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Williams EA, Vegas I, El-Senduny FF, Zhang J, Mata DA, Hiemenz MC, Hughes SR, Sa BC, Kraft GP, Gorbatov N, Foley-Peres K, Sanchez EZ, Milikowski C, Williams KJ, Ross JS, Kurzrock R, Montgomery EA, Lombard DB, Kumar S. Pan-cancer Genomic Analysis of AXL Mutations Reveals a Novel, Recurrent, Functionally Activating AXL W451C Alteration Specific to Myxofibrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2024:00000478-990000000-00304. [PMID: 38369783 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is a common soft tissue sarcoma of the elderly that typically shows low tumor mutational burden, with mutations in TP53 and in genes associated with cell cycle checkpoints (RB1, CDKN2A). Unfortunately, no alterations or markers specific to MFS have been identified and, as a consequence, there are no effective targeted therapies. The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, which drives cellular proliferation, is targetable by new antibody-based therapeutics. Expression of AXL messenger RNA is elevated in a variety of sarcoma types, with the highest levels reported in MFS, but the pathogenic significance of this finding remains unknown. To assess a role for AXL abnormalities in MFS, we undertook a search for AXL genomic alterations in a comprehensive genomic profiling database of 463,546 unique tumors (including 19,879 sarcomas, of which 315 were MFS) interrogated by targeted next-generation DNA and/or RNA sequencing. Notably, the only genomic alterations recurrent in a specific sarcoma subtype were AXL W451C (n = 8) and AXL W450C (n = 2) mutations. The tumors involved predominantly older adults (age: 44 to 81 [median: 72] y) and histologically showed epithelioid and spindle-shaped cells in a variably myxoid stroma, with 6 cases diagnosed as MFS, 3 as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), and 1 as low-grade sarcoma. The AXL W451C mutation was not identified in any non-sarcoma malignancy. A review of publicly available data sets revealed a single AXL W451C-mutant case of UPS that clustered with MFS/UPS by methylation profiling. Functional studies revealed a novel activation mechanism: the W451C mutation causes abnormal unregulated dimerization of the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase through disulfide bond formation between pairs of mutant proteins expressing ectopic cysteine residues. This dimerization triggers AXL autophosphorylation and activation of downstream ERK signaling. We further report sarcomas of diverse histologic subtypes with AXL gene amplifications, with the highest frequency of amplification identified in MFS cases without the W451C mutation. In summary, the activating AXL W451C mutation appears highly specific to MFS, with a novel mechanism to drive unregulated signaling. Moreover, AXL gene amplifications and messenger RNA overexpression are far more frequent in MFS than in other sarcoma subtypes. We conclude that these aberrations in AXL are distinct features of MFS and may aid diagnosis, as well as the selection of available targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Williams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL
| | - Isabella Vegas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Fardous F El-Senduny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jessica Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Sarah R Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Gundersen Health System, La Crosse
| | - Brianna C Sa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Garrett P Kraft
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Nicole Gorbatov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Edward Z Sanchez
- Department of Radiology, St. Anthony's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Clara Milikowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Elizabeth A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - David B Lombard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Pathology, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL
- Department of Pathology, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center
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Williams KJ. Eradicating Atherosclerotic Events by Targeting Early Subclinical Disease: It Is Time to Retire the Therapeutic Paradigm of Too Much, Too Late. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:48-64. [PMID: 37970716 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have seen spectacular advances in understanding and managing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but paradoxically, clinical progress has stalled. Residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events is particularly vexing, given recognized lifestyle interventions and powerful modern medications. Why? Atherosclerosis begins early in life, yet clinical trials and mechanistic studies often emphasize terminal, end-stage plaques, meaning on the verge of causing heart attacks and strokes. Thus, current clinical evidence drives us to emphasize aggressive treatments that are delayed until patients already have advanced arterial disease. I call this paradigm "too much, too late." This brief review covers exciting efforts that focus on preventing, or finding and treating, arterial disease before its end-stage. Also included are specific proposals to establish a new evidence base that could justify intensive short-term interventions (induction-phase therapy) to treat subclinical plaques that are early enough perhaps to heal. If we can establish that such plaques are actionable, then broad screening to find them in early midlife individuals would become imperative-and achievable. You have a lump in your coronaries! can motivate patients and clinicians. We must stop thinking of a heart attack as a disease. The real disease is atherosclerosis. In my opinion, an atherosclerotic heart attack is a medical failure. It is a manifestation of longstanding arterial disease that we had allowed to progress to its end-stage, despite knowing that atherosclerosis begins early in life and despite the availability of remarkably safe and highly effective therapies. The field needs a transformational advance to shift the paradigm out of end-stage management and into early interventions that hold the possibility of eradicating the clinical burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, currently the biggest killer in the world. We urgently need a new evidence base to redirect our main focus from terminal, end-stage atherosclerosis to earlier, and likely reversible, human arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, PA
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Ntakwinja M, Werth A, Borazjani A, Iglesia C, Williams KJ, Mukwege D. Pelvic floor symptoms among premenopausal women with pelvic organ prolapse in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Int Urogynecol J 2024; 35:103-108. [PMID: 37897521 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-023-05670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS Most of the literature on pelvic organ prolapse (POP) has been generated from postmenopausal patients in high-income countries. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a significant proportion of patients who present for surgical management of POP are premenopausal. Little is known about the impact of POP on pelvic floor symptoms in this population. The objective was to describe pelvic floor symptoms and sexual function among premenopausal patients presenting for POP surgery in DRC. METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of symptomatic premenopausal patients undergoing fertility-sparing POP surgery at a large referral hospital in the DRC. Pelvic floor symptoms were evaluated with the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Questionnaire and sexual function with the Pelvic organ prolapse/urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire. Data are presented as means with standard deviations or counts with percentages. RESULTS A total of 107 patients were recruited between April 2019 and December 2021. All had either stage III (95.3%) or stage IV (4.7%) prolapse. Ages were 34.2 ± 6.7 years; 78.5% were married. A majority of patients experienced low abdominal pain (82.2%), heaviness or dullness (95.3%), and bulging or protrusion of the prolapse (92.5%). Almost two-thirds of patients reported no longer being sexually active, and 80% stated that they were not sexually active because of POP. Of the 37 sexually active patients (34.6%), nearly all reported significant sexual impairment because of the prolapse, with only 4 reporting no sexual impairment. CONCLUSIONS This study represents one of the largest prospective series of patients with premenopausal POP. Our results highlight the severity of pelvic floor symptoms and the negative effects on sexual function among this patient population with POP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukanire Ntakwinja
- Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Evangelical University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adrienne Werth
- Global Innovations for Reproductive Health & Life, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Hartford Healthcare, Hartford, CT, USA.
| | - Ali Borazjani
- Global Innovations for Reproductive Health & Life, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cheryl Iglesia
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Urology, MedStar Heath, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Denis Mukwege
- Panzi General Referral Hospital, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Evangelical University in Africa, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Williams EA, Ravindranathan A, Gupta R, Stevers NO, Suwala AK, Hong C, Kim S, Yuan JB, Wu J, Barreto J, Lucas CHG, Chan E, Pekmezci M, LeBoit PE, Mully T, Perry A, Bollen A, Van Ziffle J, Devine WP, Reddy AT, Gupta N, Basnet KM, Macaulay RJB, Malafronte P, Lee H, Yong WH, Williams KJ, Juratli TA, Mata DA, Huang RSP, Hiemenz MC, Pavlick DC, Frampton GM, Janovitz T, Ross JS, Chang SM, Berger MS, Jacques L, Song JS, Costello JF, Solomon DA. Novel SOX10 indel mutations drive schwannomas through impaired transactivation of myelination gene programs. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:2221-2236. [PMID: 37436963 PMCID: PMC10708934 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schwannomas are common peripheral nerve sheath tumors that can cause severe morbidity given their stereotypic intracranial and paraspinal locations. Similar to many solid tumors, schwannomas and other nerve sheath tumors are primarily thought to arise due to aberrant hyperactivation of the RAS growth factor signaling pathway. Here, we sought to further define the molecular pathogenesis of schwannomas. METHODS We performed comprehensive genomic profiling on a cohort of 96 human schwannomas, as well as DNA methylation profiling on a subset. Functional studies including RNA sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA sequencing, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and luciferase reporter assays were performed in a fetal glial cell model following transduction with wildtype and tumor-derived mutant isoforms of SOX10. RESULTS We identified that nearly one-third of sporadic schwannomas lack alterations in known nerve sheath tumor genes and instead harbor novel recurrent in-frame insertion/deletion mutations in SOX10, which encodes a transcription factor responsible for controlling Schwann cell differentiation and myelination. SOX10 indel mutations were highly enriched in schwannomas arising from nonvestibular cranial nerves (eg facial, trigeminal, vagus) and were absent from vestibular nerve schwannomas driven by NF2 mutation. Functional studies revealed these SOX10 indel mutations have retained DNA binding capacity but impaired transactivation of glial differentiation and myelination gene programs. CONCLUSIONS We thus speculate that SOX10 indel mutations drive a unique subtype of schwannomas by impeding proper differentiation of immature Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ajay Ravindranathan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rohit Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas O Stevers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Abigail K Suwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chibo Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Somang Kim
- Department of Physics and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jimmy Bo Yuan
- Department of Physics and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jasper Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jairo Barreto
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Calixto-Hope G Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Emily Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Melike Pekmezci
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip E LeBoit
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thaddeus Mully
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrew Bollen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Van Ziffle
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - W Patrick Devine
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alyssa T Reddy
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Han Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William H Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tareq A Juratli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Carl Gustav Carus University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Douglas A Mata
