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Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Rudkowska M, Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk A, Borowicz-Reutt K. Activity of Selected Group of Monoterpenes in Alzheimer's Disease Symptoms in Experimental Model Studies-A Non-Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7366. [PMID: 34298986 PMCID: PMC8306454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and cognitive function impairment. The multi-faced character of AD requires new drug solutions based on substances that incorporate a wide range of activities. Antioxidants, AChE/BChE inhibitors, BACE1, or anti-amyloid platelet aggregation substances are most desirable because they improve cognition with minimal side effects. Plant secondary metabolites, used in traditional medicine and pharmacy, are promising. Among these are the monoterpenes-low-molecular compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, analgesic, sedative, as well as other biological properties. The presented review focuses on the pathophysiology of AD and a selected group of anti-neurodegenerative monoterpenes and monoterpenoids for which possible mechanisms of action have been explained. The main body of the article focuses on monoterpenes that have shown improved memory and learning, anxiolytic and sleep-regulating effects as determined by in vitro and in silico tests-followed by validation in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Rudkowska
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
| | - Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Experimental Neuropathophysiology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (M.R.); (K.B.-R.)
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2
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Mansor NI, Ntimi CM, Abdul-Aziz NM, Ling KH, Adam A, Rosli R, Hassan Z, Nordin N. Asymptomatic neurotoxicity of amyloid β-peptides (Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35) on mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neural cells. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:98-110. [PMID: 32156249 PMCID: PMC7861624 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the strategies in the establishment of in vitro oxidative stress models for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is to induce neurotoxicity by amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in suitable neural cells. Presently, data on the neurotoxicity of Aβ in neural cells differentiated from stem cells are limited. In this study, we attempted to induce oxidative stress in transgenic 46C mouse embryonic stem cell-derived neurons via treatment with Aβ peptides (Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35). 46C neural cells were generated by promoting the formation of multicellular aggregates, embryoid bodies in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor, followed by the addition of all-trans retinoic acid as the neural inducer. Mature neuronal cells were exposed to different concentrations of Aβ1-42 and Aβ25-35 for 24 h. Morphological changes, cell viability, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed. We found that 100 µM Aβ1-42 and 50 µM Aβ25-35 only promoted 40% and 10%, respectively, of cell injury and death in the 46C-derived neuronal cells. Interestingly, treatment with each of the Aβ peptides resulted in a significant increase of intracellular ROS activity, as compared to untreated neurons. These findings indicate the potential of using neurons derived from stem cells and Aβ peptides in generating oxidative stress for the establishment of an in vitro AD model that could be useful for drug screening and natural product studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Izzati Mansor
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Carolindah Makena Ntimi
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - King-Hwa Ling
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Adam
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Puncak Alam Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Rosli
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Nordin
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Erythrocytes as Potential Link between Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:276. [PMID: 28890694 PMCID: PMC5574872 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies support the existence of an association between type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, in addition to brain, a number of peripheral tissues and cells are affected, including red blood cell (RBC) and because there are currently no reliable diagnostic biomarkers of AD in the blood, a gradually increasing attention has been given to the study of RBC's alterations. Recently it has been evidenced in diabetes, RBC alterations superimposable to the ones occurring in AD RBC. Furthermore, growing evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of RBC's alterations and vice versa. Once again this represents a further evidence of a shared pathway between AD and T2DM. The present review summarizes the two disorders, highlighting the role of RBC in the postulated common biochemical links, and suggests RBC as a possible target for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Carelli-Alinovi
- School of Medicine, Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRome, Italy
| | - Francesco Misiti
- Human, Social and Health Department, University of Cassino and Lazio MeridionaleCassino, Italy
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Lindner MD, Kearns CE, Winn SR, Frydel B, Emerich DF. Effects of Intraventricular Encapsulated Hngf-Secreting Fibroblasts in Aged Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 5:205-23. [PMID: 8689032 DOI: 10.1177/096368979600500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous NGF administered into the central nervous system (CNS) has been reported to improve cognitive function in aged rats. However, concerns have been expressed about the risks involved with supplying NGF to the CNS. In this study, baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) genetically modified to secrete human NGF (hNGF) were encapsulated in semipermeable membranes and implanted intraventricularly. ChAT/LNGFR-positive basal forebrain neurons were shown to atrophy and degenerate with age, especially in cognitively impaired rats. The encapsulated BHK-NGF cells produced less than 10% of doses previously reported to be effective, but this was sufficient to increase the size of ChAT/LNGFR-positive basal forebrain neurons in the aged and learning-impaired rats to the size of the neurons in young healthy rats. The hNGF from these encapsulated cells also improved performance in a repeated-acquisition version of the Morris water maze spatial learning task in learning-impaired 20.6- and 26.7- mo-old rats. Furthermore, there was no evidence that these doses of hNGF impaired Morris water maze performance in the youngest 3.3-5.4 mo rats, and analyses of mortality rates, body weights, somatosensory thresholds, potential hyperalgesia, and activity levels, suggested that these levels of exogenous hNGF are not toxic or harmful to aged rats. These results suggest that CNS-implanted semipermeable membranes, containing genetically modified xenogeneic cells continuously producing these levels of hNGF, attenuate age-related cognitive deficits in nonimmunosuppressed aged rats, and that both the surgical implantation procedure and long-term exposure to low doses of hNGF appear safe in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lindner
- Cyto Therapeutics Inc., Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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Yin Y, Sun G, Li E, Kiselyov K, Sun D. ER stress and impaired autophagy flux in neuronal degeneration and brain injury. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:3-14. [PMID: 27594375 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly controlled lysosome-mediated function in eukaryotic cells to eliminate damaged or aged long-lived proteins and organelles. It is required for restoring cellular homeostasis in cell survival under multiple stresses. Autophagy is known to be a double-edged sword because too much activation or inhibition of autophagy can disrupt homeostatic degradation of protein and organelles within the brain and play a role in neuronal cell death. Many factors affect autophagy flux function in the brain, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and aging. Newly emerged research indicates that altered autophagy flux functionality is involved in neurodegeneration of the aged brain, chronic neurological diseases, and after traumatic and ischemic brain injuries. In search to identify neuroprotective agents that may reduce oxidative stress and stimulate autophagy, one particular neuroprotective agent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) presents unique functions in reducing ER and oxidative stress and modulating autophagy. This review will summarize the recent findings on changes of autophagy in aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain injury after trauma or ischemic strokes. Discussion of DHA functions is focused on modulating ER stress and autophagy in regard to its neuroprotection and anti-tumor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
| | - George Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Eric Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Kirill Kiselyov
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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6
