1
|
Park S, Oh S, Kim N, Kim EK. HMBA ameliorates obesity by MYH9- and ACTG1-dependent regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptides. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e18024. [PMID: 37984341 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202318024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity remains a daunting problem. Here, we report hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) as a potent anti-obesity compound. Peripheral and central administration of HMBA to diet-induced obese mice regulated the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides critical for energy balance, leading to beneficial metabolic effects such as anorexia and weight loss. We found that HMBA bound to MYH9 and ACTG1, which were required for the anti-obesity effects of HMBA in both NPY-expressing and POMC-expressing neurons. The binding of HMBA to MYH9 and ACTG1 elevated the expression of HEXIM1 and enhanced its interaction with MDM2, resulting in the dissociation of the HEXIM1-p53 complex in hypothalamic cells. Subsequently, the free HEXIM1 and p53 translocated to the nucleus, where they downregulated the transcription of orexigenic NPY, but p53 and acetylated histone 3 upregulated that of anorexigenic POMC. Our study points to a previously unappreciated efficacy of HMBA and reveals its mechanism of action in metabolic regulation, which may propose HMBA as a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seokjae Park
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sungjoon Oh
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nayoun Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
- Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen G, Li Y, Kong X, Zhao S, Li J, Wu X. Overexpression Bombyx mori HEXIM1 Facilitates Immune Escape of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus by Suppressing BmRelish-Driven Immune Responses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122636. [PMID: 36560640 PMCID: PMC9782744 DOI: 10.3390/v14122636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), a typical arthropod-specific enveloped DNA virus, is one of the most serious pathogens in silkworm farming, but the potential mechanisms of the evasion of innate immune responses from BmNPV infection are still poorly understood. HEXIM1 is an RNA-binding protein, best known as an inhibitor of positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which controls transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. In this study, Bombyx mori HEXIM1 (BmHEXIM1) was cloned and characterized, and its expression was found to be remarkably upregulated after BmNPV infection. Furthermore, BmHEXIM1 was detected to increase the proliferation of BmNPV, and its full length is essential for assisting BmNPV immune escape by suppressing BmRelish-driven immune responses. This study brought new insights into the mechanisms of immune escape of BmNPV and provided theoretical guidance for the breeding of BmNPV-resistant silkworm varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanping Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yuedong Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiangshuo Kong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shudi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jiale Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang L, Lin R, Xie Y, Lin H, Shao F, Rui W, Chen H. The Role of Cyclophilins in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2548-2560. [PMID: 34326693 PMCID: PMC8315013 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilins (Cyps) is a kind of ubiquitous protein family in organisms, which has biological functions such as promoting intracellular protein folding and participating in the pathological processes of inflammation and tumor. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are two common intestinal diseases, but the etiology and pathogenesis of these two diseases are still unclear. IBD and CRC are closely associated, IBD has always been considered as one of the main risks of CRC. However, the role of Cyps in these two related intestinal diseases is rarely studied and reported. In this review, the expression of CypA, CypB and CypD in IBD, especially ulcerative colitis (UC), and CRC, their relationship with the development of these two intestinal diseases, as well as the possible pathogenesis, were briefly summarized, so as to provide modest reference for clinical researches and treatments in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Liang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Rongxiao Lin
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ying Xie
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Huaqing Lin
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Plaform, Zhongshan 528437, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Fangyuan Shao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wen Rui
- Centrefor Novel Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center,Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hongyuan Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Plaform, Zhongshan 528437, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China.,Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center,Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schnell AP, Kohrt S, Thoma-Kress AK. Latency Reversing Agents: Kick and Kill of HTLV-1? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115545. [PMID: 34073995 PMCID: PMC8197370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the cause of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), is a retrovirus, which integrates into the host genome and persistently infects CD4+ T-cells. Virus propagation is stimulated by (1) clonal expansion of infected cells and (2) de novo infection. Viral gene expression is induced by the transactivator protein Tax, which recruits host factors like positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) to the viral promoter. Since HTLV-1 gene expression is repressed in vivo by viral, cellular, and epigenetic mechanisms in late phases of infection, HTLV-1 avoids an efficient CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response directed against the immunodominant viral Tax antigen. Hence, therapeutic strategies using latency reversing agents (LRAs) sought to transiently activate viral gene expression and antigen presentation of Tax to enhance CTL responses towards HTLV-1, and thus, to expose the latent HTLV-1 reservoir to immune destruction. Here, we review strategies that aimed at enhancing Tax expression and Tax-specific CTL responses to interfere with HTLV-1 latency. Further, we provide an overview of LRAs including (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) and (2) activators of P-TEFb, that have mainly been studied in context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but which may also be powerful in the context of HTLV-1.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shang HT, Ding JW, Yu SY, Wu T, Zhang QL, Liang FJ. Progress and challenges in the use of latent HIV-1 reactivating agents. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:908-16. [PMID: 26027656 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can effectively suppress the replication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and block disease progression. However, chronic HIV-1 infection remains incurable due to the persistence of a viral reservoir, including the transcriptionally silent provirus in CD4(+) memory T cells and the sanctuary sites that are inaccessible to drugs. Reactivation and the subsequent elimination of latent virus through virus-specific cytotoxic effects or host immune responses are critical strategies for combating the disease. Indeed, a number of latency reactivating reagents have been identified through mechanism-directed approaches and large-scale screening, including: (1) histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi); (2) cytokines and chemokines; (3) DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTI); (4) histone methyltransferase inhibitors (HMTI); (5) protein kinase C (PKC) activators; (6) P-TEFb activators; and (7) unclassified agents, such as disulfram. They have proved to be efficacious in latent cell line models and CD4(+) T lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent progress and relative challenges in this field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Aakeröy CB, Welideniya D, Desper J, Moore C. Halogen-bond driven co-crystallization of potential anti-cancer compounds: a structural study. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01614a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
7
|
Spina CA, Anderson J, Archin NM, Bosque A, Chan J, Famiglietti M, Greene WC, Kashuba A, Lewin SR, Margolis DM, Mau M, Ruelas D, Saleh S, Shirakawa K, Siliciano RF, Singhania A, Soto PC, Terry VH, Verdin E, Woelk C, Wooden S, Xing S, Planelles V. An in-depth comparison of latent HIV-1 reactivation in multiple cell model systems and resting CD4+ T cells from aviremic patients. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003834. [PMID: 24385908 PMCID: PMC3873446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of HIV-1 eradication has been limited by the existence of latently infected cellular reservoirs. Studies to examine control of HIV latency and potential reactivation have been hindered by the small numbers of latently infected cells found in vivo. Major conceptual leaps have been facilitated by the use of latently infected T cell lines and primary cells. However, notable differences exist among cell model systems. Furthermore, screening efforts in specific cell models have identified drug candidates for "anti-latency" therapy, which often fail to reactivate HIV uniformly across different models. Therefore, the activity of a given drug candidate, demonstrated in a particular cellular model, cannot reliably predict its activity in other cell model systems or in infected patient cells, tested ex vivo. This situation represents a critical knowledge gap that adversely affects our ability to identify promising treatment compounds and hinders the advancement of drug testing into relevant animal models and clinical trials. To begin to understand the biological characteristics that are inherent to each HIV-1 latency model, we compared the response properties of five primary T cell models, four J-Lat cell models and those obtained with a viral outgrowth assay using patient-derived infected cells. A panel of thirteen stimuli that are known to reactivate HIV by defined mechanisms of action was selected and tested in parallel in all models. Our results indicate that no single in vitro cell model alone is able to capture accurately the ex vivo response characteristics of latently infected T cells from patients. Most cell models demonstrated that sensitivity to HIV reactivation was skewed toward or against specific drug classes. Protein kinase C agonists and PHA reactivated latent HIV uniformly across models, although drugs in most other classes did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celsa A. Spina
