, the accumulation of CaMKIIα in the hippocampal synaptosomal fraction, as well as its downstream signaling targets p(S831)-GLUR1, was also significantly decreased. All these effects could be rescued in the GSNOR knock-out mice. We further verified that the S-nitrosation of CaMKIIα was responsible for the CaMKIIα synaptosomal accumulation by mutating CaMKIIα S-nitrosated sites (C280/C289). Upregulation of the NO signaling pathway rescued the cognitive impairment in GSNOR transgenic mice. In summary, our research demonstrates that GSNOR impairs cognitive function in aging and it could serve as a new potential target for the treatment of age-related cognitive impairment. In contrast to the free radical theory of aging, NO signaling deficiency may be the main mediator of age-related cognitive impairment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study indicated that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a key protein S-nitrosation metabolic enzyme, is a new potential target in age-related cognitive impairment; and in contrast to the free radical theory of aging, NO signaling deficiency may be the main cause of this process. In addition, increased GSNOR expression during aging decreases S-nitrosation of CaMKIIα and reduces CaMKIIα synaptosomal accumulation. To our knowledge, it is for the first time to show the cellular function regulation of CaMKIIα by GSNOR-dependent S-nitrosation as a new post-translational modification after its phosphorylation was explored. These findings elucidate a novel mechanism of age-related cognitive impairment and may provide a new potential target and strategy for slowing down this process.
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Rizza S, Filomeni G. Chronicles of a reductase: Biochemistry, genetics and physio-pathological role of GSNOR. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 110:19-30. [PMID: 28533171 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
S-nitrosylation is a major redox posttranslational modification involved in cell signaling. The steady state concentration of S-nitrosylated proteins depends on the balance between the relative ability to generate nitric oxide (NO) via NO synthase and to reduce nitrosothiols by denitrosylases. Numerous works have been published in last decades regarding the role of NO and S-nitrosylation in the regulation of protein structure and function, and in driving cellular activities in vertebrates. Notwithstanding an increasing number of observations indicates that impairment of denitrosylation equally affects cellular homeostasis, there is still no report providing comprehensive knowledge on the impact that denitrosylation has on maintaining correct physiological processes and organ activities. Among denitrosylases, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) represents the prototype enzyme to disclose how denitrosylation plays a crucial role in tuning NO-bioactivity and how much it deeply impacts on cell homeostasis and human patho-physiology. In this review we attempt to illustrate the history of GSNOR discovery and provide the evidence so far reported in support of GSNOR implications in development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Research Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Research Group, Cell Stress and Survival Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Barnett SD, Buxton ILO. The role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in human disease and therapy. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:340-354. [PMID: 28393572 PMCID: PMC5597050 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1304353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), or ADH5, is an enzyme in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family. It is unique when compared to other ADH enzymes in that primary short-chain alcohols are not its principle substrate. GSNOR metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-hydroxymethylglutathione (the spontaneous adduct of formaldehyde and glutathione), and some alcohols. GSNOR modulates reactive nitric oxide (•NO) availability in the cell by catalyzing the breakdown of GSNO, and indirectly regulates S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) through GSNO-mediated protein S-nitrosation. The dysregulation of GSNOR can significantly alter cellular homeostasis, leading to disease. GSNOR plays an important regulatory role in smooth muscle relaxation, immune function, inflammation, neuronal development and cancer progression, among many other processes. In recent years, the therapeutic inhibition of GSNOR has been investigated to treat asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The direct action of •NO on cellular pathways, as well as the important regulatory role of protein S-nitrosation, is closely tied to GSNOR regulation and defines this enzyme as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Barnett
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
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Wu K, Ren R, Su W, Wen B, Zhang Y, Yi F, Qiao X, Yuan T, Wang J, Liu L, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Liu GH, Chen C. A novel suppressive effect of alcohol dehydrogenase 5 in neuronal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20193-9. [PMID: 24895131 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c114.561860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) is a conserved enzyme for alcohol and aldehyde metabolism in mammals. Despite dynamic expression throughout neurogenesis, its role in neuronal development remains unknown. Here we present the first evidence that ADH5 is a negative regulator of neuronal differentiation. Gene expression analyses identify a constant reduction of ADH5 levels throughout neuronal development. Overexpression of ADH5 reduces both development and adult neuronal differentiation of mouse neurons. This effect depends on the catalytic activity of ADH5 and involves ADH5-mediated denitrosation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Our results indicate that ADH5 counteracts neuronal differentiation of human neural stem cells and that this effect can be reversed by pharmacological inhibition of ADH5. Based on these observations, we propose that ADH5 is a novel suppressor of neuronal differentiation and maturation. Inhibition of ADH5 may improve adult neurogenesis in a physiological or pathological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Wu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruotong Ren
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenting Su
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Wen
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fei Yi
- the Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Xinhua Qiao
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Liu
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, and
| | | | - Guang-Hui Liu
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chang Chen
- From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, the Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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Heit C, Dong H, Chen Y, Thompson DC, Deitrich RA, Vasiliou VK. The role of CYP2E1 in alcohol metabolism and sensitivity in the central nervous system. Subcell Biochem 2013; 67:235-47. [PMID: 23400924 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5881-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption has effects on the central nervous system (CNS), manifesting as motor incoordination, sleep induction (hypnosis), anxiety, amnesia, and the reinforcement or aversion of alcohol consumption. Acetaldehyde (the direct metabolite of ethanol oxidation) contributes to many aspects of the behavioral effects of ethanol. Given acetaldehyde cannot pass through the blood brain barrier, its concentration in the CNS is primarily determined by local production from ethanol. Catalase and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) represent the major enzymes in the CNS that catalyze ethanol oxidation. CYP2E1 is expressed abundantly within the microsomes of certain brain cells and is localized to particular brain regions. This chapter focuses on the discussion of CYP2E1 in ethanol metabolism in the CNS, covering topics including how it is regulated, where it is expressed and how it influences sensitivity to ethanol in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Heit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Palmer