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Dean C Pavlick
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Tyler Janovitz
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Line Jacques
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jun S Song
- Department of Physics and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph F Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David A Solomon
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zhao M, Feng R, Werth VP, Williams KJ. State of current management of the heightened risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in an established cohort of patients with lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med 2023; 10:e000908. [PMID: 37604650 PMCID: PMC10445381 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2023-000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) are at heightened risk for clinical events, chiefly heart attacks and strokes, from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We recently proposed new guidelines to assess and manage ASCVD event risk specifically in LE. Here, we examined current cardiovascular management in light of these new recommendations. METHODS We studied our entire UPenn Longitudinal Lupus Cohort of patients with cutaneous LE, without (CLE-only) or with (CLE+SLE) concurrent systemic LE, for whom we had full access to medical records (n=370, LE-ASCVD Study Cohort). RESULTS Of our LE-ASCVD Study Cohort, 336 out of 370 (90.8%) had a designated primary-care physician. By the new guidelines, the most recent low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were above-goal for 249 out of 370 (67.3%). Two-hundred sixty-six (71.9%) had hypertension, which was undertreated or untreated in 198 out of 266 (74.4%). Of current smokers, 51 out of 63 (81.0%) had no documented smoking cessation counselling or referrals. Diabetes and triglyceridaemia were generally well managed. Of the cohort, 278 qualified for two widely used online estimators of ASCVD event risk in primary prevention: the ACC-ASCVD Risk Estimator Plus and QRisk3. We also stratified these 278 patients into our recently defined categories of ASCVD event risk in LE. These three methods for estimating ASCVD event risk showed clinically meaningful discordance for 169 out of 278 (60.8%). The documented rate of ASCVD events in the first 10 years after enrolment was 13.5% (95% CI 8.9%, 17.9%), similar between CLE-only and CLE+SLE, indicating an at-risk population despite the preponderance of women and an average age at enrolment of only 47 years. CONCLUSION Patients with CLE-only or CLE+SLE are undertreated compared with the new guidelines and, accordingly, they experience a significant burden of ASCVD events. Moreover, it is unclear how to accurately assess their future ASCVD event risk, except that it is substantial. Efforts are underway to improve ASCVD event risk estimation and guideline implementation in patients with lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Zhao
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans' Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Williams KJ. Arterial Zones That Take a Pause in Early Plaque Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:650-653. [PMID: 36994726 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Williams EA, Montesion M, Lincoln V, Tse JY, Hiemenz MC, Mata DA, Shah BB, Shoroye A, Alexander BM, Werth AJ, Foley-Peres K, Milante RR, Ross JS, Ramkissoon SH, Williams KJ, Adhikari LJ, Zuna RE, LeBoit PE, Lin DI, Elvin JA. HPV51-associated Leiomyosarcoma: A Novel Class of TP53/RB1-Wildtype Tumor With Predilection for the Female Lower Reproductive Tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:729-741. [PMID: 35034043 PMCID: PMC9093731 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes TP53 and RB1 are considered central drivers in leiomyosarcomas (LMSs). In high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-related tumors, a similar functional outcome is achieved through oncoproteins E6 and E7, which inactivate the p53 and RB1 proteins, respectively. Here, we hypothesized that HPV infection could provide an alternative mechanism for tumorigenesis in a subset of TP53/RB1-wildtype LMS. We evaluated tumor samples from 2585 consecutive unique patients carrying a diagnosis of gynecologic or soft tissue LMS. Tumor DNA and available RNA were analyzed by hybrid-capture-based next-generation sequencing/comprehensive genomic profiling of 406 genes and transcripts (FoundationOneHeme). Of the initial 2585 cases, we excluded 16 based on the presence of molecular alterations that are considered defining for sarcomas other than LMS. In the remaining 2569 cases, we searched for LMS that were TP53/RB1-wildtype (n=486 of 2569; 18.9%). We also searched LMS tumors for HPV sequences that we then classified into genotypes by de novo assembly of nonhuman sequencing reads followed by alignment to the RefSeq database. Among TP53/RB1-wildtype LMS, we identified 18 unique cases harboring HPV sequences. Surprisingly, most (n=11) were HPV51-positive, and these 11 represented all HPV51-positive tumors in our entire LMS database (n=11 of 2569; 0.4%). The absence of genomic alterations in TP53 or RB1 in HPV51-positive LMS represented a marked difference from HPV51-negative LMS (n=2558; 0% vs. 72% [P<0.00001], 0% vs. 53% [P=0.0002]). In addition, compared with HPV51-negative LMS, HPV51-positive LMS were significantly enriched for genomic alterations in ATRX (55% vs. 24%, P=0.027) and TSC1 (18% vs. 0.6%, P=0.0047). All HPV51-positive LMS were in women; median age was 54 years at surgery (range: 23 to 74 y). All known primary sites were from the gynecologic tract or adjacent anogenital area, including 5 cases of vaginal primary site. Histology was heterogeneous, with evaluable cases showing predominant epithelioid (n=5) and spindle (n=5) morphology. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of high-risk HPV E6/E7 mRNA in tumor cells in three of three evaluable cases harboring HPV51 genomic sequences. Overall, in our pan-LMS analysis, HPV reads were identified in a subset of TP53/RB1-wildtype LMS. For all HPV51-associated LMS, the striking absence of any detectable TP53 or RB1 mutations and predilection for the female lower reproductive tract supports our hypothesis that high-risk HPV can be an alternative tumorigenic mechanism in this distinct class of LMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Williams
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, UCSF Dermatopathology Service, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge
| | | | - Vadim Lincoln
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, UCSF Dermatopathology Service, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrienne J. Werth
- Department of Women’s Health Services, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT
| | | | - Riza R. Milante
- Department of Dermatology, Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jeffrey S. Ross
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laura J. Adhikari
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Rosemary E. Zuna
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Philip E. LeBoit
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, UCSF Dermatopathology Service, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Keyes E, Grinnell M, Jacoby D, Vazquez T, Diaz D, Werth VP, Williams KJ. Assessment and management of the heightened risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in patients with lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis. Int J Womens Dermatol 2021; 7:560-575. [PMID: 35024413 PMCID: PMC8721062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) or dermatomyositis (DM), there is an urgent need to address a heightened risk of clinical events, chiefly heart attacks and strokes, caused by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Patients with LE or DM frequently exhibit high levels of conventional risk factors for ASCVD events, particularly dyslipoproteinemia and hypertension; an amplified burden of atherosclerotic plaques; and increased age- and sex-adjusted rates of ASCVD events compared with the general population. The rate of ASCVD events exceeds what would be expected from conventional risk factors, suggesting that disease-specific autoimmune processes exacerbate specific, known pathogenic steps in atherosclerosis. Importantly, despite their heightened risk, patients with LE or DM are often undertreated for known causative agents and exacerbators of ASCVD. Herein, we propose an approach to assess and manage the heightened risk of ASCVD events in patients with LE or DM. Our approach is modeled in large part on established approaches to patients with diabetes mellitus or stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease, which are well-studied conditions that also show heightened risk for ASCVD events and have been explicitly incorporated into standard clinical guidelines for ASCVD. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that patients with LE or DM require earlier and more aggressive screening and management of ASCVD. We suggest that physicians consider implementing multipliers of conventional risk calculators to trigger earlier initiation of lifestyle modifications and medical therapies in primary prevention of ASCVD events, employ vascular imaging to quantify the burden of subclinical plaques, and treat to lower lipid targets using statins and newer therapies, such as PCSK9 inhibitors, that decrease ASCVD events in nonautoimmune cohorts. More clinical vigilance is needed regarding surveillance, prevention, risk modification, and treatment of dyslipidemias, hypertension, and smoking in patients with LE or DM. All of these goals are achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Keyes
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Madison Grinnell
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas Jacoby
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Vazquez
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - DeAnna Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria P. Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Vaz CL, Carnes N, Pousti B, Zhao H, Williams KJ. A randomized controlled trial of an innovative, user-friendly, interactive smartphone app-based lifestyle intervention for weight loss. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:555-568. [PMID: 34631134 PMCID: PMC8488442 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most electronically delivered lifestyle interventions are labor intensive, requiring logging onto websites and manually recording activity and diet. Cumbersome technology and lack of a human coach may have contributed to the limitations of prior interventions. In response, the current program of research created a comprehensive electronically delivered lifestyle intervention using a user-friendly, interactive, smartphone app-based model, and evaluated it in a randomized controlled trial. METHODS Twenty-eight adults, body mass index 25-42 kg/m2, with smartphones and sedentary jobs, were randomized to the intervention, along with conventional outpatient weight-management visits every 3 months, or to a wait-listed control group that received only weight-management visits. The intervention included wearable activity trackers, smartscales, food photography logs, physician-driven app-based behavioral coaching, and peer support via the app. The prespecified primary outcome was a comparison of change in weight in kilograms, in the intervention versus control group at 6 months. RESULTS At 6 months, the intervention group experienced a statistically significant weight change of -7.16 ± 1.78 kg (mean ± SE, 95% CI -11.05 to -3.26, p < 0.01), which differed from the weight change in controls by -4.16 ± 2.01 kg (95% CI -8.29 to -0.02, p < 0.05, prespecified primary outcome). Weight change in the control group was -3.00 ± 1.05 kg (95% CI -5.27 to -0.73, p < 0.05). Waist circumference and hemoglobin A1c significantly improved (intervention vs. control: p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively, prespecified secondary outcomes). Weight change in the intervention group correlated with numbers of food photographs participants shared (rho = -0.86, p < 0.01), numbers of their text messages (rho = -0.80, p < 0.01), number of times and days each participant stepped on the smartscale (rho = -0.73, p < 0.01; rho = -0.608, p < 0.05, respectively), and mean daily step counts (rho = -0.55, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION This app-based electronically delivered lifestyle intervention produced statistically significant, clinically meaningful weight loss and improved metabolic health. Engagement with the intervention correlated strongly with weight loss. Given the limited sample size, larger and longer studies of this intervention are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie Lisa Vaz
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismTemple University HospitalPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Temple Faculty Practice Plan (TFPP)PhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicholas Carnes
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Bobak Pousti
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismTemple University HospitalPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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10
