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Svecla M, Da Dalt L, Moregola A, Nour J, Baragetti A, Uboldi P, Donetti E, Arnaboldi L, Beretta G, Bonacina F, Norata GD. ASGR1 deficiency diverts lipids toward adipose tissue but results in liver damage during obesity. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:42. [PMID: 38281933 PMCID: PMC10823681 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-02099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 (ASGR1), primarily expressed on hepatocytes, promotes the clearance and the degradation of glycoproteins, including lipoproteins, from the circulation. In humans, loss-of-function variants of ASGR1 are associated with a favorable metabolic profile and reduced incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which ASGR1 could affect the onset of metabolic syndrome and obesity are unclear. Therefore, here we investigated the contribution of ASGR1 in the development of metabolic syndrome and obesity. METHODS ASGR1 deficient mice (ASGR1-/-) were subjected to a high-fat diet (45% Kcal from fat) for 20 weeks. The systemic metabolic profile, hepatic and visceral adipose tissue were characterized for metabolic and structural alterations, as well as for immune cells infiltration. RESULTS ASGR1-/- mice present a hypertrophic adipose tissue with 41% increase in fat accumulation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), alongside with alteration in lipid metabolic pathways. Intriguingly, ASGR1-/- mice exhibit a comparable response to an acute glucose and insulin challenge in circulation, coupled with notably decreased in circulating cholesterol levels. Although the liver of ASGR1-/- have similar lipid accumulation to the WT mice, they present elevated levels of liver inflammation and a decrease in mitochondrial function. CONCLUSION ASGR1 deficiency impacts energetic homeostasis during obesity leading to improved plasma lipid levels but increased VAT lipid accumulation and liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Svecla
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Da Dalt
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Moregola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jasmine Nour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Uboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Arnaboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Bonacina
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Science "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Svecla M, Nour J, Bladergroen MR, Nicolardi S, Zhang T, Beretta G, Wuhrer M, Norata GD, Falck D. Impact of Asialoglycoprotein Receptor and Mannose Receptor Deficiency on Murine Plasma N-glycome Profiles. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100615. [PMID: 37414249 PMCID: PMC10462831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and the mannose receptor C-type 1 (MRC1) are well known for their selective recognition and clearance of circulating glycoproteins. Terminal galactose and N-Acetylgalactosamine are recognized by ASGPR, while terminal mannose, fucose, and N-Acetylglucosamine are recognized by MRC1. The effects of ASGPR and MRC1 deficiency on the N-glycosylation of individual circulating proteins have been studied. However, the impact on the homeostasis of the major plasma glycoproteins is debated and their glycosylation has not been mapped with high molecular resolution in this context. Therefore, we evaluated the total plasma N-glycome and plasma proteome of ASGR1 and MRC1 deficient mice. ASGPR deficiency resulted in an increase in O-acetylation of sialic acids accompanied by higher levels of apolipoprotein D, haptoglobin, and vitronectin. MRC1 deficiency decreased fucosylation without affecting the abundance of the major circulating glycoproteins. Our findings confirm that concentrations and N-glycosylation of the major plasma proteins are tightly controlled and further suggest that glycan-binding receptors have redundancy, allowing compensation for the loss of one major clearance receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Svecla
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Nour
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M R Bladergroen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Beretta
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; Centro SISA per lo studio dell'Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - D Falck
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Xia D, Hu C, Hou Y. Regorafenib loaded self-assembled lipid-based nanocarrier for colorectal cancer treatment via lymphatic absorption. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 185:165-176. [PMID: 36870399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral chemotherapy can improve the life quality of patients; however, the therapeutic effects are limited by low bioavailability and rapid in vivo elimination of anticancer drugs. Here, we developed a regorafenib (REG)-loaded self-assembled lipid-based nanocarrier (SALN) to improve oral absorption and anti-colorectal cancer efficacy of REG through lymphatic absorption. SALN was prepared with lipid-based excipients to utilize lipid transport in the enterocytes and enhance lymphatic absorption of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract. The particle size of SALN was 106 ± 10 nm. SALNs were internalized by the intestinal epithelium via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and then transported across the epithelium via the chylomicron secretion pathway, resulting in a 3.76-fold increase in drug epithelial permeability (Papp) compared to the solid dispersion (SD). After oral administration to rats, SALNs were transported by the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles of enterocytes and were found in the lamina propria of intestinal villi, abdominal mesenteric lymph, and plasma. The oral bioavailability of SALN was 65.9-fold and 1.70-fold greater than that of the coarse powder suspension and SD, respectively, and was highly dependent on the lymphatic route of absorption. Notably, SALN prolonged the elimination half-life of the drug (9.34 ± 2.51 h) compared to the solid dispersion (3.51 ± 0.46 h), increased the biodistribution of REG in the tumor and gastrointestinal (GI) tract, decreased biodistribution in the liver, and showed better therapeutic efficacy than the solid dispersion in colorectal tumor-bearing mice. These results demonstrated that SALN is promising for the treatment of colorectal cancer via lymphatic transport and has potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengning Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Cunde Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulin Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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4
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Thompson D, Mahmood S, Morrice N, Kamli-Salino S, Dekeryte R, Hoffmann PA, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Delibegović M, Mody N. Fenretinide inhibits obesity and fatty liver disease but induces Smpd3 to increase serum ceramides and worsen atherosclerosis in LDLR -/- mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3937. [PMID: 36894641 PMCID: PMC9998859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30759-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fenretinide is a synthetic retinoid that can prevent obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in mice by directly altering retinol/retinoic acid homeostasis and inhibiting excess ceramide biosynthesis. We determined the effects of Fenretinide on LDLR-/- mice fed high-fat/high-cholesterol diet ± Fenretinide, a model of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fenretinide prevented obesity, improved insulin sensitivity and completely inhibited hepatic triglyceride accumulation, ballooning and steatosis. Moreover, Fenretinide decreased the expression of hepatic genes driving NAFLD, inflammation and fibrosis e.g. Hsd17b13, Cd68 and Col1a1. The mechanisms of Fenretinide's beneficial effects in association with decreased adiposity were mediated by inhibition of ceramide synthesis, via hepatic DES1 protein, leading to increased dihydroceramide precursors. However, Fenretinide treatment in LDLR-/- mice enhanced circulating triglycerides and worsened aortic plaque formation. Interestingly, Fenretinide led to a fourfold increase in hepatic sphingomyelinase Smpd3 expression, via a retinoic acid-mediated mechanism and a further increase in circulating ceramide levels, linking induction of ceramide generation via sphingomyelin hydrolysis to a novel mechanism of increased atherosclerosis. Thus, despite beneficial metabolic effects, Fenretinide treatment may under certain circumstances enhance the development of atherosclerosis. However, targeting both DES1 and Smpd3 may be a novel, more potent therapeutic approach for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Thompson
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Shehroz Mahmood
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nicola Morrice
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sarah Kamli-Salino
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ruta Dekeryte
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Philip A Hoffmann
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Philip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Department of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Science, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mirela Delibegović
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nimesh Mody
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
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5
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Guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of hypolipidemia disorders. J Clin Lipidol 2022; 16:797-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Ldlr-Deficient Mice with an Atherosclerosis-Resistant Background Develop Severe Hyperglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes on a Western-Type Diet. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061429. [PMID: 35740449 PMCID: PMC9220196 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice are two animal models extensively used for atherosclerosis research. We previously reported that Apoe-/- mice on certain genetic backgrounds, including C3H/HeJ (C3H), develop type 2 diabetes when fed a Western diet. We sought to characterize diabetes-related traits in C3H-Ldlr-/- mice through comparing with C3H-Apoe-/- mice. On a chow diet, Ldlr-/- mice had lower plasma total and non-HDL cholesterol levels but higher HDL levels than Apoe-/- mice. Fasting plasma glucose was much lower in Ldlr-/- than Apoe-/- mice (male: 122.5 ± 5.9 vs. 229.4 ± 17.5 mg/dL; female: 144.1 ± 12.4 vs. 232.7 ± 6.4 mg/dL). When fed a Western diet, Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mice developed severe hypercholesterolemia and also hyperglycemia with fasting plasma glucose levels exceeding 250 mg/dL. Both knockouts had similar non-HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and their fasting glucose levels were also similar. Male Ldlr-/- mice exhibited greater glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared to their Apoe-/- counterpart. Female mice showed similar glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity though Ldlr-/- mice had higher non-fasting glucose levels. Male Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mice developed moderate obesity on the Western diet, but female mice did not. These results indicate that the Western diet and ensuing hyperlipidemia lead to the development of type 2 diabetes, irrespective of underlying genetic causes.