LA, May WJ, deRonde K, Brown-Steinke K, Bates JN, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. Ventilatory responses during and following exposure to a hypoxic challenge in conscious mice deficient or null in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012. [PMID: 23183419 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a hypoxic challenge increases ventilation in wild-type (WT) mice that diminish during the challenge (roll-off) whereas return to room air causes an increase in ventilation (short-term facilitation, STF). Since plasma and tissue levels of ventilatory excitant S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) increase during hypoxia, this study examined whether (1) the initial increase in ventilation is due to generation of GSNO, (2) roll-off is due to increased activity of the GSNO degrading enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), and (3) STF is limited by GSNOR activity. Initial ventilatory responses to hypoxic challenge (10% O(2), 90% N(2)) were similar in WT, GSNO+/- and GSNO-/- mice. These responses diminished markedly during hypoxic challenge in WT mice whereas there was minimal roll-off in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice. Finally, STF was greater in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice than in WT mice (especially females). This study suggests that GSNOR degradation of GSNO is a vital step in the expression of ventilatory roll-off and that GSNOR suppresses STF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Palmer
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Chang JS, Straif K, Guha N. The role of alcohol dehydrogenase genes in head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of ADH1B and ADH1C. Mutagenesis 2011; 27:275-86. [PMID: 22042713 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol drinking is a major risk factor for head and neck cancer (HNC). This risk may be modified by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes, particularly ADH1B and ADH1C, that oxidise ethanol to its carcinogenic metabolite, acetaldehyde. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the association between ADH1B and ADH1C and HNC risk. Twenty-nine studies from 28 articles identified from a literature search were included. Summary odds ratios (meta-ORs) were generated using random effect models. A reduced risk for HNC was associated with carrying the ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1 alleles that confer faster metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde [meta-OR ADH1B, 0.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37-0.68, 13 studies; meta-OR ADH1C, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.99, 22 studies]. ADH1B*2 and ADH1C*1 alleles appear to be protective for HNC, possibly due to: (i) decreasing the opportunity for oral microflora to produce acetaldehyde locally from a prolonged systemic circulation of ethanol, (ii) preventing ethanol from acting as a solvent for other carcinogens, and (iii) decreasing the amount of ethanol a person consumes since a consequent peak in systemic acetaldehyde could cause discomfort. These results underscore the importance of ADH1B and ADH1C in the association between alcohol consumption and the risk for HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan Republic of China.
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Hou Q, Jiang H, Zhang X, Guo C, Huang B, Wang P, Wang T, Wu K, Li J, Gong Z, Du L, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen C. Nitric oxide metabolism controlled by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (fdh, homolog of mammalian GSNOR) plays a crucial role in visual pattern memory in Drosophila. Nitric Oxide 2010; 24:17-24. [PMID: 20932929 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in learning and memory which is essential for animals to adapt to the external environment. However, little is known about the role of NO metabolism in this process. S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) is a key protein in the control of NO metabolism and protein S-nitrosation. To study the relationship between NO metabolism and learning and memory, the expression of gene fdh which is homolog to mammalian GSNOR was modulated by the Gal4/UAS system in Drosophila. The over-expression of the fdh in the central nervous system significantly increased GSNOR activity and induced visual pattern memory defects of Drosophila. The role of fdh in learning and memory was independent of development and was neuron-specific: over-expression of the fdh in the fan-shaped body induced memory defect, while over-expression in the mushroom body did not. The visual pattern memory defect could be rescued by co-expression with exogenous cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Moreover, fdh over-expression resulted in denitrosation of multiple proteins functionally enriched in vesicle-mediated transport, which is important for learning and memory. These results showed that regulation of NO metabolism plays an important role in learning and memory, and the mechanism may involve both NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and S-nitrosation modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Haseba T, Ohno Y. A new view of alcohol metabolism and alcoholism--role of the high-Km Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1076-92. [PMID: 20617019 PMCID: PMC2872310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7031076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The conventional view is that alcohol metabolism is carried out by ADH1 (Class I) in the liver. However, it has been suggested that another pathway plays an important role in alcohol metabolism, especially when the level of blood ethanol is high or when drinking is chronic. Over the past three decades, vigorous attempts to identify the enzyme responsible for the non-ADH1 pathway have focused on the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) and catalase, but have failed to clarify their roles in systemic alcohol metabolism. Recently, using ADH3-null mutant mice, we demonstrated that ADH3 (Class III), which has a high K(m) and is a ubiquitous enzyme of ancient origin, contributes to systemic alcohol metabolism in a dose-dependent manner, thereby diminishing acute alcohol intoxication. Although the activity of ADH3 toward ethanol is usually low in vitro due to its very high K(m), the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) is markedly enhanced when the solution hydrophobicity of the reaction medium increases. Activation of ADH3 by increasing hydrophobicity should also occur in liver cells; a cytoplasmic solution of mouse liver cells was shown to be much more hydrophobic than a buffer solution when using Nile red as a hydrophobicity probe. When various doses of ethanol are administered to mice, liver ADH3 activity is dynamically regulated through induction or kinetic activation, while ADH1 activity is markedly lower at high doses (3-5 g/kg). These data suggest that ADH3 plays a dynamic role in alcohol metabolism, either collaborating with ADH1 or compensating for the reduced role of ADH1. A complex two-ADH model that ascribes total liver ADH activity to both ADH1 and ADH3 explains the dose-dependent changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters (beta, CL(T), AUC) of blood ethanol very well, suggesting that alcohol metabolism in mice is primarily governed by these two ADHs. In patients with alcoholic liver disease, liver ADH3 activity increases, while ADH1 activity decreases, as alcohol intake increases. Furthermore, ADH3 is induced in damaged cells that have greater hydrophobicity, whereas ADH1 activity is lower when there is severe liver disease. These data suggest that chronic binge drinking and the resulting liver disease shifts the key enzyme in alcohol metabolism from low-K(m) ADH1 to high-K(m) ADH3, thereby reducing the rate of alcohol metabolism. The interdependent increase in the ADH3/ADH1 activity ratio and AUC may be a factor in the development of alcoholic liver disease. However, the adaptive increase in ADH3 sustains alcohol metabolism, even in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, which makes it possible for them to drink themselves to death. Thus, the regulation of ADH3 activity may be important in preventing alcoholism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Haseba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Youkichi Ohno
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan; E-Mail:
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15
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Thompson CM, Sonawane B, Grafström RC. The ontogeny, distribution, and regulation of alcohol dehydrogenase 3: implications for pulmonary physiology. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1565-71. [PMID: 19460944 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3), also termed formaldehyde dehydrogenase or S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, plays a critical role in the enzymatic oxidation of formaldehyde and reduction of nitrosothiols that regulate bronchial tone. Considering reported associations between formaldehyde vapor exposure and childhood asthma risk, and thus potential involvement of ADH3, we reviewed the ontogeny, distribution, and regulation of mammalian ADH3. Recent studies indicate that multiple biological and chemical stimuli influence expression and activity of ADH3, including the feedback regulation of nitrosothiol metabolism. The levels of ADH3 correlate with, and potentially influence, bronchial tone; however, data gaps remain with respect to the expression of ADH3 during postnatal and early childhood development. Consideration of ADH3 function relative to the respiratory effects of formaldehyde, as well as to other chemical and biological exposures that might act in an additive or synergistic manner with formaldehyde, might be critical to gain better insight into the association between formaldehyde exposure and childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Thompson
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Boyd KN, O'Buckley TK, Morrow AL. Role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced elevation of the neuroactive steroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1774-81. [PMID: 18652594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic ethanol administration increases neuroactive steroid levels that increase ethanol sensitivity. Acetaldehyde is a biologically active compound that may contribute to behavioral and rewarding effects of ethanol. We investigated the role of acetaldehyde in ethanol-induced elevations of 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP) levels in cerebral cortex. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered ethanol, and plasma acetaldehyde concentrations were measured by gas chromatography to determine relevant concentrations. Rats were then administered acetaldehyde directly, acetaldehyde plus cyanamide to block its degradation, or ethanol in the presence of inhibitors of ethanol metabolism, to determine effects on 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels in cerebral cortex. RESULTS Ethanol administration (2 g/kg) to rats results in a peak acetaldehyde concentration of 6-7 microM at 10 minutes that remains stable for the duration of the time points tested. Direct administration of acetaldehyde eliciting this plasma concentration does not increase cerebral cortical 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels, and inhibition of ethanol-metabolizing enzymes to modify acetaldehyde formation does not alter ethanol-induced 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. However, higher doses of acetaldehyde (75 and 100 mg/kg), in the presence of cyanamide to prevent its metabolism, are capable of increasing cortical 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels. CONCLUSIONS Physiological concentrations of acetaldehyde are not responsible for ethanol-induced increases in 3alpha,5alpha-THP, but a synergistic role for acetaldehyde with ethanol may contribute to increases in 3alpha,5alpha-THP levels and ethanol sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Boyd
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Marchitti SA, Deitrich RA, Vasiliou V. Neurotoxicity and metabolism of the catecholamine-derived 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde: the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 59:125-50. [PMID: 17379813 DOI: 10.1124/pr.59.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes are highly reactive molecules formed during the biotransformation of numerous endogenous and exogenous compounds, including biogenic amines. 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde is the aldehyde metabolite of both norepinephrine and epinephrine. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that these compounds are neurotoxic, and it has been recently hypothesized that neurodegenerative disorders may be associated with increased levels of these biogenic aldehydes. Aldehyde dehydrogenases are a group of NAD(P)+ -dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of aldehydes, such as those derived from catecholamines, to their corresponding carboxylic acids. To date, 19 aldehyde dehydrogenase genes have been identified in the human genome. Mutations in these genes and subsequent inborn errors in aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, type II hyperprolinemia, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, and pyridoxine-dependent seizures, most of which are characterized by neurological abnormalities. Several pharmaceutical agents and environmental toxins are also known to disrupt or inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase function. It is, therefore, possible to speculate that reduced detoxification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde from impaired or deficient aldehyde dehydrogenase function may be a contributing factor in the suggested neurotoxicity of these compounds. This article presents a comprehensive review of what is currently known of both the neurotoxicity and respective metabolism pathways of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde with an emphasis on the role that aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes play in the detoxification of these two aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satori A Marchitti
- Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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18
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Birley AJ, Whitfield JB, Neale MC, Duffy DL, Heath AC, Boomsma DI, Martin NG. Genetic time-series analysis identifies a major QTL for in vivo alcohol metabolism not predicted by in vitro studies of structural protein polymorphism at the ADH1B or ADH1C loci. Behav Genet 2006; 35:509-24. [PMID: 16184481 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-005-3851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
After ingestion of a standardized dose of ethanol, alcohol concentrations were assessed, over 3.5 hours from blood (six readings) and breath (10 readings) in a sample of 412 MZ and DZ twins who took part in an Alcohol Challenge Twin Study (ACTS). Nearly all participants were subsequently genotyped on two polymorphic SNPs in the ADH1B and ADH1C loci known to affect in vitro ADH activity. In the DZ pairs, 14 microsatellite markers covering a 20.5 cM region on chromosome 4 that includes the ADH gene family were assessed, Variation in the timed series of autocorrelated blood and breath alcohol readings was studied using a bivariate simplex design. The contribution of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) or QTL's linked to the ADH region was estimated via a mixture of likelihoods weighted by identity-by-descent probabilities. The effects of allelic substitution at the ADH1B and ADH1C loci were estimated in the means part of the model simultaneously with the effects sex and age. There was a major contribution to variance in alcohol metabolism due to a QTL which accounted for about 64% of the additive genetic covariation common to both blood and breath alcohol readings at the first time point. No effects of the ADH1B*47His or ADH1C*349Ile alleles on in vivo metabolism were observed, although these have been shown to have major effects in vitro. This implies that there is a major determinant of variation for in vivo alcohol metabolism in the ADH region that is not accounted for by these polymorphisms. Earlier analyses of these data suggested that alcohol metabolism is related to drinking behavior and imply that this QTL may be protective against alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Birley
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research and Joint Genetics Program, University of Queensland, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
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19
