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Neurotrophin mimetics and tropomyosin kinase receptors: a futuristic pharmacological tool for Parkinson's. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06684-1. [PMID: 36870001 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a complex age-related progressive dopaminergic neurodegenerative disease consistently viewed as a disorder of movement and is characterized by its cardinal motor symptoms. While the motor symptoms and its clinical manifestations are attributed to the nigral dopaminergic neuronal death and basal ganglia dysfunction, studies have subsequently proven that the non-dopaminergic neurons in various brain regions are also additionally involved with the disease progression. Thus, it is now well accepted that the involvement of various neurotransmitters and other ligands accounts for the non-motor symptoms (NMS) associated with the Parkinson's disease. Consequently, this has demonstrated to possess remarkable clinical concerns to the patients in terms of various disability, such impaired to compromised quality of life and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Currently, available pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical therapeutic strategies neither prevent, arrest, nor reverse the nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Thus, there is an imminent medical necessity to increase patient's quality of life and survival, which in turn decreases the incidence and prevalence of the NMS. The current research article reviews the potential direct involvement of neurotrophin and its mimetics to target and modulate neurotrophin-mediated signal transduction pathways to enlighten a new and novel therapeutic strategy along with the pre-existing treatments for Parkinson's disease and other neurological/neurodegenerative disorders which are associated with the downregulation of neurotrophins.
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Kot EF, Franco ML, Vasilieva EV, Shabalkina AV, Arseniev AS, Goncharuk SA, Mineev KS, Vilar M. Intrinsically disordered regions couple the ligand binding and kinase activation of Trk neurotrophin receptors. iScience 2022; 25:104348. [PMID: 35601915 PMCID: PMC9117555 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are key players in development and several diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanism of RTK activation by its ligand could lead to the design of new RTK inhibitors. How the extracellular domain is coupled to the intracellular kinase domain is a matter of debate. Ligand-induced dimerization and ligand-induced conformational change of pre-formed dimers are two of the most proposed models. Recently we proposed that TrkA, the RTK for nerve growth factor (NGF), is activated by rotation of the transmembrane domain (TMD) pre-formed dimers upon NGF binding. However, one of the unsolved issues is how the ligand binding is conformationally coupled to the TMD rotation if unstructured extracellular juxtamembrane (eJTM) regions separate them. Here we use nuclear magnetic resonance in bicelles and functional studies to demonstrate that eJTM regions from the Trk family are intrinsically disordered and couple the ligand-binding domains and TMDs possibly via the interaction with NGF. Extracellular juxtamembrane region is required for NGF binding and TrkA activation TrkA extracellular juxtamembrane region is unstructured and flexible This region couples neurotrophin-binding and transmembrane domain rotation The extracellular juxtamembrane region might play a role in neurotrophin recognition
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F. Kot
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141707 Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation
| | - María L. Franco
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig 11, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Ekaterina V. Vasilieva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra V. Shabalkina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141707 Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Arseniev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141707 Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
| | - Sergey A. Goncharuk
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141707 Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
| | - Konstantin S. Mineev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141707 Dolgoprudnyi, Russian Federation
- Corresponding author
| | - Marçal Vilar
- Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration Unit, Institute of Biomedicine of València (IBV-CSIC), C/ Jaume Roig 11, 46010 València, Spain
- Corresponding author
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3
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Liu Z, Wu H, Huang S. Role of NGF and its receptors in wound healing (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:599. [PMID: 33884037 PMCID: PMC8056114 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important and complicated process that includes four highly integrated and overlapping phases, haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was the first member of a family of neurotrophic factors to be discovered, and is an essential neurotrophic factor for the development and maintenance of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Several studies have proposed that NGF and its receptors, tropomyosin-related kinase receptor 1 and NGF receptor, are involved in the wound healing process, and are important components of the healing of several wounds both in vivo and in vitro. Topical application of NGF significantly promotes the healing of different types of wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers and corneal wounds. The present review summarizes the status of NGF and its receptors in current literature, and discusses data obtained in the last few years on the healing action of NGF in cutaneous, corneal and oral wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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4
