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Nelson TA, Tommasini S, Fretz JA. Deletion of the transcription factor EBF1 in perivascular stroma disrupts skeletal homeostasis and precipitates premature aging of the marrow microenvironment. Bone 2024; 187:117198. [PMID: 39002837 PMCID: PMC11410106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Early B cell factor 1 (EBF1) is a transcription factor expressed by multiple lineages of stromal cells within the bone marrow. While cultures of Ebf1-deficient cells have been demonstrated to have impaired differentiation into either the osteoblast or adipogenic lineage in vitro by several groups, in vivo there has been a nominal consequence of the loss of EBF1 on skeletal development. In this study we used Prx-cre driven deletion of Ebf1 to eliminate EBF1 from the entire mesenchymal lineage of the skeleton and resolve this discrepancy. We report here that EBF1 is expressed primarily in the Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cell (MSPC)-Adipo, MSPC-Osteo, and the Early Mesenchymal Progenitors, and that loss of EBF1 has a plethora of consequences to maintenance of the skeleton throughout adulthood. Stroma from the Prx-cre;Ebf1fl/fl bones had impaired osteogenic differentiation, an age-dependent loss of CFU-F, and elevated senescence accompanying Ebf1-deletion. New bone formation was reduced after 3 months, and resulted in a quiescent bone environment with fewer osteoblasts and an accompanied reduction in osteoclast-mediated remodeling. Consequently, bones were less ductile at a younger age, and deletion of EBF1 dramatically impaired fracture repair. Disruption of EBF1 in perivascular populations also rearranged the vascular network within these bones and disrupted cytokine signaling from key hematopoietic niches resulting in anemia, reductions in B cells, and myeloid skewing of marrow hematopoietic lineages. Mechanistically we observed disrupted BMP signaling within Ebf1-deficient progenitors with reduced SMAD1-phosphorylation, and elevated secretion of the soluble BMP-inhibitor Gremlin from the MSPC-Adipo cells. Ebf1-deficient progenitors also exhibited posttranslational suppression of glucocorticoid receptor expression. Together, these results suggest that EBF1 signaling is required for mesenchymal progenitor mobilization to maintain the adult skeleton, and that the primary action of EBF1 in the early mesenchymal lineage is to promote proliferation, and differentiation of these perivascular cells to sustain a healthy tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Nelson
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America
| | - Stephen Tommasini
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America
| | - Jackie A Fretz
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, New Haven, CT 06510, United States of America.
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Zhang X, Liang X, Wen Y, Wu F, Gao G, Zhang L, Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhou F, Li W, Tang L, Yang X, Zhao H, Zhou C, Hirsch FR. RAC1 inhibition ameliorates IBSP-induced bone metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114528. [PMID: 39052477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation (osteoclastogenesis) plays an essential role in tumor osteolytic bone metastasis (BM), while its specific mechanisms remain largely uncertain in lung adenocarcinoma BM. In this study, we demonstrate that integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), which is highly expressed in the cancer cells from bone metastatic and primary lesions of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, can facilitate BM and directly promote macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation independent of RANKL/M-CSF. In vivo results further suggest that osteolytic BM in lung cancer specifically relies on IBSP-induced macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, IBSP regulates the Rac family small GTPase 1 (Rac1)-NFAT signaling pathway and mediates the forward shift of macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation, thereby leading to early osteolysis. Moreover, inhibition of Rac1 by EHT-1864 or azathioprine in mice models can remarkably alleviate IBSP-induced BM of lung cancer. Overall, our study suggests that tumor-secreted IBSP promotes BM by inducing macrophage-to-osteoclast differentiation, with potential as an early diagnostic maker for BM, and Rac1 can be the therapeutic target for IBSP-promoted BM in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xijun Liang
- Clinical Cancer Institute, Center for Translational Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yaokai Wen
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fengying Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yifeng Gu
- Interventional Radiology Department, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Fudan University, Shanghai 2000325, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Fred R Hirsch
- Center of Excellence for Thoracic Oncology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1128, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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Monti F, Perazza F, Leoni L, Stefanini B, Ferri S, Tovoli F, Zavatta G, Piscaglia F, Petroni ML, Ravaioli F. RANK-RANKL-OPG Axis in MASLD: Current Evidence Linking Bone and Liver Diseases and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9193. [PMID: 39273141 PMCID: PMC11395242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-and its worse form, metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterised by inflammation and liver damage-corresponds to the liver's involvement in metabolic syndrome, which constitutes an economic burden for healthcare systems. However, the biomolecular pathways that contribute to steatotic liver disease are not completely clear. Abnormalities of bone metabolism are frequent in people affected by metabolic liver disease, with reduced bone density and an increased risk of fracture. Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin(OPG) are critical regulators of bone metabolism, performing pleiotropic effects, and may have potential involvement in metabolic disorders like MASLD, resulting in a topic of great interest and intrigue. This narrative review aims to investigate this potential role and its implications in MASLD development and progression and in hepatocellular carcinoma, which represents its worst complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Monti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Perazza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Leoni
- Department of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale (AUSL), 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bernardo Stefanini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferri
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Guido Zavatta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Piscaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Petroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Ravaioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Schiavone ML, Crisafulli L, Camisaschi C, De Simone G, Liberati FR, Palagano E, Rucci N, Ficara F, Sobacchi C. Rankl genetic deficiency and functional blockade undermine skeletal stem and progenitor cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:203. [PMID: 38971808 PMCID: PMC11227705 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal Stem Cells (SSCs) are required for skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair. The perspective of their wide application in regenerative medicine approaches has supported research in this field, even though so far results in the clinic have not reached expectations, possibly due also to partial knowledge of intrinsic, potentially actionable SSC regulatory factors. Among them, the pleiotropic cytokine RANKL, with essential roles also in bone biology, is a candidate deserving deep investigation. METHODS To dissect the role of the RANKL cytokine in SSC biology, we performed ex vivo characterization of SSCs and downstream progenitors (SSPCs) in mice lacking Rankl (Rankl-/-) by means of cytofluorimetric sorting and analysis of SSC populations from different skeletal compartments, gene expression analysis, and in vitro osteogenic differentiation. In addition, we assessed the effect of the pharmacological treatment with the anti-RANKL blocking antibody Denosumab (approved for therapy in patients with pathological bone loss) on the osteogenic potential of bone marrow-derived stromal cells from human healthy subjects (hBMSCs). RESULTS We found that, regardless of the ossification type of bone, osteochondral SSCs had a higher frequency and impaired differentiation along the osteochondrogenic lineage in Rankl-/- mice as compared to wild-type. Rankl-/- mice also had increased frequency of committed osteochondrogenic and adipogenic progenitor cells deriving from perivascular SSCs. These changes were not due to the peculiar bone phenotype of increased density caused by lack of osteoclast resorption (defined osteopetrosis); indeed, they were not found in another osteopetrotic mouse model, i.e., the oc/oc mouse, and were therefore not due to osteopetrosis per se. In addition, Rankl-/- SSCs and primary osteoblasts showed reduced mineralization capacity. Of note, hBMSCs treated in vitro with Denosumab had reduced osteogenic capacity compared to control cultures. CONCLUSIONS We provide for the first time the characterization of SSPCs from mouse models of severe recessive osteopetrosis. We demonstrate that Rankl genetic deficiency in murine SSCs and functional blockade in hBMSCs reduce their osteogenic potential. Therefore, we propose that RANKL is an important regulatory factor of SSC features with translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Schiavone
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - L Crisafulli
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, CNR, via Fantoli 16/15, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - C Camisaschi
- Flow Cytometry Core, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - G De Simone
- Flow Cytometry Core, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - F R Liberati
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | - E Palagano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, via Madonna Del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, FI, Italy
| | - N Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio - Coppito 2, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - F Ficara
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, CNR, via Fantoli 16/15, Milan, 20138, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy.
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, Milan Unit, CNR, via Fantoli 16/15, Milan, 20138, Italy.
