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Zhang T, Qiao C, Yang Y, Yuan Y, Zhao Z, Miao Y, Zhao Q, Zhang R, Zheng H. Ceftazidime is a potential drug to inhibit cell proliferation by increasing cellular p27. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024:10.1038/s41429-024-00751-1. [PMID: 38898184 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The development of new therapeutic uses for existing drugs is important for the treatment of some diseases. Cephalosporin antibiotics stand as the most extensively utilized antibiotics in clinical practice, effectively combating bacterial infections. Here, we found that the antimicrobial drug ceftazidime strongly upregulates p27 protein levels by inhibiting p27 ubiquitination. The p27 protein is a classic negative regulator of the cell cycle. Next, we demonstrated that ceftazidime can impede the cell cycle from G1 to S phase, thus inhibiting cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that ceftazidime promotes p27 expression and inhibits cell proliferation by reducing Skp2, which is a substrate recognition component of the Skp2-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase. Moreover, ceftazidime downregulates transcriptional expression of Skp2. Importantly, we demonstrated that ceftazidime inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells in vivo. These findings reveal ceftazidime-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation through the Skp2-p27 axis, and could provide a potential strategy for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - Caixia Qiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Yunshan Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhenglan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Miao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Renxia Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, 215123, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China.
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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Pegka F, Ben-Califa N, Neumann D, Jäkel H, Hengst L. EpoR Activation Stimulates Erythroid Precursor Proliferation by Inducing Phosphorylation of Tyrosine-88 of the CDK-Inhibitor p27 Kip1. Cells 2023; 12:1704. [PMID: 37443738 PMCID: PMC10340229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte biogenesis needs to be tightly regulated to secure oxygen transport and control plasma viscosity. The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) governs erythropoiesis by promoting cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival of erythroid precursor cells. Erythroid differentiation is associated with an accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1, but the regulation and role of p27 during erythroid proliferation remain largely unknown. We observed that p27 can bind to the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR). Activation of EpoR leads to immediate Jak2-dependent p27 phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 88 (Y88). This modification is known to impair its CDK-inhibitory activity and convert the inhibitor into an activator and assembly factor of CDK4,6. To investigate the physiological role of p27-Y88 phosphorylation in erythropoiesis, we analyzed p27Y88F/Y88F knock-in mice, where tyrosine-88 was mutated to phenylalanine. We observed lower red blood cell counts, lower hematocrit levels, and a reduced capacity for colony outgrowth of CFU-Es (colony-forming unit-erythroid), indicating impaired cell proliferation of early erythroid progenitors. Compensatory mechanisms of reduced p27 and increased Epo expression protect from stronger dysregulation of erythropoiesis. These observations suggest that p27-Y88 phosphorylation by EpoR pathway activation plays an important role in the stimulation of erythroid progenitor proliferation during the early stages of erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fragka Pegka
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nathalie Ben-Califa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (D.N.)
| | - Drorit Neumann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (D.N.)
| | - Heidelinde Jäkel
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Hereditary pituitary tumorigenesis is seen in a relatively small proportion (around 5%) of patients with pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). The aim of the current review is to describe the main clinical and molecular features of such pituitary tumors associated with hereditary or familial characteristics, many of which have now been genetically identified. The genetic patterns of inheritance are classified into isolated familial PitNETs and the syndromic tumors. In general, the established genetic causes of familial tumorigenesis tend to present at a younger age, often pursue a more aggressive course, and are more frequently associated with growth hormone hypersecretion compared to sporadic tumors. The mostly studied molecular pathways implicated are the protein kinase A and phosphatidyl-inositol pathways, which are in the main related to mutations in the syndromes of familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA), Carney complex syndrome, and X-linked acrogigantism. Another well-documented mechanism consists of the regulation of p27 or p21 proteins, with further acceleration of the pituitary cell cycle through the check points G1/S and M/G1, mostly documented in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4. In conclusion, PitNETs may occur in relation to well-established familial germline mutations which may determine the clinical phenotype and the response to treatment, and may require family screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Armeni
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
| | - Ashley Grossman
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Lohmüller M, Roeck BF, Szabo TG, Schapfl MA, Pegka F, Herzog S, Villunger A, Schuler F. The SKP2-p27 axis defines susceptibility to cell death upon CHK1 inhibition. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:2771-2787. [PMID: 35673965 PMCID: PMC9348596 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1; encoded by CHEK1) is an essential gene that monitors DNA replication fidelity and prevents mitotic entry in the presence of under-replicated DNA or exogenous DNA damage. Cancer cells deficient in p53 tumor suppressor function reportedly develop a strong dependency on CHK1 for proper cell cycle progression and maintenance of genome integrity, sparking interest in developing kinase inhibitors. Pharmacological inhibition of CHK1 triggers B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-regulated cell death in malignant cells largely independently of p53, and has been suggested to kill p53-deficient cancer cells even more effectively. Next to p53 status, our knowledge about factors predicting cancer cell responsiveness to CHK1 inhibitors is limited. Here, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based loss-of-function screen to identify genes defining sensitivity to chemical CHK1 inhibitors. Next to the proapoptotic BCL2 family member, BCL2 Binding Component 3 (BBC3; also known as PUMA), the F-box protein S-phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2 (SKP2) was validated to tune the cellular response to CHK1 inhibition. SKP2 is best known for degradation of the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B; also known as p27), thereby promoting G1-S transition and cell cycle progression in response to mitogens. Loss of SKP2 resulted in the predicted increase in p27 protein levels, coinciding with reduced DNA damage upon CHK1-inhibitor treatment and reduced cell death in S-phase. Conversely, overexpression of SKP2, which consequently results in reduced p27 protein levels, enhanced cell death susceptibility to CHK1 inhibition. We propose that assessing SKP2 and p27 expression levels in human malignancies will help to predict the responsiveness to CHK1-inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lohmüller
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard F Roeck
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tamas G Szabo
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina A Schapfl
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fragka Pegka
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Schuler
- Institute for Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Seabrook A, Wijewardene A, De Sousa S, Wong T, Sheriff N, Gill AJ, Iyer R, Field M, Luxford C, Clifton-Bligh R, McCormack A, Tucker K. MEN4, the MEN1 Mimicker: A Case Series of three Phenotypically Heterogenous Patients With Unique CDKN1B Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2339-2349. [PMID: 35323929 PMCID: PMC9282358 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Germline CDKN1B pathogenic variants result in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN4), an autosomal dominant hereditary tumor syndrome variably associated with primary hyperparathyroidism, pituitary adenoma, and duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. OBJECTIVE To report the phenotype of 3 unrelated cases each with a unique germline CDKN1B variant (of which 2 are novel) and compare these cases with those described in the current literature. DESIGN/METHODS Three case studies, including clinical presentation, germline, and tumor genetic analysis and family history. SETTING Two tertiary University Hospitals in Sydney, New South Wales, and 1 tertiary University Hospital in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. OUTCOME Phenotype of the 3 cases and their kindred; molecular analysis and tumor p27kip1 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Family A: The proband developed multiglandular primary hyperparathyroidism, a microprolactinoma and a multifocal nonfunctioning duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Family B: The proband was diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism from a single parathyroid adenoma. Family C: The proband was diagnosed with a nonfunctioning pituitary microadenoma and ectopic Cushing's syndrome from an atypical thymic carcinoid tumor. Germline sequencing in each patient identified a unique variant in CDKN1B, 2 of which are novel (c.179G > A, p.Trp60*; c.475G > A, p.Asp159Asn) and 1 previously reported (c.374_375delCT, p.Ser125*). CONCLUSIONS Germline CDKN1B pathogenic variants cause the syndrome MEN4. The phenotype resulting from the 3 pathogenic variants described in this series highlights the heterogenous nature of this syndrome, ranging from isolated primary hyperparathyroidism to the full spectrum of endocrine manifestations. We report the first described cases of a prolactinoma and an atypical thymic carcinoid tumor in MEN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Seabrook
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ayanthi Wijewardene
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sunita De Sousa
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000
- South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tang Wong
- The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2560, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2064, Australia
| | - Nisa Sheriff
- Department of Endocrinology, Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2077, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2064, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Group, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2064, Australia
| | - Rakesh Iyer
- Calvary Public Hospital, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Familial Cancer Service, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Catherine Luxford
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Katherine Tucker
- Correspondence: Katherine Tucker, MBBS, FRACP, AO, Hereditary Cancer Service Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre (Bright Building), 64-66 High St, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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6
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Spada A, Mantovani G, Lania AG, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Catalano R, Carosi G, Sala E, Peverelli E. Pituitary Tumors: Genetic and Molecular Factors Underlying Pathogenesis and Clinical Behavior. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:15-33. [PMID: 33524974 DOI: 10.1159/000514862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are the most common intracranial neoplasms. Although generally benign, they can show a clinically aggressive course, with local invasion, recurrences, and resistance to medical treatment. No universally accepted biomarkers of aggressiveness are available yet, and predicting clinical behavior of PitNETs remains a challenge. In rare cases, the presence of germline mutations in specific genes predisposes to PitNET formation, as part of syndromic diseases or familial isolated pituitary adenomas, and associates to more aggressive, invasive, and drug-resistant tumors. The vast majority of cases is represented by sporadic PitNETs. Somatic mutations in the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein gene (gsp) and in the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 (USP8) gene have been recognized as pathogenetic factors in sporadic GH- and ACTH-secreting PitNETs, respectively, without an association with a worse clinical phenotype. Other molecular factors have been found to significantly affect PitNET drug responsiveness and invasive behavior. These molecules are cytoskeleton and/or scaffold proteins whose alterations prevent proper functioning of the somatostatin and dopamine receptors, targets of medical therapy, or promote the ability of tumor cells to invade surrounding tissues. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the genetic and molecular alterations that can contribute to determine PitNET clinical behavior. Understanding subcellular mechanisms underlying pituitary tumorigenesis and PitNET clinical phenotype will hopefully lead to identification of new potential therapeutic targets and new markers predicting the behavior and the response to therapeutic treatments of PitNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spada
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G Lania
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Treppiedi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mangili
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Catalano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Carosi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Sala
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Peverelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,
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Yumimoto K, Yamauchi Y, Nakayama KI. F-Box Proteins and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051249. [PMID: 32429232 PMCID: PMC7281081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled protein degradation is essential for the operation of a variety of cellular processes including cell division, growth, and differentiation. Identification of the relations between ubiquitin ligases and their substrates is key to understanding the molecular basis of cancer development and to the discovery of novel targets for cancer therapeutics. F-box proteins function as the substrate recognition subunits of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)−Cullin1 (CUL1)−F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes. Here, we summarize the roles of specific F-box proteins that have been shown to function as tumor promoters or suppressors. We also highlight proto-oncoproteins that are targeted for ubiquitylation by multiple F-box proteins, and discuss how these F-box proteins are deployed to regulate their cognate substrates in various situations.