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7
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Wołoszynowska-Fraser MU, Kouchmeshky A, McCaffery P. Vitamin A and Retinoic Acid in Cognition and Cognitive Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 40:247-272. [PMID: 32966186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122319-034227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The history of vitamin A goes back over one hundred years, but our realization of its importance for the brain and cognition is much more recent. The brain is more efficient than other target tissues at converting vitamin A to retinoic acid (RA), which activates retinoic acid receptors (RARs). RARs regulate transcription, but their function in the cytoplasm to control nongenomic actions is also crucial. Controlled synthesis of RA is essential for regulating synaptic plasticity in regions of the brain involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus. Vitamin A deficiency results in a deterioration of these functions, and failure of RA signaling is perhaps associated with normal cognitive decline with age as well as with Alzheimer's disease. Further, several psychiatric and developmental disorders that disrupt cognition are also linked with vitamin A and point to their possible treatment with vitamin A or RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azita Kouchmeshky
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - Peter McCaffery
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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8
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Palmisano BT, Yu S, Neuman JC, Zhu L, Luu T, Stafford JM. Low-density lipoprotein receptor is required for cholesteryl ester transfer protein to regulate triglyceride metabolism in both male and female mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14732. [PMID: 33625789 PMCID: PMC7903989 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated triglycerides (TGs) and impaired TG clearance increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in both men and women, but molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid shuttling protein known for its effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although mice lack CETP, transgenic expression of CETP in mice alters TG metabolism in males and females by sex-specific mechanisms. A unifying mechanism explaining how CETP alters TG metabolism in both males and females remains unknown. Since low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) regulates both TG clearance and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) production, LDLR may be involved in CETP-mediated alterations in TG metabolism in both males and females. We hypothesize that LDLR is required for CETP to alter TG metabolism in both males and females. We used LDLR null mice with and without CETP to demonstrate that LDLR is required for CETP to raise plasma TGs and to impair TG clearance in males. We also demonstrate that LDLR is required for CETP to increase TG production and to increase the expression and activity of VLDL synthesis targets in response to estrogen. Additionally, we show that LDLR is required for CETP to enhance β-oxidation. These studies support that LDLR is required for CETP to regulate TG metabolism in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Health SystemVeterans AffairsNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineStanford University Medical CenterStanfordCAUSA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Department of MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Joshua C. Neuman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - Thao Luu
- Tennessee Valley Health SystemVeterans AffairsNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
| | - John M. Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Health SystemVeterans AffairsNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of Molecular Physiology & BiophysicsVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashvilleTNUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTNUSA
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9
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Quadro L, Giordano E, Costabile BK, Nargis T, Iqbal J, Kim Y, Wassef L, Hussain MM. Interplay between β-carotene and lipoprotein metabolism at the maternal-fetal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158591. [PMID: 31863969 PMCID: PMC7302977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient, critical for proper embryonic development in mammals. Both embryonic vitamin A-deficiency or -excess lead to congenital malformations or lethality in mammals, including humans. This is due to the defective transcriptional action of retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, that regulates in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner the expression of genes essential for organogenesis. Thus, an adequate supply of vitamin A from the maternal circulation is vital for normal mammalian fetal development. Provitamin A carotenoids circulate in the maternal bloodstream and are available to the embryo. Of all the dietary carotenoids, β-carotene is the main vitamin A precursor, contributing at least 30% of the vitamin A intake in the industrialized countries and often constituting the sole source of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) in the developing world. In humans, up to 40% of the absorbed dietary β-carotene is incorporated in its intact form in chylomicrons for distribution to other organs within the body, including the developing tissues. Here, it can serve as a source of vitamin A upon conversion into apocarotenoids by its cleavage enzymes. Given that β-carotene is carried in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, and that the placenta acquires, assembles and secretes lipoproteins, it is becoming evident that the maternal-fetal transfer of β-carotene relies on lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we will explore the current knowledge about this important biological process, the cross-talk between carotenoid and lipid metabolism in the context of the maternal-fetal transfer of this provitamin A precursor, and the mechanisms whereby β-carotene is metabolized by the developing tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Quadro
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Corresponding author: Loredana Quadro, PhD; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Tel: +1 848 9325491; Fax: +1 732 9326776;
| | - Elena Giordano
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna K. Costabile
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA;,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Eastern Region, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Younkyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lesley Wassef
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA;,Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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10
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Endres K. Retinoic Acid and the Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer's Disease: Fighting Back-to-Back? Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:405-417. [PMID: 30907321 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190321163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, how these commensals influence disease risk and progression still has to be deciphered. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the interplay between gut microbiota and retinoic acid. The latter one represents one of the important micronutrients, which have been correlated to Alzheimer's disease and are used in initial therapeutic intervention studies. METHODS A selective overview of the literature is given with the focus on the function of retinoic acid in the healthy and diseased brain, its metabolism in the gut, and the potential influence that the bioactive ligand may have on microbiota, gut physiology and, Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Retinoic acid can influence neuronal functionality by means of plasticity but also by neurogenesis and modulating proteostasis. Impaired retinoid-signaling, therefore, might contribute to the development of diseases in the brain. Despite its rather direct impact, retinoic acid also influences other organ systems such as gut by regulating the residing immune cells but also factors such as permeability or commensal microbiota. These in turn can also interfere with retinoid-metabolism and via the gutbrain- axis furthermore with Alzheimer's disease pathology within the brain. CONCLUSION Potentially, it is yet too early to conclude from the few reports on changed microbiota in Alzheimer's disease to a dysfunctional role in retinoid-signaling. However, there are several routes how microbial commensals might affect and might be affected by vitamin A and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Palmisano BT, Anozie U, Yu S, Neuman JC, Zhu L, Edington EM, Luu T, Stafford JM. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Impairs Triglyceride Clearance via Androgen Receptor in Male Mice. Lipids 2020; 56:17-29. [PMID: 32783209 PMCID: PMC7818496 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated postprandial triacylglycerols (TAG) are an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Men have higher plasma TAG and impaired TAG clearance compared to women, which may contribute to sex differences in risk of cardiovascular disease. Understanding mechanisms of sex differences in TAG metabolism may yield novel therapeutic targets to prevent cardiovascular disease. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a lipid shuttling protein known for its effects on high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Although mice lack CETP, we previously demonstrated that transgenic CETP expression in female mice alters TAG metabolism. The impact of CETP on TAG metabolism in males, however, is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that CETP expression increases plasma TAG in males, especially in very‐low density lipoprotein (VLDL), by impairing postprandial plasma TAG clearance compared to wild‐type (WT) males. Gonadal hormones were required for CETP to impair TAG clearance, suggesting a role for sex hormones for this effect. Testosterone replacement in the setting of gonadectomy was sufficient to restore the effect of CETP on TAG. Lastly, liver androgen receptor (AR) was required for CETP to increase plasma TAG. Thus, expression of CETP in males raises plasma TAG by impairing TAG clearance via testosterone signaling to AR. Further understanding of how CETP and androgen signaling impair TAG clearance may lead to novel approaches to reduce TAG and mitigate risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Palmisano
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Uche Anozie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sophia Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Joshua C Neuman
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Emery M Edington
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Thao Luu
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - John M Stafford
- Tennessee Valley Health System, Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Ave., Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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12
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Gao M, Yang C, Wang X, Guo M, Yang L, Gao S, Zhang X, Ruan G, Li X, Tian W, Lu G, Dong X, Ma S, Li W, Wang Y, Zhu H, He J, Yang H, Liu G, Xian X. ApoC2 deficiency elicits severe hypertriglyceridemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis: A rodent model rescued from neonatal death. Metabolism 2020; 109:154296. [PMID: 32562799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE ApoC2 is an important activator for lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich plasma lipoproteins. ApoC2-deficient patients display severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG) and recurrent acute pancreatitis. However, due to embryonic lethality in ApoC2 deleted mouse extensive understanding of ApoC2 function is limited in mammalian species. OBJECTIVE We sought to generate an animal model with ApoC2 deficiency in a rodent with some human-like features and then study the precise effects of ApoC2 on lipid and glucose homeostasis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using CRISPR/Cas9, we deleted Apoc2 gene from golden Syrian hamster and the homozygous (-/-) pups can be born in matured term but exhibited neonatal lethality. By continuous iv administration of normal hamster serum the ApoC2-/- pups could survive till weaning and displayed severe HTG in adulthood on chow diet. A single iv injection of AAV-hApoC2 at birth can also rescue the neonatal death of ApoC2-/- pups. Adult ApoC2-/-hamsters exhibited a unique phenotype of sHTG with hypoglycemia, hypoinsulinemia and spontaneous atherosclerosis. The sHTG in ApoC2-/- adult hamsters could not be corrected by various lipid-lowering medications, but partially ameliorated by medium chain triglyceride diet and completely corrected by AAV-hApoC2. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a novel ApoC2-deleted mammalian model with severe hypertriglyceridemia that was fully characterized and highlights a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of ApoC2 deficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China; Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chun Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Hebei Invivo Biotech Co, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guiyun Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenhong Tian
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weiqin Li
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Xian Nong Tan Street 1, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Xiao B, Mao J, Sun B, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang P, Ruan Z, Xi W, Li H, Zhou J, Lu Y, Ding Q, Wang X, Liu J, Yan J, Luo C, Shi X, Yang R, Xi X. Integrin β3 Deficiency Results in Hypertriglyceridemia via Disrupting LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase) Secretion. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1296-1310. [PMID: 32237906 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Integrin β3 is implicated in numerous biological processes such as its relevance to blood triglyceride, yet whether β3 deficiency affects this metabolic process remains unknown. Approach and Results: We showed that the Chinese patients with β3-deficient Glanzmann thrombasthenia had a 2-fold higher serum triglyceride level together with a lower serum LPL (lipoprotein lipase) level than those with an αIIb deficiency or healthy subjects. The β3 knockout mice recapitulated these phenotypic features. The elevated plasma triglyceride level was due to impaired LPL-mediated triglyceride clearance caused by a disrupted LPL secretion. Further analysis revealed that β3 directly bound LPL via a juxtamembrane TIH (threonine isoleucine histidine)720-722 motif in its cytoplasmic domain and functioned as an adaptor protein by interacting with LPL and PKD (protein kinase D) to form the PKD/β3/LPL complex that is required for β3-mediated LPL secretion. Furthermore, the impaired triglyceride clearance in β3 knockout mice could be corrected by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9)-mediated delivery of wild-type but not TIH720-722-mutated β3 genes. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a hypertriglyceridemia in both β3-deficient Chinese patients and mice and provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the significant roles of β3 in LPL secretion and triglyceride metabolism, drawing attention to the metabolic consequences in patients with β3-deficient Glanzmann thrombasthenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xiao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (B.X., X.X.)
