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Slominski AT, Slominski RM, Raman C, Chen JY, Athar M, Elmets C. Neuroendocrine signaling in the skin with a special focus on the epidermal neuropeptides. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1757-C1776. [PMID: 36317800 PMCID: PMC9744652 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00147.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The skin, which is comprised of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue, is the largest organ in the human body and it plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions are regulated by local neuroendocrine and immune systems with a plethora of signaling molecules produced by resident and immune cells. In addition, neurotransmitters, endocrine factors, neuropeptides, and cytokines released from nerve endings play a central role in the skin's responses to stress. These molecules act on the corresponding receptors in an intra-, juxta-, para-, or autocrine fashion. The epidermis as the outer most component of skin forms a barrier directly protecting against environmental stressors. This protection is assured by an intrinsic keratinocyte differentiation program, pigmentary system, and local nervous, immune, endocrine, and microbiome elements. These constituents communicate cross-functionally among themselves and with corresponding systems in the dermis and hypodermis to secure the basic epidermal functions to maintain local (skin) and global (systemic) homeostasis. The neurohormonal mediators and cytokines used in these communications regulate physiological skin functions separately or in concert. Disturbances in the functions in these systems lead to cutaneous pathology that includes inflammatory (i.e., psoriasis, allergic, or atopic dermatitis, etc.) and keratinocytic hyperproliferative disorders (i.e., seborrheic and solar keratoses), dysfunction of adnexal structure (i.e., hair follicles, eccrine, and sebaceous glands), hypersensitivity reactions, pigmentary disorders (vitiligo, melasma, and hypo- or hyperpigmentary responses), premature aging, and malignancies (melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers). These cellular, molecular, and neural components preserve skin integrity and protect against skin pathologies and can act as "messengers of the skin" to the central organs, all to preserve organismal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Radomir M Slominski
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chander Raman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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Zhou X, He J, Wang Q, Ma T. MiRNA-128-3p Restrains Malignant Melanoma Cell Malignancy by Targeting NTRK3. Front Oncol 2021; 10:538894. [PMID: 33575204 PMCID: PMC7871904 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.538894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of non-coding RNA, including microRNA (miRNA), have attracted considerable attention in the field of oncology, In this report, we examined the roles and molecular mechanisms of miR-128-3p, as related to the biological behaviors of malignant melanoma (MM). We found that miR-128-3p was expressed in low levels in these MM cells and may serve as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as inducing apoptosis in these MM cells. Moreover, neurotrophin receptor 3 (NTRK3), which serves as an oncogene that can enhance malignant behaviors of MM cells, was up-regulated in MM cells. Our current survey disclosed a complementary binding between miR-128-3p and the NTRK3 3' untranslated regions (3'-UTR), while luciferase activities of NTRK3 3'-UTR were restrained by miR-128-3p in 293T cells. The effects of pre-miR-128-3p and sh-NTRK3 as well as anti-miR-128-3p and NTRK3(+) appeared to function synergistically in producing malignant progression. Moreover, there were possible to have counteracted effects for pre-miR-128-3p and NTRK3(+) in malignant progression. These findings established that miR-128-3p can function as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting carcinogenesis of the oncogene, NTRK3. Collectively, miR-128-3p and NTRK3 genes participate in modulating the malignant behavior of MM, and may represent new therapeutic targets for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhou
- Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayuan He
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingyuan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Homocysteine induces melanocytes apoptosis via PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway in vitiligo. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1127-1141. [PMID: 32400851 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a depigmentation disorder that develops as a result of the progressive disappearance of epidermal melanocytes. The elevated level of amino acid metabolite homocysteine (Hcy) has been identified as circulating marker of oxidative stress and known as a risk factor for vitiligo. However, the mechanism underlying Hcy-regulated melanocytic destruction is currently unknown. The present study aims to elucidate the effect of Hcy on melanocytic destruction and its involvement in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Our results showed that Hcy level was significantly elevated in the serum of progressive vitiligo patients. Notably, Hcy induced cell apoptosis in melanocytes via activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) pathway. More importantly, folic acid, functioning in the transformation of Hcy, could lower the intracellular Hcy level and further reverse the apoptotic effect of Hcy on melanocytes. Additionally, Hcy disrupted melanogenesis whereas folic acid supplementation could reverse the melanogenesis defect induced by Hcy in melanocytes. Taken together, Hcy is highly increased in vitiligo patients at progressive stage, and our in vitro studies revealed that folic acid could protect melanocytes from Hcy-induced apoptosis and melanin synthesis inhibition, indicating folic acid as a potential benefit agent for patients with progressive vitiligo.
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Vidal A, Redmer T. Decoding the Role of CD271 in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092460. [PMID: 32878000 PMCID: PMC7564075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of melanoma, the most aggressive type of skin cancer, is triggered by driver mutations that are acquired in the coding regions of particularly BRAF (rat fibrosarcoma serine/threonine kinase, isoform B) or NRAS (neuroblastoma-type ras sarcoma virus) in melanocytes. Although driver mutations strongly determine tumor progression, additional factors are likely required and prerequisite for melanoma formation. Melanocytes are formed during vertebrate development in a well-controlled differentiation process of multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSCs). However, mechanisms determining the properties of melanocytes and melanoma cells are still not well understood. The nerve growth factor receptor CD271 is likewise expressed in melanocytes, melanoma cells and NCSCs and programs the maintenance of a stem-like and migratory phenotype via a comprehensive network of associated genes. Moreover, CD271 regulates phenotype switching, a process that enables the rapid and reversible conversion of proliferative into invasive or non-stem-like states into stem-like states by yet largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we summarize current findings about CD271-associated mechanisms in melanoma cells and illustrate the role of CD271 for melanoma cell migration and metastasis, phenotype-switching, resistance to therapeutic interventions, and the maintenance of an NCSC-like state.
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Effects of the selective TrkA agonist gambogic amide on pigmentation and growth of human hair follicles in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221757. [PMID: 31465471 PMCID: PMC6715186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hair follicle is a neuroendocrine mini-organ that can be used to study aging processes in vitro. Neurotrophins maintain homeostasis in hair biology via the Trk-family of receptors. TrkA, the high affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), is expressed in hair follicle melanocytes and keratinocytes, where it regulates proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis and may thereby play a role in hair pigmentation and growth. We investigated TrkA expression during the human hair cycle and the effects of a selective high affinity TrkA agonist, Gambogic Amide, on hair pigmentation and hair growth in human hair follicles in vitro. In human scalp skin, TrkA expression was strongest in proliferating melanocytes re-establishing the pigmentary unit in the hair bulb during the early hair growth phase, anagen. During high anagen and in the de-composing pigmentary-unit of the regression phase, catagen, bulb-melanocytes lost TrkA expression and only undifferentiated outer root sheath melanocytes maintained it. In cultured human anagen hair follicles, Gambogic Amide was able to prevent gradual pigment loss, while it stimulated hair shaft elongation. This was achieved by increased melanocyte activation, migration and dendricity, highlighted by distinct c-KIT-expression in melanocyte sub-populations. Our results suggest that Gambogic Amide can maintain hair follicle pigmentation by acting on undifferentiated melanocytes residing in the outer root sheath and making them migrate to establish the pigmentary-unit. This suggests that the selective TrkA agonist Gambogic Amide acts as an anti-hair greying and hair growth promoting molecule in vitro.