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8
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Razavipour SF, Harikumar KB, Slingerland JM. p27 as a Transcriptional Regulator: New Roles in Development and Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3451-3458. [PMID: 32341036 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p27 binds and inhibits cyclin-CDK to arrest the cell cycle. p27 also regulates other processes including cell migration and development independent of its cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory action. p27 is an atypical tumor suppressor-deletion or mutational inactivation of the gene encoding p27, CDKN1B, is rare in human cancers. p27 is rarely fully lost in cancers because it can play both tumor suppressive and oncogenic roles. Until recently, the paradigm was that oncogenic deregulation results from either loss of growth restraint due to excess p27 proteolysis or from an oncogenic gain of function through PI3K-mediated C-terminal p27 phosphorylation, which disrupts the cytoskeleton to increase cell motility and metastasis. In cancers, C-terminal phosphorylation alters p27 protein-protein interactions and shifts p27 from CDK inhibitor to oncogene. Recent data indicate p27 regulates transcription and acts as a transcriptional coregulator of cJun. C-terminal p27 phosphorylation increases p27-cJun recruitment to and action on target genes to drive oncogenic pathways and repress differentiation programs. This review focuses on noncanonical, CDK-independent functions of p27 in migration, invasion, development, and gene expression, with emphasis on how transcriptional regulation by p27 illuminates its actions in cancer. A better understanding of how p27-associated transcriptional complexes are regulated might identify new therapeutic targets at the interface between differentiation and growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Fatemeh Razavipour
- Breast Cancer Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Joyce M Slingerland
- Breast Cancer Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
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9
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Repurposing old drugs as new inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway for cancer treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:105-122. [PMID: 31883910 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a central role in the degradation of cellular proteins. Targeting protein degradation has been validated as an effective strategy for cancer therapy since 2003. Several components of the UPS have been validated as potential anticancer targets, including 20S proteasomes, 19S proteasome-associated deubiquitinases (DUBs) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). 20S proteasome inhibitors (such as bortezomib/BTZ and carfilzomib/CFZ) have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and some other liquid tumors. Although survival of MM patients has been improved by the introduction of BTZ-based therapies, these clinical 20S proteasome inhibitors have several limitations, including emergence of resistance in MM patients, neuro-toxicities, and little efficacy in solid tumors. One of strategies to improve the current status of cancer treatment is to repurpose old drugs with UPS-inhibitory properties as new anticancer agents. Old drug reposition represents an attractive drug discovery approach compared to the traditional de novo drug discovery process which is time-consuming and costly. In this review, we summarize status of repurposed inhibitors of various UPS components, including 20S proteasomes, 19S-associated DUBs, and ubiquitin ligase E3s. The original and new mechanisms of action, molecular targets, and potential anticancer activities of these repurposed UPS inhibitors are reviewed, and their new uses including combinational therapies for cancer treatment are discussed.
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10
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Shen AJJ, King J, Scott H, Colman P, Yates CJ. Insights into pituitary tumorigenesis: from Sanger sequencing to next-generation sequencing and beyond. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:399-418. [PMID: 31793361 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1689120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This review explores insights provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of pituitary tumors and the clinical implications.Areas covered: Although syndromic forms account for just 5% of pituitary tumours, past Sanger sequencing studies pragmatically focused on them. These studies identified mutations in MEN1, CDKN1B, PRKAR1A, GNAS and SDHx causing Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-1 (MEN1), MEN4, Carney Complex-1, McCune Albright Syndrome and 3P association syndromes, respectively. Furthermore, linkage analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified AIP mutations in 20% with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). NGS has enabled further investigation of sporadic tumours. Thus, mutations of USP8 and CABLES1 were identified in corticotrophinomas, BRAF in papillary craniopharyngiomas and CTNNB1 in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. NGS also revealed that pituitary tumours occur in the DICER1 syndrome, due to DICER1 mutations, and CDH23 mutations occur in FIPA. These discoveries revealed novel therapeutic targets and studies are underway of BRAF inhibitors for papillary craniopharyngiomas, and EGFR and USP8 inhibitors for corticotrophinomas.Expert opinion: It has become apparent that single-nucleotide variants and small insertion/deletion DNA mutations cannot explain all pituitary tumorigenesis. Integrated and improved analyses including whole-genome sequencing, copy number, and structural variation analyses, RNA sequencing and epigenomic analyses, with improved genomic technologies, are likely to further define the genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James King
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Hamish Scott
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Center for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Colman
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher J Yates
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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11
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Beveridge R, Migas LG, Kriwacki RW, Barran PE. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Measures the Conformational Landscape of p27 and its Domains and how this is Modulated upon Interaction with Cdk2/cyclin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3114-3118. [PMID: 30570821 PMCID: PMC7122115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins have been reported to undergo disorder-to-order transitions upon binding to their partners in the cell. The extent of the ordering upon binding and the lack of order prior to binding is difficult to visualize with classical structure determination methods. Binding of p27 to the Cdk2/cyclin A complex is accompanied by partial folding of p27 in the KID domain, with the retention of dynamic behavior for function, particularly in the C-terminal half of the protein. Herein, native ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) is employed to measure the intrinsic dynamic properties of p27, both in isolation and within the trimeric complex with Cdk2/cyclin A. The trimeric Cdk2/cyclin A/p27-KID complex possesses significant structural heterogeneity compared to Cdk2/cyclin A. These findings support the formation of a fuzzy complex in which both the N- and C-termini of p27 interact with Cdk2/cyclin A in multiple, closely associated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Beveridge
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lukasz G Migas
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard W. Kriwacki
- Structural Biology, MS 311, Room D1024F, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, The School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute for Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Beveridge R, Migas LG, Kriwacki RW, Barran PE. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Measures the Conformational Landscape of p27 and its Domains and how this is Modulated upon Interaction with Cdk2/cyclin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Beveridge
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryThe School of ChemistryManchester Institute for BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Lukasz G. Migas
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryThe School of ChemistryManchester Institute for BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Richard W. Kriwacki
- Structural Biology, MS 311, Room D1024FSt. Jude Children's Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Place Memphis TN 38105-3678 USA
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- The Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass SpectrometryThe School of ChemistryManchester Institute for BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester Manchester UK
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13
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Yiangou L, Grandy RA, Morell CM, Tomaz RA, Osnato A, Kadiwala J, Muraro D, Garcia-Bernardo J, Nakanoh S, Bernard WG, Ortmann D, McCarthy DJ, Simonic I, Sinha S, Vallier L. Method to Synchronize Cell Cycle of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells without Affecting Their Fundamental Characteristics. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:165-179. [PMID: 30595546 PMCID: PMC6335580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression and cell fate decisions are closely linked in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the study of these interplays at the molecular level remains challenging due to the lack of efficient methods allowing cell cycle synchronization of large quantities of cells. Here, we screened inhibitors of cell cycle progression and identified nocodazole as the most efficient small molecule to synchronize hPSCs in the G2/M phase. Following nocodazole treatment, hPSCs remain pluripotent, retain a normal karyotype and can successfully differentiate into the three germ layers and functional cell types. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analyses on single cells synchronized for their cell cycle and differentiated toward the endoderm lineage validated our findings and showed that nocodazole treatment has no effect on gene expression during the differentiation process. Thus, our synchronization method provides a robust approach to study cell cycle mechanisms in hPSCs. Nocodazole can enrich cells in the G2/M, G1, and S phases of the cell cycle Treatment with nocodazole does not affect pluripotency maintenance hPSCs can efficiently form functional cell types after nocodazole treatment Nocodazole treatment allows genome-wide analyses of synchronous populations
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Yiangou
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Rodrigo A Grandy
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Carola M Morell
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rute A Tomaz
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna Osnato
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Juned Kadiwala
- Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre hIPSC Core Facility, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Daniele Muraro
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | - Shota Nakanoh
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - William G Bernard
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Daniel Ortmann
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Davis J McCarthy
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK; St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Ingrid Simonic
- Medical Genetics Laboratories, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Anne McLaren Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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14
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Locatelli P, Giménez CS, Vega MU, Crottogini A, Belaich MN. Targeting the Cardiomyocyte Cell Cycle for Heart Regeneration. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 20:241-254. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450119666180801122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) exhibit limited proliferative capacity, as cell cycle
activity leads to an increase in DNA content, but mitosis and cytokinesis are infrequent. This
makes the heart highly inefficient in replacing with neoformed cardiomyocytes lost contractile cells as
occurs in diseases such as myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy. Regenerative therapies
based on the implant of stem cells of diverse origin do not warrant engraftment and electromechanical
connection of the new cells with the resident ones, a fundamental condition to restore the physiology
of the cardiac syncytium. Consequently, there is a growing interest in identifying factors playing relevant
roles in the regulation of the CM cell cycle to be targeted in order to induce the resident cardiomyocytes
to divide into daughter cells and thus achieve myocardial regeneration with preservation of
physiologic syncytial performance.
