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Schectman SJ, Khanam A, Walters MND, Kirwan E, Sylvester WR, Khan FA. A retrospective study of canine transmissible venereal tumour in Grenada, West Indies. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1008-1012. [PMID: 35238497 PMCID: PMC9122414 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a naturally occurring neoplasia affecting dogs worldwide. Previous CTVT studies in Grenada were limited to case records of dogs with neoplastic conditions at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Objectives The present retrospective study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk factors of CTVT in a wider population of owned dogs presented to a university‐affiliated veterinary hospital between 2008 and 2018. Methods Data on the age, breed, gender, and gonadectomy status were retrieved from an electronic database and analyzed using logistic regression. Results Of the 7180 dogs presented during the period, 102 dogs (1.4%) were diagnosed with CTVT. A higher predisposition was observed in Grenadian pothounds (odds ratio [OR] = 22.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.3–50.4; p < 0.001) and mixed‐breed dogs (OR = 9.2, 95% CI 4.1–20.7; p < 0.001) in comparison to the purebreds. Neutered dogs (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.3; p < 0.001) were at an increased risk of CTVT than intact dogs. Age and gender were not identified as significant risk factors. Conclusions The percentage of dogs with CTVT in this study represents a crude estimate of the CTVT prevalence in the owned dog population in Grenada. Further studies including both owned and free‐roaming dogs are required for a more accurate estimation of the CTVT prevalence in the region. Our results indicate that breed and gonadectomy status are significant risk factors for the occurrence of CTVT in Grenada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Schectman
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
| | - Afroza Khanam
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
| | - Mellisa N D Walters
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
| | - Elliot Kirwan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
| | - Wayne R Sylvester
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
| | - Firdous A Khan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue, West Indies
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2
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Jacob-Hirsch J, Eyal E, Knisbacher BA, Roth J, Cesarkas K, Dor C, Farage-Barhom S, Kunik V, Simon AJ, Gal M, Yalon M, Moshitch-Moshkovitz S, Tearle R, Constantini S, Levanon EY, Amariglio N, Rechavi G. Whole-genome sequencing reveals principles of brain retrotransposition in neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell Res 2018; 28:187-203. [PMID: 29327725 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2018.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells undergo somatic retrotransposition events, mainly involving L1 elements, which can be potentially deleterious. Here, we analyze the whole genomes of 20 brain samples and 80 non-brain samples, and characterized the retrotransposition landscape of patients affected by a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders including Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, ataxia-telangiectasia and autism. We report that the number of retrotranspositions in brain tissues is higher than that observed in non-brain samples and even higher in pathologic vs normal brains. The majority of somatic brain retrotransposons integrate into pre-existing repetitive elements, preferentially A/T rich L1 sequences, resulting in nested insertions. Our findings document the fingerprints of encoded endonuclease independent mechanisms in the majority of L1 brain insertion events. The insertions are "non-classical" in that they are truncated at both ends, integrate in the same orientation as the host element, and their target sequences are enriched with a CCATT motif in contrast to the classical endonuclease motif of most other retrotranspositions. We show that L1Hs elements integrate preferentially into genes associated with neural functions and diseases. We propose that pre-existing retrotransposons act as "lightning rods" for novel insertions, which may give fine modulation of gene expression while safeguarding from deleterious events. Overwhelmingly uncontrolled retrotransposition may breach this safeguard mechanism and increase the risk of harmful mutagenesis in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Jacob-Hirsch
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Eran Eyal
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Jonathan Roth
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karen Cesarkas
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Chen Dor
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarit Farage-Barhom
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Vered Kunik
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Amos J Simon
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Moran Gal
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Michal Yalon