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Haseba T, Duester G, Shimizu A, Yamamoto I, Kameyama K, Ohno Y. In vivo contribution of Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH3) to alcohol metabolism through activation by cytoplasmic solution hydrophobicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:276-83. [PMID: 16431092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 11/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol metabolism in vivo cannot be explained solely by the action of the classical alcohol dehydrogenase, Class I ADH (ADH1). Over the past three decades, attempts to identify the metabolizing enzymes responsible for the ADH1-independent pathway have focused on the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) and catalase, but have failed to clarify their roles in systemic alcohol metabolism. In this study, we used Adh3-null mutant mice to demonstrate that Class III ADH (ADH3), a ubiquitous enzyme of ancient origin, contributes to alcohol metabolism in vivo dose-dependently resulting in a diminution of acute alcohol intoxication. Although the ethanol oxidation activity of ADH3 in vitro is low due to its very high Km, it was found to exhibit a markedly enhanced catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) toward ethanol when the solution hydrophobicity of the reaction medium was increased with a hydrophobic substance. Confocal laser scanning microscopy with Nile red as a hydrophobic probe revealed a cytoplasmic solution of mouse liver cells to be much more hydrophobic than the buffer solution used for in vitro experiments. So, the in vivo contribution of high-Km ADH3 to alcohol metabolism is likely to involve activation in a hydrophobic solution. Thus, the present study demonstrated that ADH3 plays an important role in systemic ethanol metabolism at higher levels of blood ethanol through activation by cytoplasmic solution hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Haseba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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20
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Deitrich R, Zimatkin S, Pronko S. Oxidation of ethanol in the brain and its consequences. ALCOHOL RESEARCH & HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM 2006; 29:266-73. [PMID: 17718405 PMCID: PMC6527035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of alcohol (i.e., ethanol) metabolism, has long been suspected of causing at least some of the central nervous system actions of ethanol. However, the data to support such a hypothesis have been difficult to obtain. One roadblock is the very low blood levels of acetaldehyde following ethanol intake and the finding that even elevated acetaldehyde levels in the blood do not easily gain access to the brain. The recent discovery of the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the adult brain may help explain the acute effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Deitrich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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21
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Galter D, Carmine A, Buervenich S, Duester G, Olson L. Distribution of class I, III and IV alcohol dehydrogenase mRNAs in the adult rat, mouse and human brain. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:1316-26. [PMID: 12631290 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The localization of different classes of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) in the brain is of great interest because of their role in both ethanol and retinoic acid metabolism. Conflicting data have been reported in the literature. By Northern blot and enzyme activity analyses only class III ADH has been detected in adult brain specimens, while results from riboprobe in situ hybridization indicate class I as well as class IV ADH expression in different regions of the rat brain. Here we have studied the expression patterns of three ADH classes in adult rat, mouse and human tissues using radioactive oligonucleotide in situ hybridization. Specificity of probes was tested on liver and stomach control tissue, as well as tissue from class IV ADH knock-out mice. Only class III ADH mRNA was found to be expressed in brain tissue of all three investigated species. Particularly high expression levels were found in neurons of the red nucleus in human tissue, while cortical neurons, pyramidal and granule cells of the hippocampus and dopamine neurons of substantia nigra showed moderate expression levels. Purkinje cells of cerebellum were positive for class III ADH mRNA in all species investigated, whereas granular layer neurons were positive only in rodents. The choroid plexus was highly positive for class III ADH, while no specific signal for class I or class IV ADH was detected. Our results thus support the notion that the only ADH expressed in adult mouse, rat and human brain is class III ADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Galter
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Sanghani PC, Robinson H, Bennett-Lovsey R, Hurley TD, Bosron WF. Structure-function relationships in human Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (formaldehyde dehydrogenase). Chem Biol Interact 2003; 143-144:195-200. [PMID: 12604204 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human Class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), also known as glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase plays an important role in the formaldehyde detoxification and reduction of the nitric oxide metabolite s-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). It follows a random bi bi kinetic mechanism and prefers bulkier substrates like long chain primary alcohols and glutathione adducts like s-hydroxymethylglutathione and GSNO over smaller alcohols like ethanol. The structure of the FDH.NAD(H) binary complex reported here, in conjunction with the other complexes of FDH, provide the structural basis of the kinetic observations. These structures show that the apoenzyme has a semi-open domain conformation that permits random random addition of alcohol or NAD(H). Moreover, there is no significant domain movement upon binding of the coenzyme or the substrate, 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Interestingly, two active site zinc coordination environments are observed in FDH. In the apoenzyme, the active site zinc is coordinated to Cys44, His66, Cys173 and a water molecule. In the FDH.NAD(H) binary complex reported here, Glu67 is added to the coordination environment of the active site zinc and the distance between the water molecule and zinc is increased. This change in the zinc coordination, brought about by the displacement of zinc of about 2 A towards Glu67 could promote substrate exchange at the active site metal during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paresh C Sanghani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive Room 4023A, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5122, USA
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23
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Martinez SE, Vaglenova J, Sabria J, Martinez MC, Farres J, Pares X. Distribution of alcohol dehydrogenase mRNA in the rat central nervous system. . Consequences for brain ethanol and retinoid metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Dudley BF, Brimfield AA, Winston GW. Oxidation of thiodiglycol (2,2'-thiobis-ethanol) by alcohol dehydrogenase: comparison of human isoenzymes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2001; 14:244-51. [PMID: 10969996 DOI: 10.1002/1099-0461(2000)14:5<244::aid-jbt3>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard is a chemical warfare agent that causes blistering of the skin and damages the eyes and airway after environmental exposure. We have previously reported that thiodiglycol (TDG, 2,2'-bis-thiodiethanol), the hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard, is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) purified from horse liver or present in mouse liver and human skin cytosol. Humans express four functional classes of ADH composed of several different isozymes, which vary in their tissue distribution, some occurring in skin. To help us evaluate the potential contribution of the various human isozymes toward toxicity in skin and in other tissues, we have compared the catalytic activity of purified human class I alphaalpha-, beta1beta1-, beta2beta2-, and