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Mandler M, Santic R, Gruber P, Cinar Y, Pichler D, Funke SA, Willbold D, Schneeberger A, Schmidt W, Mattner F. Tailoring the antibody response to aggregated Aß using novel Alzheimer-vaccines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115237. [PMID: 25611858 PMCID: PMC4303436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests Alzheimer-Disease (AD) to be driven by aggregated Aß. Capitalizing on the mechanism of molecular mimicry and applying several selection layers, we screened peptide libraries for moieties inducing antibodies selectively reacting with Aß-aggregates. The technology identified a pool of peptide candidates; two, AFFITOPES AD01 and AD02, were assessed as vaccination antigens and compared to Aβ1-6, the targeted epitope. When conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and adjuvanted with aluminum, all three peptides induced Aß-targeting antibodies (Abs). In contrast to Aß1-6, AD01- or AD02-induced Abs were characterized by selectivity for aggregated forms of Aß and absence of reactivity with related molecules such as Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)/ secreted APP-alpha (sAPPa). Administration of AFFITOPE-vaccines to APP-transgenic mice was found to reduce their cerebral amyloid burden, the associated neuropathological alterations and to improve their cognitive functions. Thus, the AFFITOME-technology delivers vaccines capable of inducing a distinct Ab response. Their features may be beneficial to AD-patients, a hypothesis currently tested within a phase-II-study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mandler
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Radmila Santic
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Gruber
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yeliz Cinar
- Institute for Structural Biochemistry (Institute of Complex Systems 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Pichler
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Aileen Funke
- Institute for Structural Biochemistry (Institute of Complex Systems 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute for Structural Biochemistry (Institute of Complex Systems 6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Walter Schmidt
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Mattner
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Van Dooren T, Princen K, De Witte K, Griffioen G. Derailed intraneuronal signalling drives pathogenesis in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:167024. [PMID: 25243118 PMCID: PMC4160617 DOI: 10.1155/2014/167024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although a wide variety of genetic and nongenetic Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk factors have been identified, their role in onset and/or progression of neuronal degeneration remains elusive. Systematic analysis of AD risk factors revealed that perturbations of intraneuronal signalling pathways comprise a common mechanistic denominator in both familial and sporadic AD and that such alterations lead to increases in Aβ oligomers (Aβo) formation and phosphorylation of TAU. Conversely, Aβo and TAU impact intracellular signalling directly. This feature entails binding of Aβo to membrane receptors, whereas TAU functionally interacts with downstream transducers. Accordingly, we postulate a positive feedback mechanism in which AD risk factors or genes trigger perturbations of intraneuronal signalling leading to enhanced Aβo formation and TAU phosphorylation which in turn further derange signalling. Ultimately intraneuronal signalling becomes deregulated to the extent that neuronal function and survival cannot be sustained, whereas the resulting elevated levels of amyloidogenic Aβo and phosphorylated TAU species self-polymerizes into the AD plaques and tangles, respectively.
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8
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Ye Y, Qu Y, Tang R, Cao S, Yang W, Xiang L, Qi J. Three new neuritogenic steroidal saponins from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl. Steroids 2013; 78:1171-6. [PMID: 24012729 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new steroidal saponins (1-3) and a known saponin (4) were isolated from Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker-Gawl. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses and chemical derivatization. The isolated compounds (1-4) were potent inducers of neuritogenesis on PC12 cells. Compound 1 showed the highest neuritogenic activity of 46% at 1 μM. The study of structure-activity relationships suggests that aglycone is important for the neuritogenic activity of the compounds. Specific inhibitor experiments and Western blot analysis suggest that 1-induced neuritogenic activity depends on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway on PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yu Hang Tang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
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9
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Xiao X, Cali I, Dong Z, Puoti G, Yuan J, Qing L, Wang H, Kong Q, Gambetti P, Zou WQ. Protease-sensitive prions with 144-bp insertion mutations. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:155-73. [PMID: 23515139 PMCID: PMC3629288 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Insertion of 144-base pair (bp) containing six extra octapeptide repeats between residues 51 and 91 of prion protein (PrP) gene is associated with inherited prion diseases. Most cases linked to this insertion examined by Western blotting showed detectable proteinase K-resistant PrPSc (rPrPSc) resembling PrPSc type 1 and type 2 in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), or PrP7-8 in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease. However, cases lacking detectable rPrPSc also have been reported. Which PrP conformer is associated with neuropathological changes in the cases without detectable rPrPSc remains to be determined. Here we report that while all six but one subjects with the 144-bp insertion mutations examined display the pathognomonic PrP patches in the cerebellum, one of them exhibits no detectable typical rPrPSc even in PrPSc-enriched preparations. Instead, a large amount of abnormal PrP is captured from this case by gene 5 protein and sodium phosphotungstate, reagents that have been proved to specifically capture abnormal PrP. All captured abnormal PrP from the cerebellum and other brain regions is virtually sensitive to PK-digestion (termed sPrPSc). The presence of the predominant sPrPSc but absence of rPrPSc in this 144-bp insertion-linked inherited CJD case suggests that mutant sPrPSc is the main component of the PrP deposit patches and sPrPSc is sufficient to cause neurotoxicity and prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhu Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Anderton
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, London, U.K
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11
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Structural features and cytotoxicity of amyloid oligomers: Implications in Alzheimer's disease and other diseases with amyloid deposits. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:226-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Tong Q, Wang F, Zhou H, Sun H, Song H, Shu Y, Gong Y, Zhang W, Cai T, Yang F, Tang J, Jiang T. Structural and functional insights into lipid‐bound nerve growth factors. FASEB J 2012; 26:3811-21. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tong
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Feng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
- School of PharmacyGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
| | - Hong‐Zhe Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Han‐Li Sun
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Hui Song
- School of PharmacyGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
| | - Yu‐Yan Shu
- Snake Venom Research InstituteGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningChina
| | - Yong Gong
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Wen‐Ting Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Tan‐xi Cai
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Fu‐Quan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Jie Tang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of BiophysicsBeijingChina
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Control of Aβ release from human neurons by differentiation status and RET signaling. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:184-99. [PMID: 22534065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have compared the processing of endogenous human amyloid precursor protein (APP) in younger and older neurons. Here, we characterized LUHMES cells as a human model to study Alzheimer's disease-related processes during neuronal maturation and aging. Differentiated LUHMES expressed and spontaneously processed APP via the secretase pathways, and they secreted amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. This was inhibited by cholesterol depletion or secretase inhibition, but not by block of tau phosphorylation. In vitro aged cells increased Aβ secretion without upregulation of APP or secretases. We identified the medium constituent glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) as responsible for this effect. GDNF-triggered Aβ release was associated with rapid upregulation of the GDNF coreceptor "rearranged during transfection" (RET). Other direct (neurturin) or indirect (nerve growth factor) RET activators also increased Aβ, whereas different neurotrophins were ineffective. Downstream of RET, we found activation of protein kinase B (AKT) to be involved. Accordingly, inhibitors of the AKT regulator phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase completely blocked GDNF-triggered AKT phosphorylation and Aβ increase. This suggests that RET signaling affects Aβ release from aging neurons.