Despite the scientific progress achieved over the last decades, many questions remain unanswered, including
how cardiomyocyte proliferation is regulated during heart development in gestation and neonatal
life. This can reveal unknown cell cycle regulation mechanisms and molecules that may be manipulated
to achieve cardiac self-regeneration.
We hereby revise updated data on CM cell cycle regulation, participating molecules and pathways recently
linked with the cell cycle, as well as experimental therapies involving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Locatelli
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Sebastián Giménez
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Uranga Vega
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Crottogini
- Laboratorio de Regeneracion Cardiovascular, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingenieria (IMETTYB), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Favaloro, Solis 453, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- Laboratorio de Ingenieria Genetica y Biologia Celular y Molecular, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Quilmes (UNQ), Roque Saenz Pena 352, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Huang Z, Zhao J, Deng W, Chen Y, Shang J, Song K, Zhang L, Wang C, Lu S, Yang X, He B, Min J, Hu H, Tan M, Xu J, Zhang Q, Zhong J, Sun X, Mao Z, Lin H, Xiao M, Chin YE, Jiang H, Xu Y, Chen G, Zhang J. Identification of a cellularly active SIRT6 allosteric activator. Nat Chem Biol 2018; 14:1118-1126. [PMID: 30374165 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-018-0150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIRT6, a member of the SIRT deacetylase family, is responsible for deacetylation of histone H3 Nε-acetyl-lysines 9 (H3K9ac) and 56 (H3K56ac). As a tumor suppressor, SIRT6 has frequently been found to have low expression in various cancers. Here, we report the identification of MDL-800, a selective SIRT6 activator. MDL-800 increased the deacetylase activity of SIRT6 by up to 22-fold via binding to an allosteric site; this interaction led to a global decrease in H3K9ac and H3K56ac levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Consequently, MDL-800 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells via SIRT6-driven cell-cycle arrest and was effective in a tumor xenograft model. Together, these data demonstrate that pharmacological activation of SIRT6 is a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC. MDL-800 is a first-in-class small-molecule cellular SIRT6 activator that can be used to physiologically and pathologically investigate the roles of SIRT6 deacetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Song
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin He
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinrong Min
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiufen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingzhe Xiao
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Eugene Chin
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Basic Clinical Research Center, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Lee JH, Go Y, Lee B, Hwang YH, Park KI, Cho WK, Ma JY. The fruits of Gleditsia sinensis Lam. inhibits adipogenesis through modulation of mitotic clonal expansion and STAT3 activation in 3T3-L1 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 222:61-70. [PMID: 29689351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gleditsia sinensis Lam. (G. sinensis) has been used in Oriental medicine for tumor, thrombosis, inflammation-related disease, and obesity. AIM OF THE STUDY The pharmacological inhibitory effects of fruits of G. sinensis (GFE) on hyperlipidemia have been reported, but its inhibitory effects on adipogenesis and underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Herein we evaluated the anti-adipogenic effects of GFE and described the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of ethanol extracts of GFE on adipocyte differentiation were examined in 3T3-L1 cells using biochemical and molecular analyses. RESULTS During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, GFE significantly reduced lipid accumulation and downregulated master adipogenic transcription factors, including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, at mRNA and protein levels. These changes led to the suppression of several adipogenic-specific genes and proteins, including fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1, and acetyl CoA carboxylase. However, the inhibitory effects of GFE on lipogenesis were only shown when GFE is treated in the early stage of adipogenesis within the first two days of differentiation. As a potential mechanism, during the early stages of differentiation, GFE inhibited cell proliferation by a decrease in the expression of DNA synthesis-related proteins and increased p27 expression and suppressed signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation induced in a differentiation medium. CONCLUSIONS GFE inhibits lipogenesis by negative regulation of adipogenic transcription factors, which is associated with GFE-mediated cell cycle arrest and STAT3 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Bonggi Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Kwang Il Park
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, South Korea.