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jenny Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nancie M. Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marylinda Famiglietti
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Kashuba
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David M. Margolis
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Mau
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Debbie Ruelas
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Suha Saleh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Akul Singhania
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Paula C. Soto
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valeri H. Terry
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Woelk
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stacey Wooden
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sifei Xing
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taube R, Peterlin BM. Lost in transcription: molecular mechanisms that control HIV latency. Viruses 2013; 5:902-27. [PMID: 23518577 PMCID: PMC3705304 DOI: 10.3390/v5030902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has limited the replication and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, despite treatment, HIV infection persists in latently infected reservoirs, and once therapy is interrupted, viral replication rebounds quickly. Extensive efforts are being directed at eliminating these cell reservoirs. This feat can be achieved by reactivating latent HIV while administering drugs that prevent new rounds of infection and allow the immune system to clear the virus. However, current approaches to HIV eradication have not been effective. Moreover, as HIV latency is multifactorial, the significance of each of its molecular mechanisms is still under debate. Among these, transcriptional repression as a result of reduced levels and activity of the positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb: CDK9/cyclin T) plays a significant role. Therefore, increasing levels of P-TEFb expression and activity is an excellent strategy to stimulate viral gene expression. This review summarizes the multiple steps that cause HIV to enter into latency. It positions the interplay between transcriptionally active and inactive host transcriptional activators and their viral partner Tat as valid targets for the development of new strategies to reactivate latent viral gene expression and eradicate HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Taube
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +972-8-6479858; Fax: +972-8-6479953
| | - Boris Matija Peterlin
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta SC, Phromnoi K, Aggarwal BB. Morin inhibits STAT3 tyrosine 705 phosphorylation in tumor cells through activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP1. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013;85:898-912. [PMID: 23279849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The major goal of cancer drug discovery is to find an agent that is safe and affordable, yet effective against cancer. Here we show that morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) has potential against cancer cells through suppression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, which is closely linked to the transformation, survival, proliferation, and metastasis of cancer. We found that morin completely suppressed inducible and constitutively activated STAT3 and blocked the nuclear translocation of STAT3 and its DNA binding in multiple myeloma and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Morin inhibited activated Src, JAK-1, and JAK-2, all of which are linked to STAT3 activation, while up-regulating a protein inhibitor of activated STAT3, PIAS3. Pervanadate reversed the effects of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating the role of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Furthermore, morin induced SHP1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and silencing of SHP1 abrogated the effect of morin on STAT3 phosphorylation, indicating that morin mediates its effects on STAT3 through SHP1. Suppression of STAT3 correlated with the down-regulation of various gene products linked to tumor survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis and led to sensitization of tumor cells to thalidomide and bortezomib. Comparing the activities of morin with those of four structurally related flavonols demonstrated the importance of hydroxyl groups in the B ring in inhibiting STAT3 activation. These findings suggest that morin suppresses the STAT3 pathway, leading to the down-regulation of STAT3-dependent gene expression and chemosensitization of tumor cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim Y, Jang M, Lim S, Won H, Yoon KS, Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim BH, Park WS, Ha J, Kim SS. Role of cyclophilin B in tumorigenesis and cisplatin resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma in humans. Hepatology 2011; 54:1661-78. [PMID: 21748762 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyclophilin B (CypB) performs diverse roles in living cells, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is largely unclear. To reveal its role in HCC, we investigated the induction of CypB under hypoxia and its functions in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Here, we demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) induces CypB under hypoxia. Interestingly, CypB protected tumor cells, even p53-defective HCC cells, against hypoxia- and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, it regulated the effects of HIF-1α, including those in angiogenesis and glucose metabolism, via a positive feedback loop with HIF-1α. The tumorigenic and chemoresistant effects of CypB were confirmed in vivo using a xenograft model. Finally, we showed that CypB is overexpressed in 78% and 91% of the human HCC and colon cancer tissues, respectively, and its overexpression in these cancers reduced patient survival. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that CypB induced by hypoxia stimulates the survival of HCC via a positive feedback loop with HIF-1α, indicating that CypB is a novel candidate target for developing chemotherapeutic agents against HCC and colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghwan Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BK21 project), Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gupta SC, Prasad S, Kim JH, Patchva S, Webb LJ, Priyadarsini IK, Aggarwal BB. Multitargeting by curcumin as revealed by molecular interaction studies. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1937-55. [PMID: 21979811 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), the active ingredient in turmeric (Curcuma longa), is a highly pleiotropic molecule with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, chemopreventive, chemosensitization, and radiosensitization activities. The pleiotropic activities attributed to curcumin come from its complex molecular structure and chemistry, as well as its ability to influence multiple signaling molecules. Curcumin has been shown to bind by multiple forces directly to numerous signaling molecules, such as inflammatory molecules, cell survival proteins, protein kinases, protein reductases, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase, glyoxalase I, xanthine oxidase, proteasome, HIV1 integrase, HIV1 protease, sarco (endo) plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase, DNA methyltransferases 1, FtsZ protofilaments, carrier proteins, and metal ions. Curcumin can also bind directly to DNA and RNA. Owing to its β-diketone moiety, curcumin undergoes keto-enol tautomerism that has been reported as a favorable state for direct binding. The functional groups on curcumin found suitable for interaction with other macromolecules include the α, β-unsaturated β-diketone moiety, carbonyl and enolic groups of the β-diketone moiety, methoxy and phenolic hydroxyl groups, and the phenyl rings. Various biophysical tools have been used to monitor direct interaction of curcumin with other proteins, including absorption, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, competitive ligand binding, Forster type fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), radiolabeling, site-directed mutagenesis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), immunoprecipitation, phage display biopanning, electron microscopy, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) displacement, and co-localization. Molecular docking, the most commonly employed computational tool for calculating binding affinities and predicting binding sites, has also been used to further characterize curcumin's binding sites. Furthermore, the ability of curcumin to bind directly to carrier proteins improves its solubility and bioavailability. In this review, we focus on how curcumin directly targets signaling molecules, as well as the different forces that bind the curcumin-protein complex and how this interaction affects the biological properties of proteins. We will also discuss various analogues of curcumin designed to bind selective targets with increased affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Gupta