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Williams KJ, Wu X. Corrigendum to "Imbalanced insulin action in chronic overnutrition: Clinical harm, molecular mechanisms, and a way forward" [Atherosclerosis 247 (April 2016) 225-282]. Atherosclerosis 2021; 328:60-61. [PMID: 34098464 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Vazquez T, Feng R, Williams KJ, Werth VP. Immunological and clinical heterogeneity in cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:480-481. [PMID: 33966286 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Vazquez
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Feng
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K J Williams
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - V P Werth
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Williams EA, Newberg J, Williams KJ, Montesion M, Alexander BM, Lin DI, Elvin JA. Prevalence of High-Risk Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus Types in Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Individuals of African vs Non-African Ancestry. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e216481. [PMID: 33970261 PMCID: PMC8111484 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types not covered by the 9-valent HPV vaccine among patients of African vs non-African ancestry with advanced squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Williams
- UCSF Dermatopathology Service, Department of Pathology, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco
- Foundation Medicine Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Williams EA, Montesion M, Sharaf R, Corines J, Patel PJ, Gillespie BJ, Pavlick DC, Sokol ES, Alexander BM, Williams KJ, Elvin JA, Ross JS, Ramkissoon SH, Hemmerich AC, Tse JY, Mochel MC. CYLD-mutant cylindroma-like basaloid carcinoma of the anus: a genetically and morphologically distinct class of HPV-related anal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2614-2625. [PMID: 32461623 PMCID: PMC7685972 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rare reports of anal carcinoma (AC) describe histologic resemblance to cutaneous cylindroma, but mutations in the tumor suppressor CYLD, the gene responsible for familial and sporadic cylindromas, have not been systematically investigated in AC. Here, we investigate CYLD-mutant AC, focusing on molecular correlates of distinct histopathology. Comprehensive genomic profiling (hybrid-capture-based DNA sequencing) was performed on 574 ACs, of which 75 unique cases (13%) harbored a CYLD mutation. Clinical data, pathology reports, and histopathology were reviewed for each CYLD-mutant case. The spectrum of CYLD mutations included truncating (n = 50; 67%), homozygous deletion (n = 10; 13%), missense (n = 16; 21%), and splice-site (n = 3; 4%) events. Compared with CYLD-wildtype AC (n = 499), CYLD-mutant ACs were significantly enriched for females (88% vs. 67%, p = 0.0001), slightly younger (median age 59 vs. 61 years, p = 0.047), and included near-universal detection of high-risk HPV sequences (97% vs. 88%, p = 0.014), predominantly HPV16 (96%). The CYLD-mutant cohort also showed significantly lower tumor mutational burden (TMB; median 2.6 vs. 5.2 mut/Mb, p < 0.00001) and less frequent alterations in PIK3CA (13% vs. 31%, p = 0.0015). On histopathologic examination, 73% of CYLD-mutant AC (55/75 cases) showed a striking cylindroma-like histomorphology, composed of aggregates of basaloid cells surrounded by thickened basement membranes and containing characteristic hyaline globules, while only 8% of CYLD-wildtype tumors (n = 34/409) contained cylindroma-like hyaline globules (p < 0.0001). CYLD-mutant carcinomas with cylindroma-like histomorphology (n = 55) showed significantly lower TMB compared with CYLD-mutant cases showing basaloid histology without the distinctive hyaline globules (n = 14) (median 1.7 vs. 4.4 mut/Mb, p = 0.0058). Only five CYLD-mutant cases (7%) showed nonbasaloid conventional squamous cell carcinoma histology (median TMB = 5.2 mut/Mb), and a single CYLD-mutant case showed transitional cell carcinoma-like histology. Within our cohort of ACs, CYLD mutations characterize a surprisingly large subset (13%), with distinct clinical and genomic features and, predominantly, a striking cylindroma-like histopathology, representing a genotype-phenotype correlation which may assist in classification of AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Williams
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
| | - Meagan Montesion
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Radwa Sharaf
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - James Corines
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Parth J Patel
- Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | | | - Dean C Pavlick
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Brian M Alexander
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Julia A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - Julie Y Tse
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mark C Mochel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
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14
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Williams KJ, Horton ES, Siraj ES. Guenther Boden, MD (1935-2015): A Pioneer in Human Studies of Nutrition and Obesity-And the Mystery of Insulin Resistance for Handling Glucose. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2910-2915. [PMID: 33218979 PMCID: PMC7770270 DOI: 10.2337/dci20-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA .,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Edward S Horton
- Harvard Medical School and Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | - Elias S Siraj
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders and Strelitz Diabetes Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
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15
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Williams EA, Montesion M, Shah N, Sharaf R, Pavlick DC, Sokol ES, Alexander B, Venstrom J, Elvin JA, Ross JS, Williams KJ, Tse JY, Mochel MC. Melanoma with in-frame deletion of MAP2K1: a distinct molecular subtype of cutaneous melanoma mutually exclusive from BRAF, NRAS, and NF1 mutations. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2397-2406. [PMID: 32483240 PMCID: PMC7685971 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While the genomics of BRAF, NRAS, and other key genes influencing MAP kinase (MAPK) activity have been thoroughly characterized in melanoma, mutations in MAP2K1 (MEK1) have received significantly less attention and have consisted almost entirely of missense mutations considered secondary oncogenic drivers of melanoma. Here, we investigated melanomas with in-frame deletions of MAP2K1, alterations characterized as MAPK-activating in recent experimental models. Our case archive of clinical melanoma samples with comprehensive genomic profiling by a hybrid capture-based DNA sequencing platform was searched for MAP2K1 genetic alterations. Clinical data, pathology reports, and histopathology were reviewed for each case. From a cohort of 7119 advanced melanomas, 37 unique cases (0.5%) featured small in-frame deletions in MAP2K1. These included E102_I103del (n = 11 cases), P105_A106del (n = 8), Q58_E62del (n = 6), I103_K104del (n = 5), I99_K104del (n = 3), L98_I103del (n = 3), and E41_F53del (n = 1). All 37 were wild type for BRAF, NRAS, and NF1 genomic alterations ("triple wild-type"), representing 2.0% of triple wild-type melanomas overall (37/1882). Median age was 66 years and 49% were male. The majority arose from primary cutaneous sites (35/37; 95%) and demonstrated a UV signature when available (21/25; 84%). Tumor mutational burden was typical for cutaneous melanoma (median = 9.6 mut/Mb, range 0-35.7), and frequently mutated genes included TERTp (63%), CDKN2A (46%), TP53 (11%), PTEN (8%), APC (8%), and CTNNB1 (5%). Histopathology revealed a spectrum of appearances typical of melanoma. For comparison, we evaluated 221 cases with pathogenic missense single nucleotide variants in MAP2K1. The vast majority of melanomas with missense SNVs in MAP2K1 showed co-mutations in BRAF (58%), NF1 (23%), or NRAS (18%). In-frame deletions in MAP2K1, previously shown in experimental models to be strongly MAPK-activating, characterized a significant subset of triple wild-type melanoma (2.0%), suggesting a primary oncogenic role for these mutations. Comprehensive genomic profiling of melanomas enables detection of this alteration, which may have implications for potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Williams
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
| | - Meagan Montesion
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Nikunj Shah
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Radwa Sharaf
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Dean C Pavlick
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Ethan S Sokol
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Brian Alexander
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Jeff Venstrom
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Julia A Elvin
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Julie Y Tse
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, 145 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Mark C Mochel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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16
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Williams EA, Sharaf R, Decker B, Werth AJ, Toma H, Montesion M, Sokol ES, Pavlick DC, Shah N, Williams KJ, Venstrom JM, Alexander BM, Ross JS, Albacker LA, Lin DI, Ramkissoon SH, Elvin JA. CDKN2C-Null Leiomyosarcoma: A Novel, Genomically Distinct Class of TP53/ RB1-Wild-Type Tumor With Frequent CIC Genomic Alterations and 1p/19q-Codeletion. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:PO.20.00040. [PMID: 33015533 PMCID: PMC7529542 DOI: 10.1200/po.20.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) harbors frequent mutations in TP53 and RB1 but few actionable genomic alterations. Here, we searched for recurrent actionable genomic alterations in LMS that occur in the absence of common untreatable oncogenic drivers. METHODS Tissues from 276,645 unique advanced cancers, including 2,570 uterine and soft tissue LMS, were sequenced by hybrid-capture-based next-generation DNA and RNA sequencing/comprehensive genomic profiling of up to 406 genes. We characterized clinicopathologic features of relevant patient cases. RESULTS Overall, 77 LMS exhibited homozygous copy loss of CDKN2C at chromosome 1p32.3 (3.0% of LMS). Genomic alterations (GAs) in TP53, RB1, and ATRX were rare compared with the remainder of the LMS cohort (11.7% v 73.4%, 0% v 54.5%, 2.6% v 24.5%, respectively; all P < .0001). CDKN2C-null LMS patient cases were significantly enriched for GAs in CIC (40.3% v 1.4%) at 19q13.2, CDKN2A (46.8% v 7.0%), and RAD51B (16.9% v 1.7%; all P < .0001). Chromosome arm-level aneuploidy analysis of available LMS patient cases (n = 1,284) found that 81% (58 of 72) of CDKN2C-null LMS exhibited 1p/19q-codeletion, a significant enrichment compared with 5.1% in the remainder of the LMS cohort (P < .0001). In total, 99% of CDKN2C-null LMS were in women; the median age was 61 years at surgery (range, 36-81 years). Fifty-five patient cases were uterine primary, four were nonuterine, and the remaining 18 were of uncertain primary site. Sixty percent of cases showed at least focal epithelioid variant histology. Most patients had advanced-stage disease, with 62% of confirmed uterine primary LMS at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IVB. We further validated our findings in two publicly available datasets: The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Project GENIE initiative. CONCLUSION CDKN2C-null LMS defines a genomically distinct tumor that may have prognostic and/or therapeutic clinical implications, including possible use of specific cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brennan Decker
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adrienne J. Werth
- Christiana Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Newark, DE
| | - Helen Toma
- Christiana Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Newark, DE