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5
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Okamoto K. Crosstalk between bone and the immune system. J Bone Miner Metab 2024; 42:470-480. [PMID: 39060500 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-024-01539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Bone functions not only as a critical element of the musculoskeletal system but also serves as the primary lymphoid organ harboring hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and immune progenitor cells. The interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology has illuminated the dynamic interactions between the skeletal and immune systems, vital for the maintenance of skeletal tissue homeostasis and the pathogenesis of immune and skeletal diseases. Aberrant immune activation stimulates bone cells such as osteoclasts and osteoblasts, disturbing the bone remodeling and leading to skeletal disorders as seen in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis. On the other hand, intricate multicellular network within the bone marrow creates a specialized microenvironment essential for the maintenance and differentiation of HSCs and the progeny. Dysregulation of immune-bone crosstalk in the bone marrow environment can trigger tumorigenesis and exacerbated inflammation. A comprehensive deciphering of the complex "immune-bone crosstalk" leads to a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of immune diseases as well as skeletal diseases, and might provide insight into potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Okamoto
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Immune Environment Dynamics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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6
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Kang Z, Zhang ZR, Feng ZY, Dong LS, Yang J. Inflammatory proteins mediate male erectile dysfunction via plasma metabolites. Sex Med 2024; 12:qfae027. [PMID: 38827362 PMCID: PMC11140220 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There are no clear conclusions as to whether inflammatory proteins and plasma metabolites influence erectile dysfunction (ED). Aim In this research, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to discover a causal relationship between inflammatory proteins, plasma metabolites, and ED. Methods Raw data with ED, inflammatory proteins, and plasma metabolites were obtained from the MRC IEU OpenGWAS and FinnGen database. After a series of screenings, the remaining single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables or MR analysis to assess the relationship between genetically predicted inflammatory proteins or plasma metabolites and the pathogenesis of ED. Outcomes The relationship between inflammatory factors and ED was fully analyzed and elaborated. Results In the inverse variance-weighted method, there exists a significant causal relationship between 4 types of genetically predicted inflammatory proteins and 50 types of plasma metabolites with the incidence of ED. The primary discovery is that 3 inflammatory proteins, fibroblast growth factor 5, interleukin-22 receptor subunit alpha-1, and protein S100-A12, can impact the risk of ED through plasma metabolites. Clinical Implications ED metabolites and inflammatory proteins are also closely associated with cardiovascular diseases, warranting further exploration. Strengths and Limitations Our analysis is based on a European population, limiting its generalizability, the genome-wide association study dataset for ED has a relatively small number of cases, and we hope for larger genome-wide association study datasets for future validation. Conclusion This study has identified that inflammatory proteins can influence ED through plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo-Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Long-Shen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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7
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Muratovic D, Atkins GJ, Findlay DM. Is RANKL a potential molecular target in osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:493-500. [PMID: 38160744 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of joints, in which the bone under the articular cartilage undergoes increased remodelling activity. The question is whether a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of bone remodelling can predict disease-modifying treatments. DESIGN This review summarises the current understanding of the aetiology of OA, with an emphasis on events in the subchondral bone (SCB), and the cells and cytokines involved, to seek an answer to this question. RESULTS SCB remodelling across OA changes the microstructure of the SCB, which alters the load-bearing properties of the joint and seems to have an important role in the initiation and progression of OA. Bone remodelling is tightly controlled by numerous cytokines, of which Receptor Activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin are central factors in almost all known bone conditions. In terms of finding therapeutic options for OA, an important question is whether controlling the rate of SCB remodelling would be beneficial. The role of RANKL in the pathogenesis and progression of OA and the effect of its neutralisation remain to be clarified. CONCLUSIONS This review further makes the case for SCB remodelling as important in OA and for additional study of RANKL in OA, both its pathophysiological role and its potential as an OA disease target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzenita Muratovic
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; Biomedical Orthopaedic Research Group, Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - David M Findlay
- Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Pereira MVA, Galvani RG, Gonçalves-Silva T, de Vasconcelo ZFM, Bonomo A. Tissue adaptation of CD4 T lymphocytes in homeostasis and cancer. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379376. [PMID: 38690280 PMCID: PMC11058666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system is traditionally classified as a defense system that can discriminate between self and non-self or dangerous and non-dangerous situations, unleashing a tolerogenic reaction or immune response. These activities are mainly coordinated by the interaction between innate and adaptive cells that act together to eliminate harmful stimuli and keep tissue healthy. However, healthy tissue is not always the end point of an immune response. Much evidence has been accumulated over the years, showing that the immune system has complex, diversified, and integrated functions that converge to maintaining tissue homeostasis, even in the absence of aggression, interacting with the tissue cells and allowing the functional maintenance of that tissue. One of the main cells known for their function in helping the immune response through the production of cytokines is CD4+ T lymphocytes. The cytokines produced by the different subtypes act not only on immune cells but also on tissue cells. Considering that tissues have specific mediators in their architecture, it is plausible that the presence and frequency of CD4+ T lymphocytes of specific subtypes (Th1, Th2, Th17, and others) maintain tissue homeostasis. In situations where homeostasis is disrupted, such as infections, allergies, inflammatory processes, and cancer, local CD4+ T lymphocytes respond to this disruption and, as in the healthy tissue, towards the equilibrium of tissue dynamics. CD4+ T lymphocytes can be manipulated by tumor cells to promote tumor development and metastasis, making them a prognostic factor in various types of cancer. Therefore, understanding the function of tissue-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes is essential in developing new strategies for treating tissue-specific diseases, as occurs in cancer. In this context, this article reviews the evidence for this hypothesis regarding the phenotypes and functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes and compares their contribution to maintaining tissue homeostasis in different organs in a steady state and during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. A. Pereira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of High Complexity, Fernandes Figueira National Institute for The Health of Mother, Child, and Adolescent, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo G. Galvani
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Triciana Gonçalves-Silva
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging - CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Zilton Farias Meira de Vasconcelo
- Laboratory of High Complexity, Fernandes Figueira National Institute for The Health of Mother, Child, and Adolescent, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Li Z, Lu W, Yin F, Zeng P, Li H, Huang A. Overexpression of TNFSF11 reduces GPX4 levels and increases sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers in lung adenocarcinoma. J Transl Med 2024; 22:340. [PMID: 38594779 PMCID: PMC11005202 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common and lethal subtype of lung cancer, continues to be a major health concern worldwide. Despite advances in targeted and immune therapies, only a minority of patients derive substantial benefits. As a result, the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies to improve lung cancer treatment outcomes remains undiminished. METHODS In our study, we employed the TIMER database to scrutinize TNFSF11 expression across various cancer types. We further examined the differential expression of TNFSF11 in normal and tumor tissues utilizing the TCGA-LUAD dataset and tissue microarray, and probed the associations between TNFSF11 expression and clinicopathological parameters within the TCGA-LUAD dataset. We used the GSE31210 dataset for external validation. To identify genes strongly linked to TNFSF11, we engaged LinkedOmics and conducted a KEGG pathway enrichment analysis using the WEB-based Gene SeT AnaLysis Toolkit. Moreover, we investigated the function of TNFSF11 through gene knockdown or overexpression approaches and explore its function in tumor cells. The therapeutic impact of ferroptosis inducers in tumors overexpressing TNFSF11 were also investigated through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Through these extensive analyses, we shed light on the potential role of TNFSF11 in lung adenocarcinoma, underscoring potential therapeutic targets for this malignancy. RESULTS This research uncovers the overexpression of TNFSF11 in LUAD patients and its inverse correlation with peroxisome-related enzymes. By utilizing gene knockdown or overexpression assays, we found that TNFSF11 was negatively associated with GPX4. Furthermore, cells with TNFSF11 overexpression were relatively more sensitive to the ferroptosis inducers. CONCLUSIONS Our research has provided valuable insights into the role of TNFSF11, revealing its negative regulation of GPX4, which could be influential in crafting therapeutic strategies. These findings set the stage for further exploration into the mechanisms underpinning the relationship between TNFSF11 and GPX4, potentially opening up new avenues for precision medicine in the treatment of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Peiting Zeng
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Heping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
| | - Amin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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10
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Giannakopoulos A, Efthymiadou A, Kritikou D, Chrysis D. Osteoprotegerin in infection-induced acute inflammatory states in children. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27565. [PMID: 38509997 PMCID: PMC10951505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member which increases in chronic inflammation and is associated with altered bone turnover and cardiovascular complications. In this study, we investigated whether OPG increases during acute inflammatory states induced by infections in children and correlated its levels with other biomarkers. Materials and methods This is a prospective study that included 59 patients with documented bacterial infections, 20 with viral infections and 20 healthy controls. OPG, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cells (WBC) were measured. Results OPG serum levels were significantly increased during inflammation induced by a bacterial infection, compared to viral infection and controls (4.17 pmol/l (2.40-12.12) vs 3.2 (1.66-5.33) and 3 pmol/l (2.13-4.76), respectively, p < 0.001). In addition, OPG correlated well with CRP (rho = 0.428, p = 0.0011), ESR (rho = 0.3, p = 0.026), and WBC (rho = 0.266, p = 0.05) only in the group with bacterial infection. The sensitivity of CRP in detecting a bacterial infection was superior to OPG (67.3% vs 38.3%). Conclusion This study provides proof of concept that OPG increases differentially in bacterial infections, although with a lower sensitivity than CRP. Further studies are needed to define the role of OPG during the inflammatory states of infection in pediatric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis Giannakopoulos