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14
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Malchiodi-Albedi F, Paradisi S, Matteucci A, Frank C, Diociaiuti M. Amyloid oligomer neurotoxicity, calcium dysregulation, and lipid rafts. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:906964. [PMID: 21331330 PMCID: PMC3038657 DOI: 10.4061/2011/906964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid proteins constitute a chemically heterogeneous group of proteins, which share some biophysical and biological characteristics, the principal of which are the high propensity to acquire an incorrect folding and the tendency to aggregate. A number of diseases are associated with misfolding and aggregation of proteins, although only in some of them—most notably Alzheimer's disease (AD) and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)—a pathogenetic link with misfolded proteins is now widely recognized. Lipid rafts (LRs) have been involved in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with protein misfolding at several levels, including aggregation of misfolded proteins, amyloidogenic processing, and neurotoxicity. Among the pathogenic misfolded proteins, the AD-related protein amyloid β (Aβ) is by far the most studied protein, and a large body of evidence has been gathered on the role played by LRs in Aβ pathogenicity. However, significant amount of data has also been collected for several other amyloid proteins, so that their ability to interact with LRs can be considered an additional, shared feature characterizing the amyloid protein family. In this paper, we will review the evidence on the role of LRs in the neurotoxicity of huntingtin, α-synuclein, prion protein, and calcitonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Malchiodi-Albedi
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Neuroscienze, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Fujiwara M, Yagi N, Miyazawa M. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of volatile oil from Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz ex Bakar (yellow batai) and Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:2824-2829. [PMID: 20146521 DOI: 10.1021/jf9042387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chemical compositions and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activitiy of the volatile oil from the bark of Peltophorum dasyrachis Kurz ex Bakar (yellow batai) were evaluated. As a result, 68 compounds, accounting for 88.0% of the total oil, were identified. The main characteristic constituent in P. dasyrachis was isolated by silica gel column chromatography and found to be a sesquiterpenoid, (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (1). In the AChE inhibitory assay, the volatile oil showed potent inhibitory activity with the IC(50) value of 83.2 +/- 2.8 microg/mL. Among the volatile oil components and characteristic sesquiterpenoids, (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (1) and (+)-(S)-dihydro-ar-turmerone (2) were potent compounds, inhibiting AChE in a dose-dependent manner, with IC(50) values of 191.1 +/- 0.3 and 81.5 +/- 0.2 microM, respectively. (+)-(S)-Dihydro-ar-turmerone (2), in particular, was found to be the most potent AChE inhibitor. Also, bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid derivatives, (+)-(7S,9S)-ar-turmerol (3), (+)-(7S,9R)-ar-turmerol (4), (+)-(7S,9S)-dihydro-ar-turmerol (5), (+)-(7S,9R)-dihydro-ar-turmerol (6), (+)-(S)-ar-curcumene (7), and (+)-(S)-dihydro-ar-curcumene (8), were synthesized and tested for their AChE inhibitory effect, and their structure-activity relationships were evaluated. All sesquiterpenoids exhibited AChE inhibitory activity. The order of AChE inhibitory potency by bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids was as follows: ketones > alcohols > hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the inhibition kinetics analyzed by Dixon plots indicated that (+)-(S)-ar-turmerone (1) is a competitive inhibitor, with a K(i) value of 882.1 +/- 2.1 microM, whereas (+)-(S)-dihydro-ar-turmerone (2) is a non-competitive inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science of Engineering, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashiosaka-shi, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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16
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Ibrahim F, Guillaume Y, Thomassin M, André C. Magnesium effect on the acetylcholinesterase inhibition mechanism: A molecular chromatographic approach. Talanta 2009; 79:804-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Veurink G, Fuller SJ, Atwood CS, Martins RN. ReviewGenetics, lifestyle and the roles of amyloid β and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Hum Biol 2009; 30:639-67. [PMID: 14675907 DOI: 10.1080/03014460310001620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews a wide range of recent studies that have linked AD-associated biochemical and physiological changes with oxidative stress and damage. Some of these changes include disruptions in metal ion homeostasis, mitochondrial damage, reduced glucose metabolism, decreased intracellular pH and inflammation. Although the changes mentioned above are associated with oxidative stress, in most cases, a cause and effect relationship is not clearcut, as many changes are interlinked. Increases in the levels of Abeta peptides, the main protein components of the cerebral amyloid deposits of AD, have been demonstrated to occur in inherited early-onset forms of AD, and as a result of certain environmental and genetic risk factors. Abeta peptides have been shown to exhibit superoxide dismutase activity, producing hydrogen peroxide which may be responsible for the neurotoxicity exhibited by this peptide in vitro. This review also discusses the biochemical aspects of oxidative stress, antioxidant defence mechanisms, and possible antioxidant therapeutic measures which may be effective in counteracting increased levels of oxidative stress. In conclusion, this review provides support for the theory that damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress is a primary cause of the neurodegeneration seen in AD with Abeta postulated as an initiator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Veurink
- The Sir James McCusker Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Hollywood Private Hospital, Perth, Australia
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18
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Capone R, Quiroz FG, Prangkio P, Saluja I, Sauer AM, Bautista MR, Turner RS, Yang J, Mayer M. Amyloid-beta-induced ion flux in artificial lipid bilayers and neuronal cells: resolving a controversy. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:1-13. [PMID: 19526294 PMCID: PMC2864106 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenicity of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides constitutes a major goal in research on Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hypothesis entails that Abeta peptides induce uncontrolled, neurotoxic ion flux through cellular membranes. The exact biophysical mechanism of this ion flux is, however, a subject of an ongoing controversy which has attenuated progress toward understanding the importance of Abeta-induced ion flux in AD. The work presented here addresses two prevalent controversies regarding the nature of transmembrane ion flux induced by Alphabeta peptides. First, the results clarify that Alphabeta can induce stepwise ion flux across planar lipid bilayers as opposed to a gradual increase in transmembrane current; they show that the previously reported gradual thinning of membranes with concomitant increase in transmembrane current arises from residues of the solvent hexafluoroisopropanol, which is commonly used for the preparation of amyloid samples. Second, the results provide additional evidence suggesting that Abeta peptides can induce ion channel-like ion flux in cellular membranes that is independent from the postulated ability of Alphabeta to modulate intrinsic cellular ion channels or transporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Capone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA
| | - Felipe Garcia Quiroz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA
| | - Panchika Prangkio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA
| | | | - Anna M. Sauer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA
| | - Mahealani R. Bautista
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | | | - Jerry Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Michael Mayer
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1101 Beal Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2110, USA
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19
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Shah SB, Nolan R, Davis E, Stokin GB, Niesman I, Canto I, Glabe C, Goldstein LSB. Examination of potential mechanisms of amyloid-induced defects in neuronal transport. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:11-25. [PMID: 19497367 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-based neuronal transport pathways are impaired during the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. However, mechanisms leading to defects in transport remain to be determined. We quantified morphological changes in neuronal cells following treatment with fibrils and unaggregated peptides of beta-amyloid (Abeta). Abeta fibrils induce axonal and dendritic swellings indicative of impaired transport. In contrast, Abeta peptides induce a necrotic phenotype in both neurons and non-neuronal cells. We tested several popular hypotheses by which aggregated Abeta could disrupt transport. Using fluorescent polystyrene beads, we developed experimental models of physical blockage and localized release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that reliably induce swellings. Like the beads, Abeta fibrils localize in close proximity to swellings; however, fibril internalization is not required for disrupting transport. ROS and membrane permeability are also unlikely to be responsible for fibril-mediated toxicity. Collectively, our results indicate that multiple initiating factors converge upon pathways of defective transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer B Shah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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20
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Chronic psychosocial stress exacerbates impairment of cognition and long-term potentiation in beta-amyloid rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:918-26. [PMID: 18849021 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disorder that leads to progressive cognitive decline. Alzheimer's disease develops as a result of over-production and aggregation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the brain. The reason for variation in the gravity of symptoms among AD patients is unknown and might result from patient-related factors including lifestyle. Individuals suffering from chronic stress are at an increased risk for developing AD. This study investigated the effect of chronic psychosocial stress in Abeta rat model of AD. METHODS Psychosocial stress was induced with a rat intruder model. The rat model of AD was induced by 14-day osmotic pump infusion of a mixture of 300 pmol/day Abeta(1-40)/Abeta(1-42). The effect of chronic stress on the severity of Abeta-induced spatial learning and memory impairment was tested by three approaches: behavioral testing in the radial arm water maze, in vivo electrophysiological recording in anesthetized rat, and immunoblot analysis to determine protein levels of learning- and memory-related molecules. RESULTS A marked impairment of learning and memory developed when stress was combined with Abeta, more so than that caused by Abeta alone. Additionally, there was a significantly greater impairment of early-phase long-term potentiation (E-LTP) in chronically stressed/Abeta-treated rats than in either the stressed or Abeta-treated rats. This might be a manifestation of the reduction in protein levels of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the abnormal increase in calcineurin levels. CONCLUSIONS Chronic stress significantly intensified Abeta-induced deficits of short-term memory and E-LTP by a mechanism involving decreased CaMKII activation along with increased calcineurin levels.