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17
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Uversky VN. Paradoxes and wonders of intrinsic disorder: Stability of instability. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2017; 5:e1327757. [PMID: 30250771 DOI: 10.1080/21690707.2017.1327757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This article continues a series of short comments on the paradoxes and wonders of the protein intrinsic disorder phenomenon by introducing the "stability of instability" paradox. Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are characterized by the lack of stable 3D-structure, and, as a result, have an exceptional ability to sustain exposure to extremely harsh environmental conditions (an illustration of the "you cannot break what is already broken" principle). Extended IDPs are known to possess extreme thermal and acid stability and are able either to keep their functionality under these extreme conditions or to rapidly regain their functionality after returning to the normal conditions. Furthermore, sturdiness of intrinsic disorder and its capability to "ignore" harsh conditions provides some interesting and important advantages to its carriers, at the molecular (e.g., the cell wall-anchored accumulation-associated protein playing a crucial role in intercellular adhesion within the biofilm of Staphylococcus epidermidis), supramolecular (e.g., protein complexes, biologic liquid-liquid phase transitions, and proteinaceous membrane-less organelles), and organismal levels (e.g., the recently popularized case of the microscopic animals, tardigrades, or water bears, that use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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18
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Alrezk R, Hannah-Shmouni F, Stratakis CA. MEN4 and CDKN1B mutations: the latest of the MEN syndromes. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:T195-T208. [PMID: 28824003 PMCID: PMC5623937 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) refers to a group of autosomal dominant disorders with generally high penetrance that lead to the development of a wide spectrum of endocrine and non-endocrine manifestations. The most frequent among these conditions is MEN type 1 (MEN1), which is caused by germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 MEN1 is characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and functional or nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and pituitary adenomas. Approximately 10% of patients with familial or sporadic MEN1-like phenotype do not have MEN1 mutations or deletions. A novel MEN syndrome was discovered, initially in rats (MENX), and later in humans (MEN4), which is caused by germline mutations in the putative tumor suppressor CDKN1B The most common phenotype of the 19 established cases of MEN4 that have been described to date is PHPT followed by pituitary adenomas. Recently, somatic or germline mutations in CDKN1B were also identified in patients with sporadic PHPT, small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma and breast cancer, demonstrating a novel role for CDKN1B as a tumor susceptibility gene for other neoplasms. In this review, we report on the genetic characterization and clinical features of MEN4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Alrezk
- The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fady Hannah-Shmouni
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology & Geneticsthe Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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19
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Mascheroni P, Boso D, Preziosi L, Schrefler BA. Evaluating the influence of mechanical stress on anticancer treatments through a multiphase porous media model. J Theor Biol 2017; 421:179-188. [PMID: 28392183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the leading causes of poor therapy outcomes in cancer. As several chemotherapeutics are designed to target rapidly dividing cells, the presence of a low-proliferating cell population contributes significantly to treatment resistance. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that compressive stresses acting on tumor spheroids are able to hinder cell proliferation, through a mechanism of growth inhibition. However, studies analyzing the influence of mechanical compression on therapeutic treatment efficacy have still to be performed. In this work, we start from an existing mathematical model for avascular tumors, including the description of mechanical compression. We introduce governing equations for transport and uptake of a chemotherapeutic agent, acting on cell proliferation. Then, model equations are adapted for tumor spheroids and the combined effect of compressive stresses and drug action is investigated. Interestingly, we find that the variation in tumor spheroid volume, due to the presence of a drug targeting cell proliferation, considerably depends on the compressive stress level of the cell aggregate. Our results suggest that mechanical compression of tumors may compromise the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. In particular, a drug dose that is effective in reducing tumor volume for stress-free conditions may not perform equally well in a mechanically compressed environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Mascheroni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Boso
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile ed Ambientale, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Preziosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Bernhard A Schrefler
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany and Houston Methodist Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Darvin P, Joung YH, Kang DY, Sp N, Byun HJ, Hwang TS, Sasidharakurup H, Lee CH, Cho KH, Park KD, Lee HK, Yang YM. Tannic acid inhibits EGFR/STAT1/3 and enhances p38/STAT1 signalling axis in breast cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 21:720-734. [PMID: 27862996 PMCID: PMC5345631 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tannic acid (TA), a naturally occurring polyphenol, is a potent anti-oxidant with anti-proliferative effects on multiple cancers. However, its ability to modulate gene-specific expression of tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes has not been assessed. This work investigates the mechanism of TA to regulate canonical and non-canonical STAT pathways to impose the gene-specific induction of G1-arrest and apoptosis. Regardless of the p53 status and membrane receptors, TA induced G1-arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Tannic acid distinctly modulated both canonical and non-canonical STAT pathways, each with a specific role in TA-induced anti-cancer effects. Tannic acid enhanced STAT1 ser727 phosphorylation via upstream serine kinase p38. This STAT1 ser727 phosphorylation enhanced the DNA-binding activity of STAT1 and in turn enhanced expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 . However, TA binds to EGF-R and inhibits the tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3. This inhibition leads to the inhibition of STAT3/BCL-2 DNA-binding activity. As a result, the expression and mitochondrial localization of BCl-2 are declined. This altered expression and localization of mitochondrial anti-pore factors resulted in the release of cytochrome c and the activation of intrinsic apoptosis cascade involving caspases. Taken together, our results suggest that TA modulates EGF-R/Jak2/STAT1/3 and P38/STAT1/p21Waf1/Cip1 pathways and induce G1-arrest and intrinsic apoptosis in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Darvin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youn Hee Joung
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Young Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nipin Sp
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Byun
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Sook Hwang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hema Sasidharakurup
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham (Amrita University), Kollam, India
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Kyung Do Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Sun C, Wang G, Wrighton KH, Lin H, Songyang Z, Feng XH, Lin X. Regulation of p27 Kip1 phosphorylation and G1 cell cycle progression by protein phosphatase PPM1G. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2207-2220. [PMID: 27822412 PMCID: PMC5088286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle, an essential process leading to the cell division, is stringently controlled by the key cell cycle regulators, cyclin-CDK complexes, whose activity is further regulated by a variety of mechanisms. p27Kip1 is a cyclin-CDK inhibitor that arrests the cell cycle at the G1 phase by blocking the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 complex, preventing the improper entry to the cell cycle. Dysfunction of p27 has been frequently observed in many types of human cancers, resulting from p27 protein degradation and cytoplasmic mislocalization, which are highly regulated by the phosphorylation status of p27. Although the kinases that phosphorylate p27 have been extensively studied, phosphatases that dephosphorylate p27 remain to be elucidated. By using genomic phosphatase screening, we identified a PPM family phosphatase, PPM1G, which could reduce p27 phosphorylation at T198. We further confirmed that PPM1G is a novel p27 phosphatase by demonstrating that PPM1G can interact with and dephosphorylate p27 in cells and in vitro. Functionally, ectopic expression of PPM1G enhanced p27 protein stability and delayed cell cycle progression from G1 to S phase. In accordance, knockdown of PPM1G accelerated p27 degradation during G1 phase and rendered cells resistant to the cell cycle arrest induced by serum deprivation. Mechanistically, PPM1G inhibited the interaction of p27 to 14-3-3θ, a chaperone protein that facilitates p27 nuclear export. Knockdown of PPM1G promoted the cytoplasmic localization of p27. Taken together, our studies identified PPM1G as a novel regulator of p27 that dephosphorylates p27 at T198 site and, together with p27 kinases, PPM1G controls cell cycle progression by maintaining the proper level of p27 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Sun
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gaohang Wang
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Katharine H Wrighton
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Present address: Nature Reviews JournalsPorters South, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhou Songyang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xin-Hua Feng
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Sharma SS, Ma L, Pledger WJ. p27Kip1 inhibits the cell cycle through non-canonical G1/S phase-specific gatekeeper mechanism. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3954-64. [PMID: 26697844 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 has been shown to regulate cellular proliferation via inhibition of CDK activities. It is now recognized that p27Kip1 can regulate cellular processes through non-canonical, CDK-independent mechanisms. We have developed an inducible p27Kip1 model in cultured cells to explore CDK-independent p27Kip1 regulation of biological processes. We present evidence that p27Kip1 can function in a CDK-independent manner to inhibit entry and/or progression of S phase. Even though this p27Kip1 mechanism is non-canonical it does requires the intact cyclin-binding motif in p27Kip1. We suggest a mechanism similar to that proposed in post-mitotic neural cells whereby p27Kip1 functions to coordinate growth arrest and apoptosis. Our hypothesis supports the concept that p27Kip1 is a gatekeeper for the entry and progression of S phase through interaction with specific protein(s) or via binding to specific DNA sequences in a CDK-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Ma
- a Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute ; Spartanburg , SC
| | - W Jackson Pledger
- a Gibbs Cancer Center and Research Institute ; Spartanburg , SC.,b Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine ; Department of Molecular Medicine ; Spartanburg , SC USA
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23
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Trump BF. Mechanisms of Toxicity and Carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/019262339502300616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Kim SH, Kim EC, Kim WJ, Lee MH, Kim SY, Kim TJ. Coptis japonica Makino extract suppresses angiogenesis through regulation of cell cycle-related proteins. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1095-106. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1148574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Angiogenesis, neovascularization from pre-existing vessels, is a key step in tumor growth and metastasis, and anti-angiogenic agents that can interfere with these essential steps of cancer development are a promising strategy for human cancer treatment. In this study, we characterized the anti-angiogenic effects of Coptis japonica Makino extract (CJME) and its mechanism of action. CJME significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated HUVECs. Furthermore, CJME suppressed VEGF-induced tube formation in vitro and VEGF-induced microvessel sprouting ex vivo. According to our study, CJME blocked VEGF-induced cell cycle transition in G1. CJME decreased expression of cell cycle-regulated proteins, including Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cdk2, and Cdk4 in response to VEGF. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that CJME suppresses VEGF-induced angiogenic events such as proliferation, migration, and tube formation via cell cycle arrest in G1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Ho Kim
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Eok-Cheon Kim
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Wan-Joong Kim
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Myung-Hun Lee