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Brahimi F, Galan A, Jmaeff S, Barcelona PF, De Jay N, Dejgaard K, Young JC, Kleinman CL, Thomas DY, Saragovi HU. Alternative Splicing of a Receptor Intracellular Domain Yields Different Ectodomain Conformations, Enabling Isoform-Selective Functional Ligands. iScience 2020; 23:101447. [PMID: 32829283 PMCID: PMC7452315 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Events at a receptor ectodomain affect the intracellular domain conformation, activating signal transduction (out-to-in conformational effects). We investigated the reverse direction (in-to-out) where the intracellular domain may impact on ectodomain conformation. The primary sequences of naturally occurring TrkC receptor isoforms (TrkC-FL and TrkC.T1) only differ at the intracellular domain. However, owing to their differential association with Protein Disulfide Isomerase the isoforms have different disulfide bonding and conformations at the ectodomain. Conformations were exploited to develop artificial ligands, mAbs, and small molecules, with isoform-specific binding and biased activation. Consistent, the physiological ligands NT-3 and PTP-sigma bind both isoforms, but NT-3 activates all signaling pathways, whereas PTP-sigma activates biased signals. Our data support an "in-to-out" model controlling receptor ectodomain conformation, a strategy that enables heterogeneity in receptors, ligands, and bioactivity. These concepts may be extended to the many wild-type or oncogenic receptors with known isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Brahimi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Alba Galan
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Sean Jmaeff
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pablo F. Barcelona
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Nicolas De Jay
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kurt Dejgaard
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason C. Young
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia L. Kleinman
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Y. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - H. Uri Saragovi
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte St. Catherine, E-535, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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5
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Lee AK, Khaled H, Chofflet N, Takahashi H. Synaptic Organizers in Alzheimer's Disease: A Classification Based on Amyloid-β Sensitivity. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:281. [PMID: 32982693 PMCID: PMC7492772 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic pathology is one of the major hallmarks observed from the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), leading to cognitive and memory impairment characteristic of AD patients. Synaptic connectivity and specificity are regulated by multiple trans-bindings between pre- and post-synaptic organizers, the complex of which exerts synaptogenic activity. Neurexins (NRXs) and Leukocyte common antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are the major presynaptic organizers promoting synaptogenesis through their distinct binding to a wide array of postsynaptic organizers. Recent studies have shown that amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs), a major detrimental molecule in AD, interact with NRXs and neuroligin-1, an NRX-binding postsynaptic organizer, to cause synaptic impairment. On the other hand, LAR-RPTPs and their postsynaptic binding partners have no interaction with AβOs, and their synaptogenic activity is maintained even in the presence of AβOs. Here, we review the current evidence regarding the involvement of synaptic organizers in AD, with a focus on Aβ synaptic pathology, to propose a new classification where NRX-based and LAR-RPTP-based synaptic organizing complexes are classified into Aβ-sensitive and Aβ-insensitive synaptic organizers, respectively. We further discuss how their different Aβ sensitivity is involved in Aβ vulnerability and tolerance of synapses for exploring potential therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Husam Khaled
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chofflet
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Molecular Biology Program, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) belongs to a family of growth factors called neurotrophins whose actions are centered in the nervous system. NT-3 is structurally related to other neurotrophins like brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The expression of NT-3 starts with the onset of neurogenesis and continues throughout life. A wealth of information links NT-3 to the growth, differentiation, and survival of hippocampal cells as well as sympathetic and sensory neurons. These studies have described the distribution of NT-3 and its receptors throughout development and in the mature nervous system. Prior works has begun to cell-type specific impact of NT-3 as well as identify the signaling pathways involved. However, much less is known about how NT-3 regulates synaptic transmission. This chapter focuses role of NT-3 in the modulation of synaptic transmission.
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Unveiling functional motions based on point mutations in biased signaling systems: A normal mode study on nerve growth factor bound to TrkA. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231542. [PMID: 32497034 PMCID: PMC7272051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many receptors elicit signal transduction by activating multiple intracellular pathways. This transduction can be triggered by a non-specific ligand, which simultaneously activates all the signaling pathways of the receptors. However, the binding of one biased ligand preferentially trigger one pathway over another, in a process called biased signaling. The identification the functional motions related to each of these distinct pathways has a direct impact on the development of new effective and specific drugs. We show here how to detect specific functional motions by considering the case of the NGF/TrkA-Ig2 complex. NGF-mediated TrkA receptor activation is dependent on specific structural motions that trigger the neuronal growth, development, and survival of neurons in nervous system. The R221W mutation in the ngf gene impairs nociceptive signaling. We discuss how the large-scale structural effects of this mutation lead to the suppression of collective motions necessary to induce TrkA activation of nociceptive signaling. Our results suggest that subtle changes in the NGF interaction network due to the point mutation are sufficient to inhibit the motions of TrkA receptors putatively linked to nociception. The methodological approach presented in this article, based jointly on the normal mode analysis and the experimentally observed functional alterations due to point mutations provides an essential tool to reveal the structural changes and motions linked to the disease, which in turn could be necessary for a drug design study.