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21
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Bruban J, Glotin AL, Dinet V, Chalour N, Sennlaub F, Jonet L, An N, Faussat AM, Mascarelli F. Amyloid-beta(1-42) alters structure and function of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Aging Cell 2009; 8:162-77. [PMID: 19239420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by the formation of drusen, extracellular deposits associated with atrophy of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), disturbance of the transepithelial barrier and photoreceptor death. Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is present in drusen but its role during AMD remains unknown. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of the oligomeric form of Abeta(1-42) - OAbeta(1-42) - on RPE and found that it reduced mitochondrial redox potential and increased the production of reactive oxygen species, but did not induce apoptosis in RPE cell cultures. It also disorganized the actin cytoskeleton and halved occludin expression, markedly decreasing attachment capacity and abolishing the selectivity of RPE cell transepithelial permeability. Antioxidant pretreatment partially reversed the effects of OAbeta(1-42) on mitochondrial redox potential and transepithelial permeability. Subretinally injected OAbeta(1-42) induced pigmentation loss and RPE hypertrophy but not RPE cell apoptosis in C57BL/6 J mice. Rapid OAbeta(1-42)-induced disorganization of cytoskeletal actin filaments was accompanied by decreased RPE expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and zonula occludens-1 and of the visual cycle proteins cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein and RPE65. The number of photoreceptors decreased by half within a few days. Our study pinpoints the role of Abeta in RPE alterations and dysfunctions leading to retinal degeneration and suggests that targeting Abeta may help develop selective methods for treating diseases involving retinal degeneration, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bruban
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR S 872, F-75006 Paris, France
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22
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Ibrahim F, André C, Thomassin M, Guillaume YC. Association mechanism of four acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) with human serum albumin: a biochromatographic approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1345-50. [PMID: 18996666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the interaction of a series of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs; donepezil, galanthamine, huperzine and neostigmine) with human serum albumin (HSA) immobilized on porous silica particles was studied using a biochromatographic approach. For all the tested AChEI molecules, linear retention plots were observed at all temperatures. An analysis of the thermodynamics (i.e. enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ), entropy ((S degrees *)) of the interaction of the AChEI molecules with the immobilized human serum albumin was also carried out. The (H degrees and (S degrees * values for donepezil, galanthamine and neostigmine, were negative due to van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding which govern this association with albumin. Whereas the positive values of (H degrees and (S degrees * of huperzine binding on HSA indicated a predominance of hydrophobic interactions. The association of AChEIs with HSA was increased linearly with pH. A comparative thermodynamic study with benzodiazepine molecules was also done to determine the potential binding site of these drugs on HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Ibrahim
- Equipe des Sciences Séparatives et Biopharmaceutiques (2SB/EA-3924), Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Faculté de Médecine Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Place Saint Jacques, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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23
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Schindowski K, Belarbi K, Buée L. Neurotrophic factors in Alzheimer's disease: role of axonal transport. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 7 Suppl 1:43-56. [PMID: 18184369 PMCID: PMC2228393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2007.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophic factors (NTF) are small, versatile proteins that maintain survival and function to specific neuronal populations. In general, the axonal transport of NTF is important as not all of them are synthesized at the site of its action. Nerve growth factor (NGF), for instance, is produced in the neocortex and the hippocampus and then retrogradely transported to the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Neurodegenerative dementias like Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are linked to deficits in axonal transport. Furthermore, they are also associated with imbalanced distribution and dysregulation of NTF. In particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a crucial role in cognition, learning and memory formation by modulating synaptic plasticity and is, therefore, a critical molecule in dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the changes of NTF expression and distribution (NGF, BDNF, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4/5 and fibroblast growth factor-2) and their receptors [tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk)A, TrkB, TrkC and p75NTR] in AD and AD models. In addition, we focus on the interaction with neuropathological hallmarks Tau/neurofibrillary tangle and amyloid-β (Abeta)/amyloid plaque pathology and their influence on axonal transport processes in order to unify AD-specific cholinergic degeneration and Tau and Abeta misfolding through NTF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schindowski
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Research Médicale U837, Université Lille 2, Lille Cedex, France.