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Tack-Joong Kim
- Yonsei-Fraunhofer Medical Device Lab, Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Korea
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25
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Abstract
p27(Kip1) was first discovered as a key regulator of cell proliferation. The canonical function of p27(Kip1) is inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. In addition to its initial identification as a CDK inhibitor, p27(Kip1) has also emerged as an intrinsically unstructured, multifunctional protein with numerous non-canonical, CDK-independent functions that exert influence on key processes such as cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal dynamics and cellular plasticity, cell migration, and stem-cell proliferation and differentiation. Many of these non-canonical functions, depending on the cell-specific contexts such as oncogenic activation of signaling pathways, have the ability to turn pro-oncogenic in nature and even contribute to tumor-aggressiveness and metastasis. This review discusses the various non-canonical, CDK-independent mechanisms by which p27(Kip1) functions either as a tumor-suppressor or tumor-promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha S Sharma
- a Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute , Spartanburg , SC , USA
| | - W Jackson Pledger
- a Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute , Spartanburg , SC , USA.,b Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine , Department of Molecular Medicine , Spartanburg , SC , USA
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26
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Ferguson BS, Nam H, Morrison RF. Curcumin Inhibits 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte Proliferation by Mechanisms Involving Post-transcriptional p27 Regulation. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 5:16-21. [PMID: 26688832 PMCID: PMC4680981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports from our lab have shown that Skp2 is necessary for p27 degradation and cell cycle progression during adipocyte differentiation. Data presented here demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity phytochemical curcumin blocked Skp2 protein accumulation during early adipocyte hyperplasia. In addition, curcumin dose-dependently induced p27 protein accumulation and G1 arrest of synchronously replicating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Of note, p27 protein accumulation occurred in the presence of decreased p27 mRNA suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. In support of this hypothesis, curcumin markedly increased p27 protein half-life as well as attenuated ubiquitin proteasome activity suggesting that inhibition of targeted p27 proteolysis occurred through curcumin-mediated attenuation of Skp2 and 26S proteasome activity. While we observed no cytotoxic effects for curcumin at doses less than 20 µM, it is important to note an increase in apoptotic signaling at concentrations greater than 30 µM. Finally, data presented here demonstrate that the anti-proliferative effect of curcumin was critical for the suppression of adipocyte differentiation and the development of the mature adipocyte. Collectively, our data demonstrate that curcumin-mediated post-transcriptional accumulation of p27 accounts in part for the anti-proliferative effect observed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Heesun Nam
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Ron F Morrison
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
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27
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Podmirseg SR, Jäkel H, Ranches GD, Kullmann MK, Sohm B, Villunger A, Lindner H, Hengst L. Caspases uncouple p27(Kip1) from cell cycle regulated degradation and abolish its ability to stimulate cell migration and invasion. Oncogene 2016; 35:4580-90. [PMID: 26829051 PMCID: PMC4854979 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role in programmed cell death, caspases exert non-lethal functions in diverse developmental processes including cell differentiation or tissue remodeling. Terminal cell cycle exit and differentiation can be promoted by increased level of the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1. Activated caspases cause proteolytic processing of p27, and we identified a novel caspase cleavage site in human p27 that removes a C-terminal fragment of 22 amino acids from the CDK inhibitor, including a phosphodegron. Thereby, caspases protect the inhibitor from SCF-Skp2-mediated degradation in S, G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. As a consequence, p27 becomes stabilized and remains an efficient nuclear inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Besides controlling cyclin/CDK kinase activity, p27 also regulates cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility and cell invasion. Following processing by caspases, p27 fails to bind to RhoA and to inhibit its activation, and thereby abolishes the ability of p27 to stimulate cell migration and invasion. We propose that the stabilization of the CDK inhibitor and elimination of RhoA-induced cytoskeletal remodeling upon caspase processing could contribute to cell cycle exit and cytoskeletal remodeling during non-lethal caspase controlled differentiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Podmirseg
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Jäkel
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - G D Ranches
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - M K Kullmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Sohm
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), UMR 7360, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.,CNRS, LIEC, UMR 7360, Metz, France
| | - A Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria.,Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Hengst
- Division of Medical Biochemistry; Biocenter; Innsbruck Medical University; Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Vosper J, Masuccio A, Kullmann M, Ploner C, Geley S, Hengst L. Statin-induced depletion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate inhibits cell proliferation by a novel pathway of Skp2 degradation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2889-902. [PMID: 25605247 PMCID: PMC4413625 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, such as lovastatin, can induce a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. This robust antiproliferative activity remains intact in many cancer cells that are deficient in cell cycle checkpoints and leads to an increased expression of CDK inhibitor proteins p27Kip1 and p21Cip1. The molecular details of this statin-induced growth arrest remains unclear. Here we present evidence that lovastatin can induce the degradation of Skp2, a subunit of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase that targets p27Kip1 and p21Cip1 for proteasomal destruction. The statin-induced degradation of Skp2 is cell cycle phase independent and does not require its well characterised degradation pathway mediated by APC/CCdh1- or Skp2 autoubiquitination. An N-terminal domain preceding the F-box of Skp2 is both necessary and sufficient for its statin mediated degradation. The degradation of Skp2 results from statin induced depletion of geranylgeranyl isoprenoid intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis. Inhibition of geranylgeranyl-transferase-I also promotes APC/CCdh1- independent degradation of Skp2, indicating that de-modification of a geranylgeranylated protein triggers this novel pathway of Skp2 degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Vosper
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alessia Masuccio
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Kullmann
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Ploner
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter/Clinic of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephan Geley
- Division of Molecular Pathophysiology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludger Hengst
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Zhu M, Zhang J, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Wang R, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Miao D. The p27 Pathway Modulates the Regulation of Skeletal Growth and Osteoblastic Bone Formation by Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1969-79. [PMID: 25917430 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) 1-84 knock-in mice (Pthrp KI) develop skeletal growth retardation and defective osteoblastic bone formation. To further examine the mechanisms underlying this phenotype, microarray analyses of differential gene expression profiles were performed in long bone extracts from Pthrp KI mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. We found that the expression levels of p27, p16, and p53 were significantly upregulated in Pthrp KI mice relative to WT littermates. To determine whether p27 was involved in the regulation by PTHrP of skeletal growth and development in vivo, we generated compound mutant mice, which were homozygous for both p27 deletion and the Pthrp KI mutation (p27(-/-) Pthrp KI). We then compared p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice with p27(-/-), Pthrp KI, and WT littermates. Deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight, and improvement in skeletal growth. At 2 weeks of age, skeletal parameters, including length of long bones, size of epiphyses, numbers of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive chondrocytes, bone mineral density, trabecular bone volume, osteoblast numbers, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-, type I collagen-, and osteocalcin-positive bone areas were increased in p27(-/-) mice and reduced in both Pthrp KI and p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with WT mice; however, these parameters were increased in p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. As well, protein expression levels of PTHR, IGF-1, and Bmi-1, and the numbers of total colony-forming unit fibroblastic (CFU-f) and ALP-positive CFU-f were similarly increased in p27(-/-) Pthrp KI mice compared with Pthrp KI mice. Our results demonstrate that deletion of p27 in Pthrp KI mice can partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteoblastic bone formation by enhancing endochondral bone formation and osteogenesis. These studies, therefore, indicate that the p27 pathway may function downstream in the action of PTHrP to regulate skeletal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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30
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Mitsui Y, Hirata H, Arichi N, Hiraki M, Yasumoto H, Chang I, Fukuhara S, Yamamura S, Shahryari V, Deng G, Saini S, Majid S, Dahiya R, Tanaka Y, Shiina H. Inactivation of bone morphogenetic protein 2 may predict clinical outcome and poor overall survival for renal cell carcinoma through epigenetic pathways. Oncotarget 2015; 6:9577-91. [PMID: 25797254 PMCID: PMC4496240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether impaired regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) via epigenetic pathways is associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) pathogenesis. Expression and CpG methylation of the BMP-2 gene were analyzed using RCC cell lines, and 96 matched RCC and normal renal tissues. We also performed functional analysis using BMP-2 restored RCC cells. A significant association of BMP-2 mRNA expression was also found with advanced tumor stage and lymph node involvement, while lower BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival after radical nephrectomy. In RCC cells, BMP-2 restoration significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation. In addition, BMP-2 overexpression induced p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p27(KIP1) expression, and cellular apoptosis in RCC cells. BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly enhanced in RCC cells by 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine treatment. The prevalence of BMP-2 promoter methylation was significantly greater and BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly lower in RCC samples as compared to normal kidney samples. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between BMP-2 promoter methylation and mRNA transcription in tumors. Aberrant BMP-2 methylation and the resultant loss of BMP-2 expression may be a useful molecular marker for designing improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Azacitidine/analogs & derivatives
- Azacitidine/pharmacology
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/biosynthesis
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/surgery
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Decitabine
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, cdc
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/surgery
- Kidney Tubules/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nephrectomy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Transfection
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hirata
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Naoko Arichi
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
| | - Miho Hiraki
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yasumoto
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
| | - Inik Chang
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Densitry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shinichiro Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Varahram Shahryari
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hiroaki Shiina
- Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Enya-cho, Izumo, Japan
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31
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Zhao D, Besser AH, Wander SA, Sun J, Zhou W, Wang B, Ince T, Durante MA, Guo W, Mills G, Theodorescu D, Slingerland J. Cytoplasmic p27 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis via STAT3-mediated Twist1 upregulation. Oncogene 2015; 34:5447-59. [PMID: 25684140 PMCID: PMC4537852 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