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhong X, Xiong M, Meng X, Gong R. Comparison of the multi-drug resistant human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Bel-7402/ADM model established by three methods. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2010; 29:115. [PMID: 20727186 PMCID: PMC2933613 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-29-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background To compare the biological characteristics of three types of human hepatocellular carcinoma multi-drug resistant cell sub-lines Bel-7402/ADM models established by three methods. Methods Established human hepatocellular carcinoma adriamycin (ADM) multi-drug resistant cell sub-lines models Bel-7402/ADMV, Bel-7402/ADML and Bel-7402/ADMS by three methods of in vitro concentration gradient increased induction, nude mice liver-implanted induction and subcutaneous-implanted induction respectively. Phase contrast microscopy was used to observe the cells and the MTT (methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) method was used to detect drug resistance of the three different sub-lines of cells. Results The three groups of drug resistant cells, Bel-7402/ADMV, Bel-7402/ADML and Bel-7402/ADMS generated cross-resistance to ADM and CDDP (cis-Diaminedichloroplatinum), but showed a significant difference in resistance to Bel-7402 IC50 value (P < 0.01). The doubling times were significantly extended compared to the parent cell line (39 h) and were 65 h (Bel-7402/ADMV), 46 h (Bel-7402/ADML), and 45 h (Bel-7402/ADMS). The excretion rates of ADM were significantly increased compared with the parent cell (34.14%) line and were 81.06% (Bel-7402/ADMV), 66.56% (Bel-7402/ADML) and 61.56% (Bel-7402/ADMS). Expression of P-gp and MRP in the three groups of resistant cells was significantly enhanced (P < 0.01). There was no significant variation in the expression of GSH/GST (P > 0.05). Conclusions Stable resistance was involved in the resistant cell line model established by the above three methods. Liver implantation was a good simulation of human hepatocellular and proved to be an ideal model with characteristics similar to human hepatocellular biology and the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chatterji BP, Banerjee M, Singh P, Panda D. HMBA depolymerizes microtubules, activates mitotic checkpoints and induces mitotic block in MCF-7 cells by binding at the colchicine site in tubulin. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
14
|
Abstract
Five cocrystals of an anticancer compound have been assembled using a well-defined hydrogen-bond-based supramolecular approach that produced the necessary structural consistency in the resulting solids. These cocrystals contain aliphatic even-numbered dicarboxylic acids of increasing chain length, and as a result, the physical properties of the cocrystals can be related to the molecular structure of the acid. The melting points of the five cocrystals show an excellent correlation with the melting points of the individual acids, and it has also been shown that aqueous solubility can be increased by a factor of 2.5 relative to that of the individual drug. Consequently, cocrystals can offer a range of solid forms from which can be chosen an active ingredient where a particular physical property can be dialed in, provided that the cocrystals show considerable structural consistency and that systematic changes are made to the participating cocrystallizing agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christer B Aakeröy
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, 211 CBC Building, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mai A, Esposito M, Sbardella G, Massa S. A NEW FACILE AND EXPEDITIOUS SYNTHESIS OF N-HYDROXY-N′-PHENYLOCTANEDIAMJDE, A POTENT INDUCER OF TERMINAL CYTODIFFERECNTIATION. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940109356608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Mai
- a Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici , Universita degli Studi di Roma “LA Sapienza” , P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 , Roma , ITALY
| | - Monica Esposito
- a Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici , Universita degli Studi di Roma “LA Sapienza” , P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 , Roma , ITALY
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- a Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici , Universita degli Studi di Roma “LA Sapienza” , P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 , Roma , ITALY
| | - Silvio Massa
- b Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico , Tecnobgico Università degli Studi di Siena , via Aldo Mom, 53100 , Siena , ITALY
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Contreras X, Schweneker M, Chen CS, McCune JM, Deeks SG, Martin J, Peterlin BM. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid reactivates HIV from latently infected cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6782-9. [PMID: 19136668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807898200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in a latent form in infected individuals treated effectively with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In part, these latent proviruses account for the rebound in viral replication observed after treatment interruption. A major therapeutic challenge is to purge this reservoir. In this study, we demonstrate that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) reactivates HIV from latency in chronically infected cell lines and primary cells. Indeed, P-TEFb, a critical transcription cofactor for HIV, is released and then recruited to the viral promoter upon stimulation with SAHA. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway is involved in the initiation of these events. Using flow cytometry-based single cell analysis of protein phosphorylation, we demonstrate that SAHA activates this pathway in several subpopulations of T cells, including memory T cells that are the major viral reservoir in peripheral blood. Importantly, SAHA activates HIV replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from individuals treated effectively with HAART. Thus SAHA, which is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, might be considered to accelerate the decay of the latent reservoir in HAART-treated infected humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Contreras
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Contreras X, Barboric M, Lenasi T, Peterlin BM. HMBA releases P-TEFb from HEXIM1 and 7SK snRNA via PI3K/Akt and activates HIV transcription. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1459-69. [PMID: 17937499 PMCID: PMC2014796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) is a potent inducer of cell differentiation and HIV production in chronically infected cells. However, its mechanism of action remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that HMBA activates transiently the PI3K/Akt pathway, which leads to the phosphorylation of HEXIM1 and the subsequent release of active positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) from its transcriptionally inactive complex with HEXIM1 and 7SK small nuclear RNA (snRNA). As a result, P-TEFb is recruited to the HIV promoter to stimulate transcription elongation and viral production. Despite the continuous presence of HMBA, the released P-TEFb reassembles rapidly with 7SK snRNA and HEXIM1. In contrast, a mutant HEXIM1 protein that cannot be phosphorylated and released from P-TEFb and 7SK snRNA via the PI3K/Akt pathway antagonizes this HMBA-mediated induction of viral production. Thus, our studies reveal how HIV transcription is induced by HMBA and suggest how modifications in the equilibrium between active and inactive P-TEFb could contribute to cell differentiation. The reservoir of HIV in infected people remains an insurmountable problem in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thus, the virus persists despite the best possible treatment. HIV hides in many cells and tissues, where its genome is not expressed. Thus, neither drugs nor the immune system can eradicate it from the body. One hope is to activate the production of HIV in these reservoirs in the presence of optimal treatment. Strategies aimed at activating hematopoetic cells and thus viral replication have been tried and failed. In this report, we targeted a specific host transcriptional complex that is essential for the transcription of HIV genome. Its activation should not lead to generalized stimulation of the immune system. Indeed, paradoxically, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) and related compounds lead to cellular differentiation and apoptosis. By studying properties of these differentiation agents, we discovered that they activate transiently transcription of HIV, be it in stable cell lines or in primary infected cells. Thus, compounds related to HMBA, some of which have now been approved for clinical use, could be tried to diminish or eliminate the reservoir of HIV in optimally treated infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Contreras
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matjaz Barboric
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Lenasi
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - B. Matija Peterlin
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cecchinato V, Erba E, Basile A, Scarpati B, Fazi C, Brando B, Comi P, Chiaramonte R. Hexamethylene bisacetamide inhibits malignant phenotype in T-ALL cell lines. Leuk Res 2007; 32:791-7. [PMID: 17964649 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
T acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines treated with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) undergo a delay in cell cycle progression and increase susceptibility to apoptosis, although they never overcome the differentiation block. In accordance with changes in cell cycle and apoptosis, transitory p53 pathway activation commonly occurs. Bcl-2 inhibition further favours the pro-apoptotic effect of HMBA. Notch1 expression is down regulated by reduction of its transcription level. Accordingly, Notch1 protein and transcriptional activity were affected. Even if HMBA generally reduces Notch1 level in T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines, this does not commonly influence the biological response; in fact all the analysed cell lines, except CEM cells, display no biological effect following DAPT-induced Notch inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Cecchinato
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, University of Milano, via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, and Transplant Immunology and Haematology Laboratory, Niguarda-Ca'Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hess-Stumpp H, Bracker TU, Henderson D, Politz O. MS-275, a potent orally available inhibitor of histone deacetylases--the development of an anticancer agent. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:1388-405. [PMID: 17383217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years it was found that beside genetic aberrations, epigenetic changes also play an important role in tumorigenesis. Acetylation and deacetylation of histones have been found to contribute to a significant extent to epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Analyses of various tumor models and patient samples revealed that the enzyme class of histone deacetylases is associated with many types of cancer and that, for example, over-expression of these enzymes leads to a disturbed balance between acetylation and deacetylation of histones, resulting in differences in the gene expression patterns between normal and cancer cells. Consequently, this class of enzymes has been considered as a potential target for cancer therapy. Numerous inhibitors have been identified and several are in clinical development. Although, with SAHA, one inhibitor has been approved by the FDA for a tumor indication, many open questions remain regarding the mode of action of these inhibitors. In this review, various aspects of preclinical and clinical research of the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 are described, to provide insight into the development of such a compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Hess-Stumpp
- Therapeutic Research Group, Corporate Research Oncology, Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Z, Jin L, Qian X, Wei M, Wang Y, Wang J, Yang Y, Xu Q, Xu Y, Liu F. Novel Bcl-2 Inhibitors: Discovery and Mechanism Study of Small Organic Apoptosis-Inducing Agents. Chembiochem 2007; 8:113-21. [PMID: 17139689 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis as a novel target for cancer chemotherapy has generated an intense demand for new apoptosis-inducing agents. The newly revealed role of protein families involved in the apoptosis pathway, and resistance to cytotoxic therapies have opened new avenues for the development of novel anticancer strategies. We have established a novel strategy to rapidly obtain protein-targeted, instead of conventional DNA-targeted, apoptosis inducers as antitumor leads. First, a novel organic non-DNA intercalative compound S1 (8-oxo-3-thiomorpholin-4-yl-8H-acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carbonitrile, M(W) = 331) was found with an IC50 of 10(-7)-10(-8) microM against diverse cancer cell lines. Further biological evaluation demonstrated that it was an apoptosis-inducer both in vivo and in vitro. The treatment of hydroperitoneum hepatoma cells (H22 cell line) with S1 at various concentrations (from 0.01 to 10 microM) for 24 h triggered these cells to enter the apoptosis process. The antitumor efficiency was also tested in the H22 xenotransplant models in mice. At a dosage of 0.3 mg kg(-1), S1 exhibited significant antitumor activity with a much longer survival time, a decrease in tumor size, and increased apoptosis cells in tumor tissue. More importantly, studies of the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induction by S1 revealed that S1 inactivated the Bcl-2 protein by binding to it, depolarizing the mitochondrial membrane, and then activating caspase 9, followed by caspase 3. Finally, structure-based virtual modification was performed by computer modeling. As a result, a derivative, S2 (8-oxo-3-[(thienylmethyl)amino]-8H-acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carbonitrile, M(W) = 341) was identified that possessed a lower binding energy to Bcl-2, and demonstrated better antitumor potency, even on the Bcl-2-overexpressing human acute myeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells (IC50 = 1.3 microM) in vitro. S1 and S2 are the well-defined Bcl-2 inhibitors that give us a promising platform for the development of new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
P-TEFb phosphorylates RNA polymerase II and negative elongation factors to stimulate general transcriptional elongation. It is kept in a functional equilibrium through alternately interacting with its positive (the Brd4 protein) and negative (the HEXIM1 protein and 7SK snRNA) regulators. To investigate the physiological significance of this phenomenon, we analyzed the responses of HeLa cells and murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) to hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), which inhibits growth and induces differentiation of many cell types. For both cell types, an efficient, albeit temporary disruption of the 7SK-HEXIM1-P-TEFb snRNP and enhanced formation of the Brd4-P-TEFb complex occurred soon after the treatment started. When the P-TEFb-dependent HEXIM1 expression markedly increased as the treatment continued, the abundant HEXIM1 pushed the P-TEFb equilibrium back toward the 7SK/HEXIM1-bound state. For HeLa cells, as HMBA produced only a minor, temporary effect on their growth, the equilibrium gradually returned to its pretreatment level. In contrast, long-term treatment of MELC induced terminal division and differentiation. Concurrently, the P-TEFb equilibrium was shifted overwhelmingly toward the 7SK snRNP side. Together, these data link the P-TEFb equilibrium to the intracellular transcriptional demand and proliferative/differentiated states of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanhai He
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rajagopalan V, Blankenship J, Thomas DW. 1,6-Diaminohexane contributes to the hexamethylene bisacetamide-induced erythroid differentiation pathway by stimulating Ca2+ release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores and promoting Ca2+ influx. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 445:129-37. [PMID: 16343414 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) stimulates Ca(2+) signals in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells serving as an important component of the HMBA-induced pathway that promotes differentiation to the erythroid phenotype. We observed that 1,6-diaminohexane (DAH) triggered a more rapid and robust increase in MEL cell Ca(2+) levels compared to HMBA and the monodeacetylated N-acetyl-1,6-diaminohexane (NADAH), and that polyamine deacetylase inhibition completely abolished the ability of HMBA and NADAH to induce Ca(2+) signals in MEL cells. Our work indicates that DAH mediates Ca(2+) signal propagation via its ability to activate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptors, as we observed similar Ca(2+) release characteristics and heparin sensitivity of DAH and IP(3) in permeabilized MEL cells. Finally, we observed that the DAH-induced Ca(2+) release pathway robustly coupled to a Ca(2+) influx pathway that could be distinguished from thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) influx by its unusual insensitivity to 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanishree Rajagopalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Aberrant gene regulation plays an important role in tumor initiation and progression, and the acetylation of histones is a well understood key component of gene regulation. Histone acetylation involves the opposing activities of the histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)--histone acetylation is associated with increased transcriptional activity while histone deacetylation is associated with repression of gene expression. In addition, the modification of non-histone proteins by HATs and HDACs is also an important process in regulating gene expression. Several lines of evidence suggest that inappropriate transcriptional activation and repression mediated by HATs and HDACs is a common occurrence in the formation of many different types of cancer. These enzymes thus represent novel molecular targets for which inhibitors are sought that could reprogram transcription and inhibit tumor cell growth and progression. Much of the research has focused on HDAC inhibitors, where several agents have demonstrated in vitro and in vivo activity against different tumor cell models and have entered Phase I clinical trials. HDAC inhibitors are believed to exert their antiproliferative effects by inducing a small set of genes involved in regulating cellular activities such as proliferation and differentiation. Future research is expected to lead to a better understanding of the molecular targets of HDACs and facilitate the development of more potent inhibitors of these enzymes. First results from clinical trials will help to determine the optimal strategy for utilizing these agents for the treatment of cancer patients.
