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Kimura K, Jackson TLB, Huang RCC. Interaction and Collaboration of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC in Regulating the Expression of Cancer-Related Genes to Further Enhance Anticancer Drug Development. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9262-9283. [PMID: 37998757 PMCID: PMC10670631 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity protein 1 (SP1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), and MYC are important transcription factors (TFs). SP1, a constitutively expressed housekeeping gene, regulates diverse yet distinct biological activities; MYC is a master regulator of all key cellular activities including cell metabolism and proliferation; and HIF-1, whose protein level is rapidly increased when the local tissue oxygen concentration decreases, functions as a mediator of hypoxic signals. Systems analyses of the regulatory networks in cancer have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC belong to a group of TFs that function as master regulators of cancer. Therefore, the contributions of these TFs are crucial to the development of cancer. SP1, HIF-1, and MYC are often overexpressed in tumors, which indicates the importance of their roles in the development of cancer. Thus, proper manipulation of SP1, HIF-1, and MYC by appropriate agents could have a strong negative impact on cancer development. Under these circumstances, these TFs have naturally become major targets for anticancer drug development. Accordingly, there are currently many SP1 or HIF-1 inhibitors available; however, designing efficient MYC inhibitors has been extremely difficult. Studies have shown that SP1, HIF-1, and MYC modulate the expression of each other and collaborate to regulate the expression of numerous genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the interactions and collaborations of SP1, HIF1A, and MYC in the regulation of various cancer-related genes, and their potential implications in the development of anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ru Chih C. Huang
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218-2685, USA
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2
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Yoo J, Han J, Lim MH. Transition metal ions and neurotransmitters: coordination chemistry and implications for neurodegeneration. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:548-563. [PMID: 37547459 PMCID: PMC10398360 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00052d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by a disturbance in neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role of transition metal ions, including Cu(i/ii), Zn(ii), and Fe(ii/iii), in neurotransmission, thereby making the coordination chemistry of neurotransmitters a growing field of interest in understanding signal dysfunction. This review outlines the physiological functions of transition metal ions and neurotransmitters, with the metal-binding properties of small molecule-based neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Additionally, we discuss the structural and conformational changes of neurotransmitters induced by redox-active metal ions, such as Cu(i/ii) and Fe(ii/iii), and briefly describe the outcomes arising from their oxidation, polymerization, and aggregation. These observations have important implications for neurodegeneration and emphasize the need for further research to develop potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeasang Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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3
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Wu S, Jiang L, Lei L, Fu C, Huang J, Hu Y, Dong Y, Chen J, Zeng Q. Crosstalk between G-quadruplex and ROS. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 36653351 PMCID: PMC9849334 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to single nucleic acid base damage, DNA strand breakage, inter- and intra-strand cross-linking of nucleic acids, and protein-DNA cross-linking involved in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. G-quadruplex (G4) is a stacked nucleic acid structure that is ubiquitous across regulatory regions of multiple genes. Abnormal formation and destruction of G4s due to multiple factors, including cations, helicases, transcription factors (TFs), G4-binding proteins, and epigenetic modifications, affect gene replication, transcription, translation, and epigenetic regulation. Due to the lower redox potential of G-rich sequences and unique structural characteristics, G4s are highly susceptible to oxidative damage. Additionally, the formation, stability, and biological regulatory role of G4s are affected by ROS. G4s are involved in regulating gene transcription, translation, and telomere length maintenance, and are therefore key players in age-related degeneration. Furthermore, G4s also mediate the antioxidant process by forming stress granules and activating Nrf2, which is suggestive of their involvement in developing ROS-related diseases. In this review, we have summarized the crosstalk between ROS and G4s, and the possible regulatory mechanisms through which G4s play roles in aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjiang Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Chuhan Fu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jinhua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yibo Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yumeng Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 138 Tongzipo Road, 410013, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
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Neuhaus D. Zinc finger structure determination by NMR: Why zinc fingers can be a handful. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 130-131:62-105. [PMID: 36113918 PMCID: PMC7614390 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc fingers can be loosely defined as protein domains containing one or more tetrahedrally-co-ordinated zinc ions whose role is to stabilise the structure rather than to be involved in enzymatic chemistry; such zinc ions are often referred to as "structural zincs". Although structural zincs can occur in proteins of any size, they assume particular significance for very small protein domains, where they are often essential for maintaining a folded state. Such small structures, that sometimes have only marginal stability, can present particular difficulties in terms of sample preparation, handling and structure determination, and early on they gained a reputation for being resistant to crystallisation. As a result, NMR has played a more prominent role in structural studies of zinc finger proteins than it has for many other types of proteins. This review will present an overview of the particular issues that arise for structure determination of zinc fingers by NMR, and ways in which these may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Neuhaus
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Dreab A, Bayse CA. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Reduced and Oxidized TFIIIA Zinc Fingers Free and Interacting with 5S RNA. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:903-913. [PMID: 35143196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of zinc finger (ZF) proteins with nucleic acids and proteins play an important role in DNA transcription and repair, biochemical recognition, and protein regulation. The release of Zn2+ through oxidation of cysteine thiolates is associated with disruption of gene expression and DNA repair, preventing tumor growth. Multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to examine the effect of Cys oxidation on the ZF456 fragment of transcription factor III A (TFIIIA) and its complex with 5S RNA. In the absence of 5S RNA, the reduced ZF456 peptide undergoes conformational changes in the secondary structure due to the reorientation of the intact ZF domains. Upon oxidation, the individual ZF domains unfold to various degrees, yielding a globular ZF456 peptide with ZF4 and ZF6, responsible for base-specific hydrogen bonds with 5S RNA, losing their ββα-folds. ZF5, on the other hand, participates in nonspecific interactions through its α-helix that conditionally unravels early in the simulation. In the presence of RNA, oxidation of the ZF456 peptide disrupts the key hydrogen bonding interactions between ZF5/ZF6 and 5S RNA. However, interactions with ZF4 are dependent on the protonation state of His119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dreab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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6
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Yoon C, Lee SJ. Selective coordination of cobalt ions by zinc fingers in
Escherichia coli
. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chungwoon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
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Li Y, Chen S, Wang C, Wang P, Li X, Zhou L. PRRT2 gene and protein in human: characteristics, evolution and function. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-021-00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study was designed to characterize human PRRT2 gene and protein, in order to provide theoretical reference for research on regulation of PRRT2 expression and its involvement in the pathogenesis of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and other related diseases.
Method
Biological softwares Protparam, Protscale, MHMM, SignalP 5.0, NetPhos 3.1, Swiss-Model, Promoter 2.0, AliBaba2.1 and EMBOSS were used to analyze the sequence characteristics, transcription factors of human PRRT2 and their binding sites in the promoter region of the gene, as well as the physicochemical properties, signal peptides, hydrophobicity property, transmembrane regions, protein structure, interacting proteins and functions of PRRT2 protein.