gamma1gamma1-ADH, class II pi-ADH, class III chi-ADH, and class IV sigma-ADH with respect to TDG oxidation and their relative sensitivities to inhibition by pyrazole. Specific activities toward TDG were 123, 79, 347, 647, and 12 nmol/min/mg for the class I alphaalpha-, beta1,beta1-, beta2beta2-, and gamma1gamma1-ADH and class II pi-ADH, respectively. TDG was not a substrate for class III chi-ADH. The specific activity of class IV sigma-ADH was estimated at about 1630 nmol/min/mg. 1 mM pyrazole, a potent inhibitor of class I ADH, inhibited the class I alphaalpha, beta1beta1, beta2beta2, and gamma1gamma1 ADH and class IV sigma-ADH by 83, 100, 56, 90, and 73%, respectively. The class I alphaalpha- and beta1beta1-ADH oxidized TDG with kcat/Km value of 7-8 mM(-1) min(-1), beta2beta2-ADH with a value 19 mM(-1) min(-1) and class I gamma1gamma1-ADH with a value of 176 mM(-1) min(-1). The kcat/Km value for class IV sigma-ADH was estimated at 4 mM(-1) min(-1). The activities of class IV sigma-ADH and class I gamma1gamma1-ADH are of significant interest because of their prevalence in eyes, lungs, stomach, and skin, all target organs of sulfur mustard toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Dudley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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25
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Eysseric H, Gonthier B, Soubeyran A, Richard MJ, Daveloose D, Barret L. Effects of chronic ethanol exposure on acetaldehyde and free radical production by astrocytes in culture. Alcohol 2000; 21:117-25. [PMID: 10963934 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, the production of acetaldehyde and free radicals derived from ethanol was characterized in astrocytes in primary culture. In the present study, the effects of chronic exposure on the production of both compounds as well as on the main antioxidant system were compared with those of an acute exposure. This was done to better understand the different ways the brain reacts to these modes of exposure. Under these conditions, both a time-dependent increase in the accumulation of acetaldehyde and a decreased formation of the alpha-hydroxyethyl radical were shown. This was associated with increased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and with decreased glutathione (GSH) content. These effects, which counteract reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by stimulating the main enzymes of the antioxidant system, were also associated with the reduced amount of radicals derived from ethanol. This could be a beneficial effect, but this was counter-balanced by the increased rate of acetaldehyde accumulation, whose high toxicity is well known. All these effects underline the crucial role played by catalase which, on one hand converts hydrogen peroxide to water and, on the other hand, ethanol to acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eysseric
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie et de Toxicologie (Pr G. Bessard). CHU de Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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26
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Mori O, Haseba T, Kameyama K, Shimizu H, Kudoh M, Ohaki O, Arai Y, Yamazaki M, Asano G. Histological distribution of class III alcohol dehydrogenase in human brain. Brain Res 2000; 852:186-90. [PMID: 10661511 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The distributions of class III alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and class I ADH in the human brain were examined immunohistochemically. The most intense immunostaining of class III ADH was observed in the dendrites and cytoplasm of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Scattered cerebral cortical neurons in layers IV and V, and some hippocampal pyramidal neurons were also immunopositive. The neuronal distribution of class III ADH resembled that of the vulnerable neurons in patients with hypoxic encephalopathy, which in view of the intense staining in the Purkinje cells, raises the possibility that this enzyme contributes to the hypoxia and cerebellar degeneration suffered by chronic alcoholics. Perivascular and subependymal astrocytes, which contribute to the maintenance of the cerebral cellular milieu and isolate the brain from the systemic circulation and cerebrospinal fluid, were also class III ADH positive. As the substrates of this enzyme include intrinsic toxic formaldehyde, inflammatory intermediate of 20-hydroxy-leukoteiene B4, and possibly ethanol, the distribution of class III ADH immunostaining indicates this enzyme contributes to the defence of the brain against degenerative processes. The finding that, unlike ependymal cells, subependymal astrocytes were class III ADH positive, suggests this enzyme may be useful for differentiating astrocytes and ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Mori
- Department of Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Duester G, Farrés J, Felder MR, Holmes RS, Höög JO, Parés X, Plapp BV, Yin SJ, Jörnvall H. Recommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:389-95. [PMID: 10424757 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family encodes enzymes that metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Studies on 19 vertebrate animals have identified ADH orthologs across several species, and this has now led to questions of how best to name ADH proteins and genes. Seven distinct classes of vertebrate ADH encoded by non-orthologous genes have been defined based upon sequence homology as well as unique catalytic properties or gene expression patterns. Each class of vertebrate ADH shares <70% sequence identity with other classes of ADH in the same species. Classes may be further divided into multiple closely related isoenzymes sharing >80% sequence identity such as the case for class I ADH where humans have three class I ADH genes, horses have two, and mice have only one. Presented here is a nomenclature that uses the widely accepted vertebrate ADH class system as its basis. It follows the guidelines of human and mouse gene nomenclature committees, which recommend coordinating names across species boundaries and eliminating Roman numerals and Greek symbols. We recommend that enzyme subunits be referred to by the symbol "ADH" (alcohol dehydrogenase) followed by an Arabic number denoting the class; i.e. ADH1 for class I ADH. For genes we recommend the italicized root symbol "ADH" for human and "Adh" for mouse, followed by the appropriate Arabic number for the class; i.e. ADH1 or Adh1 for class I ADH genes. For organisms where multiple species-specific isoenzymes exist within a class, we recommend adding a capital letter after the Arabic number; i.e. ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C for human alpha, beta, and gamma class I ADHs, respectively. This nomenclature will accommodate newly discovered members of the vertebrate ADH family, and will facilitate functional and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duester
- Gene Regulation Program, Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Gonzales RA, McNabb J, Yim HJ, Ripley T, Bungay PM. Quantitative Microdialysis of Ethanol in Rat Striatum. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Acetaldehyde is suspected of being involved in the central mechanism of central nervous system depression and addiction to ethanol, but in contrast to ethanol, it can not penetrate easily from blood into the brain because of metabolic barriers. Therefore, the possibility of ethanol metabolism and acetaldehyde formation inside the brain has been one of the crucial questions in biomedical research of alcoholism. This article reviews the recent progress in this area and summarizes the evidence on the first stage of ethanol oxidation in the brain and the specific enzyme systems involved. The brain alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing systems, including cytochrome P450 II E1 and catalase are considered. Their physicochemical properties, the isoform composition, substrate specificity, the regional and subcellular distribution in CNS structures, their contribution to brain ethanol metabolism, induction under ethanol administration and the role in the neurochemical mechanisms of psychopharmacological and neurotoxic effects of ethanol are discussed. In addition, the nonoxidative pathway of ethanol metabolism with the formation of fatty acid ethyl esters and phosphatidylethanol in the brain is described.