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S. Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | | | | | - Shakti H. Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Williams EA, Werth AJ, Sharaf R, Montesion M, Sokol ES, Pavlick DC, McLaughlin-Drubin M, Erlich R, Toma H, Williams KJ, Venstrom JM, Alexander BM, Shah N, Danziger N, Hemmerich AC, Severson EA, Killian JK, Lin DI, Ross JS, Tse JY, Ramkissoon SH, Mochel MC, Elvin JA. Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of HPV+ Versus HPV- Forms Reveals Distinct Sets of Potentially Actionable Molecular Targets. JCO Precis Oncol 2020; 4:1900406. [PMID: 32923875 PMCID: PMC7446361 DOI: 10.1200/po.19.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (vSCC) encompasses two predominant variants: one associated with detectable high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (hrHPV) and a second form often occurring in the context of chronic dermatitis in postmenopausal women. Genomic assessment of a large-scale cohort of patients with aggressive vSCC may identify distinct mutational signatures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor samples from a total of 280 patients with vSCC underwent hybridization capture with analysis of up to 406 cancer-related genes. Human papillomavirus (HPV) sequences were detected by de novo assembly of nonhuman sequencing reads and aligned to the RefSeq database. Immunohistochemistry for programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was assessed. RESULTS One hundred two of 280 vSCCs (36%) contained hrHPV sequences, predominantly HPV 16 (88%). The HPV-positive (HPV+) group was significantly younger (median age, 59 v 64 years; P = .001). Compared with HPV-negative (HPV–) vSCCs, HPV+ tumors showed more frequent pathogenic alterations in PIK3CA (31% v 16%; P = .004), PTEN (14% v 2%; P < .0001), EP300 (14% v 1%; P < .0001), STK11 (14% v 1%; P < .0001), AR (5% v 0%; P = .006), and FBXW7 (10% v 3%; P = .03). In contrast, HPV– vSCCs showed more alterations in TP53 (83% v 6%; P < .0001), TERTp (71% v 9%; P < .0001), CDKN2A (55% v 2%; P < .0001), CCND1 amplification (22% v 2%; P < .0001), FAT1 (25% v 4%; P < .0001), NOTCH1 (19% v 6%; P = .002), and EGFR amplification (11% v 0%; P < .0001), as well as a higher rate of 9p24.1 (PDL1/PDL2) amplification (5% v 1%) and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry high-positive tumor staining (33% v 9%; P = .04). CONCLUSION Comprehensive molecular profiles of vSCC vary considerably with hrHPV status and may inform patient selection into clinical trials. Sixty-one percent of HPV+ vSCCs had a pathogenic alteration in the PI3K/mTOR pathway, whereas HPV– vSCCs showed alterations in TP53, TERTp, CDKN2A, CCND1, and EGFR, and biomarkers associated with responsiveness to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrienne J Werth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Hospital, Newark, DE
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Helen Toma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Christiana Hospital, Newark, DE
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Department of Physiology, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Julie Y Tse
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA.,Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mark C Mochel
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
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18
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Massoth LR, Hung YP, Nardi V, Nielsen GP, Hasserjian RP, Louissaint A, Fisch AS, Deshpande V, Zukerberg LR, Lennerz JK, Selig M, Glomski K, Patel PJ, Williams KJ, Sokol ES, Alexander BM, Vergilio JA, Ross JS, Pavlick DC, Chebib I, Williams EA. Pan-sarcoma genomic analysis of KMT2A rearrangements reveals distinct subtypes defined by YAP1-KMT2A-YAP1 and VIM-KMT2A fusions. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:2307-2317. [PMID: 32461620 PMCID: PMC7581494 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas are driven by diverse pathogenic mechanisms, including gene rearrangements in a subset of cases. Rare soft tissue sarcomas containing KMT2A fusions have recently been reported, characterized by a predilection for young adults, sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma-like morphology, and an often aggressive course. Nonetheless, clinicopathologic and molecular descriptions of KMT2A-rearranged sarcomas remain limited. In this study, we identified by targeted next-generation RNA sequencing an index patient with KMT2A fusion-positive soft tissue sarcoma. In addition, we systematically searched for KMT2A structural variants in a comprehensive genomic profiling database of 14,680 sarcomas interrogated by targeted next-generation DNA and/or RNA sequencing. We characterized the clinicopathologic and molecular features of KMT2A fusion-positive sarcomas, including KMT2A breakpoints, rearrangement partners, and concurrent genetic alterations. Collectively, we identified a cohort of 34 sarcomas with KMT2A fusions (0.2%), and YAP1 was the predominant partner (n = 16 [47%]). Notably, a complex rearrangement with YAP1 consistent with YAP1-KMT2A-YAP1 fusion was detected in most cases, with preservation of KMT2A CxxC-binding domain in the YAP1-KMT2A-YAP1 fusion and concurrent deletions of corresponding exons in KMT2A. The tumors often affected younger adults (age 20-66 [median 40] years) and histologically showed variably monomorphic epithelioid-to-spindle shaped cells embedded in a dense collagenous stroma. Ultrastructural evidence of fibroblastic differentiation was noted in one tumor examined. Our cohort also included two sarcomas with VIM-KMT2A fusions, each harboring concurrent mutations in CTNNB1, SMARCB1, and ARID1A and characterized histologically by sheets of spindle-to-round blue cells. The remaining 16 KMT2A-rearranged sarcomas in our cohort exhibited diverse histologic subtypes, each with unique novel fusion partners. In summary, KMT2A-fusion-positive sarcomas most commonly exhibit sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma-like morphology and complex YAP1-KMT2A-YAP1 fusions. Cases also include rare spindle-to-round cell sarcomas with VIM-KMT2A fusions and tumors of diverse histologic subtypes with unique KMT2A fusions to non-YAP1 non-VIM partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. Massoth
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Yin P. Hung
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Valentina Nardi
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - G. Petur Nielsen
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Robert P. Hasserjian
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Abner Louissaint
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Adam S. Fisch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Lawrence R. Zukerberg
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jochen K. Lennerz
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Martin Selig
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Krzysztof Glomski
- grid.277313.30000 0001 0626 2712Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour Street, Hartford, CT 06102 USA
| | - Parth J. Patel
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA ,grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Physiology and Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Ethan S. Sokol
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
| | - Brian M. Alexander
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
| | - Jo-Anne Vergilio
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Ross
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA ,grid.411023.50000 0000 9159 4457Department of Pathology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
| | - Dean C. Pavlick
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
| | - Ivan Chebib
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Erik A. Williams
- grid.418158.10000 0004 0534 4718Foundation Medicine, Inc., 150 Second Street, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA
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19
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Ruuth M, Nguyen SD, Vihervaara T, Hilvo M, Laajala TD, Kondadi PK, Gisterå A, Lähteenmäki H, Kittilä T, Huusko J, Uusitupa M, Schwab U, Savolainen MJ, Sinisalo J, Lokki ML, Nieminen MS, Jula A, Perola M, Ylä-Herttula S, Rudel L, Öörni A, Baumann M, Baruch A, Laaksonen R, Ketelhuth DFJ, Aittokallio T, Jauhiainen M, Käkelä R, Borén J, Williams KJ, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles to aggregate depends on particle lipidome, is modifiable, and associates with future cardiovascular deaths. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:2562-2573. [PMID: 29982602 PMCID: PMC6047440 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) through their retention, modification, and accumulation within the arterial intima. High plasma concentrations of LDL drive this disease, but LDL quality may also contribute. Here, we focused on the intrinsic propensity of LDL to aggregate upon modification. We examined whether inter-individual differences in this quality are linked with LDL lipid composition and coronary artery disease (CAD) death, and basic mechanisms for plaque growth and destabilization. Methods and results We developed a novel, reproducible method to assess the susceptibility of LDL particles to aggregate during lipolysis induced ex vivo by human recombinant secretory sphingomyelinase. Among patients with an established CAD, we found that the presence of aggregation-prone LDL was predictive of future cardiovascular deaths, independently of conventional risk factors. Aggregation-prone LDL contained more sphingolipids and less phosphatidylcholines than did aggregation-resistant LDL. Three interventions in animal models to rationally alter LDL composition lowered its susceptibility to aggregate and slowed atherosclerosis. Similar compositional changes induced in humans by PCSK9 inhibition or healthy diet also lowered LDL aggregation susceptibility. Aggregated LDL in vitro activated macrophages and T cells, two key cell types involved in plaque progression and rupture. Conclusion Our results identify the susceptibility of LDL to aggregate as a novel measurable and modifiable factor in the progression of human ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Su Duy Nguyen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mika Hilvo
- Zora Biosciences, Biologinkuja 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu D Laajala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kondadi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lähteenmäki
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Kittilä
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Huusko
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, P.O. Box 100, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, P.O. Box 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttula
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, P.O. Box 100, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lawrence Rudel
- Department of Biochemistry Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anssi Öörni
- Information Systems, Åbo Akademi University, Fänriksgatan 3A, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amos Baruch
- Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Zora Biosciences, Biologinkuja 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.,Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, Kalevantie 4, 33100 Tampere, Finland.,Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, University Hospital of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 6, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE), Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Robinson JG, Williams KJ, Gidding S, Borén J, Tabas I, Fisher EA, Packard C, Pencina M, Fayad ZA, Mani V, Rye KA, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Douglas PS, Nicholls SJ, Pagidipati N, Sniderman A. Eradicating the Burden of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease by Lowering Apolipoprotein B Lipoproteins Earlier in Life. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009778. [PMID: 30371276 PMCID: PMC6474943 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Gidding
- 3 Department of Pediatric Cardiology Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children DE
| | - Jan Borén
- 4 Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine University of Gothenberg Sweden
| | - Ira Tabas
- 5 Department of Medicine Columbia University Medical Center New York NY
| | - Edward A Fisher
- 6 Department of Cell Biology New York University School of Medicine New York NY
| | - Chris Packard
- 7 Department of Biochemistry University of Glasgow Scotland
| | - Michael Pencina
- 8 Department of Biostatistics and Informatics Duke University Durham NC
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- 9 Department of Radiology Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY
| | - Venkatesh Mani
- 9 Department of Radiology Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York NY
| | - Kerry Anne Rye
- 10 Department of Pathology University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Allan Sniderman
- 14 Department of Medicine University of Montreal Montreal Canada
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21
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Jain RK, Weiner MG, Zhao H, Williams KJ, Vokes T. Diabetes-Related Fracture Risk Is Different in African Americans Compared With Hispanics and Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5729-5736. [PMID: 31369094 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with a 60% to 90% increased risk of fracture but few studies have been performed in African American and Hispanic subjects. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to quantify the risk of incident major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) of the hip, wrist, and humerus in African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians with DM compared with those with hypertension (HTN). METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 19,153 subjects with DM (7618 Caucasians, 7456 African Americans, and 4079 Hispanics) and 26,217 with HTN (15,138 Caucasians, 8301 African Americans, and 2778 Hispanics) aged ≥40 years, treated at a large health care system in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All information about the subjects was obtained from electronic health records. RESULTS The unadjusted MOF rates for each race/ethnicity were similar among those with DM and those with HTN (Caucasians, 1.85% vs 1.84%; African Americans, 1.07% vs 1.29%; and Hispanics, 1.69% vs 1.33%; P = NS for all). However, the MOF rates were higher for Caucasians and Hispanics with DM than for African Americans with DM (P < 0.01). In a multivariable model controlled for age, body mass index, sex, and previous MOF, DM was a statistically significant predictor of MOFs only for Caucasians and Hispanics [hazard ratio (HR), 1.23; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.48; P = 0.026] but not for African Americans (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.23; P = 0.56). CONCLUSIONS Hispanics had a DM-related fracture risk similar to that of Caucasians, but AAs did not have an additional fracture risk conferred by DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Jain