| | - Jianhua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
| | - Boyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (B.S., H.L., R.Y.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
| | - Pengran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
| | - Zheng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
| | - Wenda Xi
- Shanghai Institute of Hypertension, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (W.X.)
| | - Huiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (B.S., H.L., R.Y.)
| | - Jingyi Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.Z., Y.L., Q.D., X.W.)
| | - Yide Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.Z., Y.L., Q.D., X.W.)
| | - Qiulan Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.Z., Y.L., Q.D., X.W.)
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China (J.Z., Y.L., Q.D., X.W.)
| | - Jingqiu Liu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (J.L., C.L.)
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Department of Hematology, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Translational Medicine, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, China (J.Y.)
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China (J.L., C.L.)
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China (X.S.)
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China (B.S., H.L., R.Y.)
| | - Xiaodong Xi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (B.X., X.X.).,State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (J.M., W.Z., Y.W., P.W., Z.R., X.X.)
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14
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Yang Q, Wang P, Yang S, Li X, Zhang X, Ji G, Zhang S, Wang S, Li H. A novel hepatic lectin of zebrafish Danio rerio is involved in innate immune defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 98:670-680. [PMID: 31689552 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ASGPR (asialoglycoprotein receptor, also known as hepatic lectin) was the first identified animal lectin, which participated in a variety of physiological processes. Yet its detailed immune functions are not well studied in lower vertebrates. After reporting a zebrafish hepatic lectin (Zhl), we identified a novel hepatic lectin (zebrafish hepatic lectin-like, Zhl-l) in zebrafish. The zhl-l was mainly expressed in liver in a tissue specific manner. And challenge with LPS/LTA induced a significant change of zhl-l expression. What's more, recombinant C-type lectin domain (rCTLD) of Zhl-l had the activity of agglutinating and binding to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. It promoted the phagocytosis of bacteria by carp macrophages. Moreover, rCTLD could bind to insoluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) independent of Ca2+, which was inhibited by galactose. Interestingly, Zhl-l was located in the membrane, and its overexpression could upregulate the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicated that Zhl-l played a role in immune defense, and would provide further information to understand functions of C-type lectin family and the innate immunity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shuaiqi Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xianpeng Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangdong Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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15
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Anower-E-Khuda F, Singh G, Deng Y, Gordts PLSM, Esko JD. Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein binding and uptake by heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors in a CRISPR/Cas9 library of Hep3B mutants. Glycobiology 2020; 29:582-592. [PMID: 31094413 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding and uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in mice depend on heparan sulfate and the hepatic proteoglycan, syndecan-1 (SDC1). Alteration of glucosamine N-sulfation by deletion of glucosamine N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1 (Ndst1) and 2-O-sulfation of uronic acids by deletion of uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (Hs2st) led to diminished lipoprotein metabolism, whereas inactivation of glucosaminyl 6-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs6st1), which encodes one of the three 6-O-sulfotransferases, had little effect on lipoprotein binding. However, other studies have suggested that 6-O-sulfation may be important for TRL binding and uptake. In order to explain these discrepant findings, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create a library of mutants in the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B. Inactivation of EXT1 encoding the heparan sulfate copolymerase, NDST1 and HS2ST dramatically reduced binding of TRLs. Inactivation of HS6ST1 had no effect, but deletion of HS6ST2 reduced TRL binding. Compounding mutations in HS6ST1 and HS6ST2 did not exacerbate this effect indicating that HS6ST2 is the dominant 6-O-sulfotransferase and that binding of TRLs indeed depends on 6-O-sulfation of glucosamine residues. Uptake studies showed that TRL internalization was also affected in 6-O-sulfation deficient cells. Interestingly, genetic deletion of SDC1 only marginally impacted binding of TRLs but reduced TRL uptake to the same extent as treating the cells with heparin lyases. These findings confirm that SDC1 is the dominant endocytic proteoglycan receptor for TRLs in human Hep3B cells and that binding and uptake of TRLs depend on SDC1 and N- and 2-O-sulfation as well as 6-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate chains catalyzed by HS6ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yiping Deng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Juventas Cell Therapy Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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16
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Reyes-Soffer G, Sztalryd C, Horenstein RB, Holleran S, Matveyenko A, Thomas T, Nandakumar R, Ngai C, Karmally W, Ginsberg HN, Ramakrishnan R, Pollin TI. Effects of APOC3 Heterozygous Deficiency on Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:63-72. [PMID: 30580564 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Apo (apolipoprotein) CIII inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-mediated lipolysis of VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) triglyceride (TG) and decreases hepatic uptake of VLDL remnants. The discovery that 5% of Lancaster Old Order Amish are heterozygous for the APOC3 R19X null mutation provided the opportunity to determine the effects of a naturally occurring reduction in apo CIII levels on the metabolism of atherogenic containing lipoproteins. Approach and Results- We conducted stable isotope studies of VLDL-TG and apoB100 in 5 individuals heterozygous for the null mutation APOC3 R19X (CT) and their unaffected (CC) siblings. Fractional clearance rates and production rates of VLDL-TG and apoB100 in VLDL, IDL (intermediate-density lipoprotein), LDL, apo CIII, and apo CII were determined. Affected (CT) individuals had 49% reduction in plasma apo CIII levels compared with CCs ( P<0.01) and reduced plasma levels of TG (35%, P<0.02), VLDL-TG (45%, P<0.02), and VLDL-apoB100 (36%, P<0.05). These changes were because of higher fractional clearance rates of VLDL-TG and VLDL-apoB100 with no differences in production rates. CTs had higher rates of the conversion of VLDL remnants to LDL compared with CCs. In contrast, rates of direct removal of VLDL remnants did not differ between the groups. As a result, the flux of apoB100 from VLDL to LDL was not reduced, and the plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and LDL-apoB100 were not lower in the CT group. Apo CIII production rate was lower in CTs compared with CCs, whereas apo CII production rate was not different between the 2 groups. The fractional clearance rates of both apo CIII and apo CII were higher in CTs than CCs. Conclusions- These studies demonstrate that 50% reductions in plasma apo CIII, in otherwise healthy subjects, results in a significantly higher rate of conversion of VLDL to LDL, with little effect on direct hepatic uptake of VLDL. When put in the context of studies demonstrating significant protection from cardiovascular events in individuals with loss of function variants in the APOC3 gene, our results provide strong evidence that therapies which increase the efficiency of conversion of VLDL to LDL, thereby reducing remnant concentrations, should reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Carol Sztalryd
- Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (C.S., R.B.H., T.I.P.)
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and VA Maryland Health Care System (C.S., T.I.P.)
| | - Richard B Horenstein
- Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (C.S., R.B.H., T.I.P.)
| | - Stephen Holleran
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Anastasiya Matveyenko
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Colleen Ngai
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Wahida Karmally
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- From the Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., S.H., A.M., T.T., R.N., C.N., W.K., H.N.G., R.R.)
| | - Toni I Pollin
- Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore (C.S., R.B.H., T.I.P.)
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Research Service, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center and VA Maryland Health Care System (C.S., T.I.P.)