Collapse
|
24
|
Palumbo C, Albonici L, Bei R, Bocci C, Scarpa S, Di Nardo P, Modesti A. HMBA induces cell death and potentiates doxorubicin toxicity in malignant mesothelioma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2004; 54:398-406. [PMID: 15543656 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-004-0838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant pleural mesothelioma(MM), a rare tumor characterized by high local invasiveness and low metastatic efficiency, is poorly responsive to current therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic efficacy of the hybrid polar compound hexamethylene bisacetamide(HMBA), either as a single agent or in combination with the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX), against MM cells. METHODS The MM cell lines MM-B1 and MM-El were treated with HMBA, DOX or with combinations of the two drugs. Cell survival and death were assessed by the MTS assay and trypan blue staining/TUNEL, respectively. The interactions between drugs were evaluated by the method of Kern et al. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins. RESULTS When administered alone, HMBA dose-dependently decreased the number of viable cells and increased the death rate of MM-B1 and MM-E1 cultures. Combinations of HMBA and DOX achieved a synergistic inhibition of MM cell survival, and the simultaneous administration of HMBA counteracted the resistance induced by DOX in MM-El cells. HMBA,used at cytostatic concentrations, reduced the ratio be-tween antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL) and proapoptotic(Bax) members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, thus lowering the threshold for MM cell death commitment. CONCLUSIONS HMBA has therapeutic potential in MM both as a single agent and through potentiation of DOX toxicity. These results support future investigations on the feasibility of intrapleural chemotherapy with this hybrid polar compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Palumbo
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells and remains an incurable disease because of the development of drug resistance. Histone deacytylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of chemotherapeutic reagents that cause growth arrest and apoptosis of neoplastic cells. Depsipeptide, a new member of the HDAC inhibitors, was found to be safe in humans and has been shown to induce apoptosis in various cancers. In order to evaluate the effects of depsipeptide, a MM cell line, U266 [interleukin (IL)-6 dependent], was analysed for viability and apoptosis. The combined effect of depsipeptide with melphalan and changes in BCL-2 family proteins (BCL-2, BCL-XL, BAX and MCL-1) were also investigated. In addition, the RPMI 8226 cell line (IL-6 independent), and primary patient myeloma cells were also analysed for apoptosis after depsipeptide treatment. Depsipeptide induced apoptosis in both U266 and RPMI 8226 cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent fashion, and in primary patient myeloma cells. We also demonstrated that depsipeptide had an additive effect with melphalan (10 micromol/l). BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1 showed decreased expression in depsipeptide-treated samples. Based on recent clinical trials demonstrating minimal clinical toxicity, our study supports the future clinical utilization of depsipeptide in the management of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Khan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, 21660 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ouyang GL, Cai QF, Liu M, Chen RC, Huang Z, Jiang RS, Chen F, Hong SG, Bao SD. Growth arrest and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells induced by hexamethylene bisacetamide. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:954-8. [PMID: 15052673 PMCID: PMC4717111 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i7.954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the cellular effects of hybrid polar compound hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) on the growth and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and to provide the molecular mechanism for potential application of HMBA in the treatment of liver cancer.
METHODS: Effects of HMBA on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells were assayed by MTT chronometry. Apoptosis induced by HMBA was detected by phase-contrast microscopy, flow cytometry, propidium iodide staining and immunocytochemical analysis.
RESULTS: The growth of SMMC-7721 cells was significantly inhibited by HMBA, and the growth inhibitory rate was 51.1%, 62.6%, 68.7% and 73.9% respectively after treatment with 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mmol/L of HMBA. In the cells treated with 10 mmol/L of HMBA for 72 h, the population of cells at sub-G1 phase significantly increased, and the apoptotic bodies and condensed nuclei were detected. Moreover, treatment of SMMC-7721 cells with 10 mmol/L of HMBA down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic protein, while slightly up-regulated the level of pro-apoptotic protein Bax.