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sharon Moshitch-Moshkovitz
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Rick Tearle
- Complete Genomics, 2071 Stierlin Court, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Erez Y Levanon
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center and the Wohl Institute of Translational Medicine, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Abstract
Although genetic transfer between viruses and vertebrate hosts occurs less frequently than gene flow between bacteriophages and prokaryotes, it is extensive and has affected the evolution of both parties. With retroviruses, the integration of proviral DNA into chromosomal DNA can result in the activation of adjacent host gene expression and in the transduction of host transcripts into retroviral genomes as oncogenes. Yet in contrast to lysogenic phage, there is little evidence that viral oncogenes persist in a chain of natural transmission or that retroviral transduction is a significant driver of the horizontal spread of host genes. Conversely, integration of proviruses into the host germ line has generated endogenous retroviral genomes (ERV) in all vertebrate genomes sequenced to date. Some of these genomes retain potential infectivity and upon reactivation may transmit to other host species. During mammalian evolution, sequences of retroviral origin have been repurposed to serve host functions, such as the viral envelope glycoproteins crucial to the development of the placenta. Beyond retroviruses, DNA viruses with complex genomes have acquired numerous genes of host origin which influence replication, pathogenesis and immune evasion, while host species have accumulated germline sequences of both DNA and RNA viruses. A codicil is added on lateral transmission of cancer cells between hosts and on migration of host mitochondria into cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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4
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Castro KF, Strakova A, Tinucci-Costa M, Murchison EP. Evaluation of a genetic assay for canine transmissible venereal tumour diagnosis in Brazil. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:615-618. [PMID: 27135875 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a transmissible cancer that is spread between dogs by the allogeneic transfer of living cancer cells. The infectious agents in CTVT are the living cancer cells themselves, which are transmitted between dogs during coitus. CTVT first arose several thousand years ago and the disease has a global distribution and is frequently observed in dogs from Brazil. We evaluated the utility of a LINE-MYC quantitative polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of CTVT cases in Brazil. Our analysis indicated that the LINE-MYC rearrangement was detectable in all CTVT samples but not in their corresponding hosts. This genetic assay proves to be a useful tool for providing a definitive molecular diagnosis of CTVT, which presents with varying degrees of aggressiveness and invasiveness in different host dogs and can therefore be a diagnostic challenge in some specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Castro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, São Paulo/Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - A Strakova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Tinucci-Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, São Paulo/Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - E P Murchison
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Setthawongsin C, Techangamsuwan S, Tangkawattana S, Rungsipipat A. Cell-based polymerase chain reaction for canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) diagnosis. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1167-73. [PMID: 27075116 PMCID: PMC4976273 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is the only naturally contagious tumor that is
transmitted during coitus or social behaviors. Based on the tumor’s location, the
diagnosis of genital TVT (GTVT) is comparably easier than those in the extragenital area
(ETVT) that are more easily incorrectly diagnosed. Fortunately, CTVT cells contain a
specific long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE), inserted upstream of the
myc gene, allowing a diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based
detection assay. The objectives of this study were aimed to improve the diagnostic
accuracy by applying the diagnostic LINE1-c-myc PCR assay and fine needle
aspiration (FNA) collection in direct comparison with standard cytological and
histopathological analyses. Seventy-four dogs, comprised of 41 and 31 dogs with tumor
masses at their external genitalia and extragenital areas (e.g. skin and nasal cavity),
respectively, were included in this study. The signalment of these 65 dogs and clinical
history of 20 client-owned dogs were collected. Samples were taken by biopsy for both
histopathological examination and FNA for cytological examination and diagnostic PCR. The
PCR products from 10 apparently CTVT samples were purified and sequenced. Sixty-one CTVT
cases were diagnosed by cytological and histological analyses, but 65 were positive by the