Results
(1) Evolutionary analysis of PRRT2 protein showed that the human PRRT2 had closest genetic distance from Pongo abelii. (2) The human PRRT2 protein was an unstable hydrophilic protein located on the plasma membrane. (3) The forms of random coil (67.65%) and alpha helix (23.24%) constituted the main secondary structure elements of PRRT2 protein. There were also multiple potential phosphorylation sites in the protein. (4) The results of ontology analysis showed that the cellular component of PRRT2 protein was located in the plasma membrane; the molecular function of PRRT2 included syntaxin-1 binding and SH3 domain binding; the PRRT2 protein is involved in biological processes of negative regulation of soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assembly and calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion. (5) String database analysis revealed 10 proteins with close interactions with the human PRRT2 protein. (6) There were at least two promoter regions in the PRRT2 gene within 2000 bp upstream the 5' flank, a 304-bp CpG island in the promoter region and four GC boxes in the 5' regulatory region of PRRT2 gene and we found 13 transcription factors that could bind the promoter region of the PRRT2 gene.
Conclusion
These results provide important information for further studies on the role of PRRT2 gene and identify their functions.
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8
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Wang DP, Yu ZX, He ZC, Liao JF, Shen XB, Zhu PL, Chen WN, Lin X, Xu SH. Apolipoprotein L1 is transcriptionally regulated by SP1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3108-3121. [PMID: 32671843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) participates in lipid metabolism. Here, we investigate the mechanisms regulating APOL1 gene expression in hepatoma cells. We demonstrate that the -80-nt to +31-nt region of the APOL1 promoter, which contains one SP transcription factor binding GT box and an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) binding ISRE element, maintains the maximum activity. Mutation of the GT box and ISRE element dramatically reduces APOL1 promoter activity. EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay reveal that the transcription factors Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 could interact with their cognate binding sites on the APOL1 promoter. Overexpression of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 increases promoter activity, leading to increased APOL1 mRNA and protein levels, while knockdown of Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 has the opposite effects. These results demonstrate that the APOL1 gene could be regulated by Sp1, IRF1 and IRF2 in hepatoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ping Wang
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hongqi Hospital of MuDanJiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Yu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Cun He
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Fu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xue-Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
| | - Peng-Li Zhu
- Department of Medical Intensive Care Unit, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shang-Hua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping, China
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González-Mundo I, Pérez-Vielma NM, Gómez-López M, Fleury A, Correa-Basurto J, Rosales-Hernández MC, Sixto-López Y, Martínez-Godinez MDLÁ, Domínguez-López A, Miliar-García A. DNA methylation of the RE-1 silencing transcription factor in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and gene expression of antioxidant enzyme in patients with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Exp Gerontol 2020; 136:110951. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Rao SR, Horne WS. Proteomimetic Zinc Finger Domains with Modified Metal-binding β-Turns. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2020; 112. [PMID: 33733039 DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mimicry of protein tertiary folds by chains artificial in backbone chemical composition leads to proteomimetic analogues with potential utility as bioactive agents and as tools to shed light on biomacromolecule behavior. Notable successes toward such molecules have been achieved; however, as protein structural diversity is vast, design principles must be continually honed as they are applied to new prototype folding patterns. One specific structure where a gap remains in understanding how to effectively generate modified backbone analogues is the metal-binding β-turn found in zinc finger domains. Literature precedent suggests several factors that may act in concert, including the artificial moiety used to modify the turn, the sequence in which it is applied, and modifications present elsewhere in the domain. Here, we report efforts to gain insights into these issues and leverage these insights to construct a zinc finger mimetic with backbone modifications throughout its constituent secondary structures. We first conduct a systematic comparison of four turn mimetics in a common host sequence, quantifying relative efficacy for use in a metal-binding context. We go on to construct a proteomimetic zinc finger domain in which the helix, strands, and turn are simultaneously modified, resulting in a variant with 23% artificial residues, a tertiary fold indistinguishable from the prototype, and a folded stability comparable to the natural backbone on which the variant is based. Collectively, the results reported provide new insights into the effects of backbone modification on structure and stability of metal-binding domains and help inform the design of metalloprotein mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa R Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - W Seth Horne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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11
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Gao Q, Dai Z, Zhang S, Fang Y, Yung KKL, Lo PK, Lai KWC. Interaction of Sp1 and APP promoter elucidates a mechanism for Pb 2+ caused neurodegeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 681:108265. [PMID: 31945313 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A ubiquitously expressed transcription factor, specificity protein 1 (Sp1), interacts with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) promoter and likely mediates APP expression. Promoter-interaction strengths variably regulate the level of APP expression. Here, we examined the interactions of finger 3 of Sp1 (Sp1-f3) with a DNA fragment containing the APP promoter in different ionic solutions using atomic force microscope (AFM) spectroscopy. Sp1-f3 molecules immobilized on an Si substrate were bound to the APP promoter, which was linked to the AFM tips via covalent bonds. The interactions were strongly influenced by Pb2+, considering that substituting Zn2+ with Pb2+ increased the binding affinity of Sp1 for the APP promoter. The results revealed that the enhanced interaction force facilitated APP expression and that APP overexpression could confer a high-risk for disease incidence. An increased interaction force between Sp1-f3 and the APP promoter in Pb2+ solutions was consistent with a lower binding free energy, as determined by computer-assisted analysis. The impact of Pb2+ on cell morphology and related mechanical properties were also detected by AFM. The overexpression of APP caused by the enhanced interaction force triggered actin reorganization and further resulted in an increased Young's modulus and viscosity. The correlation with single-force measurements revealed that altered cellular activities could result from alternation of Sp1-APP promoter interaction. Our AFM findings offer a new approach in understanding Pb2+ associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziwen Dai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuqiang Fang
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - King Wai Chiu Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Vellingiri B, Iyer M, Devi Subramaniam M, Jayaramayya K, Siama Z, Giridharan B, Narayanasamy A, Abdal Dayem A, Cho SG. Understanding the Role of the Transcription Factor Sp1 in Ovarian Cancer: from Theory to Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1153. [PMID: 32050495 PMCID: PMC7038193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers among women contributing to high risk of mortality, mainly owing to delayed detection. There is no specific biomarker for its detection in early stages. However, recent findings show that over-expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is involved in many OC cases. The ubiquitous transcription of Sp1 apparently mediates the maintenance of normal and cancerous biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Sp1 exerts its effects on cellular genes containing putative GC-rich Sp1-binding site in their promoters. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying Sp1 transcription factor (TF) regulation and functions in OC tumorigenesis could help identify novel prognostic markers, to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) by following cellular reprogramming and enable the development of novel therapies for future generations. In this review, we address the structure, function, and biology of Sp1 in normal and cancer cells, underpinning the involvement of Sp1 in OC tumorigenesis. In addition, we have highlighted the influence of Sp1 TF in cellular reprogramming of iPSCs and how it plays a role in controlling CSCs. This review highlights the drugs targeting Sp1 and their action on cancer cells. In conclusion, we predict that research in this direction will be highly beneficial for OC treatment, and chemotherapeutic drugs targeting Sp1 will emerge as a promising therapy for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India; (M.I.); (K.J.)
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600006, India;
| | - Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India; (M.I.); (K.J.)
| | - Zothan Siama
- Department of Zoology, School of Life-science, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India;
| | - Bupesh Giridharan
- R&D Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), BIHER, Chromepet, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
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13
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Host Transcription Factors in Hepatitis B Virus RNA Synthesis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020160. [PMID: 32019103 PMCID: PMC7077322 DOI: 10.3390/v12020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV persistence is due in part to the highly stable HBV minichromosome or HBV covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that resides in the nucleus. As HBV replication requires the help of host transcription factors to replicate, focusing on host protein–HBV genome interactions may reveal insights into new drug targets against cccDNA. The structural details on such complexes, however, remain poorly defined. In this review, the current literature regarding host transcription factors’ interactions with HBV cccDNA is discussed.