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Triaca V, Fico E, Sposato V, Caioli S, Ciotti MT, Zona C, Mercanti D, La Mendola D, Satriano C, Rizzarelli E, Tirassa P, Calissano P. hNGF Peptides Elicit the NGF-TrkA Signalling Pathway in Cholinergic Neurons and Retain Full Neurotrophic Activity in the DRG Assay. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020216. [PMID: 32024191 PMCID: PMC7072391 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)-based clinical approaches have lacked specific and efficient Tyrosine Kinase A (TrkA) agonists for brain delivery. Nowadays, the characterization of novel small peptidomimetic is taking centre stage in preclinical studies, in order to overcome the main size-related limitation in brain delivery of NGF holoprotein for Central Nervous System (CNS) pathologies. Here we investigated the NGF mimetic properties of the human NGF 1–14 sequence (hNGF1–14) and its derivatives, by resorting to primary cholinergic and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Briefly, we observed that: 1) hNGF1–14 peptides engage the NGF pathway through TrkA phosphorylation at tyrosine 490 (Y490), and activation of ShcC/PI3K and Plc-γ/MAPK signalling, promoting AKT-dependent survival and CREB-driven neuronal activity, as seen by levels of the immediate early gene c-Fos, of the cholinergic marker Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT), and of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); 2) their NGF mimetic activity is lost upon selective TrkA inhibition by means of GW441756; 3) hNGF1–14 peptides are able to sustain DRG survival and differentiation in absence of NGF. Furthermore, the acetylated derivative Ac-hNGF1–14 demonstrated an optimal NGF mimetic activity in both neuronal paradigms and an electrophysiological profile similar to NGF in cholinergic neurons. Cumulatively, the findings here reported pinpoint the hNGF1–14 peptide, and in particular its acetylated derivative, as novel, specific and low molecular weight TrkA specific agonists in both CNS and PNS primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR-IBBC), International Campus A. Buzzati Traverso, Via E. Ramarini 32, Monterotondo, 00015 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-90091357
| | - Elena Fico
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR-IBBC), at Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome “ La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Valentina Sposato
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI Foundation), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Silvia Caioli
- IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR-IBBC), at Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome “ La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Cristina Zona
- IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.C.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “TorVergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Delio Mercanti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR-IBBC), at Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome “ La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Diego La Mendola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.S.); (E.R.)
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council (CNR-IC), Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Tirassa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council (CNR-IBBC), at Department of Sense Organs, University of Rome “ La Sapienza”, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy; (E.F.); (M.T.C.); (D.M.); (P.T.)
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI Foundation), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy; (V.S.); (P.C.)
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Roles of TrkC Signaling in the Regulation of Tumorigenicity and Metastasis of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010147. [PMID: 31936239 PMCID: PMC7016819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) C contributes to the clinicopathology of a variety of human cancers, and new chimeric oncoproteins containing the tyrosine kinase domain of TrkC occur after fusion to the partner genes. Overexpression of TrkC and TrkC fusion proteins was observed in patients with a variety of cancers, including mesenchymal, hematopoietic, and those of epithelial cell lineage. Both microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were involved in the regulation of TrkC expression through transcriptional and posttranscriptional alteration. Aberrant activation of TrkC and TrkC fusion proteins markedly induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program, growth rate, tumorigenic capacity via constitutive activation of Ras-MAP kinase (MAPK), PI3K-AKT, and the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. The clinical trial of TrkC or TrkC fusion-positive cancers with newly developed Trk inhibitors demonstrated that Trk inhibitors were highly effective in inducing tumor regression in patients who do not harbor mutations in the kinase domain. Recently, there has been a progressive accumulation of mutations in TrkC or the TrkC fusion protein detected in the clinic and its related cancer cell lines caused by high-throughput DNA sequencing. Despite given the high overall response rate against Trk or Trk fusion proteins-positive solid tumors, acquired drug resistance was observed in patients with various cancers caused by mutations in the Trk kinase domain. To overcome acquired resistance caused by kinase domain mutation, next-generation Trk inhibitors have been developed, and these inhibitors are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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10
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Gómez-Pineda VG, Torres-Cruz FM, Vivar-Cortés CI, Hernández-Echeagaray E. Neurotrophin-3 restores synaptic plasticity in the striatum of a mouse model of Huntington's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:353-363. [PMID: 29453932 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is expressed in the mouse striatum; however, it is not clear the NT-3 role in striatal physiology. The expression levels of mRNAs and immune localization of the NT-3 protein and its receptor TrkC are altered in the striatum following damage induced by an in vivo treatment with 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), a mitochondrial toxin used to mimic the histopathological hallmarks of Huntington's disease (HD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of NT-3 on corticostriatal synaptic transmission and its plasticity in both the control and damaged striatum. METHODS Corticostriatal population spikes were electrophysiologically recorded and striatal synaptic plasticity was induced by high-frequency stimulation. Further, the phosphorylation status of Trk receptors was tested under conditions that imitated electrophysiological experiments. RESULTS NT-3 modulates both synaptic transmission and plasticity in the striatum; nonetheless, synaptic plasticity was modified by the 3-NP treatment, where instead of producing striatal long-term depression (LTD), long-term potentiation (LTP) was obtained. Moreover, the administration of NT-3 in the recording bath restored the plasticity observed under control conditions (LTD) in this model of striatal degeneration. CONCLUSION NT-3 modulates corticostriatal transmission through TrkB stimulation and restores striatal LTD by signaling through its TrkC receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Gómez-Pineda