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17
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Yang Q, Wang P, Wang S, Wang Y, Feng S, Zhang S, Li H. The hepatic lectin of zebrafish binds a wide range of bacteria and participates in immune defense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:267-278. [PMID: 30120977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) have a diverse range of functions including cell-cell adhesion, immune response to pathogens and apoptosis. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), also known as hepatic lectin, a member of CTLs, was the first animal lectin identified, yet information regarding it remains rather limited in teleost. In this study, we identified a putative protein in zebrafish, named as the zebrafish hepatic lectin (Zhl). The zhl encoded a typical Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-binding protein, and was mainly expressed in the liver in a tissue specific fashion. Challenge with LPS and LTA resulted in significant up-regulation of zhl expression, suggesting involvement in immune response. Actually, recombinant C-type lectin domain (rCTLD) of Zhl was found to be capable of agglutinating and binding to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and enhancing the phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages. Moreover, rCTLD specifically bound to insoluble lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN), which were inhibited by galactose. Interestingly, Zhl was located in the membrane, and its overexpression could inhibit the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results indicate that Zhl has immune activity capable of defending invading pathogens, enriching our understanding of the function of ASGPR/hepatic lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Su Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yashuo Wang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuoqi Feng
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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18
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Spontaneous severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis lesions in rabbits with deficiency of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on exon 7. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:29-38. [PMID: 30243490 PMCID: PMC6197696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) have been the very frequently used as animal models in the study of human lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, because they have similar lipoprotein metabolism to humans. Most of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis rabbit models are produced by feeding rabbits a high-cholesterol diet. Gene editing or knockout (KO) offered another means of producing rabbit models for study of the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins. Even so, apolipoprotein (Apo)E KO rabbits must be fed a high-cholesterol diet to induce hyperlipidemia. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system anchored exon 7 of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) in an attempt to generate KO rabbits. We designed two sgRNA sequences located in E7:g.7055-7074 and E7:g.7102-7124 of rabbit LDLR gene, respectively. Seven LDLR-KO founder rabbits were generated, and all of them contained biallelic modifications. Various mutational LDLR amino acid sequences of the 7 founder rabbits were subjected to tertiary structure modeling with SWISS-MODEL, and results showed that the structure of EGF-A domain of each protein differs from the wild-type. All the founder rabbits spontaneously developed hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis on a normal chow (NC) diet. Analysis of their plasma lipids and lipoproteins at the age of 12 weeks revealed that all these KO rabbits exhibited markedly increased levels of plasma TC (the highest of which was 1013.15 mg/dl, 20-fold higher than wild-type rabbits), LDL-C (the highest of which was 730.00 mg/dl, 35-fold higher than wild-type rabbits) and TG accompanied by reduced HDL-C levels. Pathological examinations of a founder rabbit showed prominent aortic atherosclerosis lesions and coronary artery atherosclerosis.In conclusion, we have reported the generation LDLR-KO rabbit model for the study of spontaneous hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis on a NC diet. The LDLR-KO rabbits should be a useful rabbit model of human familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) for the simulations of human primary hypercholesterolemia and such models would allow more exact research into cardio-cerebrovascular disease.
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Zanoni P, Velagapudi S, Yalcinkaya M, Rohrer L, von Eckardstein A. Endocytosis of lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:273-295. [PMID: 29980055 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During their metabolism, all lipoproteins undergo endocytosis, either to be degraded intracellularly, for example in hepatocytes or macrophages, or to be re-secreted, for example in the course of transcytosis by endothelial cells. Moreover, there are several examples of internalized lipoproteins sequestered intracellularly, possibly to exert intracellular functions, for example the cytolysis of trypanosoma. Endocytosis and the subsequent intracellular itinerary of lipoproteins hence are key areas for understanding the regulation of plasma lipid levels as well as the biological functions of lipoproteins. Indeed, the identification of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor and the unraveling of its transcriptional regulation led to the elucidation of familial hypercholesterolemia as well as to the development of statins, the most successful therapeutics for lowering of cholesterol levels and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Novel limiting factors of intracellular trafficking of LDL and the LDL receptor continue to be discovered and to provide drug targets such as PCSK9. Surprisingly, the receptors mediating endocytosis of high-density lipoproteins or lipoprotein(a) are still a matter of controversy or even new discovery. Finally, the receptors and mechanisms, which mediate the uptake of lipoproteins into non-degrading intracellular itineraries for re-secretion (transcytosis, retroendocytosis), storage, or execution of intracellular functions, are largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Zanoni
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srividya Velagapudi
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mustafa Yalcinkaya
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Dijk W, Le May C, Cariou B. Beyond LDL: What Role for PCSK9 in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:420-434. [PMID: 29665987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9 (PCSK9) - a protein therapeutically targeted to lower plasma cholesterol levels - might regulate plasma TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels. We provide a timely and critical review of the current evidence for a role of PCSK9 in TRL metabolism by assessing the impact of PCSK9 gene variants, by reviewing recent clinical data with PCSK9 inhibitors, and by describing the potential mechanisms by which PCSK9 might regulate TRL metabolism. We conclude that the impact of PCSK9 on TRL metabolism is relatively modest, especially compared to its impact on cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU NANTES, Nantes, France.
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21
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Choi SH, Gharahmany G, Walzem RL, Meade TH, Smith SB. Ground Beef High in Total Fat and Saturated Fatty Acids Decreases X Receptor Signaling Targets in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Men and Women. Lipids 2018; 53:279-290. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong H. Choi
- Department of Animal Science; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 362-763 South Korea
| | - Ghazal Gharahmany
- Department of Animal Science; 2471 Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science; 2742 Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Thomas H. Meade
- Scott and White Clinic; Cardiology, 700 Scott and White Drive, College Station TX USA
| | - Stephen B. Smith
- Department of Animal Science; 2471 Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
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22
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Saeed A, Dullaart RPF, Schreuder TCMA, Blokzijl H, Faber KN. Disturbed Vitamin A Metabolism in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2017; 10:nu10010029. [PMID: 29286303 PMCID: PMC5793257 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for important physiological processes, including embryogenesis, vision, cell proliferation and differentiation, immune regulation, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Many of vitamin A’s functions are executed through retinoic acids that activate transcriptional networks controlled by retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs).The liver plays a central role in vitamin A metabolism: (1) it produces bile supporting efficient intestinal absorption of fat-soluble nutrients like vitamin A; (2) it produces retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) that distributes vitamin A, as retinol, to peripheral tissues; and (3) it harbors the largest body supply of vitamin A, mostly as retinyl esters, in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In times of inadequate dietary intake, the liver maintains stable circulating retinol levels of approximately 2 μmol/L, sufficient to provide the body with this vitamin for months. Liver diseases, in particular those leading to fibrosis and cirrhosis, are associated with impaired vitamin A homeostasis and may lead to vitamin A deficiency. Liver injury triggers HSCs to transdifferentiate to myofibroblasts that produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis. HSCs lose the retinyl ester stores in this process, ultimately leading to vitamin A deficiency. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is a spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); it may progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. NASH is projected to be the main cause of liver failure in the near future. Retinoic acids are key regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, but it is unknown whether impaired vitamin A homeostasis contributes to or suppresses the development of NAFLD. A genetic variant of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3-I148M) is the most prominent heritable factor associated with NAFLD. Interestingly, PNPLA3 harbors retinyl ester hydrolase activity and PNPLA3-I148M is associated with low serum retinol level, but enhanced retinyl esters in the liver of NAFLD patients. Low circulating retinol in NAFLD may therefore not reflect true “vitamin A deficiency”, but rather disturbed vitamin A metabolism. Here, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin A metabolism in NAFLD and its putative role in the progression of liver disease, as well as the therapeutic potential of vitamin A metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Bio-Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim C M A Schreuder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Klaas Nico Faber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Shen J, Tong X, Sud N, Khound R, Song Y, Maldonado-Gomez MX, Walter J, Su Q. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Signaling Mediates the Triglyceride-Lowering Action of
Akkermansia muciniphila
in Genetic-Induced Hyperlipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1448-56. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Xuedong Tong
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Neetu Sud
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Rituraj Khound
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Yongyan Song
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Maria X. Maldonado-Gomez
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Jens Walter
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
| | - Qiaozhu Su
- From the Departments of Nutrition and Health Sciences (J.S., X.T., N.S., R.K., Y.S., Q.S.) and Food Science and Technology (M.X.M.-G.), University of Nebraska-Lincoln; and Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (J.W.)
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24
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Vitamin A Transport Mechanism of the Multitransmembrane Cell-Surface Receptor STRA6. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:425-53. [PMID: 26343735 PMCID: PMC4584289 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A has biological functions as diverse as sensing light for vision, regulating stem cell differentiation, maintaining epithelial integrity, promoting immune competency, regulating learning and memory, and acting as a key developmental morphogen. Vitamin A derivatives have also been used in treating human diseases. If vitamin A is considered a drug that everyone needs to take to survive, evolution has come up with a natural drug delivery system that combines sustained release with precise and controlled delivery to the cells or tissues that depend on it. This "drug delivery system" is mediated by plasma retinol binding protein (RBP), the principle and specific vitamin A carrier protein in the blood, and STRA6, the cell-surface receptor for RBP that mediates cellular vitamin A uptake. The mechanism by which the RBP receptor absorbs vitamin A from the blood is distinct from other known cellular uptake mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in elucidating the fundamental molecular mechanism mediated by the RBP receptor and multiple newly discovered catalytic activities of this receptor, and compares this transport system with retinoid transport independent of RBP/STRA6. How to target this new type of transmembrane receptor using small molecules in treating diseases is also discussed.