PCR assay. Overall, the PCR assay improved the accuracy of diagnostic CTVT results,
especially for the more difficult ETVT tumors. Moreover, this PCR-based approach can
facilitate the decision as to discontinue chemotherapy by discrimination between residual
tumor cell masses and fibrotic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanokchon Setthawongsin
- Companion Animal Cancer Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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6
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Weiss RA. What's the host and what's the microbe? The Marjory Stephenson Prize Lecture 2015. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2501-2510. [PMID: 26296666 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The interchange between retroviruses and their hosts is an intimate one because retroviruses integrate proviral DNA into host chromosomal DNA as an obligate step in the replication cycle. This has resulted in the occasional transduction of host genes into retroviral genomes as oncogenes, and also led to the integration of viral genomes into the host germ line that gives rise to endogenous retroviruses. I shall reflect on the evolutionary consequences of these events for virus and host. Then, I shall discuss the emergence of non-viral infections of host origin, namely, how malignant cells can give rise to eukaryotic single cell 'parasites' that colonize new hosts and how these in turn have been colonized by host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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7
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Xue B, He L. An expanding universe of the non-coding genome in cancer biology. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1209-16. [PMID: 24747961 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation is caused by accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that ultimately convert normal cells into tumor cells with uncontrolled proliferation and survival, unlimited replicative potential and invasive growth [Hanahan,D. et al. (2011) Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell, 144, 646-674]. Although the majority of the cancer studies have focused on the functions of protein-coding genes, emerging evidence has started to reveal the importance of the vast non-coding genome, which constitutes more than 98% of the human genome. A number of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from the 'dark matter' of the human genome exhibit cancer-specific differential expression and/or genomic alterations, and it is increasingly clear that ncRNAs, including small ncRNAs and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play an important role in cancer development by regulating protein-coding gene expression through diverse mechanisms. In addition to ncRNAs, nearly half of the mammalian genomes consist of transposable elements, particularly retrotransposons. Once depicted as selfish genomic parasites that propagate at the expense of host fitness, retrotransposon elements could also confer regulatory complexity to the host genomes during development and disease. Reactivation of retrotransposons in cancer, while capable of causing insertional mutagenesis and genome rearrangements to promote oncogenesis, could also alter host gene expression networks to favor tumor development. Taken together, the functional significance of non-coding genome in tumorigenesis has been previously underestimated, and diverse transcripts derived from the non-coding genome could act as integral functional components of the oncogene and tumor suppressor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xue
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Lin He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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8
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Ganguly B, Das U, Das AK. Canine transmissible venereal tumour: a review. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 14:1-12. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Ganguly
- Animal Biotechnology Center, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology; Pantnagar India
| | - U. Das
- Broad Street Pet Clinics; Kolkata India
| | - A. K. Das
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences; G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology; Pantnagar India
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9
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Lopes RA, Cardoso TC, Luvizotto MCR, de Andrade AL. Occurrence and expression of p53 suppressor gene and c-Myc oncogene in dog eyelid tumors. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:69-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) and canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) are the only known naturally occurring clonally transmissible cancers. These cancers are transmitted by the physical transfer of viable tumor cells that can be transplanted across histocompatibility barriers into unrelated hosts. Despite their common etiology, DFTD and CTVT have evolved independently and have unique life histories and host adaptations. DFTD is a recently emerged aggressive facial tumor that is threatening the Tasmanian devil with extinction. CTVT is a sexually transmitted tumor of dogs that has a worldwide distribution and that probably arose thousands of years ago. By contrasting the biology, molecular genetics and immunology of these two unusual cancers, I highlight the common and unique features of clonally transmissible cancers, and discuss the implications of clonally transmissible cancers for host-pathogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Murchison