- Laboratorio de neurofisiología del desarrollo y la neurodegeneración, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Francisco M Torres-Cruz
- Laboratorio de neurofisiología del desarrollo y la neurodegeneración, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - César I Vivar-Cortés
- Laboratorio de neurofisiología del desarrollo y la neurodegeneración, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Echeagaray
- Laboratorio de neurofisiología del desarrollo y la neurodegeneración, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FES Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, México
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11
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Abstract
The neurotrophins are a family of closely related proteins that were first identified as survival factors for sympathetic and sensory neurons and have since been shown to control a number of aspects of survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Limiting quantities of neurotrophins during development control the numbers of surviving neurons to ensure a match between neurons and the requirement for a suitable density of target innervation. Biological effects of each of the four mammalian neurotrophins are mediated through activation of one or more of the three members of the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC). In addition, all neurotrophins activate the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Neurotrophin engagement of Trk receptors leads to activation of Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C-γ1, and signaling pathways controlled through these proteins, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases. Neurotrophin availability is required into adulthood, where they control synaptic function and plasticity and sustain neuronal cell survival, morphology, and differentiation. This article will provide an overview of neurotrophin biology, their receptors, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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12
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Pandini G, Satriano C, Pietropaolo A, Gianì F, Travaglia A, La Mendola D, Nicoletti VG, Rizzarelli E. The Inorganic Side of NGF: Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Affect the NGF Mimicking Signaling of the N-Terminus Peptides Encompassing the Recognition Domain of TrkA Receptor. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:569. [PMID: 28090201 PMCID: PMC5201159 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) N-terminus peptide, NGF(1–14), and its acetylated form, Ac-NGF(1–14), were investigated to scrutinize the ability of this neurotrophin domain to mimic the whole protein. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that non-covalent forces assist the molecular recognition of TrkA receptor by both peptides. Combined parallel tempering/docking simulations discriminated the effect of the N-terminal acetylation on the recognition of NGF(1–14) by the domain 5 of TrkA (TrkA-D5). Experimental findings demonstrated that both NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14) activate TrkA signaling pathways essential for neuronal survival. The NGF-induced TrkA internalization was slightly inhibited in the presence of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions, whereas the metal ions elicited the NGF(1–14)-induced internalization of TrkA and no significant differences were found in the weak Ac-NGF(1–14)-induced receptor internalization. The crucial role of the metals was confirmed by experiments with the metal-chelator bathocuproine disulfonic acid, which showed different inhibitory effects in the signaling cascade, due to different metal affinity of NGF, NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14). The NGF signaling cascade, activated by the two peptides, induced CREB phosphorylation, but the copper addition further stimulated the Akt, ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the presence of NGF and NGF(1–14) only. A dynamic and quick influx of both peptides into PC12 cells was tracked by live cell imaging with confocal microscopy. A significant role of copper ions was found in the modulation of peptide sub-cellular localization, especially at the nuclear level. Furthermore, a strong copper ionophoric ability of NGF(1–14) was measured. The Ac-NGF(1–14) peptide, which binds copper ions with a lower stability constant than NGF(1–14), exhibited a lower nuclear localization with respect to the total cellular uptake. These findings were correlated to the metal-induced increase of CREB and BDNF expression caused by NGF(1–14) stimulation. In summary, we here validated NGF(1–14) and Ac-NGF(1–14) as first examples of monomer and linear peptides able to activate the NGF-TrkA signaling cascade. Metal ions modulated the activity of both NGF protein and the NGF-mimicking peptides. Such findings demonstrated that NGF(1–14) sequence can reproduce the signal transduction of whole protein, therefore representing a very promising drug candidate for further pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pandini
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy
| | | | - Fiorenza Gianì
- Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi-Nesima Medical Center, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy
| | | | - Diego La Mendola
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo G Nicoletti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy; Section of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of CataniaCatania, Italy
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages - Catania, National Research CouncilCatania, Italy; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of CataniaCatania, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi BiologiciBari, Italy
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13
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Manti S, Brown P, Perez MK, Piedimonte G. The Role of Neurotrophins in Inflammation and Allergy. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 104:313-341. [PMID: 28215300 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic inflammation is the result of a specific pattern of cellular and humoral responses leading to the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, which, in turn, results in physiological and structural changes affecting target tissues such as the airways and the skin. Eosinophil activation and the production of soluble mediators such as IgE antibodies are pivotal features in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. In the past few years, however, convincing evidence has shown that neurons and other neurosensory structures are not only a target of the inflammatory process but also participate in the regulation of immune responses by actively releasing soluble mediators. The main products of these activated sensory neurons are a family of protein growth factors called neurotrophins. They were first isolated in the central nervous system and identified as important factors for the survival and differentiation of neurons during fetal and postnatal development as well as neuronal maintenance later in life. Four members of this family have been identified and well defined: nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, and neurotrophin 4/5. Neurotrophins play a critical role in the bidirectional signaling mechanisms between immune cells and the neurosensory network structures in the airways and the skin. Pruritus and airway hyperresponsiveness, two major features of atopic dermatitis and asthma, respectively, are associated with the disruption of the neurosensory network activities. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive description of the neuroimmune interactions underlying the pathophysiological mechanisms of allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manti