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14
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Yu J, Hua R, Zhang Y, Tao R, Wang Q, Ni Q. DNA hypomethylation promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by regulating the binding of SP1 to the CDCA3 promoter. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:142-151. [PMID: 31211445 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division cycle associated protein-3 (CDCA3) has been reported frequently upregulated in various cancers. It has been progressively realized that changed DNA methylations occur in diverse carcinomas. However, the concrete involvement of CDCA3 and DNA methylation in gastric cancer (GC) still needs to be further elucidated. METHODS In this study, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to determine the relative expressions of CDCA3 in GC and normal tissue samples. The methylation condition of CDCA3 was determined by bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). A chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and luciferase activity assay was used for the interaction between transcription factors and promoters and binding site determination, respectively. The effects of knockdown or overexpression of specificity protein 1 (SP1) or CDCA3 on GC cells in vitro were further assessed via wound healing assay, colony formation assay, and matrigel invasion assay. RESULTS In comparison to paired normal tissues, CDCA3 expressions were significantly increased in the GC tissues. The CDCA3 expression was regulated by DNA methylation, with the CpG island hypomethylation responsible for CDCA3 upregulation of GC. ChIP assays verified that the activity of SP1 binding to the CDCA3 promoter was dramatically increased. When the CDCA3 expression was downregulated in MKN45 cells by knockdown SP1, the proliferation ability, healing ability, and invasive ability were significantly suppressed. CONCLUSION The process by which SP1 bound to the nearest promoter region was expedited in GC cells, by which DNA was hypomethylated and CDCA3 expression was promoted. The effect on cell proliferation and invasion by CDCA3 was under the regulation of SP1 and also affected by hypomethylation of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruheng Hua
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Quhui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingfeng Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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15
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Kotar A, Rigo R, Sissi C, Plavec J. Two-quartet kit* G-quadruplex is formed via double-stranded pre-folded structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:2641-2653. [PMID: 30590801 PMCID: PMC6411839 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the promoter of c-KIT proto-oncogene, whose deregulation has been implicated in many cancers, three G-rich regions (kit1, kit* and kit2) are able to fold into G-quadruplexes. While kit1 and kit2 have been studied in depth, little information is available on kit* folding behavior despite its key role in regulation of c-KIT transcription. Notably, kit* contains consensus sites for SP1 and AP2 transcription factors. Herein, a set of complementary spectroscopic and biophysical methods reveals that kit*, d[GGCGAGGAGGGGCGTGGCCGGC], adopts a chair type antiparallel G-quadruplex with two G-quartets at physiological relevant concentrations of KCl. Heterogeneous ensemble of structures is observed in the presence of Na+ and NH4+ ions, which however stabilize pre-folded structure. In the presence of K+ ions stacking interactions of adenine and thymine residues on the top G-quartet contribute to structural stability together with a G10•C18 base pair and a fold-back motif of the five residues at the 3′-terminal under the bottom G-quartet. The 3′-tail enables formation of a bimolecular pre-folded structure that drives folding of kit* into a single G-quadruplex. Intriguingly, kinetics of kit* G-quadruplex formation matches timescale of transcriptional processes and might demonstrate interplay of kinetic and thermodynamic factors for understanding regulation of c-KIT proto-oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kotar
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Riccardo Rigo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,EN-FIST Center of Excellence, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Malsy M, Graf B, Almstedt K. The active role of the transcription factor Sp1 in NFATc2-mediated gene regulation in pancreatic cancer. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 20:2. [PMID: 30696421 PMCID: PMC6352339 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-019-0105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is one of the most aggressive tumor diseases affecting the human body. The oncogenic potential of pancreatic cancer is mainly characterized by extremely rapid growth triggered by the activation of oncogenic signaling cascades, which suggests a change in the regulation of important transcription factors. Amongst others, NFAT transcription factors are assumed to play a central role in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Recent research has shown the importance of the transcription factor Sp1 in the transcriptional activity of NFATc2 in pancreatic cancer. However, the role of the interaction between these two binding partners remains unclear. The current study investigated the role of Sp1 proteins in the expression of NFATc2 target genes and identified new target genes and their function in cells. A further objective was the domain of the Sp1 protein that mediates interaction with NFATc2. The involvement of Sp1 proteins in NFATc2 target genes was shown by means of a gene expression profile analysis, and the results were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The functional impact of this interaction was shown in a thymidine incorporation assay. A second objective was the physical interaction between NFATc2 and different Sp1 deletion mutants that was investigated by means of immunoprecipitation. RESULTS In pancreatic cancer, the proto-oncogene c-Fos, the tumor necrosis factor TNF-alpha, and the adhesion molecule integrin beta-3 are target genes of the interaction between Sp1 and NFATc2. Loss of just one transcription factor inhibits oncogenic complex formation and expression of cell cycle-regulating genes, thus verifiably decreasing the carcinogenic effect. The current study also showed the interaction between the transcription factor NFATc2 and the N-terminal domain of Sp1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Sp1 increases the activity of NFATc2 in the NFAT-responsive promoter. CONCLUSIONS The regulation of gene promotors during transcription is a rather complex process because of the involvement of many proteins that - as transcription factors or co-factors - regulate promotor activity as required and control cell function. NFATc2 and Sp1 seem to play a key role in the progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Malsy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center, Regensburg, Franz Josef Strauss Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Almstedt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Hepp MI, Escobar D, Farkas C, Hermosilla VE, Álvarez C, Amigo R, Gutiérrez JL, Castro AF, Pincheira R. A Trichostatin A (TSA)/Sp1-mediated mechanism for the regulation of SALL2 tumor suppressor in Jurkat T cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30028-2. [PMID: 29778644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
SALL2 is a transcription factor involved in development and disease. Deregulation of SALL2 has been associated with cancer, suggesting that it plays a role in the disease. However, how SALL2 is regulated and why is deregulated in cancer remain poorly understood. We previously showed that the p53 tumor suppressor represses SALL2 under acute genotoxic stress. Here, we investigated the effect of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor (HDACi) Trichostatin A (TSA), and involvement of Sp1 on expression and function of SALL2 in Jurkat T cells. We show that SALL2 mRNA and protein levels were enhanced under TSA treatment. Both, TSA and ectopic expression of Sp1 transactivated the SALL2 P2 promoter. This transactivation effect was blocked by the Sp1-binding inhibitor mithramycin A. Sp1 bound in vitro and in vivo to the proximal region of the P2 promoter. TSA induced Sp1 binding to the P2 promoter, which correlated with dynamic changes on H4 acetylation and concomitant recruitment of p300 or HDAC1 in a mutually exclusive manner. Our results suggest that TSA-induced Sp1-Lys703 acetylation contributes to the transcriptional activation of the P2 promoter. Finally, using a CRISPR/Cas9 SALL2-KO Jurkat-T cell model and gain of function experiments, we demonstrated that SALL2 upregulation is required for TSA-mediated cell death. Thus, our study identified Sp1 as a novel transcriptional regulator of SALL2, and proposes a novel epigenetic mechanism for SALL2 regulation in Jurkat-T cells. Altogether, our data support SALL2 function as a tumor suppressor, and SALL2 involvement in cell death response to HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías I Hepp
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
| | - David Escobar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Farkas
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana E Hermosilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Amigo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - José L Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel F Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Roxana Pincheira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad Cs. Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