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25
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de Guia RM, Rose AJ, Sommerfeld A, Seibert O, Strzoda D, Zota A, Feuchter Y, Krones-Herzig A, Sijmonsma T, Kirilov M, Sticht C, Gretz N, Dallinga-Thie G, Diederichs S, Klöting N, Blüher M, Berriel Diaz M, Herzig S. microRNA-379 couples glucocorticoid hormones to dysfunctional lipid homeostasis. EMBO J 2014; 34:344-60. [PMID: 25510864 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, glucocorticoids (GCs) and their intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), represent critical checkpoints in the endocrine control of energy homeostasis. Indeed, aberrant GC action is linked to severe metabolic stress conditions as seen in Cushing's syndrome, GC therapy and certain components of the Metabolic Syndrome, including obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we identify the hepatic induction of the mammalian conserved microRNA (miR)-379/410 genomic cluster as a key component of GC/GR-driven metabolic dysfunction. Particularly, miR-379 was up-regulated in mouse models of hyperglucocorticoidemia and obesity as well as human liver in a GC/GR-dependent manner. Hepatocyte-specific silencing of miR-379 substantially reduced circulating very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-associated triglyceride (TG) levels in healthy mice and normalized aberrant lipid profiles in metabolically challenged animals, mediated through miR-379 effects on key receptors in hepatic TG re-uptake. As hepatic miR-379 levels were also correlated with GC and TG levels in human obese patients, the identification of a GC/GR-controlled miRNA cluster not only defines a novel layer of hormone-dependent metabolic control but also paves the way to alternative miRNA-based therapeutic approaches in metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roldan M de Guia
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adam J Rose
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anke Sommerfeld
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oksana Seibert
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniela Strzoda
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Zota
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Feuchter
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Krones-Herzig
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tjeerd Sijmonsma
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milen Kirilov
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Medical Research Center, Klinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical Research Center, Klinikum Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Sven Diederichs
- Helmholtz-University-Group Molecular RNA Biology and Cancer DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany Institute of Pathology Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance and Network Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Ason B, van der Hoorn JWA, Chan J, Lee E, Pieterman EJ, Nguyen KK, Di M, Shetterly S, Tang J, Yeh WC, Schwarz M, Jukema JW, Scott R, Wasserman SM, Princen HMG, Jackson S. PCSK9 inhibition fails to alter hepatic LDLR, circulating cholesterol, and atherosclerosis in the absence of ApoE. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2370-9. [PMID: 25258384 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m053207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) contributes to coronary heart disease. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) increases LDL-C by inhibiting LDL-C clearance. The therapeutic potential for PCSK9 inhibitors is highlighted by the fact that PCSK9 loss-of-function carriers exhibit 15-30% lower circulating LDL-C and a disproportionately lower risk (47-88%) of experiencing a cardiovascular event. Here, we utilized pcsk9(-/-) mice and an anti-PCSK9 antibody to study the role of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and ApoE in PCSK9-mediated regulation of plasma cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesion development. We found that circulating cholesterol and atherosclerotic lesions were minimally modified in pcsk9(-/-) mice on either an LDLR- or ApoE-deficient background. Acute administration of an anti-PCSK9 antibody did not reduce circulating cholesterol in an ApoE-deficient background, but did reduce circulating cholesterol (-45%) and TGs (-36%) in APOE*3Leiden.cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mice, which contain mouse ApoE, human mutant APOE3*Leiden, and a functional LDLR. Chronic anti-PCSK9 antibody treatment in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerotic lesion area (-91%) and reduced lesion complexity. Taken together, these results indicate that both LDLR and ApoE are required for PCSK9 inhibitor-mediated reductions in atherosclerosis, as both are needed to increase hepatic LDLR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Ason
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Joyce Chan
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Edward Lee
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elsbet J Pieterman
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mei Di
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Protein Technologies, Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | - Wen-Chen Yeh
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Scott
- Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Hans M G Princen
- TNO-Metabolic Health Research, Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jackson
- Metabolic Disorders Amgen, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
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27
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Li YH, Liu L. Apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins modulate adipocyte triglyceride content. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:136. [PMID: 25148848 PMCID: PMC4156606 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive energy storage of adipose tissue makes contribution to the occurrence and progression of obesity, which accompanies with multiple adverse complications, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases. It is well known that apolipoprotein E, as a component of lipoproteins, performs a key role in maintaining plasma lipoproteins homeostasis. Interestingly, apolipoprotein E is highly expressed in adipocyte and has positive relation with body fat mass. Apolipoprotein E knock-out mice show small fat mass compared to wild type mice. Moreover, adipocyte deficiency in apolipoprotein E shows impaired lipoproeteins internalization and triglyceride accumulation. Apolipopreotein E-deficient lipoproteins can not induce preadipocyte to form round full-lipid adipocyte, whereas apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins can. This article mainly reviews the modulation of apolipoprotein E synthesized by adipocyte and apolipoprotein E carried on lipoproteins in adipocyte triglyceride content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, #139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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28
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Layeghkhavidaki H, Lanhers MC, Akbar S, Gregory-Pauron L, Oster T, Grova N, Appenzeller B, Jasniewski J, Feidt C, Corbier C, Yen FT. Inhibitory action of benzo[α]pyrene on hepatic lipoprotein receptors in vitro and on liver lipid homeostasis in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102991. [PMID: 25054229 PMCID: PMC4108373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia associated with obesity often manifests as increased plasma LDL and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein levels suggesting changes in hepatic lipoprotein receptor status. Persistent organic pollutants have been recently postulated to contribute to the obesity etiology by increasing adipogenesis, but little information is available on their potential effect on hepatic lipoprotein metabolism. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the common environmental pollutant, benzo[α]pyrene (B[α]P) on two lipoprotein receptors, the LDL-receptor and the lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) as well as the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) using cell and animal models. RESULTS LSR, LDL-receptor as well as ABCA1 protein levels were significantly decreased by 26-48% in Hepa1-6 cells incubated (<2 h) in the presence of B[α]P (≤1 µM). Real-time PCR analysis and lactacystin studies revealed that this effect was due primarily to increased proteasome, and not lysosomal-mediated degradation rather than decreased transcription. Furthermore, ligand blots revealed that lipoproteins exposed to 1 or 5 µM B[α]P displayed markedly decreased (42-86%) binding to LSR or LDL-receptor. B[α]P-treated (0.5 mg/kg/48 h, i.p. 15 days) C57BL/6J mice displayed higher weight gain, associated with significant increases in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, and liver cholesterol content, and decreased hepatic LDL-receptor and ABCA1 levels. Furthermore, correlational analysis revealed that B[α]P abolished the positive association observed in control mice between the LSR and LDL-receptor. Interestingly, levels of other proteins involved in liver cholesterol metabolism, ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 and scavenger receptor-BI, were decreased, while those of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and 2 were increased in B[α]P-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS B[α]P demonstrates inhibitory action on LSR and LDL-R, as well as ABCA1, which we propose leads to modified lipid status in B[α]P-treated mice, thus providing new insight into mechanisms underlying the involvement of pollutants in the disruption of lipid homeostasis, potentially contributing to dyslipidemia associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Layeghkhavidaki
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Claire Lanhers
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Samina Akbar
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Lynn Gregory-Pauron
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Thierry Oster
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nathalie Grova
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Brice Appenzeller
- Laboratory of Analytical Human Biomonitoring, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jordane Jasniewski
- Laboratoire d'Ingenérie des Biomolécules, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Corbier
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Frances T. Yen
- Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux EA3998, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique USC 0340, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Sips FLP, Tiemann CA, Oosterveer MH, Groen AK, Hilbers PAJ, van Riel NAW. A computational model for the analysis of lipoprotein distributions in the mouse: translating FPLC profiles to lipoprotein metabolism. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003579. [PMID: 24784354 PMCID: PMC4006703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances of lipoprotein metabolism are recognized as indicators of cardiometabolic disease risk. Lipoprotein size and composition, measured in a lipoprotein profile, are considered to be disease risk markers. However, the measured profile is a collective result of complex metabolic interactions, which complicates the identification of changes in metabolism. In this study we aim to develop a method which quantitatively relates murine lipoprotein size, composition and concentration to the molecular mechanisms underlying lipoprotein metabolism. We introduce a computational framework which incorporates a novel kinetic model of murine lipoprotein metabolism. The model is applied to compute a distribution of plasma lipoproteins, which is then related to experimental lipoprotein profiles through the generation of an in silico lipoprotein profile. The model was first applied to profiles obtained from wild-type C57Bl/6J mice. The results provided insight into the interplay of lipoprotein production, remodelling and catabolism. Moreover, the concentration and metabolism of unmeasured lipoprotein components could be determined. The model was validated through the prediction of lipoprotein profiles of several transgenic mouse models commonly used in cardiovascular research. Finally, the framework was employed for longitudinal analysis of the profiles of C57Bl/6J mice following a pharmaceutical intervention with a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist. The multifaceted regulatory response to the administration of the compound is incompletely understood. The results explain the characteristic changes of the observed lipoprotein profile in terms of the underlying metabolic perturbation and resultant modifications of lipid fluxes in the body. The Murine Lipoprotein Profiler (MuLiP) presented here is thus a valuable tool to assess the metabolic origin of altered murine lipoprotein profiles and can be applied in preclinical research performed in mice for analysis of lipid fluxes and lipoprotein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fianne L P Sips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian A Tiemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike H Oosterveer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert K Groen
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A J Hilbers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natal A W van Riel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Pieper-Fürst U, Lammert F. Low-density lipoprotein receptors in liver: old acquaintances and a newcomer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1191-8. [PMID: 24046859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The lipoprotein receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and megalin/LRP2 share characteristic structural elements. In addition to their well-known roles in endocytosis of lipoproteins and systemic lipid homeostasis, it has been established that LRP1 mediates the endocytotic clearance of a multitude of extracellular ligands and regulates diverse signaling processes such as growth factor signaling, inflammatory signaling pathways, apoptosis, and phagocytosis in liver. Here, possible functions of LRP1 expression in hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in healthy and injured liver are discussed. Recent studies indicate the expression of megalin (LRP2) by hepatic stellate cells, myofibroblasts and Kupffer cells and hypothesize that LRP2 might represent another potential regulator of hepatic inflammatory processes. These observations provide the experimental framework for the systematic and dynamic analysis of the LDLR family during chronic liver injury and fibrogenesis.