CONCLUSION: Treatment with 10.0 mmol/L of HMBA can significantly inhibit the growth and induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC-7721 cells by decreasing the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Liang Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of China Education Ministry for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian Province, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chun E, Lee KY. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are important for the induction of paclitaxel resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:771-9. [PMID: 14975768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2003] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have investigated the mechanism underlying resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel in tumors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Treatment with paclitaxel led to potent inhibition of growth of Hep3B hepatoma cells, but did not affect the growth properties of SNU-368 and SNU-398 cell lines that were established from primary HCC tumors. The growth inhibitory effect induced by paclitaxel correlated with levels of intracellular p21 and resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. However, paclitaxel treatment did not alter intracellular p53 levels. Instead, SNU-398 cells express high levels of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) proteins and the level of Bcl-x(L) could be further induced upon paclitaxel treatment. In contrast, Hep3B cells express pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl family and fail to induce Bcl-x(L) upon paclitaxel treatment. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) play an important role in mediating resistance to paclitaxel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Chun
- Immune-2 Team, Mogam Biotechnology Institute, 341 Pojung-ri, Koosung-myun, Yongin-city, Kyonggi-do 449-910, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gui CY, Ngo L, Xu WS, Richon VM, Marks PA. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activation of p21WAF1 involves changes in promoter-associated proteins, including HDAC1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1241-6. [PMID: 14734806 PMCID: PMC337037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307708100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi) cause cancer cell growth arrest and/or apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. The HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is in phase I/II clinical trials showing significant anticancer activity. Despite wide distribution of HDACs in chromatin, SAHA alters the expression of few genes in transformed cells. p21(WAF1) is one of the most commonly induced. SAHA does not alter the expression of p27(KIPI), an actively transcribed gene, or globin, a silent gene, in ARP-1 cells. Here we studied SAHA-induced changes in the p21(WAF1) promoter of ARP-1 cells to better understand the mechanism of HDACi gene activation. Within 1 h, SAHA caused modifications in acetylation and methylation of core histones and increased DNase I sensitivity and restriction enzyme accessibility in the p21(WAF1) promoter. These changes did not occur in the p27(KIPI) or epsilon-globin gene-related histones. The HDACi caused a marked decrease in HDAC1 and Myc and an increase in RNA polymerase II in proteins bound to the p21(WAF1) promoter. Thus, this study identifies effects of SAHA on p21(WAF1)-associated proteins that explain, at least in part, the selective effect of HDACi in altering gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Gui
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Catley L, Weisberg E, Tai YT, Atadja P, Remiszewski S, Hideshima T, Mitsiades N, Shringarpure R, LeBlanc R, Chauhan D, Munshi NC, Schlossman R, Richardson P, Griffin J, Anderson KC. NVP-LAQ824 is a potent novel histone deacetylase inhibitor with significant activity against multiple myeloma. Blood 2003; 102:2615-22. [PMID: 12816865 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-01-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as a promising new treatment strategy in hematologic malignancies. Here we show that NVP-LAQ824, a novel hydroxamic acid derivative, induces apoptosis at physiologically achievable concentrations (median inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 100 nM at 24 hours) in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines resistant to conventional therapies. MM.1S myeloma cell proliferation was also inhibited when cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells, demonstrating ability to overcome the stimulatory effects of the bone marrow microenvironment. Importantly, NVP-LAQ824 also inhibited patient MM cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. NVP-LAQ824-induced apoptotic signaling includes up-regulation of p21, caspase cascade activation, and poly (adenosine diphosphate [ADP]) ribose (PARP) cleavage. Apoptosis was confirmed with cell cycle analysis and annexin-propidium iodide staining. Interestingly, treatment of MM cells with NVPLAQ824 also led to proteasome inhibition, as determined by reduced proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity and increased levels of cellular polyubiquitin conjugates. Finally, a study using NVP-LAQ824 in a preclinical murine myeloma model provides in vivo relevance to our in vitro studies. Taken together, these findings provide the framework for NVP-LAQ824 as a novel therapeutic in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Catley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Apo2 Ligand or Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) is a member of the TNF gene superfamily that selectively induces apoptosis in tumor cells of diverse origins through engagement of death receptors. We have recently demonstrated that Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and beta) induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and in plasma cells from MM patients. Moreover, Apo2L selectively induces apoptosis of patient MM tumor cells while sparing non-malignant cells. Apo2L induction is one of the earliest events following IFN administration in these cells. IFNs activate Caspases and the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway mediated by Apo2L production. Cell death induced by IFNs and Apo2L can be blocked by a dominant-negative Apo2L receptor, DRS, and is regulated by members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. This review is focused on the apoptotic signaling pathways regulated by Apo2L and Bcl-2-family proteins and summarizes what is known about their clinical role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- QUAN CHEN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - SUBRATA RAY
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - MOHAMAD A. HUSSEIN
- Myeloma Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - GORDAN SRKALOVIC
- Myeloma Program, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - ALEXANDRU ALMASAN
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Bevilacqua A, Ceriani MC, Canti G, Asnaghi L, Gherzi R, Brewer G, Papucci L, Schiavone N, Capaccioli S, Nicolin A. Bcl-2 protein is required for the adenine/uridine-rich element (ARE)-dependent degradation of its own messenger. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:23451-9. [PMID: 12702730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the decay of human bcl-2 mRNA is mediated by an adenine/uridine-rich element (ARE) located in the 3'-untranslated region. Here, we have utilized a non-radioactive cell-free mRNA decay system to investigate the biochemical and functional mechanisms regulating the ARE-dependent degradation of bcl-2 mRNA. Using RNA substrates, mutants, and competitors, we found that decay is specific and ARE-dependent, although maximized by the ARE-flanking regions. In unfractionated extracts from different cell types and in whole cells, the relative enzymatic activity was related to the amount of Bcl-2 protein expressed by the cells at steady state. The degradation activity was lost upon Bcl-2 depletion and was reconstituted by adding recombinant Bcl-2. Ineffective extracts from cells that constitutively do not express Bcl-2 acquire full degradation activity by adding recombinant Bcl-2 protein. We conclude that Bcl-2 is necessary to activate the degradation complex on the relevant RNA target.
Collapse
|
33
|
Spets H, Strömberg T, Georgii-Hemming P, Siljason J, Nilsson K, Jernberg-Wiklund H. Expression of the bcl-2 family of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in multiple myeloma and normal plasma cells: regulation during interleukin-6(IL-6)-induced growth and survival. Eur J Haematol 2002; 69:76-89. [PMID: 12366710 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2002.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of genes regulating apoptosis/survival seems to be essential in the stepwise development of human multiple myeloma (MM). In this paper we have compared the expression of bcl-2 family pro- and anti-apoptotic genes in MM cell lines, primary MM cells and normal plasma cells. The Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-xL/S, Bcl-w, Bax, Bak, and Bad were shown to be expressed in both malignant and non-neoplastic, normal plasma cells. Quantitative analysis revealed that the malignant phenotype seemed to correlate with an elevated expression of Mcl-1, a decreased expression of Bax and, to a lesser extent, an increased Bcl-2/Bax expression ratio. The possible influence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in regulating the expression of the bcl-2-related genes was also examined. Using the IL-6-dependent MM cell lines U-1958 and U-266-1970 it was clearly shown that IL-6 deprivation induced cell cycle arrest in both cell lines, whereas apoptosis was only detected in the U-1958 cells. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL were down-regulated, while the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax protein was increased. To conclude, we suggest that the expression pattern of the Bcl-2 family of proteins separates the malignant phenotype of MM from normal plasma cells, and that the protecting effect of IL-6 may be conducted via an altered balance between these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Spets
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Obituary: Dr Joseph (Yosi) Michaeli, New York, USA. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:683-684. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190290012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
35
|
Banker DE, Cooper JJ, Fennell DA, Willman CL, Appelbaum FR, Cotter FE. PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligand, chemosensitizes acute myeloid leukemia cells to relevant therapeutic agents by more than one mechanism. Leuk Res 2002; 26:91-106. [PMID: 11734307 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Like Bcl-2, peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (pBzRs) reside in mitochondrial pores, are frequently over-expressed in tumor cells, and can protect cells from apoptotic cell death. We now show that the high-affinity, pBzR-specific ligand, PK11195, chemosensitizes AML cells to relevant chemotherapeutics, but is relatively non-toxic as a single agent, and does not chemosensitize normal myeloid cells. PK11195 can block p-glycoprotein efflux in AMLs, contributing to increased daunomycin toxicity in efflux-competent AMLs, but can also sensitize AMLs to cytarabine and DNR-sensitize efflux-incompetent AMLs, presumably via mitochondrial pore effects documented in other models. Therefore, PK11195 might contribute to improved clinical outcomes in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Banker