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Patras, University Hospital, Rio, Greece
| | - Alexandra Efthymiadou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Patras, University Hospital, Rio, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kritikou
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Patras, University Hospital, Rio, Greece
| | - Dionisios Chrysis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Patras, University Hospital, Rio, Greece
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11
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Yang M, Zhu L. Osteoimmunology: The Crosstalk between T Cells, B Cells, and Osteoclasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2688. [PMID: 38473934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects the joints and can lead to severe damage to cartilage and bones, resulting in significant disability. This condition occurs when the immune system becomes overactive, causing osteoclasts, cells responsible for breaking down bone, to become more active than necessary, leading to bone breakdown. RA disrupts the equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, resulting in serious complications such as localized bone erosion, weakened bones surrounding the joints, and even widespread osteoporosis. Antibodies against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a crucial stimulator of osteoclast differentiation, have shown great effectiveness both in laboratory settings and actual patient cases. Researchers are increasingly focusing on osteoclasts as significant contributors to bone erosion in RA. Given that RA involves an overactive immune system, T cells and B cells play a pivotal role by intensifying the immune response. The imbalance between Th17 cells and Treg cells, premature aging of T cells, and excessive production of antibodies by B cells not only exacerbate inflammation but also accelerate bone destruction. Understanding the connection between the immune system and osteoclasts is crucial for comprehending the impact of RA on bone health. By delving into the immune mechanisms that lead to joint damage, exploring the interactions between the immune system and osteoclasts, and investigating new biomarkers for RA, we can significantly improve early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
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12
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Xu J, Yu L, Ye S, Ye Z, Yang L, Xu X. Oral microbiota-host interaction: the chief culprit of alveolar bone resorption. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1254516. [PMID: 38455060 PMCID: PMC10918469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
There exists a bidirectional relationship between oral health and general well-being, with an imbalance in oral symbiotic flora posing a threat to overall human health. Disruptions in the commensal flora can lead to oral diseases, while systemic illnesses can also impact the oral cavity, resulting in the development of oral diseases and disorders. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, known as pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis, play a crucial role in linking periodontitis to accompanying systemic diseases. In periodontal tissues, these bacteria, along with their virulence factors, can excessively activate the host immune system through local diffusion, lymphatic circulation, and blood transmission. This immune response disruption contributes to an imbalance in osteoimmune mechanisms, alveolar bone resorption, and potential systemic inflammation. To restore local homeostasis, a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interactions and the immune network phenotype in local tissues is imperative. Defining the immune network phenotype in periodontal tissues offers a promising avenue for investigating the complex characteristics of oral plaque biofilms and exploring the potential relationship between periodontitis and associated systemic diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms underlying Porphyromonas gingivalis- and Fusobacterium nucleatum-induced alveolar bone resorption, as well as the immunophenotypes observed in host periodontal tissues during pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Surong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zitong Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyi Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Eggert J, Zinzow-Kramer WM, Hu Y, Kolawole EM, Tsai YL, Weiss A, Evavold BD, Salaita K, Scharer CD, Au-Yeung BB. Cbl-b mitigates the responsiveness of naive CD8 + T cells that experience extensive tonic T cell receptor signaling. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh0439. [PMID: 38319998 PMCID: PMC10897907 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Naive T cells experience tonic T cell receptor (TCR) signaling in response to self-antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in secondary lymphoid organs. We investigated how relatively weak or strong tonic TCR signals influence naive CD8+ T cell responses to stimulation with foreign antigens. The heterogeneous expression of Nur77-GFP, a transgenic reporter of tonic TCR signaling, in naive CD8+ T cells suggests variable intensities or durations of tonic TCR signaling. Although the expression of genes associated with acutely stimulated T cells was increased in Nur77-GFPHI cells, these cells were hyporesponsive to agonist TCR stimulation compared with Nur77-GFPLO cells. This hyporesponsiveness manifested as diminished activation marker expression and decreased secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2. The protein abundance of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, was greater in Nur77-GFPHI cells than in Nur77-GFPLO cells, and Cbl-b deficiency partially restored the responsiveness of Nur77-GFPHI cells. Our data suggest that the cumulative effects of previously experienced tonic TCR signaling recalibrate naive CD8+ T cell responsiveness. These changes include gene expression changes and negative regulation partially dependent on Cbl-b. This cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop may enable the immune system to restrain naive CD8+ T cells with higher self-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eggert
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Wendy M. Zinzow-Kramer
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, 94143, USA
| | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, 84112, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | | | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, 30322, USA
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14
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Tufail M, Wu C. RANK pathway in cancer: underlying resistance and therapeutic approaches. J Chemother 2023; 35:369-382. [PMID: 36200617 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2129752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases despite advances in treatment. Metastatic cancers are the leading cause of death for advanced cancer patients. Those with advanced cancer with osteolytic-type bone metastases have a significantly lower quality of life. A novel treatment plan is needed now more than ever for breast cancer patients with bone metastases. There are shreds of evidence that cancer cells in the bloodstream interact with the bone microenvironment and that this interaction is a contributing component to breast cancer progression. Preventing any stage of this cycle can result in anti-metastasis effects. Since RANKL interacts with its receptor RANK and plays an important role in the vicious cycle, it has proven to be a successful therapeutic target in cancer treatment. As a result, we have presented a complete overview of the RANK pathway in cancer and discussed RANK signaling and tumor microenvironment, and potential therapeutic approaches in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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15
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Wang X, Hong F, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Lin S, Liang H, Zhou H, Liu Y, Chen YG. Cross-species single-cell transcriptomic analysis of animal gastric antrum reveals intense porcine mucosal immunity. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:27. [PMID: 37525021 PMCID: PMC10390400 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
As an important part of the stomach, gastric antrum secretes gastrin which can regulate acid secretion and gastric emptying. Although most cell types in the gastric antrum are identified, the comparison of cell composition and gene expression in the gastric antrum among different species are not explored. In this study, we collected antrum epithelial tissues from human, pig, rat and mouse for scRNA-seq and compared cell types and gene expression among species. In pig antral epithelium, we identified a novel cell cluster, which is marked by high expression of AQP5, F3, CLCA1 and RRAD. We also discovered that the porcine antral epithelium has stronger immune function than the other species. Further analysis revealed that this may be due to the insufficient function of porcine immune cells. Together, our results replenish the information of multiple species of gastric antral epithelium at the single cell level and provide resources for understanding the homeostasis maintenance and regeneration of gastric antrum epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Hong
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
| | - Haonan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shibo Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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16
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Lyu Z, Hu Y, Guo Y, Liu D. Modulation of bone remodeling by the gut microbiota: a new therapy for osteoporosis. Bone Res 2023; 11:31. [PMID: 37296111 PMCID: PMC10256815 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM) plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and well-being of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that the GM may significantly influence bone metabolism and degenerative skeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis (OP). Interventions targeting GM modification, including probiotics or antibiotics, have been found to affect bone remodeling. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent research on the role of GM in regulating bone remodeling and seeks to elucidate the regulatory mechanism from various perspectives, such as the interaction with the immune system, interplay with estrogen or parathyroid hormone (PTH), the impact of GM metabolites, and the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Moreover, this review explores the potential of probiotics as a therapeutic approach for OP. The insights presented may contribute to the development of innovative GM-targeted therapies for OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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17