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark G Weiner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Huaqing Zhao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamara Vokes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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22
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Marti FEM, Jayson GC, Manoharan P, O'Connor J, Renehan AG, Backen AC, Mistry H, Ortega F, Li K, Simpson KL, Allen J, Connell J, Underhill S, Misra V, Williams KJ, Stratford I, Jackson A, Dive C, Saunders MP. Novel phase I trial design to evaluate the addition of cediranib or selumetinib to preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: the DREAMtherapy trial. Eur J Cancer 2019; 117:48-59. [PMID: 31229949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The DREAMtherapy (Dual REctal Angiogenesis MEK inhibition radiotherapy) trial is a novel intertwined design whereby two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (cediranib and selumetinib) were independently evaluated with rectal chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in an efficient manner to limit the extended follow-up period often required for radiotherapy studies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cediranib or selumetinib was commenced 10 days before and then continued with RT (45 Gy/25#/5 wks) and capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice a day (BID)). When three patients in the cediranib 15-mg once daily (OD) cohort were in the surveillance period, recruitment to the selumetinib cohort commenced. This alternating schedule was followed throughout. Three cediranib (15, 20 and 30 mg OD) and two selumetinib cohorts (50 and 75 mg BID) were planned. Circulating and imaging biomarkers of inflammation/angiogenesis were evaluated. RESULTS In case of cediranib, dose-limiting diarrhoea, fatigue and skin reactions were seen in the 30-mg OD cohort, and therefore, 20 mg OD was defined as the maximum tolerated dose. Forty-one percent patients achieved a clinical or pathological complete response (7/17), and 53% (9/17) had an excellent clinical or pathological response (ECPR). Significantly lower level of pre-treatment plasma tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) was found in patients who had an ECPR. In case of selumetinib, the 50-mg BID cohort was poorly tolerated (fatigue and diarrhoea); a reduced dose cohort of 75-mg OD was opened which was also poorly tolerated, and further recruitment was abandoned. Of the 12 patients treated, two attained an ECPR (17%). CONCLUSIONS This novel intertwined trial design is an effective way to independently investigate multiple agents with radiotherapy. The combination of cediranib with CRT was well tolerated with encouraging efficacy. TNFα emerged as a potential predictive biomarker of response and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G C Jayson
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P Manoharan
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J O'Connor
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A G Renehan
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A C Backen
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - H Mistry
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - F Ortega
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - K Li
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K L Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - J Allen
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J Connell
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - S Underhill
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - V Misra
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - I Stratford
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - A Jackson
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - C Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M P Saunders
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Rao AD, Vaz CL, Williams KJ. Accelerated atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus: Time for a new idea? Atherosclerosis 2019; 286:150-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.04.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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24
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Liu ML, Werth VP, Williams KJ. Blood plasma versus serum: which is right for sampling circulating membrane microvesicles in human subjects? Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 79:e73. [PMID: 31005899 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA .,Corporal Michael J Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Corporal Michael J Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Tar PD, Thacker NA, Babur M, Watson Y, Cheung S, Little RA, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, O’Connor JPB. A new method for the high-precision assessment of tumor changes in response to treatment. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2625-2633. [PMID: 29547950 PMCID: PMC6061877 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Imaging demonstrates that preclinical and human tumors are heterogeneous, i.e. a single tumor can exhibit multiple regions that behave differently during both development and also in response to treatment. The large variations observed in control group, tumors can obscure detection of significant therapeutic effects due to the ambiguity in attributing causes of change. This can hinder development of effective therapies due to limitations in experimental design rather than due to therapeutic failure. An improved method to model biological variation and heterogeneity in imaging signals is described. Specifically, linear Poisson modeling (LPM) evaluates changes in apparent diffusion co-efficient between baseline and 72 h after radiotherapy, in two xenograft models of colorectal cancer. The statistical significance of measured changes is compared to those attainable using a conventional t-test analysis on basic apparent diffusion co-efficient distribution parameters. Results When LPMs were applied to treated tumors, the LPMs detected highly significant changes. The analyses were significant for all tumors, equating to a gain in power of 4-fold (i.e. equivalent to having a sample size 16 times larger), compared with the conventional approach. In contrast, highly significant changes are only detected at a cohort level using t-tests, restricting their potential use within personalized medicine and increasing the number of animals required during testing. Furthermore, LPM enabled the relative volumes of responding and non-responding tissue to be estimated for each xenograft model. Leave-one-out analysis of the treated xenografts provided quality control and identified potential outliers, raising confidence in LPM data at clinically relevant sample sizes. Availability and implementation TINA Vision open source software is available from www.tina-vision.net. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Tar
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - N A Thacker
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - M Babur
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - Y Watson
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - S Cheung
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - R A Little
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - R G Gieling
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Manchester Pharmacy School, Manchester, UK
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester
| | - J P B O’Connor
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester
- Department of Radiology, The Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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26
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Fruhwürth S, Vogel H, Schürmann A, Williams KJ. Novel Insights into How Overnutrition Disrupts the Hypothalamic Actions of Leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:89. [PMID: 29632515 PMCID: PMC5879088 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a worldwide health problem, but we still do not understand the molecular mechanisms that contribute to overeating and low expenditure of energy. Leptin has emerged as a major regulator of energy balance through its actions in the hypothalamus. Importantly, obese people exhibit high circulating levels of leptin, yet the hypothalamus no longer responds normally to this hormone to suppress appetite or to increase energy expenditure. Several well-known hypotheses have been proposed to explain impaired central responsiveness to the effects of leptin in obesity, including defective transit across the blood-brain barrier at the arcuate nucleus, hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress, maladaptive sterile inflammation in the hypothalamus, and overexpression of molecules that may inhibit leptin signaling. We also discuss a new explanation that is based on our group's recent discovery of a signaling pathway that we named "NSAPP" after its five main protein components. The NSAPP pathway consists of an oxide transport chain that causes a transient, targeted burst in intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to inactivate redox-sensitive members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase gene family. The NSAPP oxide transport chain is required for full activation of canonical leptin signaling in neurons but fails to function normally in states of overnutrition. Remarkably, leptin and insulin both require the NSAPP oxide transport chain, suggesting that a defect in this pathway could explain simultaneous resistance to the appetite-suppressing effects of both hormones in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin Jon Williams,
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Chen K, Wu Q, Hu K, Yang C, Wu X, Cheung P, Williams KJ. Suppression of Hepatic FLOT1 (Flotillin-1) by Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Impairs the Disposal of Remnant Lipoproteins via Syndecan-1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 38:102-113. [PMID: 29162604 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the atherometabolic syndrome exhibit a deadly dyslipoproteinemia that arises in part from impaired hepatic disposal of C-TRLs (cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich remnant apoB [apolipoprotein B] lipoproteins). We previously identified syndecan-1 as a receptor for C-TRLs that directly mediates endocytosis via rafts, independent from coated pits. Caveolins and flotillins form rafts but facilitate distinct endocytotic pathways. We now investigated their participation in syndecan-1-mediated disposal of C-TRLs and their expression in T2DM liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS In cultured liver cells and nondiabetic murine livers, we found that syndecan-1 coimmunoprecipitates with FLOT1 (flotillin-1) but not with CAV1 (caveolin-1). Binding of C-TRLs to syndecan-1 on the surface of liver cells enhanced syndecan-1/FLOT1 association. The 2 molecules then trafficked together into the lysosomes, implying limited if any recycling back to the cell surface. The interaction requires the transmembrane/cytoplasmic region of syndecan-1 and the N-terminal hydrophobic domain of FLOT1. Knockdown of FLOT1 in cultured liver cells substantially inhibited syndecan-1 endocytosis. Livers from obese, T2DM KKAy mice exhibited 60% to 70% less FLOT1 protein and mRNA than in nondiabetic KK livers. An adenoviral construct to enhance hepatic expression of wild-type FLOT1 in T2DM mice normalized plasma triglycerides, whereas a mutant FLOT1 missing its N-terminal hydrophobic domain had no effect. Moreover, the adenoviral vector for wild-type FLOT1 lowered plasma triglyceride excursions and normalized retinyl excursions in T2DM KKAy mice after a corn oil gavage, without affecting postprandial production of C-TRLs. CONCLUSIONS FLOT1 is a novel participant in the disposal of harmful C-TRLs via syndecan-1. Low expression of FLOT1 in T2DM liver may contribute to metabolic dyslipoproteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyang Chen
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
| | - Qingsi Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kongwang Hu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Chengwei Yang
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Peter Cheung
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- From the School of Public Health (K.C., Q.W., C.Y.) and Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital (K.H.), Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (K.C., X.W., P.C., K.J.W.); and Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.).