- Center for Pediatric Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - P Brown
- Center for Pediatric Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - M K Perez
- Center for Pediatric Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Pediatric Institute and Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - G Piedimonte
- Center for Pediatric Research, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States; Pediatric Institute and Children's Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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14
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Pramanik S, Sulistio YA, Heese K. Neurotrophin Signaling and Stem Cells-Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stem Cell Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:7401-7459. [PMID: 27815842 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) are members of a neuronal growth factor protein family whose action is mediated by the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) receptor family receptors and the p75 NT receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Although NTs were first discovered in neurons, recent studies have suggested that NTs and their receptors are expressed in various types of stem cells mediating pivotal signaling events in stem cell biology. The concept of stem cell therapy has already attracted much attention as a potential strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Strikingly, NTs, proNTs, and their receptors are gaining interest as key regulators of stem cells differentiation, survival, self-renewal, plasticity, and migration. In this review, we elaborate the recent progress in understanding of NTs and their action on various stem cells. First, we provide current knowledge of NTs, proNTs, and their receptor isoforms and signaling pathways. Subsequently, we describe recent advances in the understanding of NT activities in various stem cells and their role in NDs, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Finally, we compile the implications of NTs and stem cells from a clinical perspective and discuss the challenges with regard to transplantation therapy for treatment of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pramanik
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Klaus Heese
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Naito Y, Lee AK, Takahashi H. Emerging roles of the neurotrophin receptor TrkC in synapse organization. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:10-17. [PMID: 27697534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tropomyosin-receptor-kinase (Trk) receptors have been extensively studied for their roles in kinase-dependent signaling cascades in nervous system development. Synapse organization is coordinated by trans-synaptic interactions of various cell adhesion proteins, a representative example of which is the neurexin-neuroligin complex. Recently, a novel role for TrkC as a synapse organizing protein has been established. Post-synaptic TrkC binds to pre-synaptic type-IIa receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ). TrkC-PTPσ specifically induces excitatory synapses in a kinase domain-independent manner. TrkC has distinct extracellular domains for PTPσ- and NT-3-binding and thus may bind both ligands simultaneously. Indeed, NT-3 enhances the TrkC-PTPσ interaction, thus facilitating synapse induction at the pre-synaptic side and increasing pre-synaptic vesicle recycling in a kinase-independent fashion. A crystal structure study has revealed the detailed structure of the TrkC-PTPσ complex as well as competitive modulation of TrkC-mediated synaptogenesis by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), which bind the same domain of TrkC as PTPσ. Thus, there is strong evidence supporting a role for the TrkC-PTPσ complex in mechanisms underlying the fine turning of neural connectivity. Furthermore, disruption of the TrkC-PTPσ complex may be the underlying cause of certain psychiatric disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding TrkC (NTRK3), supporting its role in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Naito
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Alfred Kihoon Lee
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Hideto Takahashi
- Synapse Development and Plasticity, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada.
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16
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Neurotrophin-3 Enhances the Synaptic Organizing Function of TrkC-Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase σ in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:12425-31. [PMID: 26354911 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1330-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its high-affinity receptor TrkC play crucial trophic roles in neuronal differentiation, axon outgrowth, and synapse development and plasticity in the nervous system. We demonstrated previously that postsynaptic TrkC functions as a glutamatergic synapse-inducing (synaptogenic) cell adhesion molecule trans-interacting with presynaptic protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ). Given that NT-3 and PTPσ bind distinct domains of the TrkC extracellular region, here we tested the hypothesis that NT-3 modulates TrkC/PTPσ binding and synaptogenic activity. NT-3 enhanced PTPσ binding to cell surface-expressed TrkC and facilitated the presynapse-inducing activity of TrkC in rat hippocampal neurons. Imaging of recycling presynaptic vesicles combined with TrkC knockdown and rescue approaches demonstrated that NT-3 rapidly potentiates presynaptic function via binding endogenous postsynaptic TrkC in a tyrosine kinase-independent manner. Thus, NT-3 positively modulates the TrkC-PTPσ complex for glutamatergic presynaptic assembly and function independently from TrkC kinase activation. Our findings provide new insight into synaptic roles of neurotrophin signaling and mechanisms controlling synaptic organizing complexes. Significance statement: Although many synaptogenic adhesion complexes have been identified in recent years, little is known about modulatory mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a novel role of neurotrophin-3 in synaptic assembly and function as a positive modulator of the TrkC-protein tyrosine phosphatase σ complex. This study provides new insight into the involvement of neurotrophin signaling in synapse development and plasticity, presenting a molecular mechanism that may underlie previous observations of short- and long-term enhancement of presynaptic function by neurotrophin. Given the links of synaptogenic adhesion molecules to autism and schizophrenia, this study might also contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders and provide a new direction for ameliorating imbalances in synaptic signaling networks.