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18
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Gillinder KR, Ilsley MD, Nébor D, Sachidanandam R, Lajoie M, Magor GW, Tallack MR, Bailey T, Landsberg MJ, Mackay JP, Parker MW, Miles LA, Graber JH, Peters LL, Bieker JJ, Perkins AC. Promiscuous DNA-binding of a mutant zinc finger protein corrupts the transcriptome and diminishes cell viability. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1130-1143. [PMID: 28180284 PMCID: PMC5388391 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The rules of engagement between zinc finger transcription factors and DNA have been partly defined by in vitro DNA-binding and structural studies, but less is known about how these rules apply in vivo. Here, we demonstrate how a missense mutation in the second zinc finger of Krüppel-like factor-1 (KLF1) leads to degenerate DNA-binding specificity in vivo, resulting in ectopic transcription and anemia in the Nan mouse model. We employed ChIP-seq and 4sU-RNA-seq to identify aberrant DNA-binding events genome wide and ectopic transcriptional consequences of this binding. We confirmed novel sequence specificity of the mutant recombinant zinc finger domain by performing biophysical measurements of in vitro DNA-binding affinity. Together, these results shed new light on the mechanisms by which missense mutations in DNA-binding domains of transcription factors can lead to autosomal dominant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Gillinder
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Melissa D Ilsley
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ravi Sachidanandam
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathieu Lajoie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham W Magor
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael R Tallack
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy Bailey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - James J Bieker
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew C Perkins
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.,Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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19
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Yuan S, Chen S, Xi Z, Liu Y. Copper-finger protein of Sp1: the molecular basis of copper sensing. Metallomics 2017; 9:1169-1175. [PMID: 28759062 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The cellular copper level is strictly regulated since excessive copper is harmful to cells. It has been proposed that the expression of copper transport protein hCtr1 is transcriptionally regulated by specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in response to the cellular copper level. However, it is not known how Sp1, a zinc-finger-protein (ZFP), can sense copper ions in cells. Here we found that Sp1 demonstrates high binding affinity to cuprous ions, even stronger than Cu-Atox1 binding. Cu(i) can displace Zn(ii) in Sp1, resulting in a well-folded 'Copper-Finger-Protein' (CFP). Although only very little structural alteration occurs upon copper binding, CFP cannot recognize the promoter of hCtr1, therefore copper binding interrupts the transcription. This result indicates that, in addition to apo-to-holo alteration, metal substitution can also lead to transcriptional switch in metal sensing. This work provides insight into the copper sensing mechanism of Sp1 at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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20
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Tenayuca J, Cousins K, Yang S, Zhang L. Computational Modeling Approach in Probing the Effects of Cytosine Methylation on the Transcription Factor Binding to DNA. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 17:1778-1787. [PMID: 27848899 DOI: 10.2174/1568026617666161116142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytosine methylation at CpG dinucleotides is a chief mechanism in epigenetic modification of gene expression patterns. Previous studies demonstrated that increased CpG methylation of Sp1 sites at -268 and -346 of protein kinase C ε promoter repressed the gene expression. MATERIALS & METHODS The present study investigated the impact of CpG methylation on the Sp1 binding via molecular modeling and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Each of the Sp1 sites contain two CpGs. Methylation of either CpG lowered the binding affinity of Sp1, whereas methylation of both CpGs produced a greater decrease in the binding affinity. Computation of van der Waals (VDW) energy of Sp1 in complex with the Sp1 sites demonstrated increased VDW values from one to two sites of CpG methylation. Molecular modeling indicated that single CpG methylation caused underwinding of the DNA fragment, with the phosphate groups at C1, C4 and C5 reoriented from their original positions. Methylation of both CpGs pinched the minor groove and increased the helical twist concomitant with a shallow, hydrophobic major groove. Additionally, double methylation eliminated hydrogen bonds on recognition helix residues located at positions -1 and 1, which were essential for interaction with O6/N7 of G-bases. Bonding from linker residues Arg565, Lys595 and Lys596 were also reduced. Methylation of single or both CpGs significantly affected hydrogen bonding from all three Sp1 DNA binding domains, demonstrating that the consequences of cytosine modification extend beyond the neighboring nucleotides. RESULTS The results indicate that cytosine methylation causes subtle structural alterations in Sp1 binding sites consequently resulting in inhibition of side chain interactions critical for specific base recognition and reduction of the binding affinity of Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tenayuca
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, California 92407, United States
| | - Kimberley Cousins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, California 92407, United States
| | - Shumei Yang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California 92350, United States
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21
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George KL, Horne WS. Heterogeneous-Backbone Foldamer Mimics of Zinc Finger Tertiary Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7931-7938. [PMID: 28509549 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A variety of oligomeric backbones with compositions deviating from biomacromolecules can fold in defined ways. Termed "foldamers," these agents have diverse potential applications. A number of protein-inspired secondary structures (e.g., helices, sheets) have been produced from unnatural backbones, yet examples of tertiary folds combining several secondary structural elements in a single entity are rare. One promising strategy to address this challenge is the systematic backbone alteration of natural protein sequences, through which a subset of the native side chains is displayed on an unnatural building block to generate a heterogeneous backbone. A drawback to this approach is that substitution at more than one or two sites often comes at a significant energetic cost to fold stability. Here we report heterogeneous-backbone foldamers that mimic the zinc finger domain, a ubiquitous and biologically important metal-binding tertiary motif, and do so with a folded stability that is superior to the natural protein on which their design is based. A combination of UV-vis spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and multidimensional NMR reveals that suitably designed oligomers with >20% modified backbones can form native-like tertiary folds with metal-binding environments identical to the prototype sequence (the third finger of specificity factor 1) and enhanced thermodynamic stability. These results expand the scope of heterogeneous-backbone foldamer design to a new tertiary structure class and show that judiciously applied backbone modification can be accompanied by improvement to fold stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - W Seth Horne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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22
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Petering DH. Reactions of the Zn Proteome with Cd2+ and Other Xenobiotics: Trafficking and Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:189-202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Petering
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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23
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N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of silver and gold as novel tools against breast cancer progression. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:2213-2229. [PMID: 27874288 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Metal carbenic complexes have received considerable attention in both the catalysis and biological fields for their potential applications in cancer and antimicrobial therapies. RESULTS A small series of new silver and gold N-heterocyclic carbene complexes has been designed and synthesized. Among the tested complexes, one compound was particularly active in inhibiting anchorage-dependent and -independent breast cancer proliferation, and inducing cell apoptosis via a mitochondria-related process. The antitumor activity was associated to the transcriptional activation of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in an Sp1-dependent manner, as evidenced by biological and docking studies. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance and the versatility of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of gold and silver as useful tools against breast cancer progression.