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24
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Ionov ID. Specific mechanism for blood inflow stimulation in brain area prone to Alzheimer's disease lesions. Int J Neurosci 2007; 117:1425-42. [PMID: 17729154 DOI: 10.1080/00207450601125733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the specific two-stage mechanism that intensifies blood supply to the brain area comprising amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, entorhinal cortex, and neocortex (AHBC). Cholinergic neurons from the nuclei of basal forebrain induce vasodilatory effect through release of acetylcholine. In physiological aging the efficacy of this neuronal system declines, while intensive formation of amyloidogenic peptides starts. These peptides at low, picomolar concentrations activate alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, thus enhancing angiogenesis and in so doing restoring blood supply to the AHBC area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Ionov
- Center on Theoretical Problems in Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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25
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Rojo LE, Fernández JA, Maccioni AA, Jimenez JM, Maccioni RB. Neuroinflammation: implications for the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 2007; 39:1-16. [PMID: 18067990 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the past few years, an increasing set of evidence has supported the major role of deregulation of the interaction patterns between glial cells and neurons in the pathway toward neuronal degeneration. Neurons and glial cells, together with brain vessels, constitute an integrated system for brain function. Inflammation is a process related with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain the pathogenesis of AD, but none provides insight into the early events that trigger metabolic and cellular alterations in neuronal degeneration. The amyloid hypothesis was sustained on the basis that Abeta-peptide deposition into senile plaques is responsible for neurodegeneration. However, recent findings point to Abeta oligomers as responsible for synaptic impairment in neuronal degeneration. Amyloid is only one among many other major factors affecting the quality of neuronal cells. Another explanation derives from the tau hypothesis, supported by the observations that tau hyperphosphorylations constitute a common feature of most of the altered signaling pathways in degenerating neurons. Altered tau patterns have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluids of AD patients, and a close correlation was observed between the levels of hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms and the degree of cognitive impairment. On the other hand, the anomalous effects of cytokines and trophic factors share in common the activation of tau hyperphosphorylation patterns. In this context, a neuroimmunological approach to AD becomes relevant. When glial cells that normally provide neurotrophic factors essential for neurogenesis are activated by a set of stressing events, they overproduce cytokines and NGF, thus triggering altered signaling patterns in the etiopathogenesis of AD. A solid set of discoveries has strengthened the idea that altered patterns in the glia-neuron interactions constitute early molecular events within the cascade of cellular signals that lead to neurodegeneration in AD. A direct correlation has been established between the Abeta-induced neurodegeneration and cytokine production and its subsequent release. In effect, neuroinflammation is responsible for an abnormal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that trigger signaling pathways that activate brain tau hyperphosphorylation in residues that are not modified under normal physiological conditions. Other cytokines such as IL-3 and TNF-alpha seem to display neuroprotective activities. Elucidation of the events that control the transitions from neuroprotection to neurodegeneration should be a critical point toward elucidation of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel E Rojo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Zambrano A, Otth C, Mujica L, Concha II, Maccioni RB. Interleukin-3 prevents neuronal death induced by amyloid peptide. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:82. [PMID: 17915029 PMCID: PMC2089076 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an important glycoprotein involved in regulating biological responses such as cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Its effects are mediated via interaction with cell surface receptors. Several studies have demonstrated the expression of IL-3 in neurons and astrocytes of the hippocampus and cortices in normal mouse brain, suggesting a physiological role of IL-3 in the central nervous system. Although there is evidence indicating that IL-3 is expressed in some neuronal populations, its physiological role in these cells is poorly known. Results In this study, we demonstrated the expression of IL-3 receptor in cortical neurons, and analyzed its influence on amyloid β (Aβ)-treated cells. In these cells, IL-3 can activate at least three classical signalling pathways, Jak/STAT, Ras/MAP kinase and the PI 3-kinase. Viability assays indicated that IL-3 might play a neuroprotective role in cells treated with Aβ fibrils. It is of interest to note that our results suggest that cell survival induced by IL-3 required PI 3-kinase and Jak/STAT pathway activation, but not MAP kinase. In addition, IL-3 induced an increase of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusion Altogether these data strongly suggest that IL-3 neuroprotects neuronal cells against neurodegenerative agents like Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angara Zambrano
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Carola Otth
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Lorena Mujica
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ilona I Concha
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Ricardo B Maccioni
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Millennium Institute for Advanced Studies in Cell Biology and Biotechnology (CBB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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27
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Li M, Chen L, Lee DHS, Yu LC, Zhang Y. The role of intracellular amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 83:131-9. [PMID: 17889422 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 06/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular amyloid beta (Abeta) that confers neurotoxicity and modulates synaptic plasticity and memory function has been central to the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Like many other misfolded proteins identified in neurodegenerative disorders, Abeta also accumulates inside the AD neurons. This intracellular Abeta affects a variety of cellular physiology from protein degradation, axonal transport, autophagy to apoptosis, further documenting the role of Abeta in AD. Therapeutics targeting intracellular Abeta could be effective treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Schulte-Herbrüggen O, Hamker U, Meske V, Danker-Hopfe H, Ohm TG, Hellweg R. Beta/A4-Amyloid increases nerve growth factor production in rat primary hippocampal astrocyte cultures. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:387-90. [PMID: 17646078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), a member of the neurotrophin family, is an essential mediator of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN). In processes of chronic degeneration of BFCN like in Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized among others by amyloid containing plaques, NGF has been shown to improve cognitive decline and rescue BFCN but also to reduce survival of hippocampal neurons via p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75). Little is known about the mechanisms of NGF regulation in glial cells under pathological conditions in AD. This study investigates the influence of amyloid administration on the NGF protein secretion in rat primary hippocampal astrocytes. Astrocytes were stimulated with "aged" beta/A4-Amyloid (1-40), and NGF was measured in different fractions, such as supernatant, vesicles, and cytosol fraction. Treatment with amyloid at a final concentration of 10 microM for 72 h led to increased NGF protein levels up to 30-fold increase compared to unstimulated controls. This observation may be an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism possibly contributing to a delay of amyloid-dependent loss of cholinergic neurons or contribute to accelerated neuronal death by activation of p75 within Alzheimer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schulte-Herbrüggen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Humboldt-University and Free University of Berlin, Germany
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29
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Zou L, Wang Z, Shen L, Bao GB, Wang T, Kang JH, Pei G. Receptor tyrosine kinases positively regulate BACE activity and Amyloid-β production through enhancing BACE internalization. Cell Res 2007; 17:389-401. [PMID: 17325690 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2007.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, the primary constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is generated by beta-secretase- and gamma-secretase-mediated sequential proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The aspartic protease, beta -site APP cleavage enzyme (BACE), has been identified as the main beta-secretase in brain but the regulation of its activity is largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that both BACE activity and subsequent Abeta production are enhanced after stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), in cultured cells as well as in mouse hippocampus. Furthermore, stimulation of RTKs also induces BACE internalization into endosomes and Golgi apparatus. This enhancement of BACE activity and Abeta production upon RTK activation could be specifically inhibited by Src family kinase inhibitors and by depletion of endogenous c-Src with RNAi, and could be mimicked by over-expressed c-Src. Moreover, blockage of BACE internalization by a dominant negative form of Rab5 also abolished the enhancement of BACE activity and Abeta production, indicating the requirement of BACE internalization for the enhanced activity. Taken together, our study presents evidence that BACE activity and Abeta production are under the regulation of RTKs and this is achieved via RTK-stimulated BACE internalization, and suggests that an aberration of such regulation might contribute to pathogenic Abeta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zou
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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30