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Morris O, Elsawy MA, Fairclough M, Williams KJ, Mcmahon A, Grigg J, Forster D, Miller AF, Saiani A, Prenant C. In vivo characterisation of a therapeutically relevant self-assembling 18 F-labelled β-sheet forming peptide and its hydrogel using positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017. [PMID: 28623878 PMCID: PMC5601235 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence labelling have been used to assess the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and eventual fate of a hydrogel‐forming nonapeptide, FEFKFEFKK (F9), in healthy mice, using 18F‐labelled and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labelled F9 analogues. F9 was site‐specifically radiolabelled with 2‐[18F]fluoro‐3‐pyridinecarboxaldehyde ([18F]FPCA) via oxime bond formation. [18F]FPCA‐F9 in vivo fate was evaluated both as a solution, following intravenous administration, and as a hydrogel when subcutaneously injected. The behaviour of FITC‐F9 hydrogel was assessed following subcutaneous injection. [18F]FPCA‐F9 demonstrated high plasma stability and primarily renal excretion; [18F]FPCA‐F9 when in solution and injected into the bloodstream displayed prompt bladder uptake (53.4 ± 16.6 SUV at 20 minutes postinjection) and rapid renal excretion, whereas [18F]FPCA‐F9 hydrogel, formed by co‐assembly of [18F]FPCA‐F9 monomer with unfunctionalised F9 peptide and injected subcutaneously, showed gradual bladder accumulation of hydrogel fragments (3.8 ± 0.4 SUV at 20 minutes postinjection), resulting in slower renal excretion. Gradual disaggregation of the F9 hydrogel from the site of injection was monitored using FITC‐F9 hydrogel in healthy mice (60 ± 3 over 96 hours), indicating a biological half‐life between 1 and 4 days. The in vivo characterisation of F9, both as a gel and a solution, highlights its potential as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Morris
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, UK.,CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - M A Elsawy
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK
| | - M Fairclough
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, UK.,CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - K J Williams
- CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK.,Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - A Mcmahon
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, UK.,CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - J Grigg
- GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK
| | - D Forster
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, UK.,CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - A F Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - A Saiani
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, UK.,Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK.,School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - C Prenant
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, The University of Manchester, UK.,CRUK/EPSRC Imaging Centre in Cambridge & Manchester, The University of Manchester, UK
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Jaffey JA, Williams KJ, Masseau I, Krueger M, Reinero C. Vasoproliferative process resembling pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis in a cat. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:72. [PMID: 28320395 PMCID: PMC5359803 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-0984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is a rare, vascular obstructive disorder that uniformly causes pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clinically, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is indistinguishable from primary pulmonary arterial hypertension and histology is required for definitive diagnosis. The distinctive histologic feature of pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is non-malignant extensive proliferation of capillaries in the alveolar septae. Vasodilator treatment of humans with primary arterial hypertension due to pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis can result in fatal acute pulmonary edema. Computed tomography is thus critical to discern pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis from other causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension prior to vasodilator therapy. This is the first report of a vasoproliferative process resembling pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis in the feline species. CASE PRESENTATION A 15-year-old, male castrated, domestic shorthair cat presented for persistent labored breathing presumptively due to congestive heart failure despite treatment with diuretics for 7 days. Echocardiography showed evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with severe pulmonary hypertension; however, a normal sized left atrium was not consistent with congestive heart failure. Thoracic computed tomography was performed and showed evidence of diffuse ill-defined nodular ground glass opacities, enlarged pulmonary arteries, and filling defects consistent with pulmonary thromboembolism. The cat acutely decompensated after a single dose of sildenafil and was euthanized. Histopathology of the lungs showed severe multifocal alveolar capillary proliferation with respiratory bronchiolar infiltration, marked type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and multifocal pulmonary arterial thrombosis. CONCLUSION This is the first description in a cat of a vasoproliferative disorder resembling pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis complicated by multifocal pulmonary arterial thrombosis. Inspiratory and expiratory ventilator-driven breath holds with angiography revealed lesions predominantly characterized by ground glass opacification and vascular filling defects with absence of air trapping. The results from this report suggest that, as in humans, the cat can develop a pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis-like disease in which vasodilator therapy to address pulmonary hypertension may lead to fatal pulmonary edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jaffey
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - K J Williams
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - I Masseau
- Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - M Krueger
- Veterinary Specialty Hopsital of Hong Kong, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
| | - C Reinero
- University of Missouri Veterinary Health Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Kraehling JR, Chidlow JH, Rajagopal C, Sugiyama MG, Fowler JW, Lee MY, Zhang X, Ramírez CM, Park EJ, Tao B, Chen K, Kuruvilla L, Larriveé B, Folta-Stogniew E, Ola R, Rotllan N, Zhou W, Nagle MW, Herz J, Williams KJ, Eichmann A, Lee WL, Fernández-Hernando C, Sessa WC. Genome-wide RNAi screen reveals ALK1 mediates LDL uptake and transcytosis in endothelial cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13516. [PMID: 27869117 PMCID: PMC5121336 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans and animals lacking functional LDL receptor (LDLR), LDL from plasma still readily traverses the endothelium. To identify the pathways of LDL uptake, a genome-wide RNAi screen was performed in endothelial cells and cross-referenced with GWAS-data sets. Here we show that the activin-like kinase 1 (ALK1) mediates LDL uptake into endothelial cells. ALK1 binds LDL with lower affinity than LDLR and saturates only at hypercholesterolemic concentrations. ALK1 mediates uptake of LDL into endothelial cells via an unusual endocytic pathway that diverts the ligand from lysosomal degradation and promotes LDL transcytosis. The endothelium-specific genetic ablation of Alk1 in Ldlr-KO animals leads to less LDL uptake into the aortic endothelium, showing its physiological role in endothelial lipoprotein metabolism. In summary, identification of pathways mediating LDLR-independent uptake of LDL may provide unique opportunities to block the initiation of LDL accumulation in the vessel wall or augment hepatic LDLR-dependent clearance of LDL. Atherosclerosis is caused by low-density lipoprotein (LDL) buildup in the vessel wall, a process thought to be mediated by LDL receptor alone. Here, the authors show that the endothelium can uptake LDL via ALK1, a TGFβ signalling receptor, suggesting new therapies for blocking LDL accumulation in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Kraehling
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - John H Chidlow
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Chitra Rajagopal
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michael G Sugiyama
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Joseph W Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Monica Y Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Cristina M Ramírez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Eon Joo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Bo Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Keyang Chen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
| | - Leena Kuruvilla
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Bruno Larriveé
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Ewa Folta-Stogniew
- W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Roxana Ola
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Wenping Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Michael W Nagle
- Human Genetics &Computational Biomedicine, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Departments of Molecular Genetics, Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 41345, Sweden
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5B 1W8.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.,Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - William C Sessa
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program (VBT), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Myocardial ischemia, an uncommon cause of sudden death in dogs, usually results in infarction and fibrosis of the myocardium. Necropsy examination of a 13-year-old German Shepherd dog that died suddenly demonstrated multifocal myocardial thinning and loss in the left and right ventricular free wall and right atrium. Histopathologic examination confirmed the myocardial thinning to be sites of myocyte atrophy and loss, with loose reticulin-positive fibrovascular tissue and adipocytes and little fibrosis. Many intramural coronary arteries were irregularly thickened and partially occluded by segmental intimal and medial deposits of periodic acid-Schiff-positive, Congo red-negative amorphous extracellular material. This finding is consistent with hyaline arteriosclerosis. These vascular lesions likely lead to insufficient perfusion of the affected myocardium and gradual loss of myofibers without the acute necrosis and fibrosis characteristic of infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, 210 Food Safety and Toxicology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jon Williams
- From the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.J.W.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden (K.J.W.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Department of Medicine (Cardiology), the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology and The Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.A.F.).
| | - Ira Tabas
- From the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.J.W.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden (K.J.W.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Department of Medicine (Cardiology), the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology and The Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.A.F.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- From the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (K.J.W.); Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden (K.J.W.); Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Cell Biology, and Physiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (I.T.); and Department of Medicine (Cardiology), the Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology and The Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.A.F.)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is common and symptoms can be debilitating and lethal. Risk management, exercise, radiological and surgical intervention are all valuable therapies, but morbidity and mortality rates from this disease are increasing. Circulatory enhancement can be achieved using simple medical electronic devices, with claims of minimal adverse side effects. The evidence for these is variable, prompting a review of the available literature. METHODS Embase and Medline were interrogated for full text articles in humans and written in English. Any external medical devices used in the management of peripheral arterial disease were included if they had objective outcome data. RESULTS Thirty-one papers met inclusion criteria, but protocols were heterogenous. The medical devices reported were intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), electronic nerve (NMES) or muscle stimulators (EMS), and galvanic electrical dressings. In patients with intermittent claudication, IPC devices increase popliteal artery velocity (49-70 %) and flow (49-84 %). Gastrocnemius EMS increased superficial femoral artery flow by 140 %. Over 4.5-6 months IPC increased intermittent claudication distance (ICD) (97-150 %) and absolute walking distance (AWD) (84-112 %), with an associated increase in quality of life. NMES of the calf increased ICD and AWD by 82 % and 61-150 % at 4 weeks, and 26 % and 34 % at 8 weeks. In patients with critical limb ischaemia IPC reduced rest pain in 40-100 % and was associated with ulcer healing rates of 26 %. IPC had an early limb salvage rate of 58-83 % at 1-3 months, and 58-94 % at 1.5-3.5 years. No studies have reported the use of EMS or NMES in the management of CLI. CONCLUSION There is evidence to support the use of IPC in the management of claudication and CLI. There is a building body of literature to support the use of electrical stimulators in PAD, but this is low level to date. Devices may be of special benefit to those with limited exercise capacity, and in non-reconstructable critical limb ischaemia. Galvanic stimulation is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Babber
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Ravikumar
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A H Davies
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Charing Cross Hospital, 4th Floor, Fulham Palace Road, London, W6 8RF, UK.