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24
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Wu D, Niu X, Pan H, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Qu P, Zhou J. Tumor-suppressing effects of microRNA-429 in human renal cell carcinoma via the downregulation of Sp1. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2906-2911. [PMID: 27698878 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-429 has been frequently reported to be downregulated in various tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, gastric cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and endometrial endometrioid carcinoma. The present study investigated the effects of miR-429 on human RCC A498 and 786-O cells. Following transfection of cells with miR-429 mimics and scrambled control, MTT, cell migration, cell invasion and luciferase assays were performed. In addition, western blotting was performed in order to assess the expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which was predicted to be a target of miR-429 by TargetScan. The present results revealed that miR-429 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of 786-O and A498 cells. In addition, the present results demonstrated that miR-429 overexpression downregulated Sp1 protein expression, which provides evidence that miR-429 may directly target Sp1 in RCC. These results suggest that miR-429 may be investigated for use as a predictive marker for early detection of tumor metastasis and blocking RCC cells from becoming invasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Wu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobing Niu
- Department of Urology, Huai'An First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| | - Huixing Pan
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qu
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
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25
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Du Z, de Paiva REF, Qu Y, Farrell N. Tuning the reactivity of Sp1 zinc fingers with platinum complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8712-6. [PMID: 27171123 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
cis-DDP presents reactivity towards the transcription factor Sp1-F3, as opposed to previous observations for Sp1-F2. Replacing the ammine ligands with the chelating ethylenediamine increases the reactivity giving a unique dinuclear {Pt(en)}2-bis(cysteine)-bridged product, confirmed by study of the binding sequence ACPECP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-2006, USA.
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26
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Zhang R, Feng X, Zhan M, Huang C, Chen K, Tang X, Kang T, Xiong Y, Lei M. Transcription Factor Sp1 Promotes the Expression of Porcine ROCK1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010112. [PMID: 26784181 PMCID: PMC4730353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) gene plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, tumorigenesis and myogenesis. However, little is known about the regulatory elements governing the transcription of porcine ROCK1 gene. In the current study, the transcription start site (TSS) was identified by 5'-RACE, and was found to differ from the predicted one. The region in ROCK1 promoter which is critical for promoter activity was investigated via progressive deletions. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the region from -604 to -554 bp contains responsive elements for Sp1. Subsequent experiments showed that ROCK1 promoter activity is enhanced by Sp1 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas treatment with specific siRNA repressed ROCK1 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA pull down and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed Sp1 can bind to this region. qRT-PCR and Western blotting research followed by overexpression or inhibition of Sp1 indicate that Sp1 can affect endogenous ROCK1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of Sp1 can promote the expression of myogenic differentiation 1(MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Taken together, we conclude that Sp1 positively regulates ROCK1 transcription by directly binding to the ROCK1 promoter region (from -604 to -532 bp) and may affect the process of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Bioengineering Institute, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mengsi Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Cong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tingting Kang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Minggang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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27
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Ordemann JM, Austin RN. Lead neurotoxicity: exploring the potential impact of lead substitution in zinc-finger proteins on mental health. Metallomics 2016; 8:579-88. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00300h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This critical review focuses on one possible link between the cellular biology of lead and its neurotoxic effects: the link between Pb2+substitution for Zn2+in zinc-finger proteins and mental illness in adulthood.
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28
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Huang Z, Huang L, Shen S, Li J, Lu H, Mo W, Dang Y, Luo D, Chen G, Feng Z. Sp1 cooperates with Sp3 to upregulate MALAT1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2403-12. [PMID: 26352013 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), also known as nuclear-enriched transcript 2 (NEAT2), is highly conserved among mammals and highly expressed in the nucleus. It was first identified in lung cancer as a prognostic marker for metastasis but is also associated with several other solid tumors. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MALAT1 is a novel biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence after liver transplantation. The mechanism of overexpression in tumor progression remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of specificity protein 1/3 (Sp1/3) in regulation of MALAT1 transcription in HCC cells. The results showed a high expression of Sp1, Sp3 and MALAT1 in HCC vs. paired non-tumor liver tissues, which was associated with the AFP level (Sp1, r=7.44, P=0.0064; MALAT1, r=12.37, P=0.0004). Co-silencing of Sp1 and Sp3 synergistically repressed MALAT1 expression. Sp1 binding inhibitor, mithramycin A (MIT), also inhibited MALAT1 expression in HCC cells. In conclusion, the upstream of MALAT1 contains five Sp1/3 binding sites, which may be responsible for MALAT1 transcription. Inhibitors, such as MIT, provide a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC patients with MALAT1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Lanshan Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Siqiao Shen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Mo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yiwu Dang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Dianzhong Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbo Feng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Tian HP, Lun SM, Huang HJ, He R, Kong PZ, Wang QS, Li XQ, Feng YM. DNA Methylation Affects the SP1-regulated Transcription of FOXF2 in Breast Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:19173-83. [PMID: 26070560 PMCID: PMC4521039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.636126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
FOXF2 (forkhead box F2) is a mesenchyme-specific transcription factor that plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis through the maintenance of epithelial polarity. In a previous study, we demonstrated that FOXF2 is specifically expressed in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) cells and functions as an epithelial-mesenchymal transition suppressor. FOXF2 deficiency enhances the metastatic ability of BLBC cells through activation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program, but reduces cell proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate that CpG island methylation of the FOXF2 proximal promoter region is involved in the regulatory mechanism of the subtype-specific expression of FOXF2 in breast cancer cells. DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B commonly or individually contributed to this DNA methylation in different breast cancer cells. SP1 regulated the transcriptional activity of FOXF2 through direct binding to the proximal promoter region, whereas this binding was abrogated through DNA methylation. FOXF2 mediated the SP1-regulated suppression of progression and promotion of proliferation of non-methylated BLBC cells. Thus, we conclude that the subtype-specific expression and function of FOXF2 in breast cancer cells are regulated through the combined effects of DNA methylation and SP1 transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Pan Tian
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Shu-Min Lun
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Huan-Jing Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Rui He
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Peng-Zhou Kong
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Qing-Shan Wang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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Mishra DR, Chaudhary S, Krishna BM, Mishra SK. Identification of Critical Elements for Regulation of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase (PPA1) in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124864. [PMID: 25923237 PMCID: PMC4414593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic inorganic pyrophosphatase plays an important role in the cellular metabolism by hydrolyzing inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) formed as a by-product of various metabolic reactions. Inorganic pyrophosphatases are known to be associated with important functions related to the growth and development of various organisms. In humans, the expression of inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA1) is deregulated in different types of cancer and is involved in the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. However, the transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding PPA1 is poorly understood. To gain insights into PPA1 gene regulation, a 1217 bp of its 5'-flanking region was cloned and analyzed. The 5'-deletion analysis of the promoter revealed a 266 bp proximal promoter region exhibit most of the transcriptional activity and upon sequence analysis, three putative Sp1 binding sites were found to be present in this region. Binding of Sp1 to the PPA1 promoter was confirmed by Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Importance of these binding sites was verified by site-directed mutagenesis and overexpression of Sp1 transactivates PPA1 promoter activity, upregulates protein expression and increases chromatin accessibility. p300 binds to the PPA1 promoter and stimulates Sp1 induced promoter activity. Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor induces PPA1 promoter activity and protein expression and HAT activity of p300 was important in regulation of PPA1 expression. These results demonstrated that PPA1 is positively regulated by Sp1 and p300 coactivates Sp1 induced PPA1 promoter activity and histone acetylation/deacetylation may contribute to a local chromatin remodeling across the PPA1 promoter. Further, knockdown of PPA1 decreased colony formation and viability of MCF7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene function and regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanjib Chaudhary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene function and regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B. Madhu Krishna
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene function and regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sandip K. Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Gene function and regulation Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- * E-mail:
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Frege T, Uversky VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins in the nucleus of human cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 1:33-51. [PMID: 29124132 PMCID: PMC5668563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins are known to perform a variety of important functions such as macromolecular recognition, promiscuous binding, and signaling. They are crucial players in various cellular pathway and processes, where they often have key regulatory roles. Among vital cellular processes intimately linked to the intrinsically disordered proteins is transcription, an intricate biological performance predominantly developing inside the cell nucleus. With this work, we gathered information about proteins that exist in various compartments and sub-nuclear bodies of the nucleus of the human cells, with the goal of identifying which ones are highly disordered and which functions are ascribed to the disordered nuclear proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Frege
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- GenomeNext LLC, 175 South 3rd Street, Suite 200, Columbus OH 43215, USA
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer׳s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence to: Department of Molecular, Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Tel.: +1 813 974 5816; fax: +1 813 974 7357.