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Cazzaniga E, Bulbarelli A, Cassetti A, Lonati E, Re F, Palestini P, Mutoh T, Masserini M. β-amyloid (25–35) enhances lipid metabolism and protein ubiquitination in cultured neurons. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2253-61. [PMID: 17510978 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of beta-amyloid (Abeta) (25-35), a cytotoxic fragment of Abeta peptide, on lipid metabolism and protein ubiquitination in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. After treatment with Abeta under conditions leading to apoptotis, as assessed by caspase activity assay, the total cell mass of lipids changed following a biphasic behavior, with an increase that reached a maximum after 16 hr of treatment, followed by a decrease. The increase at 16 hr was 15.3% in the case of phospholipids and 103.0% in the case of gangliosides and was due to enhanced biosynthesis as confirmed by increase of radioactivity incorporation (phospholipids +52.0%, gangliosides +193.1%) in cells fed with tritiated palmitic acid. No change with respect to cholesterol was observed. Strikingly, under these conditions, the ubiquitination state of cell proteins strongly increased. These effects were not observed with the (35-25) reverse sequence peptide. Similarly to Abeta, lactacystin treatment increased lipid synthesis and protein ubiquitination; only lactacystin, and not Abeta, induced a strong decrease of proteasome chimotrypsin activity. These results suggest that Abeta enhances protein ubiquitination, without inhibiting proteasomal activity, and lipid synthesis. These results may shed new light on the mechanisms of Abeta toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Cazzaniga
- Department of Experimental and Environmental Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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31
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Ohno M, Cole SL, Yasvoina M, Zhao J, Citron M, Berry R, Disterhoft JF, Vassar R. BACE1 gene deletion prevents neuron loss and memory deficits in 5XFAD APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 26:134-45. [PMID: 17258906 PMCID: PMC1876698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide triggers a pathogenic cascade leading to neuronal loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causal link between Abeta and neuron death in vivo remains unclear since most animal models fail to recapitulate the dramatic cell loss observed in AD. We have recently developed transgenic mice that overexpress human APP and PS1 with five familial AD mutations (5XFAD mice) and exhibit robust neuron death. Here, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of the beta-secretase (BACE1) not only abrogates Abeta generation and blocks amyloid deposition but also prevents neuron loss found in the cerebral cortex and subiculum, brain regions manifesting the most severe amyloidosis in 5XFAD mice. Importantly, BACE1 gene deletion also rescues memory deficits in 5XFAD mice. Our findings provide strong evidence that Abeta ultimately is responsible for neuron death in AD and validate the therapeutic potential of BACE1-inhibiting approaches for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuo Ohno
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The ability of proteins to fold into a defined and functional conformation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology. Certain conditions, however, initiate misfolding or unfolding of proteins. This leads to the loss of functional protein or it can result in a wide range of diseases. One group of diseases, which includes Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases), involves deposition of aggregated proteins. Normally, such protein aggregates are not found in properly functioning biological systems, because a variety of mechanisms inhibit their formation. Understanding the nature of these protective mechanisms together with the understanding of factors reducing or deactivating the natural protection machinery will be crucial for developing strategies to prevent and treat these disastrous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Scheibel
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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33
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Abstract
In addition to strategies designed to decrease amyloid beta (A beta) levels, it is likely that successful Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapeutic regimens will require the concomitant application of neuroprotective agents. Elucidation of pathophysiological processes occurring in AD and identification of the molecular targets mediating these processes point to potential high-yield neuroprotective strategies. Candidate neuroprotective agents include those that interact specifically with neuronal targets to inhibit deleterious intraneuronal mechanisms triggered by A beta and other toxic stimuli. Strategies include creating small molecules that block A beta interactions with cell surface and intracellular targets, down-regulate stress kinase signaling cascades, block activation of caspases and expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, and inhibit enzymes mediating excessive tau protein phosphorylation. Additional potential neuroprotective compounds include those that counteract loss of cholinergic function, promote the trophic state and plasticity of neurons, inhibit accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and block excitotoxicity. Certain categories of compounds, such as neurotrophins or neurotrophin small molecule mimetics, have the potential to alter neuronal signaling patterns such that several of these target actions might be achieved by a single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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34
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Longo FM, Massa SM. Neuroprotective strategies in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotherapeutics 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03206572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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35
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Bishop GM, Robinson SR. Human Abeta1-42 reduces iron-induced toxicity in rat cerebral cortex. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:316-23. [PMID: 12868065 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Senile plaques, the major neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are composed primarily of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide and contain high concentrations of iron (1.0 mM). We have previously shown that intracortical injections of 1.0 mM iron to adult rats produce significantly more neuronal loss than control injections of saline vehicle, whereas injections of Abeta do not. Because iron has been shown to increase the in vitro toxicity of Abeta, the present study was undertaken to determine whether iron can make Abeta neurotoxic in vivo. Abeta and 1.0 mM iron (as ferric ammonium citrate) were coinjected into rat cerebral cortex, and the neuronal loss was compared with that produced by pure Abeta or pure iron. The human and rat variants of Abeta(1-42) were compared to determine whether they produce the same amount of neuronal loss when combined with iron. Coinjection of iron with either Abeta variant caused significantly more neuronal loss than Abeta peptide alone, suggesting that iron may contribute to the toxicity associated with senile plaques. Rat Abeta(1-42) combined with iron was as toxic as iron alone, whereas iron combined with human Abeta(1-42) was significantly less toxic. This latter finding indicates that fibrillar human Abeta is able to reduce iron-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and raises the interesting possibility that senile plaques in AD may represent a neuroprotective response to the presence of elevated metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda M Bishop
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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36
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Perry T, Lahiri DK, Sambamurti K, Chen D, Mattson MP, Egan JM, Greig NH. Glucagon-like peptide-1 decreases endogenous amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) levels and protects hippocampal neurons from death induced by Abeta and iron. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:603-12. [PMID: 12749025 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)-amide (GLP-1) is an endogenous insulinotropic peptide that is secreted from the gastrointestinal tract in response to food. It enhances pancreatic islet beta-cell proliferation and glucose-dependent insulin secretion and lowers blood glucose and food intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GLP-1 receptors, which are coupled to the cyclic AMP second messenger pathway, are expressed throughout the brains of rodents and humans. It was recently reported that GLP-1 and exendin-4, a naturally occurring, more stable analogue of GLP-1 that binds at the GLP-1 receptor, possess neurotrophic properties and can protect neurons against glutamate-induced apoptosis. We report here that GLP-1 can reduce the levels of amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in the brain in vivo and can reduce levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in cultured neuronal cells. Moreover, GLP-1 and exendin-4 protect cultured hippocampal neurons against death induced by Abeta and iron, an oxidative insult. Collectively, these data suggest that GLP-1 can modify APP processing and protect against oxidative injury, two actions that suggest a novel therapeutic target for intervention in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- TracyAnn Perry
- Section of Drug Design and Development, Laboratory of Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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37
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Kim SH, Won SJ, Sohn S, Kwon HJ, Lee JY, Park JH, Gwag BJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor can act as a pronecrotic factor through transcriptional and translational activation of NADPH oxidase. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:821-31. [PMID: 12460985 PMCID: PMC2173377 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that neurotrophins (NTs) potentiate or cause neuronal injury under various pathological conditions. Since NTs enhance survival and differentiation of cultured neurons in serum or defined media containing antioxidants, we set out experiments to delineate the patterns and underlying mechanisms of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced neuronal injury in mixed cortical cell cultures containing glia and neurons in serum-free media without antioxidants, where the three major routes of neuronal cell death, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis, have been extensively studied. Rat cortical cell cultures, after prolonged exposure to NTs, underwent widespread neuronal necrosis. BDNF-induced neuronal necrosis was accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and was dependent on the macromolecular synthesis. cDNA microarray analysis revealed that BDNF increased the expression of cytochrome b558, the plasma membrane-spanning subunit of NADPH oxidase. The expression and activation of NADPH oxidase were increased after exposure to BDNF. The selective inhibitors of NADPH oxidase prevented BDNF-induced ROS production and neuronal death without blocking antiapoptosis action of BDNF. The present study suggests that BDNF-induced expression and activation of NADPH oxidase cause oxidative neuronal necrosis and that the neurotrophic effects of NTs can be maximized under blockade of the pronecrotic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for the Interventional Therapy of Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Kyungkido, South Korea