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Wang Y, Tissot M, Rolin G, Muret P, Robin S, Berthon JY, He L, Humbert P, Viennet C. Development and validation of a simple method for the extraction of human skin melanocytes. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1167-1176. [PMID: 29564589 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary melanocytes in culture are useful models for studying epidermal pigmentation and efficacy of melanogenic compounds, or developing advanced therapy medicinal products. Cell extraction is an inevitable and critical step in the establishment of cell cultures. Many enzymatic methods for extracting and growing cells derived from human skin, such as melanocytes, are described in literature. They are usually based on two enzymatic steps, Trypsin in combination with Dispase, in order to separate dermis from epidermis and subsequently to provide a suspension of epidermal cells. The objective of this work was to develop and validate an extraction method of human skin melanocytes being simple, effective and applicable to smaller skin samples, and avoiding animal reagents. TrypLE™ product was tested on very limited size of human skin, equivalent of multiple 3-mm punch biopsies, and was compared to Trypsin/Dispase enzymes. Functionality of extracted cells was evaluated by analysis of viability, morphology and melanin production. In comparison with Trypsin/Dispase incubation method, the main advantages of TrypLE™ incubation method were the easier of separation between dermis and epidermis and the higher population of melanocytes after extraction. Both protocols preserved morphological and biological characteristics of melanocytes. The minimum size of skin sample that allowed the extraction of functional cells was 6 × 3-mm punch biopsies (e.g., 42 mm2) whatever the method used. In conclusion, this new procedure based on TrypLE™ incubation would be suitable for establishment of optimal primary melanocytes cultures for clinical applications and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Wang
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Marion Tissot
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Gwenaël Rolin
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.,Clinical Investigation Center, Inserm CICB 1431, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Patrice Muret
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | | | | | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Philippe Humbert
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France
| | - Céline Viennet
- University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Besançon, France.
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Frydenlund NF, Mahalingam M. Neurotrophin Receptors and Perineural Invasion: Analyses in Select Lineage-Unrelated Cutaneous Malignancies With a Propensity for Perineural Invasion. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:497-531. [PMID: 28215306 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we parse the literature on neurotrophins that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of perineural invasion (PNI) in select lineage-unrelated malignancies. We also detail evidence linking neurotrophins and their receptors (TrkA, RET, p75NGFR, and NCAM) to the pathogenesis of PNI in desmoplastic melanoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma-both malignancies with an established propensity for PNI. Lastly, the clinical potential of neurotrophins as receptors for targeted therapies is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Frydenlund
- University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - M Mahalingam
- VA Consolidated Laboratories, West Roxbury, MA, United States.
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Byun JW, Park IS, Choi GS, Shin J. Role of fibroblast-derived factors in the pathogenesis of melasma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2016; 41:601-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Byun
- Department of Dermatology; Inha Hospital; INHA University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - I. S. Park
- Department of Pathology; INHA University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - G. S. Choi
- Department of Dermatology; Inha Hospital; INHA University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
| | - J. Shin
- Department of Dermatology; Inha Hospital; INHA University School of Medicine; Incheon Korea
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9
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Chen Y, Lyga J. Brain-skin connection: stress, inflammation and skin aging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:177-90. [PMID: 24853682 PMCID: PMC4082169 DOI: 10.2174/1871528113666140522104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intricate relationship between stress and skin conditions has been documented since ancient times. Recent clinical observations also link psychological stress to the onset or aggravation of multiple skin diseases. However, the exact underlying mechanisms have only been studied and partially revealed in the past 20 years or so. In this review, the authors will discuss the recent discoveries in the field of “Brain-Skin Connection”, summarizing findings from the overlapping fields of psychology, endocrinology, skin neurobiology, skin inflammation, immunology, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Lyga
- Global R&D, Avon Products. 1 Avon Place, Suffern, NY 10901, USA.
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Scott G. Selective proliferation of normal human melanocytes in vitro in the presence of phorbol ester and cholera toxin by Eisinger and Marko. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:18-9. [PMID: 24372649 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are pigment producing cells that arise from the neural crest and migrate to the skin early in fetal development. The pigment that melanocytes synthesize, melanin, plays a critical role in protecting the skin from mutagenic ultraviolet irradiation. Melanocytes are also precursor cells for melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer. Because melanocytes make up a minority population of cells in the epidermis they have been difficult to propagate in culture. The landmark paper by Eisinger and Marko, described below, was the first successful report of large scale propagation of pure cultures of melanocytes. This paper set the stage for an explosive growth in knowledge in the biology of human melanocytes and allowed scientists to begin dissecting the different oncogenic events involved in the transition of melanocytes to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Scott
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
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Bellei B, Pitisci A, Migliano E, Cardinali G, Picardo M. Pyridinyl imidazole compounds interfere with melanosomes sorting through the inhibition of cyclin G-associated Kinase, a regulator of cathepsins maturation. Cell Signal 2014; 26:716-23. [PMID: 24412755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of melanin-containing melanosomes from melanocytes to neighboring keratinocytes results in skin pigmentation. Pharmacological modulation of melanosomal transfer has recently gained much attention as a strategy for modifying normal or abnormal pigmentation. In this study, while investigating the impact of pyridinyl imidazole (PI) compounds, a class of p38 MAPK inhibitors, on melanocyte differentiation we observed that some, but not all PIs interfere with the physiological melanosome sorting producing a strong retention of melanin in the intracellular compartment associated with a general reduction of melanin synthesis. Electron microscopy studies illustrated an accumulation of melanosomes inside melanocytes with enrichment in immature melanosome at stages II and III at the end of dendrites. We identified cyclin G-associated kinase GAK, a protein expressed ubiquitously in various tissues, as the off-target responsible of intracellular melanin accumulation and we report evidence that reduced GAK-dependent cathepsin maturation is implicated in melanosome sorting deficiency. The co-regulation of GAK and cathepsin B and L expression with the melanogenic biosynthetic pathway in normal human melanocytes as well as in B16-F0 melanoma cells strengthen the idea that these proteins represent new possible targets for prevention and treatment of irregular pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy.