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Beishline K, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Sp1 and the 'hallmarks of cancer'. FEBS J 2015; 282:224-58. [PMID: 25393971 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For many years, transcription factor Sp1 was viewed as a basal transcription factor and relegated to a role in the regulation of so-called housekeeping genes. Identification of Sp1's role in recruiting the general transcription machinery in the absence of a TATA box increased its importance in gene regulation, particularly in light of recent estimates that the majority of mammalian genes lack a TATA box. In this review, we briefly consider the history of Sp1, the founding member of the Sp family of transcription factors. We review the evidence suggesting that Sp1 is highly regulated by post-translational modifications that positively and negatively affect the activity of Sp1 on a wide array of genes. Sp1 is over-expressed in many cancers and is associated with poor prognosis. Targeting Sp1 in cancer treatment has been suggested; however, our review of the literature on the role of Sp1 in the regulation of genes that contribute to the 'hallmarks of cancer' illustrates the extreme complexity of Sp1 functions. Sp1 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, as well as genes involved in essential cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, the DNA damage response, apoptosis, senescence and angiogenesis. Sp1 is also implicated in inflammation and genomic instability, as well as epigenetic silencing. Given the apparently opposing effects of Sp1, a more complete understanding of the function of Sp1 in cancer is required to validate its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Beishline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Spink BC, Bloom MS, Wu S, Sell S, Schneider E, Ding X, Spink DC. Analysis of the AHR gene proximal promoter GGGGC-repeat polymorphism in lung, breast, and colon cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 282:30-41. [PMID: 25447411 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates expression of numerous genes, including those of the CYP1 gene family. With the goal of determining factors that control AHR gene expression, our studies are focused on the role of the short tandem repeat polymorphism, (GGGGC)n, located in the proximal promoter of the human AHR gene. When luciferase constructs containing varying GGGGC repeats were transfected into cancer cell lines derived from the lung, colon, and breast, the number of GGGGC repeats affected AHR promoter activity. The number of GGGGC repeats was determined in DNA from 327 humans and from 38 samples representing 5 species of non-human primates. In chimpanzees and 3 species of macaques, only (GGGGC)2 alleles were observed; however, in western gorilla, (GGGGC)n alleles with n=2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were identified. In all human populations examined, the frequency of (GGGGC)n was n=4>5≫2, 6. When frequencies of the (GGGGC)n alleles in DNA from patients with lung, colon, or breast cancer were evaluated, the occurrence of (GGGGC)2 was found to be 8-fold more frequent among lung cancer patients in comparison with its incidence in the general population, as represented by New York State neonates. Analysis of matched tumor and non-tumor DNA samples from the same individuals provided no evidence of microsatellite instability. These studies indicate that the (GGGGC)n short tandem repeats are inherited, and that the (GGGGC)2 allele in the AHR proximal promoter region should be further investigated with regard to its potential association with lung cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Spink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Susan Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Erasmus Schneider
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - David C Spink
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, United States.
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Thiel G, Müller I, Rössler OG. Expression, signaling and function of Egr transcription factors in pancreatic β-cells and insulin-responsive tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 388:10-9. [PMID: 24631481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Egr-1 and the related zinc finger transcription factors Egr-2, Egr-3, and Egr-4 are stimulated by many extracellular signaling molecules and represent a convergence point for intracellular signaling cascades. Egr-1 expression is induced in insulinoma cells and pancreatic β-cells following stimulation with either glucose, or pregnenolone sulfate. Moreover, stimulation of Gαq and Gαs-coupled receptors enhances EGR-1 gene transcription. Functional studies revealed that Egr transcription factors control insulin biosynthesis via regulation of Pdx-1 expression. Glucose homeostasis and pancreatic islet size are regulated by Egr transcription factors, indicating that these proteins control central physiological parameters regulated by pancreatic β-cells. In addition, Egr-1 is an integral part of the insulin receptor signaling cascade in insulin-responsive tissues and influences insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Müller
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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Yu F, Cangelosi VM, Zastrow ML, Tegoni M, Plegaria JS, Tebo AG, Mocny CS, Ruckthong L, Qayyum H, Pecoraro VL. Protein design: toward functional metalloenzymes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:3495-578. [PMID: 24661096 PMCID: PMC4300145 DOI: 10.1021/cr400458x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Yu
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Alison G. Tebo
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | - Leela Ruckthong
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hira Qayyum
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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36
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Bach C, Sherman W, Pallis J, Patra P, Bajwa H. Evaluation of novel design strategies for developing zinc finger nucleases tools for treating human diseases. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:970595. [PMID: 24808958 PMCID: PMC3997970 DOI: 10.1155/2014/970595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) are associated with cell death and apoptosis by binding at countless undesired locations. This cytotoxicity is associated with the binding ability of engineered zinc finger domains to bind dissimilar DNA sequences with high affinity. In general, binding preferences of transcription factors are associated with significant degenerated diversity and complexity which convolutes the design and engineering of precise DNA binding domains. Evolutionary success of natural zinc finger proteins, however, evinces that nature created specific evolutionary traits and strategies, such as modularity and rank-specific recognition to cope with binding complexity that are critical for creating clinical viable tools to precisely modify the human genome. Our findings indicate preservation of general modularity and significant alteration of the rank-specific binding preferences of the three-finger binding domain of transcription factor SP1 when exchanging amino acids in the 2nd finger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bach
- University of Bridgeport, Biomedical Engineering, 221 University Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
| | - William Sherman
- Physics Faculty, BHSEC Queens, 30-20 Thomson Avenue, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA
| | - Jani Pallis
- University of Bridgeport, Mechanical Engineering, 221 University Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
| | - Prabir Patra
- University of Bridgeport, Biomedical Engineering, 221 University Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
| | - Hassan Bajwa
- University of Bridgeport, Electrical Engineering, 221 University Avenue, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA
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Li M, Ling B, Xiao T, Tan J, An N, Han N, Guo S, Cheng S, Zhang K. Sp1 transcriptionally regulates BRK1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Gene 2014; 542:134-40. [PMID: 24680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Following a previous study reporting that BRK1 is upregulated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the present study sought to clarify the role of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) in the transcriptional regulation of the BRK1 gene. Therefore, a construct, named F8, consisting of the -1341 to -1 nt sequence upstream of the start codon of the BRK1 gene inserted into pGL4.26 was made. A series of truncated fragments was then constructed based on F8. Segment S831, which contained the -84 to -1 nt region, displayed the highest transcriptional activity in the A549, H1299 and H520 NSCLC cell lines. Bioinformatic analysis showed a potential Sp1-binding element at -73 to -64 nt, and a mutation in this region suppressed the transcriptional activity of S831. Then the RNAi assays of Sp1 and its coworkers Sp3 and Sp4 were performed, and suppression of Sp1 by siRNA inhibited the mRNA expression of BRK1. Both an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that Sp1 bound to the promoter area of the BRK1 gene. Our data identified a functional and positive Sp1 regulatory element from -73 to -64 nt in the BRK1 promoter, which may likely explain the overexpression of BRK1 in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Bing Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jinjing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning An