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38
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Abstract
In this review the authors discuss the possible neuropathological role of intracellular amyloid-beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. There is abundant evidence that at early stages of the disease, prior to A-beta amyloid plaque formation, A-beta peptides accumulate intraneuronally in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. The experimental evidence would indicate that intracellular amyloid-beta could originate both by intracellular biosynthesis and also from the uptake of amyloidogenic peptides from the extracellular milieu. Herein the aspects of the possible impact of intracellular amyloid-beta in human AD pathology are discussed, as well as recent observations from a rat transgenic model with a phenotype of intracellular accumulation of A-beta fragments in neurons of the hippocampus and cortex, without plaque formation. In this model, the intracellular amyloid-beta phenotype is accompanied by increased MAPK/ERK activity and tau hyperphosphorylation. Finally, the authors discuss the hypothesis that, prior to plaque formation, intracellular A-beta accumulation induces biochemical and pathological changes in the brain at the cellular level priming neurons to further cytotoxic attack of extracellular amyloidogenic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Echeverria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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39
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Castro-Obregón S, Del Rio G, Chen SF, Swanson RA, Frankowski H, Rao RV, Stoka V, Vesce S, Nicholls DG, Bredesen DE. A ligand-receptor pair that triggers a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death. Cell Death Differ 2002; 9:807-17. [PMID: 12107824 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2001] [Revised: 01/23/2002] [Accepted: 01/29/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several receptors that mediate apoptosis have been identified, such as Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor I. Studies of the signal transduction pathways utilized by these receptors have played an important role in the understanding of apoptosis. Here we report the first ligand-receptor pair-the neuropeptide substance P and its receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK(1)R)-that mediates an alternative, non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death. This pair is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and has been implicated in pain mediation and depression, among other effects. Here we demonstrate that substance P induces a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death in hippocampal, striatal, and cortical neurons. This cell death requires gene expression, displays a non-apoptotic morphology, and is independent of caspase activation. The same form of cell death is induced by substance P in NK(1)R-transfected human embryonic kidney cells. These results argue that NK(1)R activates a death pathway different than apoptosis, and provide a signal transduction system by which to study an alternative, non-apoptotic cell death program.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Castro-Obregón
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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40
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Butterfield DA, Lauderback CM. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in Alzheimer's disease brain: potential causes and consequences involving amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 32:1050-60. [PMID: 12031889 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00794-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (A(beta)) is heavily deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, and free radical oxidative stress, particularly of neuronal lipids and proteins, is extensive. Recent research suggests that these two observations may be linked by A(beta)-induced oxidative stress in AD brain. This review summarizes current knowledge on phospholipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in AD brain, one potential cause of this oxidative stress, and consequences of A(beta)-induced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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41
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Butterfield DA, Drake J, Pocernich C, Castegna A. Evidence of oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain: central role for amyloid beta-peptide. Trends Mol Med 2001; 7:548-54. [PMID: 11733217 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(01)02173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) is heavily deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Free-radical oxidative stress, particularly of neuronal lipids, proteins and DNA, is extensive in those AD brain areas in which Abeta is abundant. Recent research suggests that these observations might be linked, and it is postulated that Abeta-induced oxidative stress leads to neurodegeneration in AD brain. Consonant with this postulate, Abeta leads to neuronal lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA oxidation by means that are inhibited by free-radical antioxidants. Here, we summarize current research on phospholipid peroxidation, as well as protein and DNA oxidation, in AD brain, and discuss the potential role of Abeta in this oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Butterfield
- Dept of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0055, USA.
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42
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Jordan-Sciutto K, Rhodes J, Bowser R. Altered subcellular distribution of transcriptional regulators in response to Abeta peptide and during Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 123:11-20. [PMID: 11640947 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that various cell cycle proteins are expressed in post-mitotic neurons within affected brain regions during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cell cycle proteins have been proposed to function in mechanisms of neuronal cell death during AD. To further explore the role of cell cycle proteins in neurodegeneration associated with AD, we utilized PC12 cells to examine the subcellular distribution of cell cycle transcriptional regulators, including the retinoblastoma gene product (pRb), E2F1 and FAC1, during beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neurodegeneration. Moreover, we examined the immunolocalization of pRb and E2F1 in non-demented control and AD brain tissue. We found that pRb exhibited increased levels of Ser795 phosphorylation in response to Abeta in the nucleus of PC12 cells and also in the nucleus of a subset of neurons during AD. E2F1 was distributed throughout the cytoplasm and neurites of PC12 cells in response to Abeta and in the cytoplasm of cells in AD brain. FAC1 exhibited a rapid redistribution from the cytoplasm to the perinuclear region in PC12 cells treated with Abeta. These data indicate that altered phosphorylation and subcellular distribution of transcriptional regulators occur in response to Abeta-induced neurotoxicity and during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jordan-Sciutto
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST S-420, 3500 Terrace St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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43
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Doré S, Bastianetto S, Kar S, Quirion R. Protective and rescuing abilities of IGF-I and some putative free radical scavengers against beta-amyloid-inducing toxicity in neurons. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 890:356-64. [PMID: 10668442 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid (A beta) peptides are most likely involved in the neurodegenerative process occurring in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and are enriched in senile plaques. The mechanisms of A beta toxicity are not clear but likely involve free radicals and apoptosis. Much interest is currently aiming at developing effective approaches to block A beta toxicity in order to slow down disease progression. In that context, we are particularly interested in studying the role of insulin-like growth factors, particularly IGF-I and purported free radical scavengers including a Gingko biloba extract (EGb761) as blocker of A beta toxicity in a simple in vitro model of hippocampal primary cultures. We observed that both IGF-I and EGb761 are unique in that they are able not only to protect but even to rescue neurons against A beta toxicity. These results are summarized here and possible mechanisms of action are discussed to explain the protective properties of these two classes of agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Doré
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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44
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Abstract
The synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine (ACh) requires the expression of several specialized proteins, including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT). The VAChT gene is located within the first intron of the ChAT gene. This unique genomic organization permits coordinated activation of expression of the two genes by extracellular factors. Much less is known about factors that reduce the expression of the cholinergic phenotype. A cholinergic deficit is one of the primary features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and AD brains are characterized by amyloid deposits composed primarily of A beta peptides. Although A beta peptides are neurotoxic, part of the cholinergic deficit in AD could be attributed to the suppression of cholinergic markers in the absence of cell death. Indeed, we and others demonstrated that synthetic A beta peptides, at submicromolar concentrations that cause no cytotoxicity, reduce the expression of cholinergic markers in neuronal cells. Another feature of AD is abnormal phospholipid turnover, which might be related to the progressive accumulation of apolipoprotein E (apoE) within amyloid plaques, leading perhaps to the reduction of apoE content in the CSF of AD patients. ApoE is a component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). As a first step in investigating a potential neuroprotective function of apoE, we determined the effects of VLDL on ACh content in neuronal cells. We found that VLDL increases ACh levels, and that it can partially offset the anticholinergic actions of A beta peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA.