| | - Angela Pitisci
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
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Avci P, Gupta A, Sadasivam M, Vecchio D, Pam Z, Pam N, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. SEMINARS IN CUTANEOUS MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2013; 32:41-52. [PMID: 24049929 PMCID: PMC4126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is a fast-growing technology used to treat a multitude of conditions that require stimulation of healing, relief of pain and inflammation, and restoration of function. Although skin is naturally exposed to light more than any other organ, it still responds well to red and near-infrared wavelengths. The photons are absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores in skin cells. Consequently, electron transport, adenosine triphosphate nitric oxide release, blood flow, reactive oxygen species increase, and diverse signaling pathways are activated. Stem cells can be activated, allowing increased tissue repair and healing. In dermatology, LLLT has beneficial effects on wrinkles, acne scars, hypertrophic scars, and healing of burns. LLLT can reduce UV damage both as a treatment and as a prophylactic measure. In pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo, LLLT can increase pigmentation by stimulating melanocyte proliferation and reduce depigmentation by inhibiting autoimmunity. Inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and acne can also be managed. The noninvasive nature and almost complete absence of side effects encourage further testing in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Avci
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Asheesh Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Magesh Sadasivam
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Zeev Pam
- Aripam Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Nadav Pam
- Aripam Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA
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P75 Nerve Growth Factor Receptor as a Useful Marker to Distinguish Spindle Cell Melanoma From Other Spindle Cell Neoplasms of Sun-Damaged Skin. Am J Dermatopathol 2012; 34:145-50. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318225b596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Truzzi F, Marconi A, Pincelli C. Neurotrophins in healthy and diseased skin. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:32-6. [PMID: 21519407 PMCID: PMC3051851 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.1.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NT) belong to a family of structurally and functionally related proteins that, depending on the tissue context and the receptors involved, promote either neuronal cell survival and differentiation or cell death. NT, and in particular NGF, were first identified as neurotrophic factors supporting the synthesis and development of sensory neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. It is now widely accepted that NT also act as growth factors in non-neuronal cells, including the skin. In the skin, most cell types are able to secrete and/or to respond to stimulation by NT, creating a unique network of molecular signaling in the cutaneous microenvironment. Moreover, many skin diseases have been associated with an involvement of a number of neural factors including NT, but less attention has been given to the role of NT as growth factors in the development of skin pathologies. This review summarizes currently data on the expression and function of NT and their receptors in several cell types in the skin. Moreover it focuses on the role of the skin NT network in two cutaneous conditions, melanoma and psoriasis where NT are clearly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Truzzi
- Institute of Dermatology; School of Biosciences and Biotechnologies; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena, Italy
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Lazova R, Tantcheva-Poor I, Sigal AC. P75 nerve growth factor receptor staining is superior to S100 in identifying spindle cell and desmoplastic melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 63:852-8. [PMID: 20950740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.11.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spindle cell melanoma (SCM) including desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is a rare variant of malignant melanoma that may present diagnostic difficulties particularly when staining with S100 is negative, weak, focal, or a combination of these. Conventional melanocytic markers in SCM are usually negative. OBJECTIVE We sought to compare the staining of p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGF-R) and S100 in SCMs. METHODS We evaluated the staining of p75 NGF-R and S100 in 13 cases of SCMs: 3 SCMs without desmoplasia, 5 pure DMs, and 5 combined DMs with a conventional component. RESULTS Staining with p75 NGF-R was positive in 13 of 13 (100%) cases of SCMs. In 3 cases the intensity of staining and the percentage of cells staining with this marker were greater than those with S100. One case of SCM was negative for S100 but demonstrated strong expression of p75 NGF-R. One case was focally and weakly positive with S100 but expressed strong positive staining with p75 NGF-R. Absence of staining with p75 NGF-R was noted in the conventional round cell component of two of 5 (40%) combined DMs whereas the same areas were strongly positive for human melanoma black (HMB)-45 and Melan-A. In 5 of 5 (100%) cases of combined DMs the desmoplastic component stained positive with p75 NGF-R, demonstrating an inverse relationship with the staining of conventional melanocytic markers. LIMITATIONS Small study size was a limitation. CONCLUSION p75 NGF-R exhibits superior staining characteristics and greater sensitivity in identifying SCM and DMs than S100. P75 NGF-R may be a useful diagnostic and ancillary stain in addition to S100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossitza Lazova
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8059, USA.
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Hu SCS, Chen GS, Wu CS, Chai CY, Chen WT, Lan CCE. Pigmented eccrine poromas: expression of melanocyte-stimulating cytokines by tumour cells does not always result in melanocyte colonization. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:303-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2007.02406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
All organisms, from simple invertebrates to complex human beings, exist in different colors and patterns, which arise from the unique distribution of pigments throughout the body. Pigmentation is highly heritable, being regulated by genetic, environmental, and endocrine factors that modulate the amount, type, and distribution of melanins in the skin, hair, and eyes. In addition to its roles in camouflage, heat regulation, and cosmetic variation, melanin protects against UV radiation and thus is an important defense system in human skin against harmful factors. Being the largest organ of the body that is always under the influence of internal and external factors, the skin often reacts to those agents by modifying the constitutive pigmentation pattern. The focus of this review is to provide an updated overview of important physiological and biological factors that increase pigmentation and the mechanisms by which they do so. We consider endocrine factors that induce temporary (e.g., during pregnancy) or permanent (e.g., during aging) changes in skin color, environmental factors (e.g., UV), certain drugs, and chemical compounds, etc. Understanding the mechanisms by which different factors and compounds induce melanogenesis is of great interest pharmaceutically (as therapy for pigmentary diseases) and cosmeceutically (e.g., to design tanning products with potential to reduce skin cancer risk).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude-E Costin
- Avon Products, Inc., New Technology Department, 1 Avon Pl., Suffern, NY 10901, USA.
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19
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Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M. Neuronal Control of Skin Function: The Skin as a Neuroimmunoendocrine Organ. Physiol Rev 2006; 86:1309-79. [PMID: 17015491 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous biology and disease. During the last few years, a modern concept of an interactive network between cutaneous nerves, the neuroendocrine axis, and the immune system has been established. We learned that neurocutaneous interactions influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological functions, including cell growth, immunity, inflammation, pruritus, and wound healing. This interaction is mediated by primary afferent as well as autonomic nerves, which release neuromediators and activate specific receptors on many target cells in the skin. A dense network of sensory nerves releases neuropeptides, thereby modulating inflammation, cell growth, and the immune responses in the skin. Neurotrophic factors, in addition to regulating nerve growth, participate in many properties of skin function. The skin expresses a variety of neurohormone receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins that are tightly involved in skin homeostasis and inflammation. This neurohormone-receptor interaction is modulated by endopeptidases, which are able to terminate neuropeptide-induced inflammatory or immune responses. Neuronal proteinase-activated receptors or transient receptor potential ion channels are recently described receptors that may have been important in regulating neurogenic inflammation, pain, and pruritus. Together, a close multidirectional interaction between neuromediators, high-affinity receptors, and regulatory proteases is critically involved to maintain tissue integrity and regulate inflammatory responses in the skin. A deeper understanding of cutaneous neuroimmunoendocrinology may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of several skin diseases.