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Naijun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Suping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
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Dephosphorylation of Sp1 at Ser-59 by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is required for induction of CYP1A1 transcription after treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or omeprazole. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1839:107-15. [PMID: 24382322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor that is activated by either 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or omeprazole (OP). Activated AhR can induce CYP1A1 transcription by binding to the xenobiotic responsive element (XRE). However, the mechanism of activation of the CYP1A1 promoter region is poorly understood. Previous reports showed that Sp1 could bind to a GC-rich region near the CYP1A1 promoter. This study sought to clarify the function of Sp1 in CYP1A1 transcription. Phosphorylation of Sp1 at Ser-59 (pSer-59) was previously reported to be closely related to transcriptional regulation. We used a site-specific phospho-antibody to show that treatment with TCDD or OP drastically reduced the level of pSer-59 in Sp1 from HepG2 cells. This reduction was too much, we hypothesized that the reduced phosphorylation level resulted from activation of phosphatase activity. Given that pSer-59 is dephosphorylated by PP2A, we examined the effect of a PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid (OA), on pSer-59 and transcription of CYP1A1. The results showed that OA blocked dephosphorylation of Ser-59 and drastically inhibited transcription of CYP1A1. Similar results were obtained after knockdown of PP2A. Treatment with OA had no effect on the expression of AhR, its nuclear translocation, or its ability to bind to the XRE. Furthermore, dephosphorylation of Sp1 at Ser-59 was not affected by knockdown of AhR. These results indicate that the signals from TCDD or OP caused PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of Sp1 at Ser-59 and induced CYP1A1 transcription. This signaling pathway was independent of the AhR-mediated pathway.
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Thalidomide-analogue biology: immunological, molecular and epigenetic targets in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2013; 32:4191-202. [PMID: 23318436 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Ahn MY, Kang DO, Na YJ, Yoon S, Choi WS, Kang KW, Chung HY, Jung JH, Min DS, Kim HS. Histone deacetylase inhibitor, apicidin, inhibits human ovarian cancer cell migration via class II histone deacetylase 4 silencing. Cancer Lett 2012; 325:189-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang B, Xiang S, Zhong Q, Yin Y, Gu L, Deng D. The p16-specific reactivation and inhibition of cell migration through demethylation of CpG islands by engineered transcription factors. Hum Gene Ther 2012; 23:1071-81. [PMID: 22738793 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of CpG islands inactivates transcription of tumor suppressor genes including p16 (CDKN2A). Inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacylation are recognized as useful cancer therapeutic chemicals through reactivation of the expression of methylated genes. However, these inhibitors are not target gene-specific, so that they lead to serious side effects as regular cytotoxic chemotherapy agents. To explore the feasibility of methylated gene-specific reactivation by artificial transcription factors, we engineered a set of Sp1-like seven-finger zinc-finger proteins (7ZFPs) targeted to a 21-bp sequence of the p16 promoter and found that these 7ZFPs could bind specifically to the target p16 promoter probe. Then the p16-specific artificial transcription factors (p16ATFs) were made from these 7ZFPs and the transcription activator VP64. Results showed that transient transfection of some p16ATFs selectively up-regulated the endogenous p16 expression in the p16-active 293T cells. Moreover, the transient transfection of the representative p16ATF-6I specifically reactivated p16 expression in the p16-methylated H1299 and AGS cells pretreated with a nontoxic amount of 5'-aza-deoxycytidine (20 and 80 nM, respectively). In addition, stable transfection of the p16ATF induced demethylation of p16 CpG island and trimethylation of histone H3K4, and inhibited recruitment of DNA methyltransferase 1 and trimethylation of H3K9 and H3K27 in the p16 promoter in H1299 cells without 5'-aza-deoxycytidine pretreatment. Notably, inhibition of cell migration and invasion was observed in these p16-reactivated cells induced by transient and stable p16ATF transfection. These results demonstrate that p16ATF not only specifically reactivates p16 expression through demethylation of CpG islands, but also restores methylated p16 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Division of Cancer Aetiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing, 100142, China
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Müller I, Rössler OG, Wittig C, Menger MD, Thiel G. Critical role of Egr transcription factors in regulating insulin biosynthesis, blood glucose homeostasis, and islet size. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3040-53. [PMID: 22597533 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of early growth response protein (Egr)-1, a protein of the Egr family of zinc finger transcription factors, is stimulated in glucose-treated pancreatic β-cells and insulinoma cells. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of Egr transcription factors in pancreatic β-cells in vivo. To overcome the problem associated with redundancy of functions between Egr proteins, conditional transgenic mice were generated expressing a dominant-negative mutant of Egr-1 in pancreatic β-cells. The Egr-1 mutant interferes with DNA binding of all Egr proteins and thus impairs the biological functions of the entire Egr family. Expression of the Egr-1 mutant reduced expression of TGFβ and basic fibroblast growth factor, known target genes of Egr-1, whereas the expression of Egr-1, Egr-3, Ets-like gene-1 (Elk-1), and specificity protein-3 was not changed in the presence of the Egr-1 mutant. Expression of the homeobox protein pancreas duodenum homeobox-1, a major regulator of insulin biosynthesis, was reduced in islets expressing the Egr-1 mutant. Accordingly, insulin mRNA and protein levels were reduced by 75 or 25%, respectively, whereas expression of glucagon and somatostatin was not altered after expression of the Egr-1 mutant in β-cells. Glucose tolerance tests revealed that transgenic mice expressing the Egr-1 mutant in pancreatic β-cells displayed impaired glucose tolerance. In addition, increased caspase-3/7 activity was detected as a result of transgene expression, leading to a 20% decrease of the size of the islets. These results show that Egr proteins play an important role in controlling insulin biosynthesis, glucose homeostasis, and islet size of pancreatic β-cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Müller
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 44, University of Saarland Medical Center, d-66421 Homburg, Germany