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31
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Takahara EI, Mantani Y, Udayanga KGS, Qi WM, Tanida T, Takeuchi T, Yokoyama T, Hoshi N, Kitagawa H. Ultrastructural demonstration of the absorption and transportation of minute chylomicrons by subepithelial blood capillaries in rat jejunal villi. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1563-9. [PMID: 23892460 PMCID: PMC3942955 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chylomicrons from villous columnar epithelial cells are generally known to be
transported only by central lymph vessels (CLV), whereas antigenic particulates derived
from the intestinal lumen can also be transported by subepithelial blood capillaries
(sBCs) in rat intestinal villi. The possibility of chylomicron absorption by sBCs was
histoplanimetrically studied in the rat jejunum under a transmission electron microscope.
The chylomicrons more abundantly presented in villous venules than in arterioles. The most
frequent size (MFS) of chylomicrons was 75 to 90 nm in diameter in the areas near sBCs,
while it was 45 to 60 nm in the epithelial intercellular spaces just above sBCs or the
intermediate areas between sBCs. The MFS of chylomicrons was 45 to 60 nm in the
intermediate areas between sBCs and in the epithelial intercellular spaces just above
these areas. The MFS of chylomicrons in CLV was intermediate between that in the area
adjacent to sBCs and that in the intermediate areas between sBCs. Chylomicrons were found
in small vesicles in the endothelial cytoplasms of sBCs. No chylomicrons larger than 600
nm were observed in the lamina propria. These findings suggest that some of the
chylomicrons smaller than 75 nm, which are probable intestinal very low-density
lipoproteins (VLDL), are directly transported to the liver by hepatic portal blood in
addition to CLV and that epithelial fat droplets larger than 600 nm are not discharged
into lamina propria in rat jejunum under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei-Ichirou Takahara
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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32
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Foley EM, Gordts PLSM, Stanford KI, Gonzales JC, Lawrence R, Stoddard N, Esko JD. Hepatic remnant lipoprotein clearance by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptors depend on dietary conditions in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2065-74. [PMID: 23846497 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chylomicron and very low-density lipoprotein remnants are cleared from the circulation in the liver by heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) receptors (syndecan-1), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and LDLR-related protein-1 (LRP1), but the relative contribution of each class of receptors under different dietary conditions remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance was measured in AlbCre(+)Ndst1(f/f), Ldlr(-/-), and AlbCre(+)Lrp1(f/f) mice and mice containing combinations of these mutations. Triglyceride measurements in single and double mutant mice showed that HSPGs and LDLR dominate clearance under fasting conditions and postprandial conditions, but LRP1 contributes significantly when LDLR is absent. Mice lacking hepatic expression of all 3 receptors (AlbCre(+)Ndst1(f/f) Lrp1(f/f) Ldlr(-/-)) displayed dramatic hyperlipidemia (870 ± 270 mg triglyceride/dL; 1300 ± 350 mg of total cholesterol/dL) and exhibited persistent elevated postprandial triglyceride levels because of reduced hepatic clearance. Analysis of the particles accumulating in mutants showed that HSPGs preferentially clear a subset of small triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (≈ 20-40 nm diameter), whereas LDLR and LRP1 clear larger particles (≈ 40-60 nm diameter). Finally, we show that HSPGs play a major role in clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice fed normal chow or under postprandial conditions but seem to play a less significant role on a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS These data show that HSPGs, LDLR, and LRP1 clear distinct subsets of particles, that HSPGs work independently of LDLR and LRP1, and that HSPGs, LDLR, and LRP1 are the 3 major hepatic triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance receptors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jon C Gonzales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicole Stoddard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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33
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Hepatitis C virus, cholesterol and lipoproteins--impact for the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of liver disease. Viruses 2013; 5:1292-324. [PMID: 23698400 PMCID: PMC3712309 DOI: 10.3390/v5051292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease, including chronic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C infection associates with lipid and lipoprotein metabolism disorders such as hepatic steatosis, hypobetalipoproteinemia, and hypocholesterolemia. Furthermore, virus production is dependent on hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly, and circulating virions are physically associated with lipoproteins in complexes termed lipoviral particles. Evidence has indicated several functional roles for the formation of these complexes, including co-opting of lipoprotein receptors for attachment and entry, concealing epitopes to facilitate immune escape, and hijacking host factors for HCV maturation and secretion. Here, we review the evidence surrounding pathogenesis of the hepatitis C infection regarding lipoprotein engagement, cholesterol and triglyceride regulation, and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Le May C, Berger JM, Lespine A, Pillot B, Prieur X, Letessier E, Hussain MM, Collet X, Cariou B, Costet P. Transintestinal cholesterol excretion is an active metabolic process modulated by PCSK9 and statin involving ABCB1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1484-93. [PMID: 23559630 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is an alternate pathway to hepatobiliary secretion. Our study aimed at identifying molecular mechanisms of TICE. APPROACH AND RESULTS We studied TICE ex vivo in mouse and human intestinal explants, and in vivo after bile diversion and intestinal cannulation in mice. We provide the first evidence that both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein deliver cholesterol for TICE in human and mouse jejunal explants at the basolateral side. Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9)(-/-) mice and intestinal explants show increased LDL-TICE, and acute injection of PCSK9 decreases TICE in vivo, suggesting that PCSK9 is a repressor of TICE. The acute repression was dependent on the LDL receptor (LDLR). Further, TICE was increased when mice were treated with lovastatin. These data point to an important role for LDLR in TICE. However, LDLR(-/-) mice showed increased intestinal LDL uptake, contrary to what is observed in the liver, and tended to have higher TICE. We interpret these data to suggest that there might be at least 2 mechanisms contributing to TICE; 1 involving LDL receptors and other unidentified mechanisms. Acute modulation of LDLR affects TICE, but chronic deficiency is compensated for most likely by the upregulation of the unknown mechanisms. Using mice deficient for apical multidrug active transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter B1 a and b, and its inhibitor, we show that these apical transporters contribute significantly to TICE. CONCLUSIONS TICE is operative in human jejunal explants. It is a metabolically active process that can be acutely regulated, inversely related to cholesterolemia, and pharmacologically activated by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le May
- INSERM, UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, Nantes F-44000, France
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35
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Zheng XY, Zhao SP, Yan H. The role of apolipoprotein A5 in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 88:490-8. [PMID: 23279260 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha; 410011; China
| | - Shui-Ping Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha; 410011; China
| | - Hu Yan
- Institute of Mental Health; The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha; 410011; China
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36
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Roggenbuck D, Mytilinaiou MG, Lapin SV, Reinhold D, Conrad K. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR): a peculiar target of liver-specific autoimmunity. AUTO- IMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2012; 3:119-25. [PMID: 26000135 PMCID: PMC4389076 DOI: 10.1007/s13317-012-0041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) autoantibodies have been considered specific markers of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The exact mechanisms responsible for the development of these autoantibodies and leading to autoimmunity to this peculiar liver receptor remain elusive. Furthermore, loss of T cell tolerance to ASGPR has been demonstrated in patients with AIH, but it is poorly understood whether such liver-specific T cell responses bear a pathogenic potential and/or participate in the precipitation of AIH. Newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have led to the investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of anti-ASGPR antibodies for AIH. The present review provides an overview of the diagnostic and clinical relevance of anti-ASGPR antibodies. A thorough investigation of the autoreactivity against ASGPR may assist efforts to understand liver autoimmunity in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roggenbuck
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
- GA Generic Assays GmbH, 15827 Dahlewitz/Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria G. Mytilinaiou
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sergey V. Lapin
- Laboratory of Autoimmune Diagnostics, St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St.Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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37
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Carboxylesterase1/Esterase-x regulates chylomicron production in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49515. [PMID: 23145182 PMCID: PMC3492262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations are commonly associated with obesity and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Dietary fat contributes to this condition through the production of chylomicrons. Carboxylesterases have been mainly studied for their role in drug metabolism, but recently they have been shown to participate in lipid metabolism; however, their role in intestinal lipid metabolism is unknown. Carboxylesterase1/esterase-x (Ces1/Es-x) deficient mice become obese, hyperlipidemic and develop hepatic steatosis even on standard chow diet. Here, we aimed to explore the role of Ces1/Es-x in intestinal lipid metabolism. Six-month old wild-type and Ces1/Es-x deficient mice were maintained on chow diet and intestinal lipid metabolism and plasma chylomicron clearance were analyzed. Along the intestine Ces1/Es-x protein is expressed only in proximal jejunum. Ablation of Ces1/Es-x expression results in postprandial hyperlipidemia due to increased secretion of chylomicrons. The secreted chylomicrons have aberrant protein composition, which results in their reduced clearance. In conclusion, Ces1/Es-x participates in the regulation of chylomicron assembly and secretion. Ces1/Es-x might act as a lipid sensor in enterocytes regulating chylomicron secretion rate. Ces1/Es-x might represent an attractive pharmacological target for the treatment of lipid abnormalities associated with obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
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38
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Tada H, Kawashiri MA, Tanaka A, Nakano T, Nakajima K, Inoue T, Noguchi T, Nakanishi C, Konno T, Hayashi K, Nohara A, Inazu A, Kobayashi J, Mabuchi H, Yamagishi M. Post-prandial remnant lipoprotein metabolism in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:1094-9. [PMID: 22725843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotype of autosomal recessive hypercholesterolaemia (ARH), a rare lipid disorder, is known to be milder than that of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) with LDL receptor gene mutation. However, few data exist regarding the functional differences in ARH and FH particularly in terms of remnant-like particles' (RLP) metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood sampling was performed up to 6h after OFTT cream loading (50 g/body surface area) with 2-h intervals in a single ARH proband, four heterozygous FH patients with LDL receptor gene mutation and four normal controls. Plasma lipoprotein and RLP fraction were determined by HPLC system. The area under curve (AUC) of each lipoprotein including RLP fractions was evaluated. RESULTS The AUC of TG, RLP cholesterol (RLP-C) and RLP triglyceride (RLP-TG) levels of heterozygous FH subjects was significantly higher than those of controls (466±71 mg/dL×h vs. 303±111 mg/dL×h, P<0·05; 35±7 mg/dL×h vs. 21±8 mg/dL×h, P<0·05; 124±57 mg/dL×h vs. 51±13 mg/dL×h, P<0·05, respectively). Under these conditions, those values of ARH were close to those of controls (310 mg/dL×h, 22 mg/dL×h, 23 mg/dL×h, respectively). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that unlike in FH, RLP clearance is preserved in ARH. The preservation of post-prandial RLP clearance may contribute to the mild phenotype of ARH compared with FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan.