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30
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Sessa A, Tunici P, Rabellotti E, Perin A. Transglutaminase Activity in Rat Brain after Ethanol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Eysseric H, Gonthier B, Soubeyran A, Bessard G, Saxod R, Barret L. Characterization of the Production of Acetaldehyde by Astrocytes in Culture after Ethanol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb04247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Yang ZN, Bosron WF, Hurley TD. Structure of human chi chi alcohol dehydrogenase: a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. J Mol Biol 1997; 265:330-43. [PMID: 9018047 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the human class III chi chi alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in a binary complex with NAD+(gamma) was solved to 2.7 A resolution by molecular replacement with human class I beta1 beta1 ADH. chi chi ADH catalyzes the oxidation of long-chain alcohols such as omega-hydroxy fatty acids as well as S-hydroxymethyl-glutathione, a spontaneous adduct between formaldehyde and glutathione. There are two subunits per asymmetric unit in the chi chi ADH structure. Both subunits display a semi-open conformation of the catalytic domain. This conformation is half-way between the open and closed conformations described for the horse EE ADH enzyme. The semi-open conformation and key changes in elements of secondary structure provide a structural basis for the ability of chi chi ADH to bind S-hydroxymethyl-glutathione and 10-hydroxydecanoate. Direct coordination of the catalytic zinc ion by Glu68 creates a novel environment for the catalytic zinc ion in chi chi ADH. This new configuration of the catalytic zinc is similar to an intermediate for horse EE ADH proposed through theoretical computations and is consistent with the spectroscopic data of the Co(II)-substituted chi chi enzyme. The position for residue His47 in the chi chi ADH structure suggests His47 may function both as a catalytic base for proton transfer and in the binding of the adenosine phosphate of NAD(H). Modeling of substrate binding to this enzyme structure is consistent with prior mutagenesis data which showed that both Asp57 and Arg115 contribute to glutathione binding and that Arg115 contributes to the binding of omega-hydroxy fatty acids and identifies additional residues which may contribute to substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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33
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Plomin R, McClearn GE, Smith DL, Skuder P, Vignetti S, Chorney MJ, Chorney K, Kasarda S, Thompson LA, Detterman DK, Petrill SA, Daniels J, Owen MJ, McGuffin P. Allelic associations between 100 DNA markers and high versus low IQ. INTELLIGENCE 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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34
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Satre M, Zgombić-Knight M, Duester G. The complete structure of human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (retinol dehydrogenase) determined from the ADH7 gene. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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35
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Yang ZN, Davis GJ, Hurley TD, Stone CL, Li TK, Bosron WF. Catalytic efficiency of human alcohol dehydrogenases for retinol oxidation and retinal reduction. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:587-91. [PMID: 7943659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is thought to be involved in the reversible oxidation of vitamin A or retinol to retinal for retinoic acid synthesis. Retinoic acid is a potent transcriptional regulator and a morphogen. It was proposed that the competition of consumed ethanol with retinol oxidation by ADH might explain developmental disorders seen with fetal alcohol syndrome. We report herein the relative efficiency (V/Km) of eight human ADH isoenzymes for oxidation of all-trans-retinol and reduction of three retinal isomers (all-trans, 9-cis, and 13-cis-retinal). Class IV sigma sigma and class II pi pi isoenzymes are the most efficient forms, with V/Km values approximately 100 and 30 times greater, respectively, than class I beta 1 beta 1 or gamma 1 gamma 1, sigma sigma exhibits the highest V/Km (1-2 microns-1min-1), followed by pi pi, with V/Km of 0.5-0.6 microns-1min-1 for all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinal, and 9-cis-retinal. pi pi also has the lowest Km (11-14 microns) for all-trans-retinol and three retinal isomers. alpha alpha shows an intermediate efficiency, with V/Km of 0.09-0.2 microns-1min-1 and a relatively low Km of 16-24 microns for all four substrates. alpha alpha has the highest efficiency of all tested isoenzymes for 13-cis-retinal. Class III chi chi is inactive with all the tested retinoids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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36
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Höög JO, Estonius M, Danielsson O. Site-directed mutagenesis and enzyme properties of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases correlated with their tissue distribution. EXS 1994; 71:301-9. [PMID: 8032161 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenases has helped to explain functional differences between enzymes within the protein family and traced these characteristics to specific amino acid residues. A threonine/serine exchange at position 48 in the human beta/gamma subunits can explain sensitivity to testosterone inhibition, as well as steroid dehydrogenase activity. It is possible to correlate the glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity of class III alcohol dehydrogenase with an arginine at position 115. Tissue distribution analysis of the three initially established classes of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase show pronouncedly different patterns. Class I alcohol dehydrogenase is widespread but varies between the tissues, and exists in small amounts in the brain. The occurrence of class II is limited in contrast to the class III enzyme which is abundant in all tissues examined. The latter probably reflects the need for scavenging of formaldehyde in cytoprotection. Additional enzyme forms of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase have been detected and have to be investigated further, together with the enzymes characterized earlier, regarding their physiological role in alcohol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Höög