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17
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Ryoo K, Hwang SG, Kim KJ, Choi EJ. RC3/neurogranin negatively regulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway through its interaction with Ras. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 402:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Matusica D, Coulson EJ. Local versus long-range neurotrophin receptor signalling: endosomes are not just carriers for axonal transport. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 31:57-63. [PMID: 24709025 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins play a critical role in neuronal development and survival, as well as maintenance of the adult nervous system. Neurotrophins can mediate their effects by signalling locally at the nerve terminal, or signalling retrogradely from the axonal terminal to the cell soma to regulate gene expression. Given that the axon terminals of many nerve cells can be up to a metre away from their soma, neurons have evolved specialized long-range signalling platforms that depend on a highly regulated network of intracellular membrane compartments termed "signalling endosomes". Endosomal trafficking of activated receptors controls not only the axonal retrograde signals but also local receptor recycling and degradation. Endosomal trafficking involving the sorting and compartmentalizing of different signals, which are subsequently distributed to the appropriate cellular destination, can at least partially explain how neurotrophins generate a diverse array of signalling outcomes. Although signalling endosomes provide a useful model for understanding how different cell surface receptor-mediated signals are generated and transported, the precise role, identity and functional definition of a signalling endosome remains unclear. In this review we will discuss the regulation of local versus long-range neurotrophin signalling, with a specific focus on recent developments in the role of endosomes in regulating the fate of Trk receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Matusica
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 Qld, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- The Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072 Qld, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
The discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) was a seminal event in history of research in developmental neurobiology. The further discovery that NGF was just one of a family of structurally similar growth factors, neurotrophins, provided important insights into the way nerve cells communicate, during development of the nervous system, and in neuroplasticity, memory, and learning in the adult nervous system. Four neurotrophins, NGF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT4), regulate a wide variety of neural functions, acting upon p75NTR, TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bothwell
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,
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20
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Abstract
The neurotrophins are a family of closely related proteins that were first identified as survival factors for sympathetic and sensory neurons and have since been shown to control a number of aspects of survival, development, and function of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Limiting quantities of neurotrophins during development control the numbers of surviving neurons to ensure a match between neurons and the requirement for a suitable density of target innervation. Biological effects of each of the four mammalian neurotrophins are mediated through activation of one or more of the three members of the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC). In addition, all neurotrophins activate the p75 neurotrophin receptor, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Neurotrophin engagement of Trk receptors leads to activation of Ras, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, phospholipase C-γ1, and signaling pathways controlled through these proteins, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases. Neurotrophin availability is required into adulthood, where they control synaptic function and plasticity and sustain neuronal cell survival, morphology, and differentiation. This chapter will provide an overview of neurotrophin biology, their receptors, and signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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21
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Takahashi H, Arstikaitis P, Prasad T, Bartlett TE, Wang YT, Murphy TH, Craig AM. Postsynaptic TrkC and presynaptic PTPσ function as a bidirectional excitatory synaptic organizing complex. Neuron 2011; 69:287-303. [PMID: 21262467 PMCID: PMC3056349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinases (Trks) have well-defined trophic roles in nervous system development through kinase activation by neurotrophins. Yet Trks have typical cell-adhesion domains and express noncatalytic isoforms, suggesting additional functions. Here we discovered noncatalytic TrkC in an unbiased hippocampal neuron-fibroblast coculture screen for proteins that trigger differentiation of neurotransmitter release sites in axons. All TrkC isoforms, but not TrkA or TrkB, function directly in excitatory glutamatergic synaptic adhesion by neurotrophin-independent high-affinity trans binding to axonal protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor PTPσ. PTPσ triggers and TrkC mediates clustering of postsynaptic molecules in dendrites, indicating bidirectional synaptic organizing functions. Effects of a TrkC-neutralizing antibody that blocks TrkC-PTPσ interaction and TrkC knockdown in culture and in vivo reveal essential roles of TrkC-PTPσ in glutamatergic synapse formation. Thus, postsynaptic TrkC trans interaction with presynaptic PTPσ generates bidirectional adhesion and recruitment essential for excitatory synapse development and positions these signaling molecules at the center of synaptic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideto Takahashi