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Rich AM, Bombarda E, Schenk AD, Lee PE, Cox EH, Spuches AM, Hudson LD, Kieffer B, Wilcox DE. Thermodynamics of Zn2+ binding to Cys2His2 and Cys2HisCys zinc fingers and a Cys4 transcription factor site. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10405-18. [PMID: 22591173 DOI: 10.1021/ja211417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of Zn(2+) binding to three peptides corresponding to naturally occurring Zn-binding sequences in transcription factors have been quantified with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). These peptides, the third zinc finger of Sp1 (Sp1-3), the second zinc finger of myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1-2), and the second Zn-binding sequence of the DNA-binding domain of glucocorticoid receptor (GR-2), bind Zn(2+) with Cys(2)His(2), Cys(2)HisCys, and Cys(4) coordination, respectively. Circular dichroism confirms that Sp1-3 and MyT1-2 have considerable and negligible Zn-stabilized secondary structure, respectively, and indicate only a small amount for GR-2. The pK(a)'s of the Sp1-3 cysteines and histidines were determined by NMR and used to estimate the number of protons displaced by Zn(2+) at pH 7.4. ITC was also used to determine this number, and the two methods agree. Subtraction of buffer contributions to the calorimetric data reveals that all three peptides have a similar affinity for Zn(2+), which has equal enthalpy and entropy components for Sp1-3 but is more enthalpically disfavored and entropically favored with increasing Cys ligands. The resulting enthalpy-entropy compensation originates from the Zn-Cys coordination, as subtraction of the cysteine deprotonation enthalpy results in a similar Zn(2+)-binding enthalpy for all three peptides, and the binding entropy tracks with the number of displaced protons. Metal and protein components of the binding enthalpy and entropy have been estimated. While dominated by Zn(2+) coordination to the cysteines and histidines, other residues in the sequence affect the protein contributions that modulate the stability of these motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Rich
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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44
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Daftary GS, Lomberk GA, Buttar NS, Allen TW, Grzenda A, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Mathison AJ, Gada RP, Calvo E, Iovanna JL, Billadeau DD, Prendergast FG, Urrutia R. Detailed structural-functional analysis of the Krüppel-like factor 16 (KLF16) transcription factor reveals novel mechanisms for silencing Sp/KLF sites involved in metabolism and endocrinology. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:7010-25. [PMID: 22203677 PMCID: PMC3293586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.266007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor (KLF) proteins have elicited significant attention due to their emerging key role in metabolic and endocrine diseases. Here, we extend this knowledge through the biochemical characterization of KLF16, unveiling novel mechanisms regulating expression of genes involved in reproductive endocrinology. We found that KLF16 selectively binds three distinct KLF-binding sites (GC, CA, and BTE boxes). KLF16 also regulated the expression of several genes essential for metabolic and endocrine processes in sex steroid-sensitive uterine cells. Mechanistically, we determined that KLF16 possesses an activation domain that couples to histone acetyltransferase-mediated pathways, as well as a repression domain that interacts with the histone deacetylase chromatin-remodeling system via all three Sin3 isoforms, suggesting a higher level of plasticity in chromatin cofactor selection. Molecular modeling combined with molecular dynamic simulations of the Sin3a-KLF16 complex revealed important insights into how this interaction occurs at an atomic resolution level, predicting that phosphorylation of Tyr-10 may modulate KLF16 function. Phosphorylation of KLF16 was confirmed by in vivo32P incorporation and controlled by a Y10F site-directed mutant. Inhibition of Src-type tyrosine kinase signaling as well as the nonphosphorylatable Y10F mutation disrupted KLF16-mediated gene silencing, demonstrating that its function is regulatable rather than constitutive. Subcellular localization studies revealed that signal-induced nuclear translocation and euchromatic compartmentalization constitute an additional mechanism for regulating KLF16 function. Thus, this study lends insights on key biochemical mechanisms for regulating KLF sites involved in reproductive biology. These data also contribute to the new functional information that is applicable to understanding KLF16 and other highly related KLF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang S Daftary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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45
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Mammalian metallothionein in toxicology, cancer, and cancer chemotherapy. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:1087-101. [PMID: 21822976 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present paper centers on mammalian metallothionein 1 and 2 in relationship to cell and tissue injury beginning with its reaction with Cd²⁺ and then considering its role in the toxicology and chemotherapy of both metals and non-metal electrophiles and oxidants. Intertwined is a consideration of MTs role in tumor cell Zn²⁺ metabolism. The paper updates and expands on our recent review by Petering et al. (Met Ions Life Sci 5:353-398, 2009).
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46
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Kim YU, Ohtani K, Mori K, Jang SJ, Suzuki Y, Wakamiya N. Gene regulation function of the three specificity protein-1 (Sp1) within the human collectin placenta-1 proximal promoter. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Lee SJ, Michalek JL, Besold AN, Rokita SE, Michel SLJ. Classical Cys2His2 Zinc Finger Peptides Are Rapidly Oxidized by Either H2O2 or O2 Irrespective of Metal Coordination. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:5442-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ic102252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Jamie L. Michalek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Angelique N. Besold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
| | - Steven E. Rokita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4454, United States
| | - Sarah L. J. Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, United States
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Xu Z, Xiao SB, Xu P, Xie Q, Cao L, Wang D, Luo R, Zhong Y, Chen HC, Fang LR. miR-365, a novel negative regulator of interleukin-6 gene expression, is cooperatively regulated by Sp1 and NF-kappaB. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21401-12. [PMID: 21518763 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.198630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a central role in host defense. IL-6 expression can be regulated at both a transcriptional and a post-transcriptional level. We used a combination of bioinformatics and experimental techniques to demonstrate that the miR-365 is a direct negative regulator of IL-6. Overexpression of miR-365 mimics decreased activity of a luciferase reporter containing the IL-6 3'-UTR and led to repression of IL-6 protein. In contrast, ectopic expression of a miR-365 inhibitor elevated IL-6 expression. The negative regulation of miR-365 was strictly dependent on a microRNA binding element in the 3'-UTR of IL-6 mRNA. Deletion mutant analysis of the miR-365 promoter showed that two transcription factors, Sp1 and NF-κB, are essential for the transcriptional regulation of miR-365. We also demonstrate that the MAPK/ERK pathway contributes to the regulation of miR-365. Furthermore, miR-365 exhibited a greater negative regulatory effect on IL-6 than hsa-let-7a, a previously identified microRNA negatively regulating IL-6. Taken together, our results show that miR-365 is a novel negative regulator of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Division of Animal Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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49
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Nomura A, Okamoto A. Phosphopeptides Designed for 5-Methylcytosine Recognition. Biochemistry 2011; 50:3376-85. [DOI: 10.1021/bi102053d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nomura
- Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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50
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Lin CJ, Hsiao TH, Chung YS, Chang WN, Yeh TM, Chen BH, Fu TF. Zebrafish Sp1-like protein is structurally and functionally comparable to human Sp1. Protein Expr Purif 2010; 76:36-43. [PMID: 21040790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Sp1 is a regulator of TATA-less genes. It belongs to the Cys₂-His₂ zinc finger domain-containing family. A zebrafish cDNA encoding a peptide homologous to mammalian Sp1 was cloned and inserted into a pET43.1a vector and expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) cells as a Nus-His-tag fusion protein. After induction with isopropyl thiogalactoside, the protein was purified with a Ni-Sepharose column, and approximately 5-8 mg of pure protein was obtained per liter of culture. The primary sequence and the predicted partial tertiary structure of the potential recombinant zebrafish Sp1 protein are similar to those of human Sp1. The DNA affinity precipitation assay and dual-luciferase promoter activity assay further confirm the nature of the recombinant zebrafish Sp1 protein as a transcription factor. Our results show that zebrafish Sp1-like protein is structurally and functionally comparable to human Sp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha-Jang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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