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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BCR-ABL transcripts are not detected in cord blood or the peripheral blood of the newborn child whose mother developed chronic myeloid leukemia while pregnant. Leuk Res 2010; 34:e78-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Amariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, Cohen Y, Loewenthal R, Trakhtenbrot L, Paz N, Koren-Michowitz M, Waldman D, Leider-Trejo L, Toren A, Constantini S, Rechavi G. Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell transplantation in an ataxia telangiectasia patient. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000029. [PMID: 19226183 PMCID: PMC2642879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 684] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells are currently being investigated as potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and trauma. However, concerns have been raised over the safety of this experimental therapeutic approach, including, for example, whether there is the potential for tumors to develop from transplanted stem cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS A boy with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) was treated with intracerebellar and intrathecal injection of human fetal neural stem cells. Four years after the first treatment he was diagnosed with a multifocal brain tumor. The biopsied tumor was diagnosed as a glioneuronal neoplasm. We compared the tumor cells and the patient's peripheral blood cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization using X and Y chromosome probes, by PCR for the amelogenin gene X- and Y-specific alleles, by MassArray for the ATM patient specific mutation and for several SNPs, by PCR for polymorphic microsatellites, and by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. Molecular and cytogenetic studies showed that the tumor was of nonhost origin suggesting it was derived from the transplanted neural stem cells. Microsatellite and HLA analysis demonstrated that the tumor is derived from at least two donors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a human brain tumor complicating neural stem cell therapy. The findings here suggest that neuronal stem/progenitor cells may be involved in gliomagenesis and provide the first example of a donor-derived brain tumor. Further work is urgently needed to assess the safety of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Hirshberg
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bernd W Scheithauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Loewenthal
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nurit Paz
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Dalia Waldman
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Amos Toren
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Gasior SL, Preston G, Hedges DJ, Gilbert N, Moran JV, Deininger PL. Characterization of pre-insertion loci of de novo L1 insertions. Gene 2006; 390:190-8. [PMID: 17067767 PMCID: PMC1850991 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human Long Interspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) and the Short Interspersed Element (SINE) Alu comprise 28% of the human genome. They share the same L1-encoded endonuclease for insertion, which recognizes an A+T-rich sequence. Under a simple model of insertion distribution, this nucleotide preference would lead to the prediction that the populations of both elements would be biased towards A+T-rich regions. Genomic L1 elements do show an A+T-rich bias. In contrast, Alu is biased towards G+C-rich regions when compared to the genome average. Several analyses have demonstrated that relatively recent insertions of both elements show less G+C content bias relative to older elements. We have analyzed the repetitive element and G+C composition of more than 100 pre-insertion loci derived from de novo L1 insertions in cultured human cancer cells, which should represent an evolutionarily unbiased set of insertions. An A+T-rich bias is observed in the 50 bp flanking the endonuclease target site, consistent with the known target site for the L1 endonuclease. The L1, Alu, and G+C content of 20 kb of the de novo pre-insertion loci shows a different set of biases than that observed for fixed L1s in the human genome. In contrast to the insertion sites of genomic L1s, the de novo L1 pre-insertion loci are relatively L1-poor, Alu-rich and G+C neutral. Finally, a statistically significant cluster of de novo L1 insertions was localized in the vicinity of the c-myc gene. These results suggest that the initial insertion preference of L1, while A+T-rich in the initial vicinity of the break site, can be influenced by the broader content of the flanking genomic region and have implications for understanding the dynamics of L1 and Alu distributions in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L. Gasior