p27 restrains normal cell growth, but PI3K-dependent C-terminal phosphorylation of p27 at threonine 157 (T157) and T198 promotes cancer cell invasion. Here, we describe an oncogenic feedforward loop in which p27pT157pT198 binds Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) promoting STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) recruitment and activation. STAT3 induces TWIST1 to drive a p27-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and further activates AKT contributing to acquisition and maintenance of metastatic potential. p27 knockdown in highly metastatic PI3K-activated cells reduces STAT3 binding to the TWIST1 promoter, TWIST1 promoter activity and TWIST1 expression, reverts EMT and impairs metastasis, whereas activated STAT3 rescues p27 knockdown. Cell cycle-defective phosphomimetic p27T157DT198D (p27CK-DD) activates STAT3 to induce a TWIST1-dependent EMT in human mammary epithelial cells and increases breast and bladder cancer invasion and metastasis. Data support a mechanism in which PI3K-deregulated p27 binds JAK2, to drive STAT3 activation and EMT through STAT3-mediated TWIST1 induction. Furthermore, STAT3, once activated, feeds forward to further activate AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhao
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A H Besser
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S A Wander
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Sun
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Zhou
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - B Wang
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Ince
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stem Cell Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - M A Durante
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G Mills
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Theodorescu
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Slingerland
- Braman Family Breast Cancer Institute at Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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32
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Bockorny B, Dasanu CA. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors as adjuvant treatment for hematologic malignancies: what is the current evidence? Ann Hematol 2014; 94:1-12. [PMID: 25416152 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-014-2236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Statins have been shown to possess properties that go beyond their lipid-lowering effects. These agents act on the mevalonate pathway and inhibit synthesis of cholesterol, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and farnesyl pyrophosphate, which are necessary for posttranslational modification of the Rho, Rac, and Ras superfamily of proteins. Early phase studies have demonstrated that this modulation of cellular signaling can ultimately exert pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory effects, and might even restore chemosensitivity in several hematologic cancers. Nonetheless, these promising preclinical results have not yet migrated from the bench to the bedside as their effectiveness as adjuvant agents in hematologic malignancies is currently uncertain. In the present review, we summarize the existing evidence stemming from preclinical and clinical studies pertaining to the use of statins as adjuvant therapies in hematologic malignancies, and discuss the new insights gained from the ongoing translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bockorny
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center-Harvard School of Medicine, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA,
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Uversky VN. Proteins without unique 3D structures: biotechnological applications of intrinsically unstable/disordered proteins. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:356-66. [PMID: 25287424 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins or regions that do not have unique 3D structures under functional conditions. Therefore, from the viewpoint of their lack of stable 3D structure, IDPs/IDPRs are inherently unstable. As much as structure and function of normal ordered globular proteins are determined by their amino acid sequences, the lack of unique 3D structure in IDPs/IDPRs and their disorder-based functionality are also encoded in the amino acid sequences. Because of their specific sequence features and distinctive conformational behavior, these intrinsically unstable proteins or regions have several applications in biotechnology. This review introduces some of the most characteristic features of IDPs/IDPRs (such as peculiarities of amino acid sequences of these proteins and regions, their major structural features, and peculiar responses to changes in their environment) and describes how these features can be used in the biotechnology, for example for the proteome-wide analysis of the abundance of extended IDPs, for recombinant protein isolation and purification, as polypeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery, as solubilization tools, and as thermally sensitive carriers of active peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Faculty of Science, Biology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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van der Lee R, Buljan M, Lang B, Weatheritt RJ, Daughdrill GW, Dunker AK, Fuxreiter M, Gough J, Gsponer J, Jones D, Kim PM, Kriwacki R, Oldfield CJ, Pappu RV, Tompa P, Uversky VN, Wright P, Babu MM. Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6589-631. [PMID: 24773235 PMCID: PMC4095912 DOI: 10.1021/cr400525m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1440] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Lee
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - Marija Buljan
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lang
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Weatheritt
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gary W. Daughdrill
- Department
of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Boulevard, Suite 321, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - A. Keith Dunker
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Monika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE
Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry
and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
| | - Julian Gough
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Bristol, The Merchant Venturers Building, Bristol BS8 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Gsponer
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput
Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David
T. Jones
- Bioinformatics
Group, Department of Computer Science, University
College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular
Genetics, and Department of Computer Science, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard
W. Kriwacki
- Department
of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s
Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Christopher J. Oldfield
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Peter Tompa
- VIB Department
of Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute
of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department
of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research
Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation,
Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Peter
E. Wright
- Department
of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology and Skaggs Institute
of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North
Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - M. Madan Babu
- MRC
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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Lu A, Pfeffer SR. Golgi-associated RhoBTB3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitylation and promotes cell cycle progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 203:233-50. [PMID: 24145166 PMCID: PMC3812982 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi protein RhoBTB3 in complex with CUL3 and RBX1 promotes Cyclin E ubiquitylation to allow its turnover during S phase and progression through the cell cycle. Cyclin E regulates the cell cycle transition from G1 to S phase and is degraded before entry into G2 phase. Here we show that RhoBTB3, a Golgi-associated, Rho-related ATPase, regulates the S/G2 transition of the cell cycle by targeting Cyclin E for ubiquitylation. Depletion of RhoBTB3 arrested cells in S phase, triggered Golgi fragmentation, and elevated Cyclin E levels. On the Golgi, RhoBTB3 bound Cyclin E as part of a Cullin3 (CUL3)-dependent RING–E3 ubiquitin ligase complex comprised of RhoBTB3, CUL3, and RBX1. Golgi association of this complex was required for its ability to catalyze Cyclin E ubiquitylation and allow normal cell cycle progression. These experiments reveal a novel role for a Ras superfamily member in catalyzing Cyclin E turnover during S phase, as well as an unexpected, essential role for the Golgi as a ubiquitylation platform for cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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36
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Roy A, Lahiry L, Banerjee D, Ghosh M, Banerjee S. Increased cytoplasmic localization of p27(kip1) and its modulation of RhoA activity during progression of chronic myeloid leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76527. [PMID: 24098519 PMCID: PMC3788125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of p27kip1 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) has been well studied in relation to its function as a cell cycle inhibitor. However, its cytoplasmic function especially in CML remains to be seen. We studied the localization of p27kip1 and its function during the progression of CML from chronic to blast phase. Our investigations revealed an increased localization of p27kip1 in the cytoplasm of CD34+ cells in the blast phase compared to chronic phase. Cytoplasmic p27kip1 was found to modulate RhoA activity in CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. Further, RhoA activity was shown to be dependent on cytoplasmic p27kip1 which in turn was dependent on p210Bcr-Abl kinase activity. Interestingly, RhoA activity was observed to affect cell survival in the presence of imatinib through the SAPK/JNK pathway. Accordingly, inhibition of SAPK/JNK pathway using SP600125 increased apoptosis of K562 cells in presence of imatinib. Our results, for the first time, thus reveal a crucial link between cytoplasmic p27kip1, RhoA activity and SAPK/JNK signalling. To this effect we observed a correlation between increased cytoplasmic p27kip1, increased RhoA protein levels, decreased RhoA-GTP levels and increased SAPK/JNK phosphorylation in blast phase CD34+ cells compared to chronic phase CD34+ cells.
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MESH Headings
- Anthracenes/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/metabolism
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Humans
- K562 Cells
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4/antagonists & inhibitors
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4/genetics
- MAP Kinase Kinase 4/metabolism
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Primary Cell Culture
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Roy
- Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Lakshmishri Lahiry
- Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Haematology, Ramkrishna Mission Seva Pratisthan, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Malay Ghosh
- Department of Haematology, N R S Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subrata Banerjee
- Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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37
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Hussain MS, Baig SM, Neumann S, Peche VS, Szczepanski S, Nürnberg G, Tariq M, Jameel M, Khan TN, Fatima A, Malik NA, Ahmad I, Altmüller J, Frommolt P, Thiele H, Höhne W, Yigit G, Wollnik B, Neubauer BA, Nürnberg P, Noegel AA. CDK6 associates with the centrosome during mitosis and is mutated in a large Pakistani family with primary microcephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5199-214. [PMID: 23918663 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is characterized by reduced head circumference, reduction in the size of the cerebral cortex with otherwise grossly normal brain structure and variable intellectual disability. MCPH is caused by mutations of 11 different genes which code for proteins implicated in cell division and cell cycle regulation. We studied a consanguineous eight-generation family from Pakistan with ten microcephalic children using homozygosity mapping and found a new MCPH locus at HSA 7q21.11-q21.3. Sanger sequencing of the most relevant candidate genes in this region revealed a homozygous single nucleotide substitution c.589G>A in CDK6, which encodes cyclin-dependent kinase 6. The mutation changes a highly conserved alanine at position 197 into threonine (p.Ala197Thr). Post hoc whole-exome sequencing corroborated this mutation's identification as the causal variant. CDK6 is an important protein for the control of the cell cycle and differentiation of various cell types. We show here for the first time that CDK6 associates with the centrosome during mitosis; however, this was not observed in patient fibroblasts. Moreover, the mutant primary fibroblasts exhibited supernumerary centrosomes, disorganized microtubules and mitotic spindles, an increased centrosome nucleus distance, reduced cell proliferation and impaired cell motility and polarity. Upon ectopic expression of the mutant protein and knockdown of CDK6 through shRNA, we noted similar effects. We propose that the identified CDK6 mutation leads to reduced cell proliferation and impairs the correct functioning of the centrosome in microtubule organization and its positioning near the nucleus which are key determinants during neurogenesis.