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Feng M, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang J, Qu Z, Wang Y, He B. The Molecular Mechanisms Study of Engeletin Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Inhibits Ovariectomized Murine Model Bone Loss. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2255-2270. [PMID: 37250105 PMCID: PMC10225148 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s401519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Osteoclastogenesis, the process of osteoclast differentiation, plays a critical role in bone homeostasis. Overexpression of osteoclastogenesis can lead to pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis and osteolysis. This study aims to investigate the role of Engelitin in the process of RAW264.7 cell differentiation into osteoclasts induced by RANKL, as well as in a mouse model of bone loss following ovariectomy. Methods We used RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells as an in vitro osteoclast differentiation model. The effects of Eng on morphological changes during osteoclast differentiation were evaluated using TRAP and F-actin staining. The effects of Eng on the molecular level of osteoclast differentiation were evaluated using Western blot and q-PCR. The level of reactive oxygen species was evaluated using the DCFH-DA staining method. We then used ovariectomized mice as a bone loss animal model. The effects of Eng on changes in bone loss in vivo were evaluated using micro-CT and histological analysis staining. Results In the in vitro experiments, Eng exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast formation and F-actin formation. At the molecular level, Eng dose-dependently suppressed the expression of specific RNAs (NFATc1, c-Fos, TRAP, Cathepsin K, MMP-9) involved in osteoclast differentiation, and inhibited the phosphorylation of proteins such as IκBα, P65, ERK, JNK, and P38. Additionally, Eng dose-dependently suppressed ROS levels and promoted the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1. In the in vivo experiments, Eng improved bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Conclusion Our study found that Eng inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation through multiple signaling pathways, including MAPKs, NF-κB, and ROS aggregation. Furthermore, Eng improved bone loss in ovariectomized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jialang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zechao Qu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Department of Emergency, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baorong He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Eggert J, Zinzow-Kramer WM, Hu Y, Tsai YL, Weiss A, Salaita K, Scharer CD, Au-Yeung BB. Accumulation of TCR signaling from self-antigens in naive CD8 T cells mitigates early responsiveness. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.27.525946. [PMID: 36747815 PMCID: PMC9900884 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.27.525946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cumulative effects of T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction over extended periods of time influences T cell biology, such as the positive selection of immature thymocytes or the proliferative responses of naive T cells. Naive T cells experience recurrent TCR signaling in response to self-antigens in the steady state. However, how these signals influence the responsiveness of naive CD8+ T cells to subsequent agonist TCR stimulation remains incompletely understood. We investigated how naive CD8+ T cells that experienced relatively low or high levels of TCR signaling in response to self-antigens respond to stimulation with foreign antigens. A transcriptional reporter of Nr4a1 (Nur77-GFP) revealed substantial heterogeneity of the amount of TCR signaling naive CD8+ T cells accumulate in the steady state. Nur77-GFPHI cells exhibited diminished T cell activation and secretion of IFNγ and IL-2 relative to Nur77-GFPLO cells in response to agonist TCR stimulation. Differential gene expression analyses revealed upregulation of genes associated with acutely stimulated T cells in Nur77-GFPHI cells but also increased expression of negative regulators such as the phosphatase Sts1. Responsiveness of Nur77-GFPHI cells to TCR stimulation was partially restored at the level of IFNγ secretion by deficiency of Sts1 or the ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b. Our data suggest that extensive accumulation of TCR signaling during steady state conditions induces a recalibration of the responsiveness of naive CD8+ T cells through gene expression changes and negative regulation, at least in part, dependent on Sts1 and Cbl-b. This cell-intrinsic negative feedback loop may allow the immune system to limit the autoreactive potential of highly self-reactive naive CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Eggert
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Wendy M. Zinzow-Kramer
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
| | - Yuesong Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University
| | - Yuan-Li Tsai
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Departments of Medicine and of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Byron B. Au-Yeung
- Division of Immunology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Department of Medicine, Emory University
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Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235727. [PMID: 36497209 PMCID: PMC9738274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a common complication of many types of advanced cancer, including breast cancer. Bone metastasis may cause severe pain, fractures, and hypercalcemia, rendering clinical management challenging and substantially reducing the quality of life and overall survival (OS) time of breast cancer patients. Studies have revealed that bone metastasis is related to interactions between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment, and involves complex molecular biological mechanisms, including colonization, osteolytic destruction, and an immunosuppressive bone microenvironment. Agents inhibiting bone metastasis (such as bisphosphate and denosumab) alleviate bone destruction and improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients with bone metastasis. However, the prognosis of these patients remains poor, and the specific biological mechanism of bone metastasis is incompletely understood. Additional basic and clinical studies are urgently needed, to further explore the mechanism of bone metastasis and develop new therapeutic drugs. This review presents a summary of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of bone metastasis of breast cancer, aiming to improve the quality of life and prognosis of breast cancer patients and provide a reference for future research directions.
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Elson A, Anuj A, Barnea-Zohar M, Reuven N. The origins and formation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Bone 2022; 164:116538. [PMID: 36028118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are hematopoietic cells whose physiological function is to degrade bone. OCLs are key players in the processes that determine and maintain the mass, shape, and physical properties of bone. OCLs adhere to bone tightly and degrade its matrix by secreting protons and proteases onto the underlying surface. The combination of low pH and proteases degrades the mineral and protein components of the matrix and forms a resorption pit; the degraded material is internalized by the cell and then secreted into the circulation. Insufficient or excessive activity of OCLs can lead to significant changes in bone and either cause or exacerbate symptoms of diseases, as in osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and cancer-induced bone lysis. OCLs are derived from monocyte-macrophage precursor cells whose origins are in two distinct embryonic cell lineages - erythromyeloid progenitor cells of the yolk sac, and hematopoietic stem cells. OCLs are formed in a multi-stage process that is induced by the cytokines M-CSF and RANKL, during which the cells differentiate, fuse to form multi-nucleated cells, and then differentiate further to become mature, bone-resorbing OCLs. Recent studies indicate that OCLs can undergo fission in vivo to generate smaller cells, called "osteomorphs", that can be "re-cycled" by fusing with other cells to form new OCLs. In this review we describe OCLs and discuss their cellular origins and the cellular and molecular events that drive osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Anuj Anuj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maayan Barnea-Zohar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Abstract
Osteoclasts, the only cells that can resorb bone, play a central role in bone homeostasis as well as bone damage under pathological conditions such as osteoporosis, arthritis, periodontitis, and bone metastasis. Recent studies using single-cell technologies have uncovered the regulatory mechanisms underlying osteoclastogenesis at unprecedented resolution and shed light on the possibility that there is heterogeneity in the origin, function, and fate of osteoclast-lineage cells. Here, we discuss the current advances and emerging concepts in osteoclast biology.
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22
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Abstract
Since the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) were discovered, a number of studies have uncovered the crucial role of the RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway in controlling the key aspect of bone homeostasis, the immune system, inflammation, cancer, and other systems under pathophysiological condition. These findings have expanded the understanding of the multifunctional biology of the RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway and led to the development of therapeutic potential targeting this pathway. The successful development and application of anti-RANKL antibody in treating diseases causing bone loss validates the utility of therapeutic approaches based on the modulation of this pathway. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of the RANKL-RANK pathway in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, shedding light on the RANKL-RANK dual signaling in coupling bone resorption and bone formation. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the RANKL-RANK-OPG system in the context of the bone and the immune system as well as the impact of this pathway in disease conditions, including cancer development and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Takegahara
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Huang F, Wong P, Li J, Lv Z, Xu L, Zhu G, He M, Luo Y. Osteoimmunology: The correlation between osteoclasts and the Th17/Treg balance in osteoporosis. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3591-3597. [PMID: 35633138 PMCID: PMC9258696 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a bone disease that is caused by disorder of the skeletal microenvironment, and it characterized by a high disability rate and the occurrence of low energy fractures. Studies on osteoporosis and related treatment options have always been hot spots in the field of bone biology. In the past, the understanding of osteoporosis has been rather limited; research has only shown that osteoporosis involves the imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation, and recent studies have not provided cutting‐edge theories of the basic understanding of osteoporosis. Recent studies have shown crosstalk between bone and immune responses. RANKL, an essential factor for osteoclasts (OCs), is associated with the immune system. T helper (Th17)/regulatory T (Treg) cells are two different kinds of T cells that can self‐interact and regulate the differentiation and formation of OCs. Therefore, understanding the correlation between the skeletal and immune systems and further revealing the roles and the cooperation between RANKL and the Th17/Treg balance will help to provide new insights for the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Traumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Puiian Wong
- Department of Traumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinglan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Genfu Zhu
- Institute of Osteoporosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mincong He
- Guangdong research institute for Orthopedics & Traumatology of Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Luo
- Department of Traumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Rauf A, Badoni H, Abu-Izneid T, Olatunde A, Rahman MM, Painuli S, Semwal P, Wilairatana P, Mubarak MS. Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103194. [PMID: 35630670 PMCID: PMC9146652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a protective response of the central nervous system (CNS), is associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS is composed of neurons and glial cells consisting of microglia, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Entry of any foreign pathogen activates the glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) and overactivation of these cells triggers the release of various neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-1β (IL-10), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), among others. Various studies have shown the role of neuroinflammatory markers in the occurrence, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These markers also trigger the formation of various other factors responsible for causing several neuronal diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemia, and several others. This comprehensive review aims to reveal the mechanism of neuroinflammatory markers (NMs), which could cause different neurodegenerative disorders. Important NMs may represent pathophysiologic processes leading to the generation of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, various molecular alterations related to neurodegenerative diseases are discussed. Identifying these NMs may assist in the early diagnosis and detection of therapeutic targets for treating various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Himani Badoni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun 248006, India;
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University for Science and Technology, Al Ain 64141, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 740272, Nigeria;
| | - Md. Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Sakshi Painuli
- Uttarakhand Council for Biotechnology (UCB), Premnagar, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed To Be University), Dehradun 248002, India;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.)