- Tulane Cancer Center and Dept. of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center SL-66, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: (504) 988-6385, Fax: (504) 988-5516,
| | - Graeme Preston
- Tulane Cancer Center and Dept. of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center SL-66, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: (504) 988-6385, Fax: (504) 988-5516,
| | - Dale J. Hedges
- Tulane Cancer Center and Dept. of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center SL-66, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: (504) 988-6385, Fax: (504) 988-5516,
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, UPR 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - John V. Moran
- Departments of Human Genetics and Internal Medicine, 1241 E. Catherine St., University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0618
| | - Prescott L. Deininger
- Tulane Cancer Center and Dept. of Epidemiology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center SL-66, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, Phone: (504) 988-6385, Fax: (504) 988-5516,
- *Address for Correspondence: Tulane Cancer Center, SL66, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1430 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA 70112, 504-988-6385,
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14
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Liao KW, Lin ZY, Pao HN, Kam SY, Wang FI, Chu RM. Identification of canine transmissible venereal tumor cells using in situ polymerase chain reaction and the stable sequence of the long interspersed nuclear element. J Vet Diagn Invest 2003; 15:399-406. [PMID: 14535538 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is a unique tumor that can be transplanted across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) barrier by viable tumor cells. In dogs, CTVT grows progressively for a few months and then usually regresses spontaneously. A long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) insertion is found specifically and constantly in the 5' end of the CTVT cell c-myc gene, outside the first exon. The rearranged LINE-c-myc gene sequence has been used with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose CTVT. However, in CTVT cells, the total length of the inserted LINE gene is not constant. In this experiment, variation in the inserted LINE gene was studied to determine which parts of the LINE sequence can be used as primers to identify CTVT cells with in situ PCR (IS PCR). The LINE gene was inserted between the TATA boxes in the promoter region of c-myc. In CTVT cells, deletions of different lengths are frequent in this gene. However, the 550-bp segment at the 5' end of the LINE-c-myc gene was stable. Thus, primers were designed to cover the stable 0.55-kb segment from the 5' end outside the first exon of the c-myc gene to the 5' end of LINE gene stable segment. With these primers and IS PCR, individual CTVT cells in formalin-fixed tissue sections and CTVT cultures were identified. Cells from other canine tumors were negative for this gene. In addition, the CTVT-specific, 0.55-kb segment was not found in any spindle-shaped cells from progressive or regressive phase CTVT. The IS PCR technique also did not detect any positive spindle-shaped cells in CTVT cell cultures. Thus, fibroblastic terminal differentiation is less likely to be a mechanism for spontaneous regression of CTVT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Wen Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC
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15
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Mukaratirwa S, Gruys E. Canine transmissible venereal tumour: Cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, and immunobiology. A review. Vet Q 2003; 25:101-11. [PMID: 14535580 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2003.9695151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is the only known naturally occurring tumour that can be transplanted as an allograft across major histocompatibility (MHC) barriers within the same species, and even to other members of the canine family, such as foxes, coyotes and wolves. The progression of this tumour is unique in that, it follows a predictable growth pattern. In natural and experimental cases, the growth pattern includes progressive growth phase, static phase and regression phase, and this is followed by transplantation immunity in immunocompetent adults, while metastasis occurs in puppies and immunosuppressed dogs. Because of the uniqueness of CTVT transmission and progression, experimental investigations of various aspects of the biology of CTVT have been used to provide clues to the immunobiology of both animal and human tumours. This review examines the current state of knowledge of the aspects of the cytogenetic origin, immunophenotype, immunobiology and immunotherapy of CTVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mukaratirwa
- University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Studies, Mount Pleasant, Harare.