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20
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Marconi A, Panza MC, Bonnet-Duquennoy M, Lazou K, Kurfurst R, Truzzi F, Lotti R, De Santis G, Dumas M, Bonte F, Pincelli C. Expression and function of neurotrophins and their receptors in human melanocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2006; 28:255-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.2006.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Botchkarev VA, Yaar M, Peters EMJ, Raychaudhuri SP, Botchkareva NV, Marconi A, Raychaudhuri SK, Paus R, Pincelli C. Neurotrophins in Skin Biology and Pathology. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1719-27. [PMID: 16845411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) belong to a family of growth factors, which control the development, maintenance, and apoptotic death of neurons and also fulfill multiple regulatory functions outside the nervous system. Biological effects induced by NTs strongly depend on the pattern of NT receptor/co-receptors expression in target cells, as well as on the set of intracellular adaptor molecules that link NT signalling to distinct biochemical pathways. In this review, we summarize data on the molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of NTs in the control of non-neuronal functions in normal skin (e.g. keratinocyte proliferation, melanocyte development and apoptosis, hair growth). We also review the data on the role for NTs and their receptors in a number of pathological skin conditions (stress-induced hair loss, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis). Although additional efforts are required to fully understand mechanisms underlying the involvement of NTs and their receptors in controlling functions of normal and pathologically altered skin cells, substantial evidence suggests that modulation of NT signalling by NTs receptor agonists/antagonists may be developed as intervention modalities in distinct skin and hair growth pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Botchkarev
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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22
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Denkins Y, Reiland J, Roy M, Sinnappah-Kang ND, Galjour J, Murry BP, Blust J, Aucoin R, Marchetti D. Brain metastases in melanoma: roles of neurotrophins. Neuro Oncol 2004; 6:154-65. [PMID: 15134630 PMCID: PMC1871977 DOI: 10.1215/s115285170300067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis, which occurs in 20% to 40% of all cancer patients, is an important cause of neoplastic morbidity and mortality. Successful invasion into the brain by tumor cells must include attachment to microvessel endothelial cells, penetration through the blood-brain barrier, and, of relevance, a response to brain survival and growth factors. Neurotrophins (NTs) are important in brain-invasive steps. Human melanoma cell lines express low-affinity NT receptor p75NTR in relation to their brain-metastatic propensity with their invasive properties being regulated by NGF, or nerve growth factor, the prototypic NT. They also express functional TrkC, the putative receptor for the invasion-promoting NT-3. In brain-metastatic melanoma cells, NTs promote invasion by enhancing the production of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degradative enzymes such as heparanase, an enzyme capable of locally destroying both ECM and the basement membrane of the blood-brain barrier. Heparanase is an endo-beta-d-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) chains of ECM HS proteoglycans, and it is a unique metastatic determinant because it is the dominant mammalian HS degradative enzyme. Brain-metastatic melanoma cells also produce autocrine/paracrine factors that influence their growth, invasion, and survival in the brain. Synthesis of these factors may serve to regulate NT production by brain cells adjacent to the neoplastic invasion front, such as astrocytes. Increased NT levels have been observed in tumor-adjacent tissues at the invasion front of human brain melanoma. Additionally, astrocytes may contribute to the brain-metastatic specificity of melanoma cells by producing NT-regulated heparanase. Trophic, autocrine, and paracrine growth factors may therefore determine whether metastatic cells can successfully invade, colonize, and grow in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dario Marchetti
- Address correspondence to Dario Marchetti, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Room 2522, Louisiana State University-Baton Rouge, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA (
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23
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Abstract
Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary disorder of the skin that results from the selective destruction of melanocytes, generally during the second decade of life and affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Loss of cutaneous pigment appears to render the skin susceptible to premature aging and cancer. In addition this disease can be socially devastating for afflicted individuals. The etiology of vitiligo is poorly understood. The present dogma suggests that genetic factors render the melanocyte fragile thus predisposing individuals to developing vitiligo. When subjected to instigating factors, these susceptible, fragile melanocytes undergo apoptosis. Autoimmune factors then perpetuate the removal of the melanocyte component from the skin. In the majority of cases the instigating factors are not known (idiopathic vitiligo), however a small sub-set of individuals develop contact/occupational vitiligo following exposure to particular chemicals. Many of these chemicals have been implicated in both contact/occupational vitiligo and chemical leukoderma. Both conditions present with well-defined, depigmented skin lesions that develop following exposure. Only in the case of vitiligo does the depigmentation spread beyond the areas of contact, probably via an immune-mediated mechanism. The largest class of chemicals known to trigger contact/occupational vitiligo is the phenolic/catecholic derivatives. Many have been demonstrated to be preferentially cytotoxic to melanocytes, with high-dose exposure resulting in the initiation of apoptosis. Phenolic/catecholic derivatives are structurally similar to the melanin precursor tyrosine, and therefore tyrosinase was originally implicated as a mediator of cytotoxicity. However, our data suggests that tyrosinase-related protein-1, rather than tyrosinase, facilitates toxicity, possibly by catalytic conversion of the compounds, which results in the generation of radical oxygen species. The ensuing oxidative stress then triggers activation of cellular free radical scavenging pathways to prevent cell death. Genetic inability of melanocytes to tolerate and/or respond to the oxidative stress may underlie the etiology of contact/occupational vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Boissy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0592, USA.
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurotrophins (NTs) are growth factors for neurons and other neural crest-derived cells. Their functions are mediated by 75-kDa low-affinity glycoprotein receptor (p75) NT receptor and a family of tyrosine kinase receptors (Trks) that includes Trk-A, -B, and -C. Signal transduction through the Trk receptors has been shown to regulate growth and apoptosis of tumors of neuronal origin. In addition, Trk oncogenes have been shown to be rearranged in some non-neuronal neoplasms. Recently, immunoexpression of NT-3 has been shown to be significantly higher in melanomas than in banal nevi on cryostat tissue. METHODS Since the biologic function of NT-3 is mediated primarily through Trk-C, we investigated Trk-C immunoexpression on paraffin sections of 10 compound nevi and 63 melanomas. RESULTS The expression of Trk-C was relatively low in compound nevi (30%). Trk-C expression was overall 62% in melanomas of various stages. Our data show that the expression of Trk-C increased as melanoma progressed from in situ (58%) to papillary dermal invasion (91%), and then declined in deeper (57%) and metastatic melanomas (31%). CONCLUSION These findings suggest a possible role of Trk-C in the progression of early stages of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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25
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Marchetti D, Denkins Y, Reiland J, Greiter-Wilke A, Galjour J, Murry B, Blust J, Roy M. Brain-metastatic melanoma: a neurotrophic perspective. Pathol Oncol Res 2003; 9:147-58. [PMID: 14530807 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 09/13/2003] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a unique microenvironment enclosed by the skull and maintaining a highly regulated vascular transport barrier. To metastasize to the brain, malignant tumor cells must attach to microvessel endothelial cells, invade the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and respond to brain survival and growth factors. Neurotrophins (NT) are important in brain invasion because they stimulate this process. In brain-metastatic melanoma cells, NT can promote invasion by enhancing the production of extracellular matrixdegradative enzymes such as heparanase, an enzyme capable of locally destroying both the extracellular matrix and the basement membrane of the BBB. We have examined human and murine melanoma cell lines exhibiting varying abilities to form brain metastases, and have found that they express low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in relation to their brain-metastatic potentials. They do not, however, express trkA, the gene encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor TrkA, the high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF), the prototypic NT. Presence of functional TrkC, the putative receptor for the invasion-promoting neurotrophin NT-3, was also expressed in these cells. Brain-metastatic melanoma cells can also produce autocrine factors and inhibitors that influence their growth, invasion, and survival in the brain. Synthesis of these factors may influence NT production by brain cells adjacent to the neoplastic invasion front, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. In brain biopsies, we observed increased amounts of NGF and NT-3 in tumor-adjacent tissues at the invasion front of human melanoma tumors. Additionally, we found that astrocytes contribute to the brain-metastatic specificity of melanoma cells by producing NT-regulated