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25
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Li B, Wang P, Jiao J, Wei H, Xu W, Zhou P. Roles of the RANKL-RANK Axis in Immunity-Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bone Metastasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824117. [PMID: 35386705 PMCID: PMC8977491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount patients with cancer will develop bone metastases, with 70% of metastatic prostate and breast cancer patients harboring bone metastasis. Despite advancements in systemic therapies for advanced cancer, survival remains poor for those with bone metastases. The interaction between bone cells and the immune system contributes to a better understanding of the role that the immune system plays in the bone metastasis of cancer. The immune and bone systems share various molecules, including transcription factors, signaling molecules, and membrane receptors, which can stimulate the differentiation and activation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. The process of cancer metastasis to bone, which deregulates bone turnover and results in bone loss and skeletal-related events (SREs), is also controlled by primary cancer-related factors that modulate the intratumoral microenvironment as well as cellular immune process. The nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) are key regulators of osteoclast development, bone metabolism, lymph node development, and T-cell/dendritic cell communication. RANKL is an osteoclastogenic cytokine that links the bone and the immune system. In this review, we highlight the role of RANKL and RANK in the immune microenvironment and bone metastases and review data on the role of the regulatory mechanism of immunity in bone metastases, which could be verified through clinical efficacy of RANKL inhibitors for cancer patients with bone metastases. With the discovery of the specific role of RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis, the humanized monoclonal antibody against RANKL, such as denosumab, was available to prevent bone loss, SREs, and bone metastases, providing a unique opportunity to target RANKL/RANK as a future strategy to prevent bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengru Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingting Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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de Souza PPC, Henning P, Lerner UH. Stimulation of Osteoclast Formation by Oncostatin M and the Role of WNT16 as a Negative Feedback Regulator. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3287. [PMID: 35328707 PMCID: PMC8953253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM), which belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, is the most potent and effective stimulator of osteoclast formation in this family, as assessed by different in vitro assays. Osteoclastogenesis induced by the IL-6 type of cytokines is mediated by the induction and paracrine stimulation of the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL), expressed on osteoblast cell membranes and targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (RANK) on osteoclast progenitor cells. The potent effect of OSM on osteoclastogenesis is due to an unusually robust induction of RANKL in osteoblasts through the OSM receptor (OSMR), mediated by a JAK-STAT/MAPK signaling pathway and by unique recruitment of the adapter protein Shc1 to the OSMR. Gene deletion of Osmr in mice results in decreased numbers of osteoclasts and enhanced trabecular bone caused by increased trabecular thickness, indicating that OSM may play a role in physiological regulation of bone remodeling. However, increased amounts of OSM, either through administration of recombinant protein or of adenoviral vectors expressing Osm, results in enhanced bone mass due to increased bone formation without any clear sign of increased osteoclast numbers, a finding which can be reconciled by cell culture experiments demonstrating that OSM can induce osteoblast differentiation and stimulate mineralization of bone nodules in such cultures. Thus, in vitro studies and gene deletion experiments show that OSM is a stimulator of osteoclast formation, whereas administration of OSM to mice shows that OSM is not a strong stimulator of osteoclastogenesis in vivo when administered to adult animals. These observations could be explained by our recent finding showing that OSM is a potent stimulator of the osteoclastogenesis inhibitor WNT16, acting in a negative feedback loop to reduce OSM-induced osteoclast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P. C. de Souza
- The Innovation in Biomaterials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil;
| | - Petra Henning
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ulf H. Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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27
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Molecular Mechanisms Leading from Periodontal Disease to Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020970. [PMID: 35055157 PMCID: PMC8778447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is prevalent in half of the adult population and raises critical health concerns as it has been recently associated with an increased risk of cancer. While information about the topic remains somewhat scarce, a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanistic pathways promoting neoplasia in periodontitis patients is of fundamental importance. This manuscript presents the literature as well as a panel of tables and figures on the molecular mechanisms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, two main oral pathogens in periodontitis pathology, involved in instigating tumorigenesis. We also present evidence for potential links between the RANKL–RANK signaling axis as well as circulating cytokines/leukocytes and carcinogenesis. Due to the nonconclusive data associating periodontitis and cancer reported in the case and cohort studies, we examine clinical trials relevant to the topic and summarize their outcome.
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Kim B, Cho YJ, Lim W. Osteoporosis therapies and their mechanisms of action (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1379. [PMID: 34650627 PMCID: PMC8506919 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disease that affects millions of patients worldwide and is most common in menopausal women. The main characteristics of osteoporosis are low bone density and increased risk of fractures due to deterioration of the bone architecture. Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that is difficult to treat; thus, investigations into novel effective therapeutic methods are required. A number of studies have focused on determining the most effective treatment options for this disease. There are several treatment options for osteoporosis that differ depending on the characteristics of the disease, and these include both well-established and newly developed drugs. The present review focuses on the various drugs available for osteoporosis, the associated mechanisms of action and the methods of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomchang Kim
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonbong Lim
- Laboratory of Orthopaedic Research, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
- Department of Premedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
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29
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Trivedi T, Pagnotti GM, Guise TA, Mohammad KS. The Role of TGF-β in Bone Metastases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1643. [PMID: 34827641 PMCID: PMC8615596 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications associated with advanced cancer are a major clinical challenge and, if associated with bone metastases, worsen the prognosis and compromise the survival of the patients. Breast and prostate cancer cells exhibit a high propensity to metastasize to bone. The bone microenvironment is unique, providing fertile soil for cancer cell propagation, while mineralized bone matrices store potent growth factors and cytokines. Biologically active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), one of the most abundant growth factors, is released following tumor-induced osteoclastic bone resorption. TGF-β promotes tumor cell secretion of factors that accelerate bone loss and fuel tumor cells to colonize. Thus, TGF-β is critical for driving the feed-forward vicious cycle of tumor growth in bone. Further, TGF-β promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), increasing cell invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastatic progression. Emerging evidence shows TGF-β suppresses immune responses, enabling opportunistic cancer cells to escape immune checkpoints and promote bone metastases. Blocking TGF-β signaling pathways could disrupt the vicious cycle, revert EMT, and enhance immune response. However, TGF-β's dual role as both tumor suppressor and enhancer presents a significant challenge in developing therapeutics that target TGF-β signaling. This review presents TGF-β's role in cancer progression and bone metastases, while highlighting current perspectives on the therapeutic potential of targeting TGF-β pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Trivedi
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Gabriel M. Pagnotti
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Theresa A. Guise
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
| | - Khalid S. Mohammad
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.T.); (G.M.P.); (T.A.G.)