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Pamela Arstikaitis
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Tuhina Prasad
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Thomas E. Bartlett
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Timothy H. Murphy
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6T 2B5
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22
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Guillemard V, Ivanisevic L, Garcia AG, Scholten V, Lazo OM, Bronfman FC, Saragovi HU. An agonistic mAb directed to the TrkC receptor juxtamembrane region defines a trophic hot spot and interactions with p75 coreceptors. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:150-64. [PMID: 19953569 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The D5 domain of TrkC receptors is a docking site for Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), but other domains may be relevant for function or harmonizing signals with p75(NTR) coreceptors. We report a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2B7 targeting the juxtamembrane domain of TrkC. mAb 2B7 binds to murine and human TrkC receptors and is a functional agonist that affords activation of TrkC, AKT, and MAPK. These signals result in cell survival but not in cellular differentiation. Monomeric 2B7 Fabs also affords cell survival. Binding of 2B7 mAb and 2B7 Fabs to TrkC are blocked by NT-3 in a dose-dependent manner but not by pro-NT-3. Expression of p75(NTR) coreceptors on the cell surface block the binding and function of mAb 2B7, whereas NT-3 binding and function are enhanced. mAb 2B7 defines a previously unknown neurotrophin receptor functional hot spot; that exclusively generates survival signals; that can be activated by non-dimeric ligands; and potentially unmasks a site for p75-TrkC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Guillemard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Lady Davis Research Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Brodeur GM, Minturn JE, Ho R, Simpson AM, Iyer R, Varela CR, Light JE, Kolla V, Evans AE. Trk receptor expression and inhibition in neuroblastomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:3244-50. [PMID: 19417027 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common and deadly solid tumor in children, exhibits heterogeneous clinical behavior, from spontaneous regression to relentless progression. Current evidence suggests that the TRK family of neurotrophin receptors plays a critical role in these diverse behaviors. Neuroblastomas expressing TrkA are biologically favorable and prone to spontaneous regression or differentiation, depending on the absence or presence of its ligand (NGF) in the microenvironment. In contrast, TrkB-expressing tumors frequently have MYCN amplification and are very aggressive and often fatal tumors. These tumors also express the TrkB ligand (BDNF), resulting in an autocrine or paracrine survival pathway. Exposure to BDNF promotes survival, drug resistance, and angiogenesis of TrkB-expressing tumors. Here we review the role of Trks in normal development, the different functions of Trk isoforms, and the major Trk signaling pathways. We also review the roles these receptors play in the heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior of neuroblastomas, and the activation of Trk receptors in other cancers. Finally we address the progress that has been made in developing targeted therapy with Trk-selective inhibitors to treat neuroblastomas and other tumors with activated Trk expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett M Brodeur
- Division of Oncology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Linkage disequilibrium mapping of a chromosome 15q25-26 major depression linkage region and sequencing of NTRK3. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63:1185-9. [PMID: 18367154 PMCID: PMC2435230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reported genome-wide significant linkage on chromosome 15q25.3-26.2 to recurrent early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD-RE). Here we present initial linkage-disequilibrium (LD) fine mapping of this signal and sequence analysis of NTRK3 (neurotrophic receptor kinase-3), a biologically plausible candidate gene. METHODS In 300 pedigrees informative for family-based association, 1195 individuals were genotyped for 795 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). We resequenced 21 exons and 7 highly conserved NTRK3 regions in 176 MDD-RE cases to test for an excess of rare functional variants and, 176 controls for case-control analysis of common variants. RESULTS LD mapping showed nominally significant association in NTRK3, FLJ12484, RHCG, DKFZp547K1113, VPS33B, SV2B, SLCO3A1, RGMA, and MCTP2 with MDD-RE. In NTRK3, five SNPs had nominally significant p values (.035-.001). Sequence analysis revealed 35 variants (24 novel, including 9 rare exonic); the number of rare variants did not exceed chance expectation. Case-control analysis of 13 common variants showed modest nominal association of MDD-RE with rs4887379, rs6496463, and rs3825882 (p = .008, .048, and .034), which were in partial LD with four of five associated SNPs from the family-based experiment. CONCLUSIONS Common variants in NTRK3 or other genes identified might play a role in MDD-RE. However, much larger studies are required for full evaluation of this region.