heparanase. Trophic, autocrine, and paracrine growth factors may therefore determine whether metastatic cells can successfully invade, colonize, and grow in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Marchetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Melanocyte dendrites are hormonally responsive actin and microtubule containing structures whose primary purpose is to transport melanosomes to the dendrite tip. Melanocyte dendrites have been an area of intense interest for melanocyte biologists, but it was not until recently that we began to understand the mechanisms underlying their formation. In contrast with melanogenesis, for which numerous mutations in pigment producing genes and mouse models have been identified, a genetic defect resulting in impaired dendrite formation has not been found. Therefore, much of the insight into melanocyte dendrites has come from electron microscopy or in vitro culture systems of normal human and murine melanocytes as well as melanoma cell lines. The growth factors that regulate the formation of melanocyte dendrites have been thoroughly studied and it is clear that multiple signalling systems are able to stimulate, and in some cases inhibit, dendrite formation. Recent data points to the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins as master regulators of dendrite formation, particularly Rac and Rho. In this review I will summarize the progress scientists have made in understanding the structure, hormonal regulation and molecular mediators of melanocyte dendrite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynis Scott
- Department Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
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27
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Huttenbach Y, Prieto VG, Reed JA. Desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas express protein markers of the neural crest but not of later committed stages of Schwann cell differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29:562-8. [PMID: 12358815 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0560.2002.290909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rare desmoplastic and spindle cell variants of malignant melanoma exhibit histological and biochemical features suggestive of early Schwann cell differentiation. These features include a spindle-shaped morphology, neurotropism, and the expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NGFR). METHODS We evaluated by immunohistochemistry (using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues) nine desmoplastic and three spindle cell melanomas for the expression of peripherin, p75NGFR, neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56/N-CAM), and growth-associated phosphoprotein-43 (GAP-43). Peripherin is expressed in the neural crest and in neurons, but not in cells committed to the Schwann cell lineage. p75NGFR and CD56/N-CAM also are expressed in early neural crest cells, but persist in unmyelinated and early premyelinating Schwann cells. GAP-43 is expressed in unmyelinated Schwann cells, but is downregulated in the later premyelinating to promyelinating stages of cells committed to the Schwann cell lineage. RESULTS Peripherin was expressed in 7/12 (58%), p75NGFR in 4/12 (33%), and CD56/N-CAM in 6/12 (50%) of the desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas. GAP-43 was not expressed (0%) in any of the 12 melanomas (chi2, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas express protein markers common to cells of the neural crest and to neurons similar to the immunophenotype previously reported for epithelioid cell melanomas. The expression of peripherin and the lack of expression of GAP-43 further define that these rare subtypes of melanoma do not recapitulate the later committed stages of Schwann cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yve Huttenbach
- Section of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Innominato PF, Libbrecht L, van den Oord JJ. Expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in pigment cell lesions of the skin. J Pathol 2001; 194:95-100. [PMID: 11329147 DOI: 10.1002/path.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins (NTs) are a group of growth factors involved in the development of the nervous system and presumed to play a role in neural crest-derived tumours. The expression of three NTs (NGF, BDNF, and NT-3) and their receptors (NTRs; i.e. low-affinity pan-NT receptor p75, Trk-B, and Trk-C) was studied in frozen sections of benign and malignant cutaneous pigment cell lesions, using immunohistochemistry. In order to understand the possible role of these growth factors and their receptors in the progression of primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (PCMMs), their distribution in the radial (RGP) and vertical (VGP) growth phases was particularly studied. While most of the common acquired naevi were unreactive, Spitz and blue naevi showed scattered immunoreactive cells, especially for the p75 NTR. Dysplastic naevi, but not common naevi, expressed NT-3 in their junctional component. PCMM and melanoma metastases often showed a diffuse pattern of immunostaining. NT-3 was significantly more frequently expressed in the RGP of PCMMs than in the junctional component of benign naevi, whereas more extensive immunoreactivity for NGF was found in the VGP of PCMMs, compared with the RGP; metastases more frequently expressed NGF, BDNF, and Trk-B than PCMMs. Interestingly, neurotropic melanoma expressed all NTs/NTRs except Trk-B. These immuunohistochemical data confirm suggestions from previous in vitro studies that autocrine loops of certain NTs and their respective receptors may be involved in melanoma progression; in addition, NT-3 may be involved in the junctional growth of dysplastic naevi. The precise role of these growth factors in melanoma, however, will await further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Innominato
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Abstract
The nature of Spitz nevi is poorly understood, and their distinction from malignant melanoma can be difficult. Although there is general agreement on the diagnostic criteria, experts continue to have some differences, and controversial cases are not rare. A major obstacle to progress in this area is the lack of basic knowledge about melanocyte differentiation in Spitz nevi, as compared with ordinary nevi and malignant melanomas. Based on the hypothesis that normal melanocytes may have a differentiation pathway with discrete stages, it is suggested that the features of Spitz nevi may reflect homeostatic mechanisms governing maturation in the melanocyte differentiation pathway, whereas those of malignant melanomas may reflect carcinogen-induced aberrations. This perspective may be helpful in the continuing effort to develop optimal criteria for the differential diagnosis of Spitz nevi from malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Cramer
- Department of Pathology, Rochester General Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine, New York 14621, USA
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30
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Abstract
In the United States, Australia, Northern Europe, and Canada, malignant melanoma is increasing at a faster rate than any other cancer, with the exception of lung cancer in women. Major advances have been made in the molecular biology and immunology of melanoma. These advances in basic science have led to more rational approaches to specifically targeting melanoma cells, with promising results in the clinic. An increased understanding of how melanoma spreads has led to more selective, less invasive surgical procedures that do not compromise patient health. Combinations of chemotherapy and immunotherapy are now available for patients with advanced melanoma that affect both the length and quality of the patients' lives. This review of the molecular biology of melanoma development and progression discusses the disease's etiology, molecular genetics, cell-surface antigens, experimental models, biological markers, and new forms of treatment. As we continue to learn more about malignant melanoma, we will be able to devise more specific and effective treatments that will give patients with this potentially deadly disease longer and more productive lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Sauter
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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31
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Yaar M, Zhai S, Pilch PF, Doyle SM, Eisenhauer PB, Fine RE, Gilchrest BA. Binding of beta-amyloid to the p75 neurotrophin receptor induces apoptosis. A possible mechanism for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:2333-40. [PMID: 9410912 PMCID: PMC508430 DOI: 10.1172/jci119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the extracellular deposition in the brain of aggregated beta-amyloid peptide, presumed to play a pathogenic role, and by preferential loss of neurons that express the 75-kD neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Using rat cortical neurons and NIH-3T3 cell line engineered to stably express p75NTR, we find that the beta-amyloid peptide specifically binds the p75NTR. Furthermore, 3T3 cells expressing p75NTR, but not wild-type control cells lacking the receptor, undergo apoptosis in the presence of aggregated beta-amyloid. Normal neural crest-derived melanocytes that express physiologic levels of p75NTR undergo apoptosis in the presence of aggregated beta-amyloid, but not in the presence of control peptide synthesized in reverse. These data imply that neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease is mediated, at least in part, by the interaction of beta-amyloid with p75NTR, and suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaar
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts 02118-2394, USA
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32