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39
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Wang L, Shearer GC, Budamagunta MS, Voss JC, Molfino A, Kaysen GA. Proteinuria decreases tissue lipoprotein receptor levels resulting in altered lipoprotein structure and increasing lipid levels. Kidney Int 2012; 82:990-9. [PMID: 22785171 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2012.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rats with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have a fivefold increase in lipids and a similar decrease in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) clearance. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is reduced both in NS and in the Nagase analbuminemic rat. These rats have nearly normal triglyceride levels and TRL clearance, suggesting that reduction in LPL alone is insufficient to cause increased TRL levels. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) was decreased in lipoprotein fractions in NS, but not in analbuminemia. Here we tested whether decreased apoE binding to lipoproteins in NS contributes to hyperlipidemia by decreasing their affinity for lipoprotein receptors. Plasma apoE was increased 60% in both NS and analbuminemia compared with control (CTRL) as a result of a 60% decreased apoE clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein in NS had significantly less apoE per mole of phospholipid compared with analbuminemia or CTRL and significantly greater lipid content; however, apoE binding did not differ by lipoprotein class or group. There was a significant reduction of receptors for lipoproteins in nearly all tissues in NS compared with CTRL and analbuminemia. Thus, apoE within lipoprotein fractions was reduced by dilution resulting from expansion of the lipid fraction due to decreased lipolysis and not to differing affinity for apoE. Decreased lipoprotein receptors result from proteinuria and contribute to hyperlipidemia in NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Department of Veteran's Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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40
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Rigopoulou EI, Roggenbuck D, Smyk DS, Liaskos C, Mytilinaiou MG, Feist E, Conrad K, Bogdanos DP. Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) as target autoantigen in liver autoimmunity: lost and found. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 12:260-9. [PMID: 22571878 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) has attracted the attention of liver immunologists for many years. This liver-specific lectin was found to be a major B and T cell autoantigenic target in patients with autoimmune liver diseases, and in particular in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). This review discusses the biological significance of ASGPR and its relevance to the pathogenesis of autoimmune and virus-triggered liver diseases. We also discuss emerging data on the diagnostic and clinical relevance of anti-ASGPR antibodies in light of recent reports based on commercially available anti-ASGPR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Finally, we critically revisit the data reporting on disease-specific cellular immune responses against ASGPR and their relevance in relation to the pathogenesis of AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini I Rigopoulou
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly Medical School, Viopolis 41110, Larissa, Greece.
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41
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Deng Y, Foley EM, Gonzales JC, Gordts PL, Li Y, Esko JD. Shedding of syndecan-1 from human hepatocytes alters very low density lipoprotein clearance. Hepatology 2012; 55:277-86. [PMID: 21898481 PMCID: PMC3245353 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently showed that the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 mediates hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in mice based on systemic deletion of syndecan-1 and hepatocyte-specific inactivation of sulfotransferases involved in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Here, we show that syndecan-1 expressed on primary human hepatocytes and Hep3B human hepatoma cells can mediate binding and uptake of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Syndecan-1 also undergoes spontaneous shedding from primary human and murine hepatocytes and Hep3B cells. In human cells, phorbol myristic acid induces syndecan-1 shedding, resulting in accumulation of syndecan-1 ectodomains in the medium. Shedding occurs through a protein kinase C-dependent activation of ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17). Phorbol myristic acid stimulation significantly decreases DiD (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine perchlorate)-VLDL binding to cells, and shed syndecan-1 ectodomains bind to VLDL. Although mouse hepatocytes appear resistant to induced shedding in vitro, injection of lipopolysaccharide into mice results in loss of hepatic syndecan-1, accumulation of ectodomains in the plasma, impaired VLDL catabolism, and hypertriglyceridemia. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that syndecan-1 mediates hepatic VLDL turnover in humans as well as in mice and that shedding might contribute to hypertriglyceridemia in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Deng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Erin M. Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jon C. Gonzales
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Philip L. Gordts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Author to whom proofs should be sent: Jeffrey D. Esko, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, Ph: 858-822-1100, Fx: 858-534-5611,
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Chan DC, Watts GF. Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia: thinking outside the box. Metabolism 2012; 61:3-11. [PMID: 21945105 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a dominantly inherited disorder principally due to mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that classically cause markedly elevated plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations and premature coronary heart disease (CHD). However, elevated plasma LDL cholesterol alone does not fully account for the increase or variation in risk of CHD. We propose a hypothetical model for the role of postprandial dyslipoproteinemia based on the overproduction and decreased catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which may be a consequence of LDL receptor deficiency. Expression of postprandial dyslipoproteinemia in FH may also depend on the type of pathogenic gene variants and on coexistent conditions, particularly obesity and insulin resistance. Further research is required to investigate our model proposed and to test whether treating postprandial dyslipoproteinemia decreases CHD risk in FH incremental to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick C Chan
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Petropoulou PA, Gantz DL, Wang Y, Rensen PCN, Kypreos KE. The aminoterminal 1-185 domain of human apolipoprotein E suffices for the de novo biogenesis of apoE-containing HDL-like particles in apoA-I deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2011; 219:116-23. [PMID: 21802082 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently we showed that apolipoprotein E promotes the de novo biogenesis of apoE-containing HDL particles in a process that requires the function of the lipid transporter ABCA1. Here, we sought to identify the domain of apoE that is responsible for its functional interactions with ABCA1 and the formation of apoE-rich HDL-like particles. METHODS AND RESULTS Recombinant attenuated adenoviruses expressing carboxy-terminal truncated forms of apoE4 (apoE4[1-259], apoE4[1-229], apoE4[1-202], and apoE4[1-185]) were administered to apoA-I-deficient mice at a low dose of 8×10(8) pfu and five days post-infection plasma samples were isolated and analyzed for HDL formation. Fractionation of plasma lipoproteins of the infected mice by density gradient ultracentrifugation and FPLC revealed that all forms were capable of promoting HDL formation. Negative staining electron microscopy analysis of the HDL density fractions confirmed that all C-terminal truncated forms of apoE4 promoted the formation of particles with diameters in the HDL region. Interestingly, apoE4[1-259], apoE4[1-229], and apoE4[1-202] led to the formation of spherical particles while plasma from apoE4[1-185] expressing mice contained a mixture of spherical and discoidal particles. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data establish that the aminoterminal 1-185 region of apoE suffices for the formation of HDL particles in vivo. Our findings may have important ramifications in the design of new biological drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.