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Chu RM, Sun TJ, Yang HY, Wang DG, Liao KW, Chuang TF, Lin CH, Lee WC. Heat shock proteins in canine transmissible venereal tumor. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 82:9-21. [PMID: 11557291 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were used to detect heat shock proteins (HSPs) 60, 70 and 90 in canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). Tissues tested for HSPs included: (1) tissues from different growth phases of CTVT tumors artificially induced in dogs; (2) tissues from other canine tumors; (3) normal dog tissues. Our results indicate that HSP 60 was consistently higher in CTVT cells in regressing phase than those in progressing phase. However, no detectable antibody response specific to the tested HSPs was found in the sera from CTVT-laden dogs in different growth phases. Although levels of the HSPs were all detectable in CTVT cells, only 60 and 70 were higher in CTVT cells than in normal tissues. In addition, none of the HSPs were detected in cells from five other canine tumors. These data suggest that canine HSP 60 and 70 are potential markers for CTVT and HSP 60 is appear to be involved in CTVT regression.PCR was used to confirm the existence of CTVT cells using primers designed to cover the sequence between the 5' end of c-myc near the first exon and the 3' end outside the LINE gene. Only CTVT samples were positive for this sequence; samples from other tumors and normal tissues were negative. The sequenced PCR products indicated that CTVT from Taiwan and other countries exhibited over 98% sequence homology. This reconfirms that, worldwide, all CTVT cells are very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Chu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 142 Chou-San Road, ROC, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Harmelin A, Pinthus JH, Katzir N, Kapon A, Volcani Y, Amariglio EN, Rehavi G. Use of a murine xenograft model for canine transmissible venereal tumor. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:907-11. [PMID: 11400849 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a murine model for canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). ANIMALS Thirty-three 6-week-old NOD/LtSz-scid (NOD/SCID) mice and seven 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice. PROCEDURE Samples of CTVT were excised from a 3-year-old dog and inoculated SC into ten 6-week-old NOD/SCID mice to induce growth of xenograft transmissible venereal tumor (XTVT). To establish mouse-to-mouse transmission, samples of XTVT were removed and inoculated SC into 4 groups of 6-week-old NOD/SCID mice and into a control group. Samples of CTVT were also inoculated into immunocompetent C57BL/6J mice for a mouse antibody production (MAP) test. The canine and xenografted tumors were evaluated cytologically and histologically, and polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of the rearranged LINE/c-MYC junction. RESULTS 8 of 10 NOD/SCID mice that were inoculated with CTVT developed tumors 3 to 10 weeks after inoculation. In the second-generation xenograft, all mice developed tumors by postinoculation day 47; 1 X 10(6) of XTVT cells were enough to create a xenograft. Metastases developed in 4 of 20 mice. Xenografted and metastatic tumors retained cytologic, histologic, and molecular characteristics of CTVT. Results of the MAP test were negative for all pathogens. CONCLUSION We established an NOD/SCID murine model for XTVT and metastasis of CTVT. This model should facilitate study of tumor transplantation, progression, and metastasis and should decrease or eliminate the need for maintaining allogenic transfer in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Harmelin
- Experimental Animal Center, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Hasler AH, Weber WT. Theriogenology question of the month. Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1557-9. [PMID: 10825939 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Hasler
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Choi Y, Ishiguro N, Shinagawa M, Kim CJ, Okamoto Y, Minami S, Ogihara K. Molecular structure of canine LINE-1 elements in canine transmissible venereal tumor. Anim Genet 1999; 30:51-3. [PMID: 10050284 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the 4251-bp sequence of open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of canine LINE-1 retroposon that encodes 1275 amino acids. The truncated LINE-1 inserts associated with transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) of dogs contained the 1378-bp LINE-1 insert (TVT-LINE) flanked by 10-bp direct repeats upstream to c-myc gene. The TVT-LINE elements were composed of 416 bp inverse sequences homologous to the complementary strand of the LINE-1, a 5-bp deletion and 962-bp sequences homologous to the 3' region of the LINE-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Choi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
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Amariglio N, Rechavi G. Insertional mutagenesis by transposable elements in the mammalian genome. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1993; 21:212-218. [PMID: 8385004 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850210303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Several mammalian repetitive transposable genetic elements were characterized in recent years, and their role in mutagenesis is delineated in this review. Two main groups have been described: elements with symmetrical termini such as the murine IAP sequences and the human THE 1 elements and elements characterized by a poly-A rich tail at the 3' end such as the SINE and LINE sequences. The characteristic property of such mobile elements to spread and integrate in the host genome leads to insertional mutagenesis. Both germline and somatic mutations have been documented resulting from the insertion of the various types of mammalian repetitive transposable genetic elements. As foreseen by Barbara McClintock, such genetic events can cause either the activation or the inactivation of specific genes, resulting in their identification via an altered phenotype. Several disease states, such as hemophilia and cancer, are the result of this apparent aspect of genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amariglio
- Department of Hematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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