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Estonius M, Danielsson O, Karlsson C, Persson H, Jörnvall H, Höög JO. Distribution of alcohol and sorbitol dehydrogenases. Assessment of mRNA species in mammalian tissues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:497-503. [PMID: 8344317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of mRNA of alcohol dehydrogenases of classes I, II and III, and sorbitol dehydrogenase, was studied. mRNA from 19 different rat tissues was purified and analyzed by Northern blots, utilizing cDNA probes specific for the four dehydrogenases. Class-I alcohol-dehydrogenase mRNA was shown to be of widespread occurrence, detectable in all tissues including brain, but with pronounced differences in amounts. Hybridization revealed the pattern of occurrence of class-II alcohol-dehydrogenase mRNA to be unique, with transcripts only in the liver, duodenum, kidney, stomach, spleen and testis. Abundant levels of class-III alcohol-dehydrogenase (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) mRNA were present in all tissues analyzed, reflecting the general need for scavenging of formaldehyde in physiological cytoprotection. Sorbitol dehydrogenase mRNA was detected in all tissues except small intestine, in agreement with sorbitol resorbtion by passive diffusion in this tissue. In addition, evidence for a sex-specific expression, in the liver, of class-II alcohol dehydrogenase was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Holmquist B, Moulis JM, Engeland K, Vallee BL. Role of arginine 115 in fatty acid activation and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity of human class III alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1993; 32:5139-44. [PMID: 8494891 DOI: 10.1021/bi00070a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modification of class III alcohol dehydrogenase (chi chi-ADH) with phenylglyoxal eliminates fatty acid activation by pentanoate and octanoate and concomitantly increases specific activity toward ethanol and 3-methylcrotyl alcohol 2-3-fold. In contrast, chemical modification decreases activity toward S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione (FDH activity) and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid by increasing Km, pointing to a role for arginine in binding anionic substrates. Modification with [7-14C]phenylglyoxal indicates that only one arginine residue per subunit is modified. Sequence analysis of tryptic peptides indicates that Arg-115 is modified. Site-directed mutation of this residue to alanine eliminates both fatty acid activation and FDH activity, thus confirming the identity of the modified residue and its function. These results account in part for the unique specificity of chi chi-ADH relative to other human ADH isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Holmquist
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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39
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Bora PS, Lange LG. Molecular mechanism of ethanol metabolism by human brain to fatty acid ethyl esters. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17:28-30. [PMID: 8452205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism in the human brain has been documented to occur with the formation of fatty acid ethyl esters. These neutral lipids can disorder membranes and interrupt mitochondrial function. Their formation is under the control of three synthases, localized to grey matter and purified to homogeneity. cDNA cloning demonstrates two of these enzymes to be GSH S-transferases and has enabled initiation of genetic studies of alcohol-induced CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Bora
- Department of Medicine, Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, Washington University Medical Center, MO 63110
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40
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Sladek NE, Lee MO. The use of immortalized mouse L1210/OAP cells established in culture to study the major class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of aldehydes in intact cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 328:51-62. [PMID: 8493930 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Sladek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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41
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Carr EP, Keeling PW, Tipton KF. Mixed substrate experiments with class III (chi) alcohol dehydrogenases from human and pig liver and stomach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 328:457-64. [PMID: 8493924 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E P Carr
- Department of Biochemistry, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Estonius M, Danielsson O, Höög JO, Persson H, Jörnvall H. Tissue distribution of alcohol and sorbitol dehydrogenase mRNAs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 328:545-53. [PMID: 8493934 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Zimatkin SM, Rout UK, Koivusalo M, Bühler R, Lindros KO. Regional distribution of low-Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase in the rat central nervous system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16:1162-7. [PMID: 1471772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1992.tb00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the regional capacity of the brain to oxidize biogenic aldehydes and ethanol-derived acetaldehyde, a quantitative immunohistochemical study of the microregional and cellular expression of low Km mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mALDH; EC 1.2.1.3) in the rat central nervous system was undertaken, using antiserum raised in rabbit against low-Km aldehyde dehydrogenase purified from rat liver mitochondria. mALDH-specific immunoreactivity (IR) was observed to various extent in the majority of structures in all brain and spinal cord areas. Staining was strong in the extranuclear cytoplasm of neuronal and glial cell bodies but less pronounced in their processes and terminals, the conducting tracts, white matter and neuropile and in blood vessels. Immunostaining density was 2 to 3 times higher in neuronal perikarya as compared with neuropile. mALDH-positive neurons were found in all brain regions, being strongest in the inferior olive and hippocampus stratum pyramidale and weakest in substantia nigra. The percentage of morphologically identifiable ALDH-positive neurons ranged from 40% in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus to 88% in the cerebellar Purkinje cells. A comparison of the heterogeneous expression of mALDH in various rat CNS regions and cells, as observed in the present study, with the corresponding previously published distributions of the potential acetaldehyde-producing enzymes ADH and cytochrome P450 2E1 indicates major differences, which may help in understanding potential acetaldehyde-mediated CNS effects of ethanol. Knowledge of the regional distribution of high-affinity aldehyde dehydrogenase should also throw light on the neurophysiological role of local regulation of the metabolism of biogenic aldehydes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zimatkin
- Laboratory of Morphobiochemistry, Ministry of Health, Grodno, Byelorussia
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44
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Tissue distribution of class III alcohol dehydrogenase. Protein J 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01673785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) phenotypes were investigated in the brain of 15 different inbred mice by isoelectric focusing followed by staining of enzyme activities. The Class III ADH activity was detected in all the strains studied, whereas the Class II ADH activity was found only in few strains (including the alcohol-preferring strain--C57BL/6J) having the "a" allele (ADH-C2(2)) for this isozyme in stomach. The inbred strains having the "b" allele (ADH-C2(1)) for the Class II ADH in stomach (including the alcohol avoiding strains--BALB/c, CBA/H, C3H/He, DBA/2J, and SJL/J) demonstrated null variant for this phenotype in their brain. The Class I ADH activity was very low or absent in the brain extracts of all the strains studied. The ADH activities were confined to the cytosolic fractions of brain and were higher in the extracts of cerebral hemispheres than in cerebellum. The genetic linkage studies showed that the locus for the brain Class II ADH is closely linked to the "Adh gene complex" on chromosome 3 of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- U K Rout
- Division of Science and Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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46