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Folkesson M, Li C, Frebelius S, Swedenborg J, Wågsäter D, Williams KJ, Eriksson P, Roy J, Liu ML. Proteolytically active ADAM10 and ADAM17 carried on membrane microvesicles in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:1165-74. [PMID: 26422658 DOI: 10.1160/th14-10-0899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The intraluminal thrombus (ILT) of human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has been suggested to damage the underlying aortic wall, but previous work found scant activity of soluble proteases in the abluminal layer of the ILT, adjacent to the aneurysm. We hypothesised that transmembrane proteases carried by membrane microvesicles (MV) from dying cells remain active in the abluminal ILT. ILTs and AAA segments collected from 21 patients during surgical repair were assayed for two major transmembrane proteases, ADAM10 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease-10) and ADAM17. We also exposed cultured cells to tobacco smoke and assessed ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression and release on MVs. Immunohistochemistry showed abundant ADAM10 and ADAM17 protein in the ILT and underlying aneurysmal aorta. Domain-specific antibodies indicated both transmembrane and shed ADAM17. Importantly, ADAM10 and ADAM 17 in the abluminal ILT were enzymatically active. Electron microscopy of abluminal ILT and aortic wall showed MVs with ADAM10 and ADAM17. By flow cytometry, ADAM-positive microvesicles from abluminal ILT carried the neutrophil marker CD66, but not the platelet marker CD61. Cultured HL60 neutrophils exposed to tobacco smoke extract showed increased ADAM10 and ADAM17 content, cleavage of these molecules into active forms, and release of MVs carrying mature ADAM10 and detectable ADAM17. In conclusion, our results implicate persistent, enzymatically active ADAMs on MVs in the abluminal ILT, adjacent to the aneurysmal wall. The production of ADAM10- and ADAM17-positive MVs from smoke-exposed neutrophils provides a novel molecular mechanism for the vastly accelerated risk of AAA in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Folkesson
- Dr. Maggie Folkesson, Tel.: +46739435823, Fax: +46 13 14 91 06, E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joy Roy
- Dr. Joy Roy, Tel.: +46739435823, Fax: +46 13 14 91 06, E-mail:
| | - Ming-Ling Liu
- Dr. Ming-Lin Liu, Tel.: +46739435823, Fax: +46 13 14 91 06, E-mail:
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O'Connor JPB, Boult JKR, Jamin Y, Babur M, Finegan KG, Williams KJ, Reynolds AR, Little RA, Jackson A, Parker GJM, Waterton JC, Robinson SP. Oxygen-enhanced MRI can accurately identify, quantify and map tumour hypoxia in preclinical models. Cancer Imaging 2015. [PMCID: PMC4601618 DOI: 10.1186/1470-7330-15-s1-p9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Wou J, Williams KJ, Davies AH. Compression Stockings versus Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Devices in the Management of Occupational Leg Swelling. Int J Angiol 2015; 25:104-9. [PMID: 27231426 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1558646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Occupational edema is reported to occur in healthy individuals after working in a sitting or standing position for extensive periods of time. It can be associated with feelings of tiredness, heaviness of the legs, and pain. Three licensed medical devices were compared in their management of occupational edema. Subjects and Methods A total of 10 subjects were recruited from a clinical workspace. Right leg volume and great saphenous vein diameter was measured in the morning, and 6 hours later. On subsequent separate days, grade 2 graduated compression stockings (Active Compression Socks, Mediven, United Kingdom), geko (Firstkind Ltd, United Kingdom), and Revitive (Actegy Ltd, United Kingdom) were used bilaterally according to manufacturer's instructions. Results Leg volumes increased by median 41 mL (p < 0.05) with no intervention. Percentage increase in leg volume was found to be significantly reduced by stockings compared with control (-1.7%, p < 0.01), and were more effective than electrical devices. Changes in vein diameter poorly correlate with leg volume changes. Conclusion Occupational edema can occur over as little as 6 hours. All devices were well tolerated and reduced leg swelling. Stockings were the only device to significantly reduce leg swelling in this small trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wou
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K J Williams
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A H Davies
- Section of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias S Siraj
- From the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia (E.S.S., K.J.W.); and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (K.J.W.)
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Li M, Li C, Liu Y, Chen Y, Wu X, Yu D, Werth VP, Williams KJ, Liu ML. Decreased secretion of adiponectin through its intracellular accumulation in adipose tissue during tobacco smoke exposure. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:15. [PMID: 26075006 PMCID: PMC4465313 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Smokers exhibit low circulating levels of total adiponectin (ADPN) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) ADPN multimers. Blood concentrations of HMW ADPN multimers closely correlate with insulin sensitivity for handling glucose. How tobacco smoke exposure lowers blood levels of ADPN, however, has not been investigated. In the current study, we examined the effects of tobacco smoke exposure in vitro and in vivo on the intracellular and extracellular distribution of ADPN and its HMW multimers, as well as potential mechanisms. Findings We found that exposure of cultured adipocytes to tobacco smoke extract (TSE) suppressed total ADPN secretion, and TSE administration to mice lowered their plasma ADPN concentrations. Surprisingly, TSE caused intracellular accumulation of HMW ADPN in cultured adipocytes and in the adipose tissue of wild-type mice, while preferentially decreasing HMW ADPN in culture medium and in plasma. Importantly, we found that TSE up-regulated the ADPN retention chaperone ERp44, which colocalized with ADPN in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, TSE down-regulated DsbA-L, a factor for ADPN secretion. Conclusions Tobacco smoke exposure traps HMW ADPN intracellularly, thereby blocking its secretion. Our results provide a novel mechanism for hypoadiponectinemia, and may help to explain the increased risk of T2DM in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Li
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Chunjun Li
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Xiangdong Wu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Demin Yu
- The Metabolic Disease Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Abstract
A longitudinal study was conducted to assess the methods available for detection of Escherichia coli O157 and to investigate the prevalence and occurrence of long-term shedding and super shedding in a cohort of Australian dairy heifers. Samples were obtained at approximately weekly intervals from heifers at pasture under normal management systems. Selective sampling techniques were used with the aim of identifying heifers with a higher probability of shedding or super shedding. Rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) and fecal samples were obtained from each heifer. Direct culture of feces was used for detection and enumeration. Feces and RAMS were tested by enrichment culture. Selected samples were further tested retrospectively by immunomagnetic separation of enriched samples. Of 784 samples obtained, 154 (19.6%) were detected as positive using culture methods. Adjusting for selective sampling, the prevalence was 71 (15.6%) of 454. In total, 66 samples were detected as positive at >10(2) CFU/g of which 8 were >10(4) CFU/g and classed as super shedding. A significant difference was observed in detection by enriched culture of RAMS and feces. Dairy heifers within this cohort exhibited variable E. coli O157 shedding, consistent with previous estimates of shedding. Super shedding was detected at a low frequency and inconsistently from individual heifers. All detection methods identified some samples as positive that were not detected by any other method, indicating that the testing methods used will influence survey results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia.
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - O P Dhungyel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
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Robinson NE, Williams KJ, Stack A, Jackson WF, Derksen FJ. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage: A progressive disease affecting performance? Equine Vet J 2015; 47:339-40. [PMID: 25712624 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Robinson
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Fleming IN, Manavaki R, Blower PJ, West C, Williams KJ, Harris AL, Domarkas J, Lord S, Baldry C, Gilbert FJ. Imaging tumour hypoxia with positron emission tomography. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:238-50. [PMID: 25514380 PMCID: PMC4453462 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a hallmark of most solid tumours, is a negative prognostic factor due to its association with an aggressive tumour phenotype and therapeutic resistance. Given its prominent role in oncology, accurate detection of hypoxia is important, as it impacts on prognosis and could influence treatment planning. A variety of approaches have been explored over the years for detecting and monitoring changes in hypoxia in tumours, including biological markers and noninvasive imaging techniques. Positron emission tomography (PET) is the preferred method for imaging tumour hypoxia due to its high specificity and sensitivity to probe physiological processes in vivo, as well as the ability to provide information about intracellular oxygenation levels. This review provides an overview of imaging hypoxia with PET, with an emphasis on the advantages and limitations of the currently available hypoxia radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Fleming
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - R Manavaki
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218-Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - P J Blower
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - C West
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- EPSRC and CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, University Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - J Domarkas
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Respiratory Medicine, Hull-York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - S Lord
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, University Department of Medical Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - C Baldry
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, 4th Floor, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - F J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 218-Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- EPSRC and CRUK Cancer Imaging Centre in Cambridge and Manchester, Cambridge, UK
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Joshi N, Kopec AK, O'Brien KM, Towery KL, Cline-Fedewa H, Williams KJ, Copple BL, Flick MJ, Luyendyk JP. Coagulation-driven platelet activation reduces cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:57-71. [PMID: 25353084 PMCID: PMC4487795 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coagulation cascade has been shown to participate in chronic liver injury and fibrosis, but the contribution of various thrombin targets, such as protease activated receptors (PARs) and fibrin(ogen), has not been fully described. Emerging evidence suggests that in some experimental settings of chronic liver injury, platelets can promote liver repair and inhibit liver fibrosis. However, the precise mechanisms linking coagulation and platelet function to hepatic tissue changes following injury remain poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of PAR-4, a key thrombin receptor on mouse platelets, and fibrin(ogen) engagement of the platelet αII b β3 integrin (αIIb β3 ) in a model of cholestatic liver injury and fibrosis. METHODS Biliary and hepatic injury was characterized following 4 week administration of the bile duct toxicant α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) (0.025%) in PAR-4-deficient mice, mice expressing a mutant form of fibrin(ogen) incapable of binding integrin αII b β3 (Fibγ(Δ5) ), and wild-type mice. RESULTS Elevated plasma thrombin-antithrombin and serotonin levels, hepatic fibrin deposition, and platelet accumulation in liver accompanied hepatocellular injury and fibrosis in ANIT-treated wild-type mice. PAR-4 deficiency reduced plasma serotonin levels, increased serum bile acid concentration, and exacerbated ANIT-induced hepatocellular injury and peribiliary fibrosis. Compared with PAR-4-deficient mice, ANIT-treated Fibγ(Δ5) mice displayed more widespread hepatocellular necrosis accompanied by marked inflammation, robust fibroblast activation, and extensive liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the results indicate that PAR-4 and fibrin-αII b β3 integrin engagement, pathways coupling coagulation to platelet activation, each exert hepatoprotective effects during chronic cholestasis.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate
- Animals
- Antithrombin III
- Bile Acids and Salts/blood
- Blood Coagulation/genetics
- Blood Platelets/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/blood
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/genetics
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control
- Cholestasis/blood
- Cholestasis/chemically induced
- Cholestasis/genetics
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Cholestasis/prevention & control
- Fibrinogens, Abnormal/genetics
- Fibrinogens, Abnormal/metabolism
- Genotype
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/blood
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Necrosis
- Peptide Hydrolases/blood
- Phenotype
- Platelet Activation/genetics
- Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex/metabolism
- Receptors, Thrombin/deficiency
- Receptors, Thrombin/genetics
- Serotonin/blood
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- N Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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45
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Bryant JL, Meredith SL, Williams KJ, White A. Targeting hypoxia in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2014; 86:126-32. [PMID: 25201720 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an extremely aggressive disease for which minimal therapeutic improvements have been made over the last few decades. Patients still rely on non-targeted, chemotherapeutic drugs complemented by irradiation. Although initial response is very good, the majority of SCLC patients invariably relapse with therapy-resistant tumours. Despite the link between pathologically low oxygen levels and therapy resistant tumours, hypoxia has gained little attention in the development of novel therapies for SCLC. In contrast, the advantages of targeting hypoxic cells in many other cancer types have been studied extensively. This review describes the reasons for targeting hypoxia in SCLC and outlines strategies undertaken to enhance hypoxic tumour cell death, including the use of bioreductive prodrugs, the targeting of HIF-1α and the induction of cell death through acidosis. Therapy directed towards hypoxic tumour regions has the potential to greatly enhance the response of SCLC tumours to current treatment regimens and represents an area of research in need of greater attention. Such research could lead to the much sought after development of targeted drugs against SCLC tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bryant
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - S L Meredith
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - A White
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Tang T, Thompson JC, Wilson PG, Yoder MH, Müeller J, Fischer JW, Williams KJ, Tannock LR. Biglycan deficiency: increased aortic aneurysm formation and lack of atheroprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 75:174-80. [PMID: 25093698 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans of the arterial wall play a critical role in vascular integrity and the development of atherosclerosis owing to their ability to organize extracellular matrix molecules and to bind and retain atherogenic apolipoprotein (apo)-B containing lipoproteins. Prior studies have suggested a role for biglycan in aneurysms and in atherosclerosis. Angiotensin II (angII) infusions into mice have been shown to induce abdominal aortic aneurysm development, increase vascular biglycan content, increase arterial retention of lipoproteins, and accelerate atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to determine the role of biglycan in angII-induced vascular diseases. Biglycan-deficient or biglycan wildtype mice crossed to LDL receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (C57BL/6 background) were infused with angII (500 or 1000ng/kg/min) or saline for 28days while fed on normal chow, then pumps were removed, and mice were switched to an atherogenic Western diet for 6weeks. During angII infusions, biglycan-deficient mice developed abdominal aortic aneurysms, unusual descending thoracic aneurysms, and a striking mortality caused by aortic rupture (76% for males and 48% for females at angII 1000ng/kg/min). Histological analyses of non-aneurysmal aortic segments from biglycan-deficient mice revealed a deficiency of dense collagen fibers and the aneurysms demonstrated conspicuous elastin breaks. AngII infusion increased subsequent atherosclerotic lesion development in both biglycan-deficient and biglycan wildtype mice. However, the biglycan genotype did not affect the atherosclerotic lesion area induced by the Western diet after treatment with angII. Biglycan-deficient mice exhibited significantly increased vascular perlecan content compared to biglycan wildtype mice. Analyses of the atherosclerotic lesions demonstrated that vascular perlecan co-localized with apoB, suggesting that increased perlecan compensated for biglycan deficiency in terms of lipoprotein retention. Biglycan deficiency increases aortic aneurysm development and is not protective against the development of atherosclerosis. Biglycan deficiency leads to loosely packed aortic collagen fibers, increased susceptibility of aortic elastin fibers to angII-induced stress, and up-regulation of vascular perlecan content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joel C Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan H Yoder
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julia Müeller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens W Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, KY, USA.