- Clinical Research Division, FHCRC, D1-100, 1124 Columbia Street, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Calastretti A, Bevilacqua A, Ceriani C, Viganò S, Zancai P, Capaccioli S, Nicolin A. Damaged microtubules can inactivate BCL-2 by means of the mTOR kinase. Oncogene 2001; 20:6172-80. [PMID: 11593425 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2000] [Revised: 06/14/2001] [Accepted: 06/26/2001] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of the serine/threonine mTOR kinase, markedly inhibited both cell growth and apoptosis in human B-cell lines. Besides arresting cells in G(1) by increasing p27(kip1), rapamycin tripled the cellular level of the BCL-2 protein. The activity was dose-dependent and specific for the p27(kip1) and BCL-2 proteins. Rapamycin did not affect bcl-2 mRNA although it increased cellular BCL-2 concentration by inhibiting phosphorylation, a mechanism initiating the decay process. To add new insight, we combined rapamycin treatment with treatment by taxol, which, by damaging microtubules, can phosphorylate BCL-2 and activate apoptosis. It was found that the mTOR kinase was activated in cells treated with taxol or with nocodazole although it was inhibited in cells pre-treated with rapamycin. BCL-2 phosphorylation, apoptosis and hyperdiploidy were also inhibited by rapamycin. In contrast, taxol-induced microtubule stabilization or metaphase synchronization were not inhibited by rapamycin. Taken together, these findings indicate that mTOR belongs to the enzymatic cascade that, starting from damaged microtubules, phosphorylates BCL-2. By regulating apoptosis, in addition to the control of a multitude of growth-related pathways, mTOR plays a nodal role in signaling G(1) and G(2)-M events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Calastretti
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Milan, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milan 20129, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hyman T, Rothmann C, Heller A, Malik Z, Salzberg S. Structural characterization of erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation in Friend erythroleukemia cells. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:563-71. [PMID: 11376868 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the structural characterization of erythroid and megakaryocytic cell differentiation in Friend erythroleukemic cells using spectral imaging and electron microscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two variants of Friend erythroleukemia cells were treated with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) to induce differentiation: 1) MEL, which exhibit the normal phenotype and are susceptible to differentiation; and 2) the resistant R1 cells. The cells were analyzed by spectral imaging along with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Spectral imaging of HMBA-treated MEL and R1 cells stained by May-Grünwald-Giemsa and subjected to spectral similarity mapping revealed five morphologic cell types: proerythroblast-like cells, normoblast-like cells, reticulocyte-like cells, megakaryocytes, and apoptotic cells. In MEL cells, both megakaryocytic differentiation characterized by nuclear lobes and erythroid differentiation characterized by accumulation of hemoglobin were detected; R1 cells were not committed to terminal differentiation. HMBA-induced cell cycle arrest at G(1) affected the expression of regulatory proteins in a similar manner in both types of cells. Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 decreased and expression of p21(WAF1) increased. The level of the underphosphorylated form of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein increased, inducing a decrease in the level of c-myc. In addition, we detected a decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic regulator, Bcl-2, and an increased expression of the pro-apoptotic regulator, Bax. CONCLUSIONS Spectral imaging provides new insight for the morphologic characterization of erythroid and megakaryocytic cell differentiation as well as apoptosis. Image analysis was well correlated to cell cycle arrest and the expression of regulatory proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hyman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Said TK, Moraes RC, Sinha R, Medina D. Mechanisms of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inhibition of mammary cell growth. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3:122-33. [PMID: 11250759 PMCID: PMC13923 DOI: 10.1186/bcr284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2000] [Revised: 10/17/2000] [Accepted: 11/06/2000] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in cell growth inhibition involved induction of pRb-2/p130 interaction and nuclear translocation with E2F-4, followed by significant repression in E2F-1 and PCNA nuclear levels, which led to inhibition in DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T K Said
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Huang L, Pardee AB. Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Human Breast Cancer Treatment. Mol Med 2000; 6:849-66. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
|
40
|
Tainton KM, Ruefli AA, Smyth MJ, Johnstone RW. Equivalent death of P-glycoprotein expressing and nonexpressing cells induced by the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:231-7. [PMID: 11006111 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent drug pump that confers multidrug resistance. In addition to its ability to efflux toxins P-gp can also inhibit apoptosis induced by a wide array of cell death stimuli that rely on activation of intracellular caspases for full function. We have previously demonstrated that stimuli including drugs such as hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), the cytotoxic lymphocyte granule protein granzyme B, and pore-forming proteins such as perforin, kill P-gp positive cells in a caspase-independent manner. We therefore hypothesised that drugs that are not effluxed by P-gp and which induce cell death in the absence of caspase activation could induce death of P-gp expressing cells. Staurosporine has been previously shown to kill cells in the absence of caspase activation. Consistent with our hypothesis, we demonstrate here that staurosporine can equivalently kill P-gp(+ve) and P-gp(-ve) tumor cell lines in a caspase-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Tainton
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Saint Andrews Place, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an energy dependent drug pump responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR) in human cancers. While it is irrefutable that P-gp can efflux xenobiotics out of cells, the biological function of P-gp in multicellular organisms has yet to be firmly established. The question of what, if anything, P-gp does when not effluxing drugs has been raised by recent reports indicating that P-gp may regulate apoptosis, chloride channel activity, cholesterol metabolism and immune cell function. There is now a lively debate regarding the possible role of P-gp in regulating cell differentiation, proliferation and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Johnstone
- Cellular Cytotoxicity Laboratory, The Austin Research Institute, Australia, Victoria.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruefli AA, Smyth MJ, Johnstone RW. HMBA induces activation of a caspase-independent cell death pathway to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Blood 2000; 95:2378-85. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.7.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is often characterized by the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a 170-kd ATP-dependent drug efflux protein. As well as effluxing xenotoxins, functional P-gp can confer resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by a range of different stimuli, including Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor, UV irradiation, and serum starvation. However, P-gp-positive cells remain sensitive to caspase-independent death induced by cytotoxic T-cell granule proteins, perforin, and granzyme B. It is, therefore, possible that agents that induce cell death in a caspase-independent manner might circumvent P-gp-mediated MDR. We demonstrated here that hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induced equivalent caspase-independent cell death in both P-gp-positive and -negative cell lines at concentrations of 10 mmol/L and above. The HMBA-induced death pathway was marked by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and reduction of Bcl-2 protein levels. In addition, we show that functional P-gp specifically inhibits the activation of particular caspases, such as caspases-8 and -3, whereas others, such as caspase-9, remain unaffected. These studies greatly enhance our understanding of the molecular cell death events that can be regulated by functional P-gp and highlight the potential clinical use of drugs that function via a caspase-independent pathway for the treatment of MDR tumors.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ruefli AA, Smyth MJ, Johnstone RW. HMBA induces activation of a caspase-independent cell death pathway to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance. Blood 2000; 95:2378-85. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.7.2378.007k10_2378_2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is often characterized by the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a 170-kd ATP-dependent drug efflux protein. As well as effluxing xenotoxins, functional P-gp can confer resistance to caspase-dependent apoptosis induced by a range of different stimuli, including Fas ligand, tumor necrosis factor, UV irradiation, and serum starvation. However, P-gp-positive cells remain sensitive to caspase-independent death induced by cytotoxic T-cell granule proteins, perforin, and granzyme B. It is, therefore, possible that agents that induce cell death in a caspase-independent manner might circumvent P-gp-mediated MDR. We demonstrated here that hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) induced equivalent caspase-independent cell death in both P-gp-positive and -negative cell lines at concentrations of 10 mmol/L and above. The HMBA-induced death pathway was marked by release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and reduction of Bcl-2 protein levels. In addition, we show that functional P-gp specifically inhibits the activation of particular caspases, such as caspases-8 and -3, whereas others, such as caspase-9, remain unaffected. These studies greatly enhance our understanding of the molecular cell death events that can be regulated by functional P-gp and highlight the potential clinical use of drugs that function via a caspase-independent pathway for the treatment of MDR tumors.