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45
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Semkova I, Krieglstein J. Neuroprotection mediated via neurotrophic factors and induction of neurotrophic factors. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1999; 30:176-88. [PMID: 10525174 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins and other neurotrophic factors have been shown to support the survival and differentiation of many neuronal populations of the central and peripheral nervous system. Therefore, administering neurotrophic factors could represent an alternative strategy for the treatment of acute and chronic brain disorders. However, the delivery of neurotrophic factors to the brain is one of the largest obstacles in the development of effective therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, because these proteins are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The induction of growth factor synthesis in the brain tissue by systemically administered lipophilic drugs, such as beta-adrenoceptor agonists, shown to increase endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in the brain, would be an elegant way to overcome these problems of application. Stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors with clenbuterol led to increased NGF synthesis in cultured central nervous system (CNS) cells and rat brain tissue. Clenbuterol-induced NGF expression was reduced to the control levels by coadministration of beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Furthermore, clenbuterol protected rat hippocampal neurons subjected to excitotoxic damage. The neuroprotective effect of clenbuterol in vitro depended on increased NGF synthesis, since the neuroprotection was abolished by NGF antisense oligonucleotide as well as by antibodies directed against NGF itself. In vivo, clenbuterol protected rat hippocampus in a model of transient forebrain ischemia and reduced the infarct volume in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). The neuroprotective effect of clenbuterol in vivo was accompanied by enhanced NGF synthesis in brain tissue. These findings support our hypothesis that orally active NGF inducers may have a potential as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Semkova
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Anatomy, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
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46
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Yan XZ, Qiao JT, Dou Y, Qiao ZD. Beta-amyloid peptide fragment 31-35 induces apoptosis in cultured cortical neurons. Neuroscience 1999; 92:177-84. [PMID: 10392840 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00727-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic fragment 31-35 of beta-amyloid peptide was used in cultured cortical neurons to examine whether this smaller sequence could trigger apoptotic degeneration in vitro by using morphological, biochemical and flow-cytometric examinations. The results showed that: (i) neurons treated with fragment 31-35 of beta-amyloid peptide exhibited membrane blebbing, compaction of nuclear chromatin, nuclear shrinkage and nuclear fragmentation; (ii) a typical DNA ladder was revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis following fragment 31-35 of beta-amyloid peptide exposure; (iii) the internucleosome DNA fragmentation was also detected by flow-cytometric examination following fragment 31-35 of beta-amyloid peptide exposure; and (iv) the DNA fragmentation induced by fragment 31-35 of beta-amyloid peptide in the above two examinations could be blocked by co-treatment with aurintricarboxylic acid or actinomycin D. It is suggested that fragment 31-35 of the beta-amyloid peptide may be a shorter sequence of beta-amyloid peptide responsible for triggering an apoptotic process in cultured neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Z Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, P.R. China
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47
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Semkova I, Häberlein C, Krieglstein J. Ciliary neurotrophic factor protects hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic damage. Neurochem Int 1999; 35:1-10. [PMID: 10403425 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(99)00021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The loss of neurons is responsible for many acute neurological disorders as well as chronic neurodegenerative diseases. This cell loss might be prevented by a direct delivery of neurotrophic factors. Therefore, we investigated the capacity of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as the combination of both growth factors on the glutamate-induced excitotoxic damage in hippocampal cultures. The exposure of hippocampal neuronal/glial co-cultures to 0.5 mM L-glutamate for 1 h induced pronounced neurotoxicity evaluated 18 h later by trypan blue staining and morphological criteria. The damaged neurons showed both apoptotic and necrotic features. However, CNTF (1-1000 pg/ml) reduced neuronal degeneration when administered 6 and 24 h before induction of injury and remained in contact with the cells until evaluation of neuronal damage. Furthermore, NGF (1 ng/ml) also rescued the hippocampal neurons under the same experimental conditions and with a similar to CNTF potency. However, the co-administration of NGF and CNTF (but not either factor alone) restored the neuronal survival to control levels. Our results support the hypothesis that administering neurotrophic factors could represent an alternative strategy for the treatment of acute and chronic brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Semkova
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Anatomy, Germany
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48
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Lau KF, Miller CC, Anderton BH, Shaw PC. Expression analysis of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in human tissues. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 54:85-91. [PMID: 10448973 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a multisubstrate, proline-directed kinase that phosphorylates tau, beta-amyloid and neurofilaments. In this study, the expression levels of the two GSK-3 isoforms, alpha and beta, RNA and proteins in different human tissues were examined. Northern analysis demonstrated that GSK-3alpha is encoded by a 2.6-kb mRNA and GSK-3beta by 8.3- and 2.8-kb mRNAs. The two GSK-3beta mRNA species were variably expressed in different tissues. Northern and quantitative polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that both GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta mRNA were prominently expressed in testis, thymus, prostate and ovary but were low in adult lung and kidney. Western blot analysis showed that the 51-kDa GSK-3alpha protein was highly expressed in lung, ovary, kidney and testis, whereas the 46-kDa GSK-3beta protein was highly expressed in lung, kidney and brain. The differential expression of GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta mRNA and proteins and the lack of relationship between transcription and translation in some tissues indicate that GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta are subject to different means of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Lau
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin
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49
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Luo JJ, Wallace W, Riccioni T, Ingram DK, Roth GS, Kusiak JW. Death of PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons induced by adenoviral-mediated FAD human amyloid precursor protein gene expression. J Neurosci Res 1999; 55:629-42. [PMID: 10082085 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19990301)55:5<629::aid-jnr10>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human amyloid precursor proteins (h-APPs) to evaluate the role of various h-APPs in causing neuronal cell death. We were able to infect PC12 cells with very high efficiency because approximately 90% of the cells were cytochemically positive for beta-galactosidase activity when an adenoviral vector containing LacZ cDNA was used to infect cells. Cells infected with adenovirus containing h-APP cDNA showed high-level transcription and expression of h-APP as measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblot analyses, respectively. Intracellular and extracellular levels of h-APP were elevated approximately 17-and 24-fold in cultures infected with recombinant adenovirus containing wild-type mutant and 13- and 17-fold with V642F mutant. No elevation in h-APP was seen in cultures infected with antisense h-APP or null adenovirus. H-APP levels were maximal 3 days after infection. Overexpression of V642F mutant h-APP in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons resulted in about a twofold increase in death compared with overexpression of wild-type h-APP. These results demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant adenoviral mediated gene transfer in cell culture studies and suggest that overexpression of a familial Alzheimer's disease mutant APP may be toxic to neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Luo
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a deadly outcome. AD is the leading cause of senile dementia and although the pathogenesis of this disorder is not known, various hypotheses have been developed based on experimental data accumulated since the initial description of this disease by Alois Alzheimer about 90 years ago. Most approaches to explain the pathogenesis of AD focus on its two histopathological hallmarks, the amyloid beta protein- (A(beta)-) loaded senile plaques and the neurofibrillary tangles, which consist of the filament protein tau. Various lines of genetic evidence support a central role of A(beta) in the pathogenesis of AD and an increasing number of studies show that oxidation reactions occur in AD and that A(beta) may be one molecular link between oxidative stress and AD-associated neuronal cell death. A(beta) itself can be neurotoxic and can induce oxidative stress in cultivated neurons. A(beta) is, therefore, one player in the concert of oxidative reactions that challenge neurons besides inflammatory reactions which are also associated with the AD pathology. Consequently, antioxidant approaches for the prevention and therapy of AD are of central interest. Experimental as well as clinical data show that lipophilic antioxidants, such as vitamin E and estrogens, are neuroprotective and may help patients suffering from AD. While an additional intensive elucidation of the cellular and molecular events of neuronal cell death in AD will, ultimately, lead to novel drug targets, various antioxidants are already available for a further exploitation of their preventive and therapeutic potential. reserved
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Affiliation(s)
- C Behl
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
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