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Rao MS, Anderson DJ. Immortalization and controlled in vitro differentiation of murine multipotent neural crest stem cells. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1997; 32:722-46. [PMID: 9183749 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(19970620)32:7<722::aid-neu7>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To isolate mouse neural crest stem cells, we have generated a rat monoclonal antibody to murine neurotrophin receptor (p75). We have immortalized p75+ murine neural crest cells by expression of v-myc, and have isolated several clonal cell lines. These lines can be maintained in an undifferentiated state, or induced to differentiate by changing the culture conditions. One of these cell lines, MONC-1, is capable of generating peripheral neurons, glia, and melanocytic cells. Importantly, most individual MONC-1 cells are multipotent when analyzed at clonal density. The neurons that differentiate under standard conditions have an autonomic-like phenotype, but under different conditions can express markers of other peripheral neuronal lineages. These lines therefore exhibit a similar differentiation potential as their normal counterparts. Furthermore, they can be genetically modified or generated from mice of different genetic backgrounds, providing a useful tool for molecular studies of neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Rao
- Division of Biology 216-76, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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33
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Kanik AB, Yaar M, Bhawan J. p75 nerve growth factor receptor staining helps identify desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 1996; 23:205-10. [PMID: 8793654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1996.tb01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor with a varied histologic appearance. Melanoma composed of spindle cells may include desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma. The histologic diagnosis of desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma can be difficult. Although S100 protein stains a majority of these melanomas, the staining may be weak or focal. HMB-45, a more specific marker of melanoma, is frequently negative in desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma. In order to aid the identification of desmoplastic and neurotropic melanoma, we stained 13 spindle cell melanomas (5 neurotropic melanomas, 5 desmoplastic melanomas, 3 spindle cell melanomas without either desmoplasia or neurotropism) with p75 NGF-R and compared the staining results with S100 and HMB-45. p75 NGF-R is the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor reported to be present on the surface of neural-crest-derived cells. Conventional melanoma as well as neurotized nevi, neurofibroma, spindle squamous carcinoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, dermatofibroma and scars were also stained with p75 NGF-R. p75 NGF-R stained all of the desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas tested. In each of these cases, negative HMB-45 staining of the spindle cells was seen. In many cases the number and intensity of the spindle cells staining with p75 NGF-R was greater than with S100. Neurofibroma, neurotized nevi and focal cells in round cell melanoma also were stained with p75 NGF-R. All the squamous cell carcinomas, atypical fibroxanthomas, dermatofibromas and scars were negative for p75 NGF-R. Based on our results, p75 NGF-R may be useful as an additional confirmatory antibody in a melanoma panel, especially in differentiating desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas from non-neural-crest-derived spindle cell lesions. We feel it also can be helpful in better identifying margins of excision of these melanomas. p75 NGF-R, like S100 protein, will not differentiate desmoplastic and neurotropic melanomas from other neural-crest-derived lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Kanik
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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Ridge J, Terle DA, Dragunsky E, Levenbook I. Effects of gamma-IFN and NGF on subpopulations in a human neuroblastoma cell line: flow cytometric and morphological analysis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1996; 32:238-48. [PMID: 8727049 DOI: 10.1007/bf02722952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastomas are neural crest-derived tumors that contain neuronal, melanocyte, and Schwann cell precursors. We examined the effects of treatment with gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) and nerve growth factor (NGF), alone, and in combination, on these progenitor subpopulations in the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Using fluorescence-activated flow cytometry (FACS), changes in expression of three differentiation-specific or -associated marker proteins, the 200 kD neurofilament protein, the myelin basic protein, and the S-100 protein, were analyzed. Growth rates and morphological changes associated with each treatment over the 2-wk incubation period were noted. The greatest effects were observed with combined IFN + NGF treatment. These were significant increases in expression of all three proteins, distinctive morphological signs of differentiation, and extensive inhibition of proliferation compared to control cultures. Treatment with NGF alone resulted in increased neurofilament protein expression and in the length and number of neurite extensions, but there was no effect on the growth rate. IFN induced striking morphological changes, significant inhibition of growth, and changes in protein expression that correlated with neuronal to non-neuronal subpopulation shifts due to the death of differentiated cells. When treatment was discontinued after 15 d, the morphological changes induced by NGF were reversed within 2-3 d, while those induced by IFN +/- NGF were present up to 4 wk post-treatment. Small, neuroblastic colonies were observed throughout the treatment period and within 4-6 wk after the cessation of treatment this cell-type fully reconstituted the cultures suggesting the presence of a stem cell. Our results indicate that treatment with gamma-IFN +/- NGF can regulate growth and induce, either stem cells or progenitor neuronal, Schwann and melanocyte subpopulations in the SH-SY5Y cell line to irreversibly differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ridge
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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35
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Schallreuter KU, Körner C, Pittelkow MR, Swanson NN, Gardner ML. The induction of the alpha-1-adrenoceptor signal transduction system on human melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 1996; 5:20-3. [PMID: 8624607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.1996.tb00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human melanocytes established in MCDB-153 culture medium do not express alpha 1-, beta 1-, beta-2 adrenoceptors without extracellular stimulation. The addition of 50 x 10-9 M norepinephrine to the medium causes a time-dependent induction of alpha-1-adrenoceptors with 4.278 receptors/melanocyte after 24 h. Under the same experimental conditions, the dendricity of melanocytes as well as melanogenesis was unaffected over 60 h. Since keratinocytes hold the full capacity for catecholamine biosynthesis but melanocytes lack this system, the secretion of catecholamines from keratinocytes appears to be of critical importance to the alpha-1-adrenoceptor in melanocytes, underlining the symbiosis of both cells in the epidermal unit.
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36
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Abstract
Work in the past 8 years, particularly in the past 1-2 years, has greatly expanded our understanding of the mechanisms by which ultraviolet irradiation stimulates melanogenesis in the skin. A direct effect of UV photons on DNA results in up-regulation of the gene for tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, as well as an increase in cell surface expression of receptors for at least one of the several known keratinocyte-derived melanogenic factors, MSH. Direct effects of UV on melanocyte membranes, releasing DAG and arachidonic acid, may also play a role in the tanning response. Diacylglycerol may activate PKC-beta, which in turn phosphorylates and activates tyrosinase protein; the pathways by which products of other inflammatory mediator cascades may act on melanogenesis are unknown. The tanning response also relies heavily on UV-stimulated increased production and release of numerous keratinocyte-derived factors including bFGF, NGF, endothelin-1 and the POMC-derived peptides MSH, ACTH, beta-LPH and beta-endorphin. These factors variably induce melanocyte mitosis, increase melanogenesis, enhance dendricity and prevent apoptotic cell death following the UV injury. Thus, events within the epidermal melanin unit conspire to maintain or increase melanocyte number, increase melanin pigment throughout the epidermis. Overall, ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis may be one part of a eukaryotic SOS response to damaging ultraviolet irradiation that has evolved over time to provide a protective tan in skin at risk of further injury from sun exposure. These recent insights into the mechanisms underlying ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis offer the opportunity for novel therapeutic approaches to minimizing acute and chronic photodamage in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Gilchrest
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118-2394, USA
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37
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Nicolson GL, Menter DG, Herrmann JL, Yun Z, Cavanaugh P, Marchetti D. Brain metastasis: role of trophic, autocrine, and paracrine factors in tumor invasion and colonization of the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 2):89-115. [PMID: 9053298 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61109-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G L Nicolson
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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38
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Bender H, Emrich JG, Eshelman J, Chu MA, Steplewski Z, Biersack HJ, Brady LW. Enhancement of monoclonal antibody efficacy: the effect of external beam radiation. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1995; 14:129-34. [PMID: 7590768 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1995.14.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