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
Notch-ligand interactions are a highly conserved mechanism that regulates cell fate decisions. Over the past few years, numerous observations have shown that this mechanism operates to regulate cell differentiation in an enormous variety of developmental and cell maturation processes. Recent studies indicate that in addition to cell differentiation, Notch signaling has direct effects on proliferation and programmed cell death. The picture emerging from these findings suggests that, depending on cellular and developmental context, Notch signaling may function as a general "arbiter" of cell fate, regulating differentiation potential, rate of proliferation, and apoptotic cell death. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge of the structure and function of Notch receptors and discuss the recent evidence that Notch signaling regulates apoptotic cell death. The possible mechanisms of this effect and its potential implications for developmental biology, immunobiology, neuropathology, and tumor biology are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Miele
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou X, Richon VM, Ngo L, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. Cloning of the cDNA encoding phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase regulatory alpha-subunit-like protein whose expression is down-regulated during differentiation. Gene X 1999; 233:13-9. [PMID: 10375616 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid polar compounds (HPCs), such as suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), induce differentiation of transformed cells. Differential display of RNA was used to identify genes whose expression is changed during SAHA-induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. One such cDNA was identified whose mRNA level decreased by 50% after 8h of SAHA treatment as determined by Northern blot analysis. The full-length cDNA (1944bp in length) was cloned by sequencing of an EST clone and rapid amplification of 5' cDNA ends (5'-RACE). The predicted amino acid sequence is 589 amino acids and shares 45% identity with the yeast cytoplasmic phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase (PheRS) regulatory alpha-subunit. Human EST clones which share over 90% identity of predicted amino acid sequence with this cDNA map to chromosome 2 near the paired box homeotic gene 3 (PAX3) locus, a region syngenic to mouse chromosome 1. This is the first report of the cloning of the full-length cDNA for the murine PheRS regulatory alpha-subunit-like protein. The level of PheRS alpha-subunit-like mRNA is regulated during differentiation but not during cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhou
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University Medical School, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Strikingly increased expression of notch-1 has been demonstrated in several human malignancies and pre-neoplastic lesions. However, the functional consequences of notch-1 overexpression in transformed cells remain unclear. We investigated whether endogenously expressed notch-1 controls cell fate determination in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells during pharmacologically induced differentiation. We found that notch-1 expression is modulated during MEL cell differentiation. Premature downregulation of notch-1 during differentiation, by antisense S-oligonucleotides or by enforced expression of antisense notch-1 mRNA, causes MEL cells to abort the differentiation program and undergo apoptosis. Downregulation of notch-1 expression in the absence of differentiation inducer increases the likelihood of spontaneous apoptosis. We conclude that in MEL cells, endogenous notch-1 expression controls the apoptotic threshold during differentiation and growth. In these cells, notch-1 allows differentiation by preventing apoptosis of pre-committed cells. This novel function of notch-1 may play a role in regulating apoptosis susceptibility in notch-1 expressing tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Shelly
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center For Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular derangements involved in the initiation and progression of multiple myeloma are beginning to be translated into novel therapeutic approaches. The myeloma stem cell has been under intense scrutiny regarding its normal B-cell counterpart. Oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, and cell-survival genes have all been found to be dysregulated in some myeloma patients. Growth factors, especially interleukin-6, appear to be critical for disease progression, and interruption of autocrine and paracrine loops has been achieved with resultant inhibition of myeloma cell growth. Mechanisms of drug resistance and the implications of the multidrug resistance phenotype are just beginning to be understood. High-dose therapeutic regimens with autologous peripheral blood stem cell or allogeneic bone marrow rescue are rigorously being studied with an emphasis on exploiting the graft-versus-myeloma effect. Pamidronate, a second-generation bisphosponate, has been shown to be effective at decreasing adverse skeletal events in patients with advanced myeloma. The topoisomerase 1 inhibitor, topotecan, has shown activity in an initial study.
Collapse
|
49
|
Richon VM, Emiliani S, Verdin E, Webb Y, Breslow R, Rifkind RA, Marks PA. A class of hybrid polar inducers of transformed cell differentiation inhibits histone deacetylases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3003-7. [PMID: 9501205 PMCID: PMC19684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.6.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid polar compounds (HPCs) have been synthesized that induce terminal differentiation and/or apoptosis in various transformed cells. We have previously reported on the development of the second-generation HPCs suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and m-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) that are 2,000-fold more potent inducers on a molar basis than the prototype HPC hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). Herein we report that CBHA and SAHA inhibit histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) activity in vitro. Treatment of cells in culture with SAHA results in a marked hyperacetylation of histone H4, but culture with HMBA does not. Murine erythroleukemia cells developed for resistance to SAHA are cross-resistant to trichostatin A, a known deacetylase inhibitor and differentiation inducer, but are not cross-resistant to HMBA. These studies show that the second-generation HPCs, unlike HMBA, are potent inhibitors of HDAC activity. In this sense, HMBA and the second-generation HPCs appear to induce differentiation by different pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Richon
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|