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van de Pas NCA, Woutersen RA, van Ommen B, Rietjens IMCM, de Graaf AA. A physiologically-based kinetic model for the prediction of plasma cholesterol concentrations in the mouse. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1811:333-42. [PMID: 21320632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are determined by the activity of a complex network of reactions in several organs. Physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) computational models can be used to describe these different reactions in an integrated, quantitative manner. A PBK model to predict plasma cholesterol levels in the mouse was developed, validated, and analyzed. Kinetic parameters required for defining the model were obtained using data from published experiments. To construct the model, a set of appropriate submodels was selected from a set of 65,536 submodels differing in the kinetic expressions of the reactions. A submodel was considered appropriate if it had the ability to correctly predict an increased or decreased plasma cholesterol level for a training set of 5 knockout mouse strains. The model thus defined consisted of 8 appropriate submodels and was validated using data from an independent set of 9 knockout mouse strains. The model prediction is the average prediction of 8 appropriate submodels. Remarkably, these submodels had in common that the rate of cholesterol transport from the liver to HDL was not dependent on hepatic cholesterol concentrations. The model appeared able to accurately predict in a quantitative way the plasma cholesterol concentrations of all 14 knockout strains considered, including the frequently used Ldlr-/- and Apoe-/- mouse strains. The model presented is a useful tool to predict the effect of knocking out genes that act in important steps in cholesterol metabolism on total plasma cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek C A van de Pas
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Planer D, Metzger S, Zcharia E, Wexler ID, Vlodavsky I, Chajek-Shaul T. Role of heparanase on hepatic uptake of intestinal derived lipoprotein and fatty streak formation in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18370. [PMID: 21483695 PMCID: PMC3070732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heparanase modulates the level of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) which have an important role in multiple cellular processes. Recent studies indicate that HSPGs have an important function in hepatic lipoprotein handling and processes involving removal of lipoprotein particles. Principal Findings To determine the effects of decreased HSPGs chain length on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, transgenic mice over-expressing the human heparanase gene were studied. Hepatic lipid uptake in hpa-Tg mice were evaluated by giving transgenic mice oral fat loads and labeled retinol. Sections of aorta from mice over-expressing heparanase (hpa-Tg) and controls (C57/BL6) fed an atherogenic diet were examined for evidence of atherosclerosis. Heparanase over-expression results in reduced hepatic clearance of postprandial lipoproteins and higher levels of fasting and postprandial serum triglycerides. Heparanase over-expression also induces formation of fatty streaks in the aorta. The mean lesion cross-sectional area in heparanase over-expressing mice was almost 6 times higher when compared to control mice (23,984 µm2±5,922 vs. 4,189 µm2±1,130, p<0.001). Conclusions Over-expression of heparanase demonstrates the importance of HSPGs for the uptake of intestinal derived lipoproteins and its role in the formation of fatty streaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Planer
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shulamit Metzger
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Zcharia
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Isaiah D. Wexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tova Chajek-Shaul
- Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Deletion of the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan type XVIII collagen causes hypertriglyceridemia in mice and humans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13919. [PMID: 21085708 PMCID: PMC2978080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) acts on triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the peripheral circulation, liberating free fatty acids for energy metabolism or storage. This essential enzyme is synthesized in parenchymal cells of adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle and migrates to the luminal side of the vascular endothelium where it acts upon circulating lipoproteins. Prior studies suggested that Lpl is immobilized by way of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the endothelium, but genetically altering endothelial cell heparan sulfate had no effect on Lpl localization or lipolysis. The objective of this study was to determine if extracellular matrix proteoglycans affect Lpl distribution and triglyceride metabolism. Methods and Findings We examined mutant mice defective in collagen XVIII (Col18), a heparan sulfate proteoglycan present in vascular basement membranes. Loss of Col18 reduces plasma levels of Lpl enzyme and activity, which results in mild fasting hypertriglyceridemia and diet-induced hyperchylomicronemia. Humans with Knobloch Syndrome caused by a null mutation in the vascular form of Col18 also present lower than normal plasma Lpl mass and activity and exhibit fasting hypertriglyceridemia. Conclusions This is the first report demonstrating that Lpl presentation on the lumenal side of the endothelium depends on a basement membrane proteoglycan and demonstrates a previously unrecognized phenotype in patients lacking Col18.
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Bharadwaj KG, Hiyama Y, Hu Y, Huggins LA, Ramakrishnan R, Abumrad NA, Shulman GI, Blaner WS, Goldberg IJ. Chylomicron- and VLDL-derived lipids enter the heart through different pathways: in vivo evidence for receptor- and non-receptor-mediated fatty acid uptake. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37976-86. [PMID: 20852327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.174458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids circulate in the blood in association with plasma lipoproteins and enter the tissues either after hydrolysis or as non-hydrolyzable lipid esters. We studied cardiac lipids, lipoprotein lipid uptake, and gene expression in heart-specific lipoprotein lipase (LpL) knock-out (hLpL0), CD36 knock-out (Cd36(-/-)), and double knock-out (hLpL0/Cd36(-/-)-DKO) mice. Loss of either LpL or CD36 led to a significant reduction in heart total fatty acyl-CoA (control, 99.5 ± 3.8; hLpL0, 36.2 ± 3.5; Cd36(-/-), 57.7 ± 5.5 nmol/g, p < 0.05) and an additive effect was observed in the DKO (20.2 ± 1.4 nmol/g, p < 0.05). Myocardial VLDL-triglyceride (TG) uptake was reduced in the hLpL0 (31 ± 6%) and Cd36(-/-) (47 ± 4%) mice with an additive reduction in the DKO (64 ± 5%) compared with control. However, LpL but not CD36 deficiency decreased VLDL-cholesteryl ester uptake. Endogenously labeled mouse chylomicrons were produced by tamoxifen treatment of β-actin-MerCreMer/LpL(flox/flox) mice. Induced loss of LpL increased TG levels >10-fold and reduced HDL by >50%. After injection of these labeled chylomicrons in the different mice, chylomicron TG uptake was reduced by ∼70% and retinyl ester by ∼50% in hLpL0 hearts. Loss of CD36 did not alter either chylomicron TG or retinyl ester uptake. LpL loss did not affect uptake of remnant lipoproteins from ApoE knock-out mice. Our data are consistent with two pathways for fatty acid uptake; a CD36 process for VLDL-derived fatty acid and a non-CD36 process for chylomicron-derived fatty acid uptake. In addition, our data show that lipolysis is involved in uptake of core lipids from TG-rich lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani G Bharadwaj
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Remnant lipoproteins that persist in the bloodstream after each meal have become increasingly important contributors to atherosclerotic vascular disease, owing to the spread of overnutrition, underexertion, obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Here, we review recent work that clarified long-standing controversies over the molecular mediators of remnant clearance by the liver, as well as their dysregulation - but possible correction - during alterations in caloric balance. RECENT FINDINGS Two endocytic receptors, the syndecan-1 heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and the LDL receptor, plus one docking receptor, SR-BI, significantly contribute to normal hepatic remnant catabolism. Compelling evidence exists for dysfunction of the syndecan-1 HSPG in diabetic states. The major molecular defect identified so far in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes is impaired hepatic HSPG assembly. In contrast, the primary defect in hepatic HSPGs in type 2 diabetes appears to arise from accelerated de-sulfation, owing to the induction of a sulfatase. Moreover, short-term caloric restriction restores hepatic expression of this sulfatase towards normal. SUMMARY Correct identification of hepatic remnant receptors has finally allowed investigations of their molecular dysregulation in diabetes and related conditions. New work points to novel therapeutic targets to correct postprandial dyslipoproteinemia and its consequent arterial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.
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Bishop JR, Foley E, Lawrence R, Esko JD. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in mice does not alter liver heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:14658-62. [PMID: 20236939 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes -associated hyperlipidemia is generally attributed to reduced clearance of plasma lipoproteins, especially remnant lipoproteins enriched in cholesterol and triglycerides. Hepatic clearance of remnants occurs via low density lipoprotein receptors and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, syndecan-1. Previous studies have suggested alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolism in rat and mouse diabetic models, consistent with the idea that diabetic dyslipidemia might be caused by alterations in proteoglycan expression in the liver. In this study we analyzed the content and composition of liver heparan sulfate in streptozotocin-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice that displayed fasting hypertriglyceridemia and delayed clearance of dietary triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. No differences between normal and diabetic littermates in liver heparan sulfate content, sulfation, syndecan-1 protein levels, or affinity for heparin-binding ligands, such as apolipoprotein E or fibroblast growth factor-2, were noted. Decreased incorporation of [(35)S]sulfate in insulin-deficient mice in vivo was observed, but the decrease was due to increased plasma inorganic sulfate, which reduced the efficiency of labeling of liver heparan sulfate. These results show that hyperlipidemia in insulin-deficient mice is not due to changes in hepatic heparan sulfate composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Bishop
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Foley EM, Esko JD. Hepatic heparan sulfate proteoglycans and endocytic clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:213-33. [PMID: 20807647 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, characterized by the accumulation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the blood, affects 10-20% of the population in western countries and increases the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and pancreatitis. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia is complex, and much interest exists in identifying and characterizing the biological and environmental factors that affect the synthesis and turnover of plasma triglycerides. Genetic studies in mice have recently identified that heparan sulfate proteoglycans are a class of receptors that mediate the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in the liver. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by endothelial cells that line the hepatic sinusoids and the underlying hepatocytes, and are present in the perisinusoidal space (space of Disse). This chapter discusses the dependence of lipoprotein binding on heparan sulfate structure and the identification of hepatocyte syndecan-1 as the primary proteoglycan that mediates triglyceride-rich lipoprotein clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Foley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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