External beam irradiation has been shown to enhance accumulation of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) in tumors in vivo. This effect is mainly attributed to an unspecific damage of vascular endothelial cells resulting in an increased vascular leakage. The aim of our studies was to determine the effects of external beam radiation on the expression and function of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in vivo. Expression and internalization of EGF-R was tested in vivo, employing 125I-MAb 425 that binds specifically to the human EGF-R. Irradiation of human high-grade glioma cell lines U87-MG and A1207 with increasing doses (0-3600 Rad) of 240 kVp X-rays, markedly enhanced the binding of 125I-MAb 425 to the cell surface. This effect could only be observed for a few days following irradiation. No correlation of the radiation dose and overexpression of EGF-R were found. At the same time, irradiation stimulated significant and dose-dependent internalization of 125I-MAb. Internalization and intranuclear accumulation of 125I-MAb are necessary to explain the radiocytotoxic effects of 125I. The combination of external beam irradiation and labeled MAb 425 showed at least additive effects on tumor cell survival, when the interval between irradiation and MAb treatment was short. Our data support the clinical observations in the adjuvant treatment of high grade gliomas with 125I-MAb 425 following surgery and external beam radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
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39
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Menter DG, Herrmann JL, Nicolson GL. The role of trophic factors and autocrine/paracrine growth factors in brain metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995; 13:67-88. [PMID: 7882617 DOI: 10.1007/bf00133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a unique microenvironment enclosed by the skull, lacking lymphatic drainage and maintaining a highly regulated vascular transport barrier. To metastasize to the brain malignant tumor cells must attach to microvessel endothelial cells, respond to brain-derived invasion factors, invade the blood-brain barrier and respond to survival and growth factors. Trophic factors are important in brain invasion because they can act to stimulate this process. In responsive malignant cells trophic factors such as neurotrophins can promote invasion by enhancing the production of basement membrane-degradative enzymes (such as type IV collagenase/gelatinase and heparanase) capable of locally destroying the basement membrane and the blood-brain barrier. We examined human melanoma cell lines that exhibit varying abilities to form brain metastases. These melanoma lines express low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75NTR in relation to their brain-metastatic potentials but the variants do not express trkA, the gene encoding a high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) tyrosine kinase receptor p140trkA. Melanoma cells metastatic to brain also respond to paracrine factors made by brain cells. We have found that a paracrine form of transferrin is important in brain metastasis, and brain-metastatic cells respond to low levels of transferrin and express high levels of transferrin receptors. Brain-metastatic tumor cells can also produce autocrine factors and inhibitors that influence their growth, invasion and survival in the brain. We found that brain-metastatic melanoma cells synthesize transcripts for the following autocrine growth factors: TGF beta, bFGF, TGF alpha and IL-1 beta. Synthesis of these factors may influence the production of neurotrophins by adjacent brain cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Increased amounts of NGF were found in tumor-adjacent tissues at the invasion front of human melanoma tumors in brain biopsies. Trophic factors, autocrine growth factors, paracrine growth factors and other factors may determine whether metastatic cells can successfully invade, colonize and grow in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Menter
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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40
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Vijayasaradhi S, Houghton AN. Melanoma and melanocytes: pigmentation, tumor progression, and the immune response to cancer. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:343-74. [PMID: 7748799 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vijayasaradhi
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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41
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Krasagakis K, Garbe C, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE. Growth control of melanoma cells and melanocytes by cytokines. Recent Results Cancer Res 1995; 139:169-82. [PMID: 7597288 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78771-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant proliferation of tumor cells characterizes cancer growth. Investigations of cellular growth control mechanisms have contributed to our understanding of carcinogenesis and to the identification of compounds with specific antitumor activity. Many cytokines have been found to act on melanoma tumors, either produced by the tumor cells themselves or by infiltrating host cells. Purified cytokines allowed direct comparison of the growth response between normal human melanocytes and malignant melanoma cells. The present paper summarizes results of a series of our own experiments not yet published and data from a review of the recent literature. Proliferation of normal human melanocytes is enhanced by several cytokines, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), melanoma growth stimulatory activity (MGSA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and mast cell growth factor (MGF). Melanoma cells are additionally stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF)/transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), and interleukin (IL)-6 are all potent inhibitors of melanocyte growth, but they are less effective on melanoma cells or even stimulate their growth. Interferon (IFN)-alpha and IFN-gamma inhibited proliferation of melanoma cells but not of melanocytes, whereas IFN-beta showed antiproliferative effects in both cell types. These findings suggest an alteration in growth control mechanisms during melanocyte transformation and possibly play a role in melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krasagakis
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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42
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Yaar M, Eller MS, DiBenedetto P, Reenstra WR, Zhai S, McQuaid T, Archambault M, Gilchrest BA. The trk family of receptors mediates nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 effects in melanocytes. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1550-62. [PMID: 7929831 PMCID: PMC295306 DOI: 10.1172/jci117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that (a) human melanocytes express the p75 nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor in vitro; (b) that melanocyte dendricity and migration, among other behaviors, are regulated at least in part by NGF; and (c) that cultured human epidermal keratinocytes produce NGF. We now report that melanocyte stimulation with phorbol 12-tetra decanoate 13-acetate (TPA), previously reported to induce p75 NGF receptor, also induces trk in melanocytes, and TPA effect is further potentiated by the presence of keratinocytes in culture. Moreover, trk in melanocytes becomes phosphorylated within minutes after NGF stimulation. As well, cultures of dermal fibroblasts express neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA; NT-3 mRNA levels in cultured fibroblasts are modulated by mitogenic stimulation, UV irradiation, and exposure to melanocyte-conditioned medium. Moreover, melanocytes constitutively express low levels of trk-C, and its expression is downregulated after TPA stimulation. NT-3 supplementation to cultured melanocytes maintained in Medium 199 alone prevents cell death. These combined data suggest that melanocyte behavior in human skin may be influenced by neurotrophic factors, possibly of keratinocyte and fibroblast origin, which act through high affinity receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaar
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pincelli
- Institute of Dermatology, University of Modena, Italy
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44
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Paus R, Lüftl M, Czarnetzki BM. Nerve growth factor modulates keratinocyte proliferation in murine skin organ culture. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130:174-80. [PMID: 8123570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that several cell types residing in or travelling through the skin are targets and/or sources of nerve growth factor (NGF), little is known about the role of NGF in skin development, physiology and disease. Employing a previously defined skin organ culture assay for studying the proliferation of murine keratinocytes in their natural tissue environment, we have assessed the effect of murine NGF (7S) on keratinocyte proliferation in intact skin derived from two defined stages of the murine hair cycle. We found that 10-200 ng/ml NGF stimulated epidermal keratinocyte proliferation in organ-cultured C57 BL-6 mouse skin in the telogen phase of the hair cycle. Follicle keratinocyte proliferation was stimulated by 100 ng/ml NGF in telogen skin organ culture, but this concentration of NGF inhibited both epidermal and follicle keratinocyte proliferation in organ culture of anagen skin. The latter inhibitory effect of NGF was abrogated by co-incubation with neutralizing anti-NGF antibodies or with the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. The proliferation-modulatory effects of NGF were associated with the induction of significant mast cell degranulation, and were inhibited by cromoglycate co-administration. This is the first report of a modulatory, hair cycle-dependent effect of NGF on keratinocyte proliferation in situ, which may require the presence of mast cells. Our study supports the notion of auto- and paracrine functions of NGF in murine skin physiology, which can be further assessed in the physiologically relevant mouse model delineated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Rudolf Virchow, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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45