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38
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Abstract
p27Kip1 is a key cell-cycle regulator whose level is primarily regulated by the ubiquitin–proteasome degradation pathway. Its β1 subunit is one of seven β subunits that form the β-ring of the 20S proteasome, which is responsible for degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. We report here that the β1 subunit is up-regulated in oesophageal cancer tissues and some ovarian cancer cell lines. It promotes cell growth and migration, as well as colony formation. β1 binds and degrades p27Kip1directly. Interestingly, the lack of phosphorylation at Ser158 of the β1 subunit promotes degradation of p27Kip1. We therefore propose that the β1 subunit plays a novel role in tumorigenesis by degrading p27Kip1.
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39
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Dai L, Liu Y, Liu J, Wen X, Xu Z, Wang Z, Sun H, Tang S, Maguire AR, Quan J, Zhang H, Ye T. A novel cyclinE/cyclinA-CDK inhibitor targets p27(Kip1) degradation, cell cycle progression and cell survival: implications in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:103-12. [PMID: 23354589 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
p27(Kip1) (p27) binds and inhibits the cyclin E- or cyclin A-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)2 and other CDKs, and negatively regulates G1-G2 cell cycle progression. To develop specific CDK inhibitors, we have modeled the interaction between p27 and cyclin A-CDK2, and designed a novel compound that mimics p27 binding to cyclin A-CDK2. The chemically synthesized inhibitor exhibited high potency and selective inhibition towards cyclin E/cyclin A-CDK2 kinase in vitro but not other kinases. To facilitate permeability of the inhibitor, a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) was conjugated to the inhibitor to examine its effect in several cancer cell lines. The CPP-conjugated inhibitor significantly inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells. The treatment of the inhibitor resulted in the increased accumulation of p27 and p21(Cip1/Waf1) (p21) and hypo-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb). The degradation of p27, mediated through the phosphorylation of threonine-187 in p27, was also inhibited. Consequently, exposure of cells to the inhibitor caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. We conclude that specific cyclinE/cyclin A-CDK2 inhibitors can be developed based on the interaction between p27 and cyclin/CDK to block cell cycle progression to prevent tumor growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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40
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Rosner M, Schipany K, Hengstschläger M. Merging high-quality biochemical fractionation with a refined flow cytometry approach to monitor nucleocytoplasmic protein expression throughout the unperturbed mammalian cell cycle. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:602-26. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Venta R, Valk E, Kõivomägi M, Loog M. Double-negative feedback between S-phase cyclin-CDK and CKI generates abruptness in the G1/S switch. Front Physiol 2012; 3:459. [PMID: 23230424 PMCID: PMC3515773 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The G1/S transition is a crucial decision point in the cell cycle. At G1/S, there is an abrupt switch from a state of high cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitor (CKI) levels and low S-phase CDK activity to a state of high S-phase CDK activity and degraded CKI. In budding yeast, this transition is triggered by phosphorylation of the Cdk1 inhibitor Sic1 at multiple sites by G1-phase CDK (Cln1,2-Cdk1) and S-phase CDK (Clb5,6-Cdk1) complexes. Using mathematical modeling we demonstrate that the mechanistic basis for the abruptness of the G1/S transition is the highly specific phosphorylation of Sic1 by S-phase CDK complex. This switch is generated by a double-negative feedback loop in which S-CDK1 phosphorylates Sic1, thus targeting it for destruction, and thereby liberating further S-CDK1 from the inhibitory Sic1-S-CDK1 complex. Our model predicts that the abruptness of the switch depends upon a strong binding affinity within the Sic1-S-CDK inhibitory complex. In vitro phosphorylation analysis using purified yeast proteins revealed that free Clb5-Cdk1 can create positive feedback by phosphorylating Sic1 that is bound in the inhibitory complex, and that Sic1 inhibits Clb5-Cdk1 with a sub-nanomolar inhibition constant. Our model also predicts that if the G1-phase CDK complex is too efficient at targeting Sic1 for destruction, then G1/S becomes a smooth and readily reversible transition. We propose that the optimal role for the G1-phase CDK in the switch would not be to act as a kinase activity directly responsible for abrupt degradation of CKI, but rather to act as a priming signal that initiates a positive feedback loop driven by emerging free S-phase CDK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainis Venta
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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42
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Nguyen KT, Holloway MP, Altura RA. The CRM1 nuclear export protein in normal development and disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 3:137-151. [PMID: 22773955 PMCID: PMC3388738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CRM1 (Chromosomal Maintenance 1, also known as Exportin 1) is the major mammalian export protein that facilitates the transport of large macromolecules including RNA and protein across the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm. The gene encoding CRM1 was originally identified in yeast as required to maintain higher order chromosome structure. In mammalian cells, CRM1 was found to bind several nuclear pore proteins hence its role in nuclear-cytosolic transport was discovered. In addition to nuclear-cytosolic transport, CRM1 also plays a role in centrosome duplication and spindle assembly, especially in response to DNA damage. The crystal structure of CRM1 suggests a complex protein that binds the Ran protein bound to GTP, allowing for a conformational change that facilitates binding to different cargo proteins through a nuclear export signal (NES). Included in the cadre of cargo are multiple tumor suppressor and oncoproteins as p53, BRCA1, Survivin, NPM, and APC, which function in the nucleus to regulate transcription or aid in chromosomal assembly and movement. An imbalance in the cytosolic level of these proteins has been observed in cancer cells, resulting in either inactivation (tumor suppressor) or an excess of anti-apoptotic activity (oncoprotein). Thus, the concept of inhibiting CRM1 has been explored as a potential therapeutic intervention. Indeed, inhibition of CRM1 by a variety of small molecules that interfere with cargo-NES binding results in cancer cell death. Whether all of these proteins together are responsible for this phenotype or whether specific proteins are required for this effect is unclear at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Hasbro Children's Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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43
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Expression of Spy1 protein in human non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is correlated with phosphorylation of p27 Kip1 on Thr187 and cell proliferation. Med Oncol 2012; 29:3504-14. [PMID: 22492278 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in cell cycle control are often observed in tumors and might even be necessary in tumor development. Spy1, a novel cell cycle regulatory protein, can control cell progression and survival through the atypical activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). In this progression, the phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) at Thr187 by CDK2 was shown to be a chief role. In this study, we studied 183 human specimens including reactive lymphoid and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHLs) tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis suggested that Spy1 and pThr187-p27 were overexpressed in NHLs. The expression of Spy1 was positively related to pThr187-p27 and proliferation marker Ki-67 expression. In a multivariate analysis, high Spy1 and pThr187-p27 expressions were showed to be associated with poor prognosis in NHLs. While in vitro, following release of Jurkat cells from serum starvation, the expression of Spy1 was upregulated, as well as pThr187-p27 and CDK2. And an increased interaction between Spy1 and pThr187-p27 was demonstrated at 4 h after serum stimulation. Additionally, transfecting cells with Spy1-siRNA could diminish the expression of pThr187-p27 and arrest cell growth. Our results suggest that Spy1 may be a possible prognostic indicator in NHLs, and it was correlated with phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) on Thr187. These findings provide a rational framework for further development of Spy1 inhibitors as a novel class of anti-tumor agents.