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47
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Williams KJ, Ward MP, Dhungyel O, Van Breda L. Relative sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157 detection from bovine feces and rectoanal mucosal swabs. J Food Prot 2014; 77:972-6. [PMID: 24853520 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The need to quantify the potential human health risk posed by the bovine reservoir of Escherichia coli O157 has led to a wealth of prevalence studies and improvements in detection methods over the last two decades. Rectoanal mucosal swabs have been used for the detection of E. coli O157 fecal shedding, colonized animals, and those predisposed to super shedding. We conducted a longitudinal study to compare the detection of E. coli O157 from feces and rectoanal mucosal swabs (RAMS) from a cohort of dairy heifers. We collected 820 samples that were tested by immunomagnetic separation of both feces and RAMS. Of these, 132 were detected as positive for E. coli O157 from both samples, 66 were detected as positive from RAMS only, and 117 were detected as positive from feces only. The difference in results between the two sample types was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The relative sensitivities of detection by immunomagnetic separation were 53% (confidence interval, 46.6 to 59.3) from RAMS and 67% (confidence interval, 59.6 to 73.1) from fecal samples. No association between long-term shedding (P = 0.685) or super shedding (P = 0.526) and detection by RAMS only was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Williams
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.
| | - M P Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - O Dhungyel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
| | - L Van Breda
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Hammond EM, Asselin MC, Forster D, O'Connor JPB, Senra JM, Williams KJ. The meaning, measurement and modification of hypoxia in the laboratory and the clinic. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2014; 26:277-88. [PMID: 24602562 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia was identified as a microenvironmental component of solid tumours over 60 years ago and was immediately recognised as a potential barrier to therapy through the reliance of radiotherapy on oxygen to elicit maximal cytotoxicity. Over the last two decades both clinical and experimental studies have markedly enhanced our understanding of how hypoxia influences cellular behaviour and therapy response. Furthermore, they have confirmed early assumptions that low oxygenation status in tumours is an exploitable target in cancer therapy. Generally such approaches will be more beneficial to patients with hypoxic tumours, necessitating the use of biomarkers that reflect oxygenation status. Tissue biomarkers have shown utility in many studies. Further significant advances have been made in the non-invasive measurement of tumour hypoxia with positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging modalities. Here, we describe the complexities of defining and measuring tumour hypoxia and highlight the therapeutic approaches to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Hammond
- The Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M-C Asselin
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - D Forster
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - J P B O'Connor
- Centre for Imaging Sciences, Institute of Population Health, Manchester, UK
| | - J M Senra
- The Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Cambridge-Manchester Cancer Research UK Comprehensive Imaging Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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49
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Hassing HC, Surendran RP, Derudas B, Verrijken A, Francque SM, Mooij HL, Bernelot Moens SJ, ’t Hart LM, Nijpels G, Dekker JM, Williams KJ, Stroes ESG, Van Gaal LF, Staels B, Nieuwdorp M, Dallinga-Thie GM. SULF2 strongly prediposes to fasting and postprandial triglycerides in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:1309-16. [PMID: 24339435 PMCID: PMC4008695 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic overexpression of sulfatase-2 (SULF2), a heparan sulfate remodeling enzyme, strongly contributes to high triglyceride (TG) levels in obese, type 2 diabetic (T2DM) db/db mice. Nevertheless, data in humans are lacking. Here, the association of human hepatic SULF2 expression and SULF2 gene variants with TG metabolism in patients with obesity and/or T2DM was investigated. METHODS Liver biopsies from 121 obese subjects were analyzed for relations between hepatic SULF2 mRNA levels and plasma TG. Associations between seven SULF2 tagSNPs and TG levels were assessed in 210 obese T2DM subjects with dyslipidemia. Replication of positive findings was performed in 1,316 independent obese T2DM patients. Postprandial TRL clearance was evaluated in 29 obese T2DM subjects stratified by SULF2 genotype. RESULTS Liver SULF2 expression was significantly associated with fasting plasma TG (r = 0.271; P = 0.003) in obese subjects. The SULF2 rs2281279(A>G) SNP was reproducibly associated with lower fasting plasma TG levels in obese T2DM subjects (P < 0.05). Carriership of the minor G allele was associated with lower levels of postprandial plasma TG (P < 0.05) and retinyl esters levels (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate SULF2 as potential therapeutic target in the atherogenic dyslipidemia of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Carlijne Hassing
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R. Preethi Surendran
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Derudas
- University of Lille 2; INSERM U1011; EGID; Institute Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven M. Francque
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans L. Mooij
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leen M. ’t Hart
- Departments of Molecular Epidemiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center
| | - Giel Nijpels
- Department of General Practice, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Jacqueline M. Dekker
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Göthenborg, Sweden
| | - Erik S. G. Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luc F. Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille 2; INSERM U1011; EGID; Institute Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: G.M.Dallinga-Thie, PhD Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, room K1.262, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands,
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Wu X, Williams KJ. Abstract 413: Metabolic Channeling from the Insulin Receptor to a Novel Class II Phosphatidylinositol 3’-Kinase and Then to the Threonine-308 Site on AKT Drives Overactive de Novo Lipogenesis in the Obese Liver. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.34.suppl_1.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with the atherometabolic syndrome develop fatty liver and dysglycemia. Both arise from pathway-
se
lective
i
nsulin
r
esistance and
r
esponsiveness (SEIRR): insulin still drives hepatic
de-novo
lipogenesis, but controls glucose poorly. We reported that injection of insulin into obese
db/db
mice fails to inactivate hepatic PTEN, a crucial action of NOX4. Insulin-stimulated
db/db
livers produce an unusual monophosphorylated form of AKT at Thr308 (pT308-AKT) with only weak phosphorylation at Ser473. Importantly, pT308-AKT activates downstream lipogenic pathways, but fails to phosphorylate FOXO1 or regulate glucose handling. All of these features are recapitulated in cultured hepatocytes by disrupting NOX4.
Any signal from insulin to AKT in the presence of active PTEN is a surprise. Canonically, insulin activates class I PI3 kinases to generate PtdIns(3,4,5)P
3
. This lipid binds pleckstrin homology (PH) domains in AKT and in the two enzymes that phosphorylate AKT (PDPK1 at Thr308 and mTORC2 at Ser473). Persistent PTEN consumes PtdIns(3,4,5)P
3
, blocking this pathway.
To explain insulin-stimulated generation of pT308-AKT, we hypothesized a role for the liver-specific class II PI3K, PI3K-C2γ. Insulin stimulates PI3K-C2γ to generate PtdIns(3,4)P
2
, a lipid that binds PH domains but is a poor substrate for destruction by PTEN. Knock-down of PI3K-C2γ in NOX4-deficient hepatocytes blocked insulin-stimulated formation of pT308-AKT and activation of downstream lipogenic targets.
Here, we explored why PI3K-C2γ activates phosphorylation of AKT at Thr308 over Ser473, even though PDPK1 and mTORC2 both have PH domains. Co-immunoprecipitations revealed a striking difference: PI3K-C2γ robustly associates with PDPK1, but not with SIN1, the component of mTORC2 that contains the PH domain.
Our results demonstrate a parallel, noncanonical signaling pathway in hepatocytes, in which the insulin receptor activates PI3K-C2γ, to generate PtdIns(3,4)P
2
. Because PI3K-C2γ closely associates with PDPK1, not mTORC2, it selectively triggers AKT phosphorylation at Thr308, not Ser473. The result is SEIRR: continued stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis, but a failure of glucose control.
This is the clinical picture of the atherometabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Medicine, Temple Univ and Univ of Gothenburg (Gothenburg, Sweden), Philadelphia, PA
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