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Ni F, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Peng X, Li J. Serum RANKL levels in Chinese patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:615. [PMID: 34663371 PMCID: PMC8522048 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to determine the association between serum receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (sRANKL) levels and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Chinese patients. Methods The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Database, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and Wan Fang databases were searched for studies conducted before October 1, 2020, without language restrictions. STATA version 12.0 and Revman version 5.3 were used to analyze the data. The standard mean differences (SMDs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. Results Twelve clinical case–control studies, including 585 patients with AS and 423 healthy controls, were included. The combined SMD for sRANKL suggested that the sRANKL level was significantly higher in Chinese patients with AS than in healthy controls (SMD: 3.27, 95% CI 2.11–4.43, P < 0.00001). Serum RANKL-related factor osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels (SMD: 0.86, 95% CI 0.09–1.64, P < 0.03) were lower in the Chinese patients with AS than in healthy controls, and the RANKL/OPG ratio (SMD = 1.05, 95% CI 0.64–1.46, P < 0.00001) in Chinese patients with AS was approximately the same as that of healthy controls. Subgroup analysis indicated that patients from North and South China had higher sRANKL levels than controls; the sRANKL levels of patients from South China were higher in the subgroup with a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) of > 4 than those of patients in other subgroups. In terms of duration, patients with AS for > 8 years had higher sRANKL levels than health controls. Other subgroup analyses were conducted by region, language, source of control, age, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). In these subgroups, the sRANKL levels were significantly higher in the patients with AS than in healthy controls. The BASFI and BASDAI were sources of heterogeneity. Conclusions The sRANKL levels are higher in Chinese patients with AS, especially among those from South China. sRANKL levels may be positively correlated with the pathogenesis of AS among Chinese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Baodi Hospital/Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 301800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Urological, Nantong University Danyang Teaching Hospital, Zhenjiang, 212300, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Peng
- Daxing Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 102600, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street No. 36, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Park SY, Choi KH, Jun JE, Chung HY. Effects of Advanced Glycation End Products on Differentiation and Function of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e239. [PMID: 34581519 PMCID: PMC8476938 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of fragility fractures increases in patients with diabetes mellitus, independent of bone mineral density. In the present study, the effects of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts were investigated. METHODS AGEs and 25 mM glucose were administered to marrow-derived macrophages and MCT3T3-E1 cells. The effects of AGEs on osteoclast differentiation was investigated using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay. The effects of AGEs on osteoblast differentiation was investigated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone nodule formation assays. Expression of osteoclast-specific and osteoblast-specific genes and effects on cell signaling pathways associated with cell differentiation were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS AGEs significantly decreased TRAP-positive multinucleated cell formation in receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced marrow-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. AGEs suppressed the expression of osteoclast-specific genes, JNK, p38, AKT, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 in marrow-derived macrophages. AGEs decreased ALP activity and showed a tendency to decrease bone nodule formation in MC3T3-E1 cells. AGEs suppressed the expression of osteoblast-specific genes, lysyl hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase in MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSION AGEs suppressed differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and collagen cross-linking activity. It suggests that AGE may induce bone fragility through low bone turnover and deterioration of bone quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Ji Eun Jun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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The polypeptide OP3-4 induced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway and promoted mandibular defect bone regeneration. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 130:105243. [PMID: 34416564 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to explore: (ⅰ) the effect of the polypeptide OP 3-4 on bone regeneration in vivo; (ⅱ) the effect of OP 3-4 on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro; and (ⅲ) the potential mechanism of OP 3-4 in promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. DESIGNS 30 Wistar rats (8-week, male) were randomly divided into Control group (n = 5), Hydrogel group (n = 5), and Hydrogel loaded OP 3-4 group (n = 5). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate the level of bone regeneration in mandibular defect. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to evaluate the expression of alkaline phosphatase, runt-related transcription factor 2, and type Ⅰ collagen. Flow cytometry was applied to identify the phenotype of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, LY294002, the inhibitor of protein kinase B, was applied to verify the role of OP 3-4 in promoting osteogenic differentiation via protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway through western blot. RESULTS OP 3-4 promoted bone regeneration of rat mandibular defect. The expression of osteogenic differentiation related markers were increased after adding OP 3-4 to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. OP 3-4 promoted osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway. CONCLUSION OP 3-4 could promote bone regeneration of mandibular defect and improve osteogenic differentiation through protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase 3β/β-catenin pathway.
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Takayanagi H. Osteoimmunology as an intrinsic part of immunology. Int Immunol 2021; 33:673-678. [PMID: 34415037 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology has emerged as a field linking immunology and bone biology, but it has yet to be recognized as belonging to mainstream immunology. However, the extent of the research fields immunology actually covers has been enormously widened, and it is now ready to include such an interdisciplinary subject. One of the most obvious examples of an interaction between the immune and bone systems is the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, where bone resorption is increased by the autoimmune response. Moreover, the regulation of the immune system by bone cells has been clearly demonstrated by the finding that osteoprogenitor cells contribute to hematopoietic stem cell maintenance as well as the suppression of hematopoietic malignancy. Thus, the bidirectional dialogue has been established and inevitably will lead to the union of bone and immunity. Here I summarize the history and concept of osteoimmunology, providing a perspective on the future of immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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The Roadmap of RANKL/RANK Pathway in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081978. [PMID: 34440747 PMCID: PMC8393235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL with the antibody denosumab is part of the standard of care for bone loss diseases, including bone metastases (BM). Over the last decade, evidence has implicated RANKL/RANK pathway in hormone and HER2-driven breast carcinogenesis and in the acquisition of molecular and phenotypic traits associated with breast cancer (BCa) aggressiveness and poor prognosis. This marked a new era in the research of the therapeutic use of RANKL inhibition in BCa. RANKL/RANK pathway is also an important immune mediator, with anti-RANKL therapy recently linked to improved response to immunotherapy in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This review summarizes and discusses the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the relevance of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer biology and therapeutics, focusing on bone metastatic disease, BCa onset and progression, and immune modulation.
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Levescot A, Chang MH, Schnell J, Nelson-Maney N, Yan J, Martínez-Bonet M, Grieshaber-Bouyer R, Lee PY, Wei K, Blaustein RB, Morris A, Wactor A, Iwakura Y, Lederer JA, Rao DA, Charles JF, Nigrovic PA. IL-1β-driven osteoclastogenic T regulatory cells accelerate bone erosion in arthritis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e141008. [PMID: 34343136 DOI: 10.1172/jci141008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory mediator with roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Here we show that IL-1β contributes to autoimmune arthritis by inducing osteoclastogenic capacity in T regulatory cells (Tregs). Using mice with joint inflammation arising through deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (Il1rn-/-), we observed that IL-1β blockade attenuated disease more effectively in early arthritis than in established arthritis, especially with respect to bone erosion. Protection was accompanied by a reduction in synovial CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs that displayed preserved suppressive capacity and aerobic metabolism but aberrant expression of RANKL and a striking capacity to drive RANKL-dependent osteoclast differentiation. Both Il1rn-/- Tregs and wild-type Tregs differentiated with IL-1β accelerated bone erosion upon adoptive transfer. Human Tregs exhibited analogous differentiation, and corresponding RANKLhiFoxp3+ T cells could be identified in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. Together, these findings identify IL-1β-induced osteoclastogenic Tregs (O-Tregs) as a contributor to bone erosion in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Levescot
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Margaret H Chang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Julia Schnell
- Department of Medicine V, Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nathan Nelson-Maney
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Pui Y Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston's Children Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Kevin Wei
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Rachel B Blaustein
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Allyn Morris
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Wactor
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James A Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Deepak A Rao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
| | - Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Immunology, Boston's Children Hospital, Boston, United States of America
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Tomomura A, Bandow K, Tomomura M. Purification and Biological Function of Caldecrin. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:41. [PMID: 34436220 PMCID: PMC8398347 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8080041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Blood calcium homeostasis is critical for biological function. Caldecrin, or chymotrypsin-like elastase, was originally identified in the pancreas as a serum calcium-decreasing factor. The serum calcium-decreasing activity of caldecrin requires the trypsin-mediated activation of the protein. Protease activity-deficient mature caldecrin can also reduce serum calcium concentration, indicating that structural processing is necessary for serum calcium-decreasing activity. Caldecrin suppresses the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by inhibiting receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced nuclear factor of activated T-cell cytoplasmic 1 expression via the Syk-PLCγ-Ca2+ oscillation-calcineurin signaling pathway. It also suppresses mature osteoclastic bone resorption by RANKL-stimulated TRAF6-c-Src-Syk-calcium entry and actin ring formation. Caldecrin inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast formation in RANKL-primed BMMs by inducing the NF-κB negative regulator A20. In addition, caldecrin suppresses LPS-mediated M1 macrophage polarization through the immunoreceptor triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) 2, suggesting that caldecrin may function as an anti-osteoclastogenic and anti-inflammatory factor via TREM2. The ectopic intramuscular expression of caldecrin cDNA prevents bone resorption in ovariectomized mice, and the administration of caldecrin protein also prevents skeletal muscle destruction in dystrophic mice. In vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that caldecrin is a unique multifunctional protease and a possible therapeutic target for skeletal and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Tomomura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Kenjiro Bandow
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology & Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Mineko Tomomura
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Meikai University School of Health Sciences, 1-1 Akemi, Urayasu, Chiba 279-8550, Japan;
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The pathophysiology of immunoporosis: innovative therapeutic targets. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:859-875. [PMID: 34272579 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological balance between bone resorption and bone formation is now known to be mediated by a cascade of events parallel to the classic osteoblast-osteoclast interaction. Thus, osteoimmunology now encompasses the role played by other cell types, such as cytokines, lymphocytes and chemokines, in immunological responses and how they help modulate bone metabolism. All these factors have an impact on the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway, which is the major pathway for the maturation and resorption activity of osteoclast precursor cells, responsible for osteoporosis development. Recently, immunoporosis has emerged as a new research area in osteoimmunology dedicated to the immune system's role in osteoporosis. METHODS The first part of this review presents theoretical concepts on the factors involved in the skeletal system and osteoimmunology. Secondly, existing treatments and novel therapeutic approaches to treat osteoporosis are summarized. These were selected from to the most recent studies published on PubMed containing the term osteoporosis. All data relate to the results of in vitro and in vivo studies on the osteoimmunological system of humans, mice and rats. FINDINGS Treatments for osteoporosis can be classified into two categories. They either target osteoclastogenesis inhibition (denosumab, bisphosphonates), or they aim to restore the number and function of osteoblasts (romozumab, abaloparatide). Even novel therapies, such as resolvins, gene therapy, and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation, fall within this classification system. CONCLUSION This review presents alternative pathways in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, along with some recent therapeutic breakthroughs to restore bone homeostasis.