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Nakazawa K, Damour O, Collombel C. Modulation of normal human melanocyte dendricity by growth-promoting agents. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1993; 6:406-16. [PMID: 7511807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1993.tb00623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite formation and extension, which comprise a characteristic morphology of human normal melanocytes in the skin, represent one of the functional activities of melanocytes, the ability to transfer melanosomes into neighboring keratinocytes. However, the morphology of the melanocyte in vitro is usually quite different from that observed in vivo. it is probably due to the hyperproliferative condition of the melanocytes in culture. No studies have ever compared the effects of a single factor on both dendricity and proliferation at the same time. Therefore, we have compared the effects of six growth-promoting agents commonly used for melanocyte cultures on dendrite formation and proliferation. The addition of agents that increase the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)--dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db cAMP; 1 mM) or isobutylmethyl xanthine (IBMX; 0.1 mM)--had a strong effect on dendrite formation and a negative effect on proliferation. This was especially true with db cAMP. In the presence of 2% or 5% of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), dendrite formation was significantly increased as was proliferation. The number of dendrites was decreased in the culture with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), but cell growth was slightly increased. With human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) (0.5, 1.0 ng/ml) in the presence of bovine pituitary extract (BPE) (60 micrograms/ml), cell growth was increased. With 2 ng/ml of bFGF, however, a strong inhibitory effect on proliferation was observed. However, dendrite formation was constant at all concentrations of bFGF tested (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 ng/ml) with BPE (30 or 60 micrograms/ml). In this study, we have demonstrated that dendrite formation was suppressed by the reagents that stimulate melanocyte proliferation, and vice versa, with the only exception being heat-inactivated FBS. Both dendrite formation and proliferation were induced by the heat-inactivated FBS. This approach is crucial to the development of an adequate culture system for proliferation and/or dendrite formation of normal human melanocytes. It is necessary to keep these aspects in mind as we further investigate the biology of melanocytes, especially the cell-to-cell interactions between melanocytes and keratinocytes, involved in melanogenesis and melanin pigmentation in vivo. This study also provides practical and important information for a future reconstitutive skin system composed of melanocytes, keratinocytes, and fibroblasts in a single culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakazawa
- Skin Substitutes Laboratory, CNRS-URA 1341, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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46
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Marchetti D, Menter D, Jin L, Nakajima M, Nicolson GL. Nerve growth factor effects on human and mouse melanoma cell invasion and heparanase production. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:692-9. [PMID: 8407001 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The role of growth factor networks in regulating the progression of human melanocytes towards tumorigenicity and ultimately the malignant phenotype is poorly understood. In particular, the autocrine and paracrine influences that modulate cellular invasion and extracellular matrix degradative enzymes of melanoma cells remain undefined at the molecular level. We report here that nerve growth factor (NGF) can modify some metastasis-associated cellular properties of human and mouse melanoma cells. Treatment of early-passage human metastatic melanoma cells (MeWo) or their variants (3S5, 70W) with biologically active 2.5S NGF resulted in (a) delayed density-dependent inhibition of melanoma cell growth; (b) increased in vitro invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane; and (c) time- and dose-dependent induction of heparanase, a heparan-sulfate-specific endo-beta-D-glucuronidase associated with human melanoma metastasis. These effects of NGF were most marked in the 70W brain-colonizing cells (70W > MeWo > 3S5). The NGF enhancement of heparanase secretion was not species-specific, since it was also observed in murine B16 melanoma cells; the highest NGF stimulation of heparanase was found in brain-colonizing murine B16-B15b variant (B16-B15b > B16-BL6, B16-F10, B16-F1). NGF also increased the invasive capacity of the human 70W and murine B16-B15b sublines in a chemoinvasion assay performed with filters coated with purified heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). The enhancement of chemotactic response and heparanase production was detected at NGF concentrations sufficient to fully saturate both low- and high-affinity NGF receptors (NGFR), the neurotrophin receptor (p75) and the trkA gene product, respectively. The results suggest that, in addition to the effects of NGF on cellular development and differentiation within the peripheral and central nervous systems, NGF can exert changes in the invasive properties of neuroectoderm-derived melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marchetti
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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47
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Si SP, Tsou HC, Lee X, Peacocke M. Cultured human melanocytes express the intermediate filament vimentin. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:383-6. [PMID: 8370976 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human melanocytes are neural crest-derived cells that synthesize the pigment melanin. These cells migrate from a central location to the dermal-epidermal junction early in gestation and situate themselves between keratinocytes of the basal layer of the epidermis, extending thin dendritic processes upwards into the epidermis. In vitro, neonatal melanocytes can assume a variety of morphologies, depending on the culture conditions. Using standard immunofluorescent, immunoblotting, and Northern blotting techniques, we investigated the expression of intermediate filament proteins and demonstrate here that cultured human melanocytes express vimentin gene and protein under a variety of culture conditions. Vimentin is a 57-kD intermediate filament protein synthesized primarily by cells of mesenchymal origin. It is transcribed as a single-messenger RNA species of 2.0 kb and the human gene is located on chromosome 10. As a member of the intermediate filament family of proteins, we suggest that vimentin is an important component of the cytoskeleton of neonatal, human melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Si
- Department of Dermatology, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
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48
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Suzuki S, Katagiri T, Takeuchi T. Macrophages release melanocyte dendrite extension factor in response to ultra-violet ray. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1993; 29A:419-26. [PMID: 8314736 DOI: 10.1007/bf02633992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian melanocytes in epidermis extend their dendrites in response to UV ray in vivo in addition to proliferation and pigmentation. We found that cultured macrophages exert a factor in response to UV irradiation and that this factor induces the extension of dendrites of melanocyte. We designated this factor as dendrite extension factor (DEF) and characterized it as a protein. Our results indicate that the molecular weight of DEF is 30,000-100,000 and that it is heat-labile. Macrophages release DEF through transcription and translation. DEF seems to be a novel factor that enhances melanogenesis by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suzuki
- Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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49
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Krasagakis K, Garbe C, Krüger-Krasagakes S, Orfanos CE. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate not only modulates proliferation rates, but also alters antigen expression and LAK-cell susceptibility of normal human melanocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 100:653-9. [PMID: 8491988 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12472320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
For serial cultivation of normal human melanocytes media supplemented with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) are largely employed. By using a culture medium that permits cultivation of melanocytes without TPA, the effects of TPA on melanocyte proliferation, phenotype, and susceptibility to lymphokine-activated killer cells were studied. Addition of 50 ng/ml TPA to the medium induced rapid dendrite formation and increased the cell proliferation rate by 16-63% in mitogen-rich media (four of seven cultures, p < 0.01), and by 237% in mitogen-reduced media (p < 0.001). Furthermore, several phenotypic changes indicating early stages of melanocyte transformation were induced by 50 ng/ml TPA. These included increased expression of melanoma progression-associated antigens such as A.1.43 and A.10.33, upregulation of nerve-growth factor receptor as well as of the melanocyte-activation marker HMB-45 and of histocompatibility class I antigens. In contrast, the expression of the differentiation marker K.1.2 and of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was decreased in TPA-treated cultures. Most of these changes persisted even after removal of TPA from the culture medium (> or = 2 weeks). Staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, modulated melanocyte-antigen expression similar to TPA, suggesting that protein kinase C downmodulation rather than activation by TPA is involved. In addition to the antigenic alterations, the susceptibility of TPA-treated melanocytes to lymphokine-activated killer cell cytotoxicity decreased by 40% (p < 0.01), possibly due to their altered surface antigen expression. The presented data reveal that the tumor promoter TPA hitherto used as a supplement of melanocyte culture media induces profound phenotypic and functional changes of the cultured cells, indicating incipient transformation of normal human melanocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krasagakis
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, Germany
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50
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Shih IM, Herlyn M. Role of Growth Factors and Their Receptors in the Development and Progression of Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.1993.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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