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44
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Follis AV, Galea CA, Kriwacki RW. Intrinsic Protein Flexibility in Regulation of Cell Proliferation: Advantages for Signaling and Opportunities for Novel Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 725:27-49. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0659-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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45
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Molecular systems biology of Sic1 in yeast cell cycle regulation through multiscale modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 736:135-67. [PMID: 22161326 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell cycle control is highly regulated to guarantee the precise timing of events essential for cell growth, i.e., DNA replication onset and cell division. Failure of this control plays a role in cancer and molecules called cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors (Ckis) exploit a critical function in cell cycle timing. Here we present a multiscale modeling where experimental and computational studies have been employed to investigate structure, function and temporal dynamics of the Cki Sic1 that regulates cell cycle progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Structural analyses reveal molecular details of the interaction between Sic1 and Cdk/cyclin complexes, and biochemical investigation reveals Sic1 function in analogy to its human counterpart p27(Kip1), whose deregulation leads to failure in timing of kinase activation and, therefore, to cancer. Following these findings, a bottom-up systems biology approach has been developed to characterize modular networks addressing Sic1 regulatory function. Through complementary experimentation and modeling, we suggest a mechanism that underlies Sic1 function in controlling temporal waves of cyclins to ensure correct timing of the phase-specific Cdk activities.
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46
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Jäkel H, Weinl C, Hengst L. Phosphorylation of p27Kip1 by JAK2 directly links cytokine receptor signaling to cell cycle control. Oncogene 2011; 30:3502-12. [PMID: 21423214 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) couples ligand activation of cell surface cytokine receptors to the regulation of cellular functions including cell cycle progression, differentiation and apoptosis. It thereby coordinates biological programs such as development and hematopoiesis. Unscheduled activation of JAK2 by point mutations or chromosomal translocations can induce hyperproliferation and hematological malignancies. Typical signal transduction by the JAK2 tyrosine kinase comprises phosphorylation of STAT transcription factors. In this study, we describe the identification of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27(Kip1) as a novel JAK2 substrate. JAK2 can directly bind and phosphorylate p27(Kip1). Both, the JAK2 FERM domain and its kinase domain bind to p27(Kip1). JAK2 phosphorylates tyrosine residue 88 (Y88) of p27(Kip1). We previously reported that Y88 phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) by oncogenic tyrosine kinases impairs p27(Kip1)-mediated CDK inhibition, and initiates its ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. Consistently, we now find that active oncogenic JAK2V617F reduces p27(Kip1) stability and protein levels in patient-derived cell lines harboring the mutant JAK2V617F allele. Moreover, tyrosine phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) is impaired and p27(Kip1) expression is restored upon JAK2V617F inactivation by small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown or by the pyridone-containing tetracycle JAK inhibitor-I, indicating that direct phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) can contribute to hyperproliferation of JAK2V617F-transformed cells. Activation of endogenous JAK2 by interleukin-3 (IL-3) induces Y88 phosphorylation of p27(Kip1), thus unveiling a novel link between cytokine signaling and cell cycle control in non-transformed cells. Oncogenic tyrosine kinases could use this novel pathway to promote hyperproliferation in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jäkel
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Bhatia B, Malik A, Fernandez-L A, Kenney AM. p27(Kip1), a double-edged sword in Shh-mediated medulloblastoma: Tumor accelerator and suppressor. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4307-14. [PMID: 21051932 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.21.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a brain tumor arising in the cerebellum, is the most common solid childhood malignancy. the current standard of care for medulloblastoma leaves survivors with life-long side effects. Gaining insight into mechanisms regulating transformation of medulloblastoma cells-of-origin may lead to development of better treatments for these tumors. Cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNps) are proposed cells-of-origin for certain classes of medulloblastoma, specifically those marked by aberrant Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway activation. CGNps require signaling by Shh for proliferation during brain development. In mitogen-stimulated cells, nuclear localized cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27 (Kip1) functions as a checkpoint control at the G1- to S-phase transition by inhibiting cdk2. Recent studies have suggested cytoplasmically localized p27(Kip1) acquires oncogenic functions. Here, we show that p27(Kip1) is cytoplasmically localized in CGNps and mouse Shh-mediated medulloblastomas. transgenic mice bearing an activating mutation in the Shh pathway and lacking one or both p27(Kip1) alleles have accelerated tumor incidence compared to mice bearing both p27(Kip1) alleles. Interestingly, mice heterozygous for p27(Kip1) have decreased survival latency compared to p27(Kip1)-null animals. our data indicate that this may reflect the requirement for at least one copy of p27(Kip1) for recruiting cyclin D/cdk4/6 to promote cell cycle progression yet insufficient expression in the heterozygous or null state to inhibit cyclin E/cdk2. Finally, we find that mis-localized p27(Kip1) may play a positive role in motility in medulloblastoma cells. Together, our data indicate that the dosage of p27(Kip1) plays a role in cell cycle progression and tumor suppression in Shh-mediated medulloblastoma expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby Bhatia
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Mener DJ. Prostate specific antigen reduction following statin therapy: Mechanism of action and review of the literature. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:584-90. [PMID: 20665620 DOI: 10.1002/iub.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a serine protease that is exclusively produced in the prostate, and its detection is the only laboratory test available for screening men for prostate cancer (PC). The interpretation of the assay is difficult since it is specific for prostate tissue and cellular growth, but not for PC. Pharmacologic therapy for hyperlipidemia, such as statins, may influence prostate cellular growth and subsequently PSA levels in patients. Dysregulated cellular growth in the prostate is mediated by inhibiting the rate-limiting pathway step in cholesterol synthesis, thereby decreasing isoprenylate intermediates, decreasing cholesterol rich cellular membrane domains, and down-regulating androgen and estrogen receptors. Statins, with variable efficacy, have been previously shown to inhibit cellular inflammation, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration/adhesion, and invasion, while promoting apoptosis in prostate cells by inhibiting the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate. An individual statin's molecular structure, need for enzymatic conversion, bioavailability, and peripheral tissue concentration may partially account for differing properties. By inhibiting prostatic cellular growth and promoting apoptosis, statins may subsequently decrease PSA levels, an effect recently observed in cohorts. There is scientific and clinical evidence supporting the observations that statins are associated with an overall reduction in serum PSA in men, when used for greater than 6 months, and especially when used for greater than 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mener
- Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Alves MKS, Lima VP, André AR, Ferreira MVP, Barros MAP, Rabenhorst SHB. p27KIP1 expression in gastric cancer: differential pathways in the histological subtypes associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:409-20. [PMID: 20059402 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903521566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decreases in p27(KIP1) and C-MYC expression have been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Furthermore, C-MYC seems to be a transcriptional repressor of p27(KIP1). Therefore, in a series of gastric adenocarcinomas we studied the association of p27(KIP1) expression with H. pylori genotype (vacA, cagA, cagE and virB11) and the involvement of C-MYC in this process. MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression of p27(KIP1) and C-MYC was determined by immunohistochemistry in 84 gastric adenocarcinoma samples and H. pylori infection and genotype were determined by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Most p27(KIP1)-negative cases (94.0%) were H. pylori-positive and 44.8% were C-MYC-positive. In the diffuse gastric cancer subtype, p27-negative-C-MYC-positive was the most frequent combination (cluster II), and was associated with the more pathogenic H. pylori strains. Although an association with p27(KIP1) and H. pylori strain was found in the intestinal gastric cancer subtype, negativity for p27(KIP1) and C-MYC markers was the most frequent cluster, followed by cluster II, and both were present, independent of the H. pylori genotype. CONCLUSIONS Reduced expression of p27(KIP1) was closely linked to H. pylori infection, and was dependent on the more pathogenic strains. Moreover, intestinal and diffuse subtypes showed distinct carcinogenic pathways influenced by H. pylori strains. These data add insight to the differential influence and relevance of H. pylori genotype in gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markênia Kélia Santos Alves
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Federal University in Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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The mysterious unfoldome: structureless, underappreciated, yet vital part of any given proteome. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:568068. [PMID: 20011072 PMCID: PMC2789583 DOI: 10.1155/2010/568068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrarily to the general believe, many biologically active proteins lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structure under physiological conditions in vitro. These intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are highly abundant in nature and many of them are associated with various human diseases. The functional repertoire of IDPs complements the functions of ordered proteins. Since IDPs constitute a significant portion of any given proteome, they can be combined in an unfoldome; which is a portion of the proteome including all IDPs (also known as natively unfolded proteins, therefore, unfoldome), and describing their functions, structures, interactions, evolution, and so forth. Amino acid sequence and compositions of IDPs are very different from those of ordered proteins, making possible reliable identification of IDPs at the proteome level by various computational means. Furthermore, IDPs possess a number of unique structural properties and are characterized by a peculiar conformational behavior, including their high stability against low pH and high temperature and their structural indifference toward the unfolding by strong denaturants. These peculiarities were shown to be useful for elaboration of the experimental techniques for the large-scale identification of IDPs in various organisms. Some of the computational and experimental tools for the unfoldome discovery are discussed in this review.
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