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Kim JH, Kim K, Kim I, Seong S, Kook H, Kim KK, Koh JT, Kim N. Bifunctional Role of CrkL during Bone Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137007. [PMID: 34209812 PMCID: PMC8269069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupled signaling between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts is crucial to the maintenance of bone homeostasis. We previously reported that v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CrkL), which belongs to the Crk family of adaptors, inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-mediated osteoblast differentiation, while enhancing receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated whether CrkL can also regulate the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone homeostasis. Osteoblastic CrkL strongly decreased RANKL expression through its inhibition of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) transcription. Reduction in RANKL expression by CrkL in osteoblasts resulted in the inhibition of not only osteoblast-dependent osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast-dependent osteoblast differentiation, suggesting that CrkL participates in the coupling signals between osteoblasts and osteoclasts via its regulation of RANKL expression. Therefore, CrkL bifunctionally regulates osteoclast differentiation through both a direct and indirect mechanism while it inhibits osteoblast differentiation through its blockade of both BMP2 and RANKL reverse signaling pathways. Collectively, these data suggest that CrkL is involved in bone homeostasis, where it helps to regulate the complex interactions of the osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their coupling signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ha Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Kabsun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Semun Seong
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Kyung Keun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Nacksung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea; (J.H.K.); (K.K.); (I.K.); (S.S.); (H.K.); (K.K.K.)
- Hard-Tissue Biointerface Research Center, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2835
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Kim HJ, Yoon HJ, Lee DK, Jin X, Che X, Choi JY. The estrogen-related receptor γ modulator, GSK5182, inhibits osteoclast differentiation and accelerates osteoclast apoptosis. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33612148 PMCID: PMC8167243 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ), a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family, is a key mediator in cellular metabolic processes and energy homeostasis. Therefore, ERRγ has become an attractive target for treating diverse metabolic disorders. We recently reported that ERRγ acts as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). In the present study, we explored the effects of an ERRγ-specific modulator, GSK5182, on ERRγ-regulated osteoclast differentiation and survival. Interestingly, GSK5182 increased ERRγ protein levels much as does GSK4716, which is an ERRγ agonist. GSK5182 inhibited osteoclast generation from bone-marrow-derived macrophages without affecting cytotoxicity. GSK5182 also attenuated RANKL-mediated expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), pivotal transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis. Arrested osteoclast differentiation was associated with reduced RANK expression, but not with the M-CSF receptor, c-Fms. GSK5182 strongly blocked the phosphorylation of IκBα, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in response to RANKL. GSK5182 also suppressed NF-κB promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. In addition to osteoclastogenesis, GSK5182 accelerated osteoclast apoptosis by caspase-3 activation. Together, these results suggest that GSK5182, a synthetic ERRγ modulator, may have potential in treating disorders related to bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Dong-Kyo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Xian Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Xiangguo Che
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Je-Yong Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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40
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Elango J, Bao B, Wu W. The hidden secrets of soluble RANKL in bone biology. Cytokine 2021; 144:155559. [PMID: 33994070 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the 20th century revealed numerous secrets about organ development. In particular, the functions identified for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β (NF-κβ) ligand (also known as the RANKL/osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) or RANK ligand/TNFSF11) in the homeostasis of skeletal structure, function and regulation were not anticipated. Empirical evidence established the receptor-ligand interaction of RANKL with RANK in osteoclast formation. Reverse signaling of RANKL triggers NF-κβ for the degradation of β-catenin to inhibit bone formation. There is also evidence that RANKL modifies the behavior of other cells in the bone microenvironment, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial cells and lymphocytes during normal (homeostatic) and diseased (osteoimmune) states. Two forms of RANKL, i.e., soluble and membrane-bound RANKL, are produced by bone cells. Even though soluble RANKL (sRANKL) and membrane-bound RANKL (mRANKL) both stimulate osteoclast formation in vitro, their biological roles are different. mRANKL triggers osteoclastogenesis by binding to RANK through cell-cell interaction; however, sRANKL released from osteogenic cells binds to RANK without cell-cell interaction. This review attempts to hypothesize how sRANKL functions biologically in bone and explore how this hypothesis might influence future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevithan Elango
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight the new developments in the management of advanced giant cell tumor of bone, a rare locally aggressive benign tumor, which was traditionally managed with surgery alone by either curettage and local adjuvant therapy, wide resection, or marginal excision. Here, we review the current role of systemic therapy for management of locally advanced or metastatic giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). RECENT FINDINGS The elucidation of the pathophysiology of giant cell tumor of bone, especially with regards to the role of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), has led to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of denosumab in the management of locally advanced or metastatic GCTB. For advanced giant cell tumor where surgical resection alone can cause severe morbidity, the paradigm has shifted from local treatment alone to multidisciplinary management with the consideration of use of denosumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Basu Mallick
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 1025 Walnut Street, Suite 700, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Sant P Chawla
- Sarcoma Oncology Center, 2811 Wilshire Blvd, Santa Monica, CA, 90403, USA
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42
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Gross T, Jeney C, Halm D, Finkenzeller G, Stark GB, Zengerle R, Koltay P, Zimmermann S. Characterization of CRISPR/Cas9 RANKL knockout mesenchymal stem cell clones based on single-cell printing technology and Emulsion Coupling assay as a low-cellularity workflow for single-cell cloning. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0238330. [PMID: 33661950 PMCID: PMC7932140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The homogeneity of the genetically modified single-cells is a necessity for many applications such as cell line development, gene therapy, and tissue engineering and in particular for regenerative medical applications. The lack of tools to effectively isolate and characterize CRISPR/Cas9 engineered cells is considered as a significant bottleneck in these applications. Especially the incompatibility of protein detection technologies to confirm protein expression changes without a preconditional large-scale clonal expansion creates a gridlock in many applications. To ameliorate the characterization of engineered cells, we propose an improved workflow, including single-cell printing/isolation technology based on fluorescent properties with high yield, a genomic edit screen (Surveyor assay), mRNA RT-PCR assessing altered gene expression, and a versatile protein detection tool called emulsion-coupling to deliver a high-content, unified single-cell workflow. The workflow was exemplified by engineering and functionally validating RANKL knockout immortalized mesenchymal stem cells showing bone formation capacity of these cells. The resulting workflow is economical, without the requirement of large-scale clonal expansions of the cells with overall cloning efficiency above 30% of CRISPR/Cas9 edited cells. Nevertheless, as the single-cell clones are comprehensively characterized at an early, highly parallel phase of the development of cells including DNA, RNA, and protein levels, the workflow delivers a higher number of successfully edited cells for further characterization, lowering the chance of late failures in the development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gross
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Csaba Jeney
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Darius Halm
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günter Finkenzeller
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G. Björn Stark
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Koltay
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Jo YJ, Lee HI, Kim N, Hwang D, Lee J, Lee GR, Hong SE, Lee H, Kwon M, Kim NY, Kim HJ, Park JH, Kang YH, Kim HS, Lee SY, Jeong W. Cinchonine inhibits osteoclast differentiation by regulating TAK1 and AKT, and promotes osteogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:1854-1865. [PMID: 32700766 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cinchonine (CN) has been known to exert antimalarial, antiplatelet, and antiobesity effects. It was also recently reported to inhibit transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and protein kinase B (AKT) through binding to tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). However, its role in bone metabolism remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that CN inhibits osteoclast differentiation with decreased expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), a key determinant of osteoclastogenesis. Immunoblot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis as well as the reporter assay revealed that CN inhibits nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1 by regulating TAK1. CN also attenuated the activation of AKT, cyclic AMP response element-binding protein, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1β (PGC1β), an essential regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Collectively, these results suggested that CN may inhibit TRAF6-mediated TAK1 and AKT activation, which leads to downregulation of NFATc1 and PGC1β resulting in the suppression of osteoclast differentiation. Interestingly, CN not only inhibited the maturation and resorption function of differentiated osteoclasts but also promoted osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, CN protected lipopolysaccharide- and ovariectomy-induced bone destruction in mouse models, suggesting its therapeutic potential for treating inflammation-induced bone diseases and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye In Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Narae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gong-Rak Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Hong