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Hur MW, Ho WH, Brown CJ, Goldman D, Edenberg HJ. Molecular cloning of mouse alcohol dehydrogenase-B2 cDNA: nucleotide sequences of the class III ADH genes evolve slowly even for silent substitutions. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1992; 3:167-75. [PMID: 1472709 DOI: 10.3109/10425179209034012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding the mouse class III alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh-B2. Adh-B2 mRNA is detectable in all the mouse tissues tested. Class III ADHs are highly conserved: the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse Adh-B2 is 91 to 97% identical to the human, horse and rat liver enzymes. The mouse Adh-B2 cDNA is 87% identical in nucleotide sequence to the human chi-ADH cDNA. Previously, a slower rate of evolutionary divergence of the amino acid sequences of class III ADH proteins was detected and ascribed to functional constraints upon the protein. Our analysis of the nucleotide sequences demonstrates that this cannot be the entire explanation, since the rate of silent (synonymous) nucleotide substitutions is also lower in the class III ADHs than in the class I ADHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122
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47
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Duester G. A hypothetical mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome involving ethanol inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis at the alcohol dehydrogenase step. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15:568-72. [PMID: 1877746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol acts as a teratogen causing brain, craniofacial, and limb abnormalities in those suffering from fetal alcohol syndrome. Normal embryonic development of the vertebrate nervous system and limbs has recently been shown to be governed by retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. Retinol dehydrogenase is an enzyme needed to convert vitamin A (retinol) to retinoic acid, a molecule that specifies embryonic pattern formation by controlling gene expression. Ethanol acts as a competitive inhibitor of the retinol dehydrogenase activity attributed to mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), an enzyme that uses both retinol and ethanol as substrates. An hypothesis is presented in which many of the abnormalities observed in fetal alcohol syndrome may be caused by high levels of ethanol acting as a competitive inhibitor of ADH-catalyzed retinol oxidation in the embryo or fetus. This would presumably result in a reduction of retinoic acid synthesis in embryonic tissues such as the nervous system and limbs that require critical levels of this molecule to specify spatial patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duester
- Department of Biochemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collin, CO 80523
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48
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Moxon LN, Rose SE, Haseler LJ, Galloway GJ, Brereton IM, Bore P, Doddrell DM. The visibility of the 1H NMR signal of ethanol in the dog brain. Magn Reson Med 1991; 19:340-8. [PMID: 1881324 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910190225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In vivo, high-resolution, volume-selected 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the concentration of ethanol in the dog brain following intravenous injection of ethanol. Equilibration of ethanol in the body water should result in approximately equivalent concentrations of ethanol in the blood and brain. However, the mean equilibrium brain ethanol concentration determined using N-acetylaspartate as an internal standard was only 23 +/- 5% of the blood ethanol concentration. The disparity between blood and brain ethanol concentrations was attributed to underestimation of the ethanol concentration due to overlapping resonances with NAA and to T2 attenuation or possible nondetection of the 1H signal from ethanol bound at the surface of cell membranes and partitioned into the hydrophobic core of membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Moxon
- School of Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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49
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Ferraro TN, Carrozza DP, Vogel WH. In vivo microdialysis study of brain ethanol concentrations in rats following oral self-administration. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15:504-7. [PMID: 1877736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using intracerebral microdialysis, the time-course of ethanol absorption was determined in the striatum of rats after oral self-administration of an ethanol solution. Microdialysis samples were collected every 10 min for 1 hr before and 1 hr after consumption of ethanol over a 5-min period. Substantial levels of ethanol were detected in the brain in the first sample taken after self-administration although these levels did not correlate with the amount of ethanol consumed. Striatal ethanol levels reached maximum or near maximum by the second sample and remained constant for the time points between 20 and 60 min; at these times, brain ethanol levels correlated significantly with the amount consumed. This study demonstrates that oral consumption of ethanol leads to measurable brain levels within a relatively short time. Results suggest that experimental animals may experience the central effects of ethanol during the course of drinking and this could play a role in alcohol preference or avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Ferraro
- Department of Pharmacology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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50
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Sellin S, Holmquist B, Mannervik B, Vallee BL. Oxidation and reduction of 4-hydroxyalkenals catalyzed by isozymes of human alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1991; 30:2514-8. [PMID: 2001378 DOI: 10.1021/bi00223a031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyalkenals, natural cytotoxic products of lipid peroxidation, are substrates for human alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH). Class I and II ADHs reduce aliphatic 4-hydroxyalkenals with chain lengths of from 5 to 15 carbons at pH 7 with kcat and Km values comparable to simple aliphatic aldehydes of the same chain length. Class II is particularly effective in the reduction with kcat values as high as 3300 min-1 for 4-hydroxyundecenal. Class III ADH is essentially inactive toward all of these substrates. The class I and II isozymes also catalyze the oxidation of the 4-hydroxy group at pH 10. However, during the reaction, an NAD(+)-dependent irreversible partial inactivation of the alpha beta 1 isozyme is observed which is attributed, with the aid of computer graphics modeling, to selective modification of the alpha subunit. Both ethanol and 1,10-phenanthroline, known to compete with conventional substrates, instantaneously, reversibly, and competitively inhibit 4-hydroxyalkenal reduction and oxidation, indicating that 4-hydroxyalkenals bind at the same site as do conventional substates. The fact that the class II enzyme pi pi-ADH so far is found only in the liver and that the 4-hydroxyalkenals are the best substrates known for this isozyme suggest that it may play a significant role in cellular defenses in the conversion of the cytotoxic aldehydes to the less reactive alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sellin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala Biomedical Center, Sweden
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