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwon
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Ha Park
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye Hee Kang
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woojin Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yang B, Luo L, Chen L, Niu Q, Zhang J, Xu H, Wu Y, Huang Z. ETS1 polymorphism rs73013527 in relation to serum RANKL levels among patients with RA. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24562. [PMID: 33592912 PMCID: PMC7870260 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified E26 transformation specific sequence 1 (ETS1) rs73013527 single nucleotide polymorphism associated with RA susceptibility and disease activity. In the present study, we aims to further investigate the association between ETS1 rs73013527 and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), an index related to bone destruction and was reported to elevate in RA.We determined genotypes of ETS1 rs73013527, serum RANKL concentration, clinical characteristics (disease duration, disease activity score for 28 painful/swollen joints), and laboratory markers (rheumatoid factor, anti-citrullinated protein antibody, anti-keratin antibody, c-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate) of 254 RA cases. Univariate and multivariate analysis were employed to explore the association between ETS1 rs73013527 and serum RANKL levels in RA patients.Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated no association of serum RANKL levels with patient age, gender, clinical characteristics, and laboratory markers. Univariate analysis, not multivariate analysis indicated genotype CT/TT of ETS1 rs73013527 was significantly associated with elevated RANKL levels in RA patients.ETS1 rs73013527 is in relation to serum RANKL levels among patients with RA. ETS1 probably might be an indirect factors involved in RANKL regulation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Limei Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Niu
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Junlong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Huan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Yifeng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medcine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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Monteiro AC, Bonomo A. Dendritic cells development into osteoclast-type APCs by 4T1 breast tumor T cells milieu boost bone consumption. Bone 2021; 143:115755. [PMID: 33217627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases occur in 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer, causing severe morbidity and increased mortality due to osteolytic lesions driven by osteoclasts (OCs) inside the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A reciprocal vicious cycle between bone remodeling system and the tumor itself is established by the release of growth factors stored in the mineralized matrix, which in turn feed the tumor, changing tumor behavior and growth. However, BM is not a passive host microenvironment for circulating tumor cells, but instead can be actively modified by the primary tumor before metastatic spread occurs. Indeed, we have shown that T cells specific for the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, are characteristically RANKL+ IL-17F+ CD4+ T cells. Those cells arrive in the BM before metastatic cells and set the pre-metastatic niche. In the absence of T cell derived RANKL, there is no pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and bone metastases do not take place. Recently, dendritic cells (DCs), the main T cell partner at the beginning of the immune response, came into the spotlight as a potential source of OCs progenitors under inflammatory conditions. Regarding bone metastasis, nothing is currently known about DCs plasticity or even its partnership with tumor induced T cells for BM pre-metastatic niche formation. Here, we show that splenic CD11c+ DCs stimulated with 4T1 conditioned media (CM) efficiently differentiated into mature and activated multinucleated giant cells (DC-OC) expressing TRAP and IL-23 cytokine. More important, 4T1 CM derived DC-OCs build a positive loop which amplifies the osteolytic phenomena by maintaining the RANKL+ Th17 T cells and by its own osteoclastic activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that differentiation of OCs from DCs may be achievable in the bone pre osteolytic disease context representing an alternative OC differentiation pathway. Besides being induced by high levels of T cells pro osteoclastogenic cytokines, especially by RANKL, DC-OC keep a positive feedback loop towards osteolysis, maintaining the pro-osteoclastogenic T cell phenotype in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Laboratory of Osteo and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Honma M, Ikebuchi Y, Suzuki H. RANKL as a key figure in bridging between the bone and immune system: Its physiological functions and potential as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulates TNFSF11 Transcription by Binding to Glucocorticoid Responsive Element in TNFSF11 Proximal Promoter Region. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031054. [PMID: 33494362 PMCID: PMC7865994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid osteoporosis is a serious side effect of long term glucocorticoid uptake and it is caused by osteoblast apoptosis and imbalance in the major bone remodeling pathway RANK/RANKL/OPG. The impact of glucocorticoid on the maintenance of RANK/RANKL/OPG is well explored; dexamethasone was shown to disturb the ratio between OPG and RANKL level by decreasing the expression level of OPG and increasing level of RANKL. Here, were aimed to decipher whether glucocorticoid receptor directly influences RANKL promoter activity and its transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate that overexpression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) NR3C1 increased RANKL promoter activity in human osteosarcoma, cervical cancer (2-fold) and adenocarcinoma cells (4.5-fold). Mutational analysis revealed that +352 site in the RANKL promoter is functional glucocorticoid responsive element (GRE) since the effect of GR on RANKL promoter activity was diminished by mutation at this site. Overexpression of NR3C1 upregulated RANKL mRNA expression 1.5-fold in human A549 and HOS cells. On the other hand silencing of NR3C1 caused slight decrease in RANKL mRNA level, suggesting that NR3C1 directly accounts for RANKL transcriptional regulation. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay we demonstrate that NR3C1 binds to the proximal RANKL promoter region. Our study provides evidences that NR3C1 directly upregulates RANKL transcription in human cell lines and connects the missing link in the mechanism of RANK/RANKL/OPG imbalance of glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis.
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Dietary Salt Accelerates Orthodontic Tooth Movement by Increased Osteoclast Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020596. [PMID: 33435280 PMCID: PMC7827744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary salt uptake and inflammation promote sodium accumulation in tissues, thereby modulating cells like macrophages and fibroblasts. Previous studies showed salt effects on periodontal ligament fibroblasts and on bone metabolism by expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells-5 (NFAT-5). Here, we investigated the impact of salt and NFAT-5 on osteoclast activity and orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). After treatment of osteoclasts without (NS) or with additional salt (HS), we analyzed gene expression and the release of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and calcium phosphate resorption. We kept wild-type mice and mice lacking NFAT-5 in myeloid cells either on a low, normal or high salt diet and inserted an elastic band between the first and second molar to induce OTM. We analyzed the expression of genes involved in bone metabolism, periodontal bone loss, OTM and bone density. Osteoclast activity was increased upon HS treatment. HS promoted periodontal bone loss and OTM and was associated with reduced bone density. Deletion of NFAT-5 led to increased osteoclast activity with NS, whereas we detected impaired OTM in mice. Dietary salt uptake seems to accelerate OTM and induce periodontal bone loss due to reduced bone density, which may be attributed to enhanced osteoclast activity. NFAT-5 influences this reaction to HS, as we detected impaired OTM and osteoclast activity upon deletion.
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Yao Z, Xing L, Boyce BF. RANKL-Based Osteoclastogenic Assay from Murine Bone Marrow Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2230:457-465. [PMID: 33197033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1028-2_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The osteoclast is the unique type of cell that resorbs bone in vivo and it is required for normal skeletal development and postnatal homeostasis. Osteoclast deficiency impairs skeletal development during embryogenesis and results in osteopetrosis and impaired tooth eruption. In contrast, excessive osteoclast formation in adults results in bone loss in a number of conditions, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metastatic bone disease. Osteoclasts are derived from monocytes/macrophages; they can be generated in vitro by treatment of these precursor cells with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). This chapter describes procedures for generating osteoclasts from mouse bone marrow cells in vitro using M-CSF and RANKL and assessing their ability to form resorption lacunae on thin bone slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqiang Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Almost a quarter century has passed since discovery of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). This discovery had a major impact on identification of mechanisms regulating osteoclast differentiation and function, establishment of a research field bridging bone and the immune system (osteoimmunology), and development of a fully human anti-RANKL neutralizing antibody (denosumab). Denosumab is now clinically available for treatment of osteoporosis and cancer-induced bone diseases in the US, Europe and many other countries, including Japan. Denosumab is a so-called blockbuster drug, with sales of 5.0 billion US dollars in 2019. This is a real success story from bench to bedside. In this review, the pivotal roles of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in osteoclast differentiation and function are shown. RANKL is a ligand required for osteoclast generation, RANK is the receptor for RANKL, and osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor for RANKL. The review covers recent results showing the importance of RANKL on osteoblasts in regulation of osteogenesis and the role of RANKL-RANK dual signaling in coupling of bone resorption and formation, including demonstration of RANKL reverse signaling that we had previously hypothesized. Possible applications of anti-RANKL antibody in treatment of cancer are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Yasuda
- Nagahama Institute for Biochemical Science, Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., 50, Kano-cho, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0804, Japan.
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