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25
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Covaceuszach S, Cassetta A, Konarev PV, Gonfloni S, Rudolph R, Svergun DI, Lamba D, Cattaneo A. Dissecting NGF interactions with TrkA and p75 receptors by structural and functional studies of an anti-NGF neutralizing antibody. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:881-96. [PMID: 18635195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) monoclonal antibody alphaD11 is a potent antagonist that neutralizes the biological functions of its antigen in vivo. NGF antagonism is expected to be a highly effective and safe therapeutic approach in many pain states. A comprehensive functional and structural analysis of alphaD11 monoclonal antibody was carried out, showing its ability to neutralize NGF binding to either tropomyosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) or p75 receptors. The 3-D structure of the alphaD11 Fab fragment was solved at 1.7 A resolution. A computational docking model of the alphaD11 Fab-NGF complex, based on epitope mapping using a pool of 44 NGF mutants and experimentally validated by small-angle X-ray scattering, provided the structural basis for identifying the residues involved in alphaD11 Fab binding. The present study pinpoints loop II of NGF to be an important structural determinant for NGF biological activity mediated by TrkA receptor.
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26
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Abstract
Analysis of the structure of nerve growth factor (NGF)-tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) complex, site-directed mutagenesis studies and results from chemical modification of amino acid residues have identified loop 1, loop 4, and the N-terminal region of the NGF molecule as the most relevant for its biological activity. We synthesized several peptides mimicking the two loops (1 and 4) linked together with an appropriate spacer, with or without the N-terminal region. Two peptides named NL1L4 and L1L4 demonstrated good NGF agonist activity at a concentration as low as 3 mum. They induced differentiation of chick dorsal root ganglia and stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkA, but not TrkB, receptor. In addition L1L4 was able to induce differentiation of PC12 cells. More interestingly, the peptide with the highest "in vitro" activity (L1L4) was shown to reduce neuropathic behavior and restore neuronal function in a rat model of peripheral neuropathic pain, thereby suggesting a potential therapeutic role for this NGF-mimetic peptide.
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Freund-Michel V, Frossard N. The nerve growth factor and its receptors in airway inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:52-76. [PMID: 17915332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the neurotrophin family and induces its effects through activation of 2 distinct receptor types: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) receptor, carrying an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in its intracellular domain, and the receptor p75 for neurotrophins (p75NTR), belonging to the death receptor family. Through activation of its TrkA receptor, NGF activates signalling pathways, including phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the small G protein Ras, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Through its p75NTR receptor, NGF activates proapoptotic signalling pathways including the MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ceramides, and the small G protein Rac, but also activates pathways promoting cell survival through the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). NGF was first described by Rita Levi-Montalcini and collaborators as an important factor involved in nerve differentiation and survival. Another role for NGF has since been established in inflammation, in particular of the airways, with increased NGF levels in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will first describe NGF structure and synthesis and NGF receptors and their signalling pathways. We will then provide information about NGF in the airways, describing its expression and regulation, as well as pointing out its potential role in inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodelling process observed in airway inflammatory diseases, in particular in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund-Michel
- EA 3771 Inflammation and Environment in Asthma, University Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, Faculty of Pharmacy, Illkirch, France.
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Ivanisevic L, Zheng W, Woo SB, Neet KE, Saragovi HU. TrkA Receptor “Hot Spots” for Binding of NT-3 as a Heterologous Ligand. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16754-63. [PMID: 17439940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701996200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins signal via Trk tyrosine kinase receptors. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is the cognate ligand for TrkA, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor for TrkB, and NT-3 for TrkC. NT-3 also binds TrkA as a lower affinity heterologous ligand. Because neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) interactions with TrkA are biologically relevant, we aimed to define the TrkA "hot spot" functional docking sites of NT-3. The Trk extracellular domain consists of two cysteine-rich subdomains (D1 and D3), flanking a leucine-rich subdomain (D2), and two immunoglobulin-like subdomains IgC1(D4) and IgC2(D5). Previously, the D5 subdomain was defined as the primary ligand-binding site of neurotrophins for their cognate receptors (e.g. NGF binds and activates through TRKA-D5 hot spots). Here binding studies with truncated and chimeric extracellular subdomains show that TRKA-D5 also includes an NT-3 docking and activation hot spot (site 1), and competition studies show that the NGF and NT-3 hot spots on TRKA-D5 are distinct but partially overlapping. In addition, ligand binding studies provide evidence for an NT-3-binding/allosteric site on TRKA-D4 (site 2). NT-3 docking on sites 1 and/or 2 partially blocks NGF binding. Functional survival studies showed that sites 1 and 2 regulate TrkA activation. NT-3 docking on both sites 1 and 2 affords full agonism, which can be additive with NGF activation of Trk. However, NT-3 docking solely on site 1 is partially agonistic but noncompetitively antagonizes NGF binding and activation of Trk. This study demonstrates that Trk signaling is more complex than previously thought because it involves several receptor subdomains and hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica Ivanisevic
- Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
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29
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Wehrman T, He X, Raab B, Dukipatti A, Blau H, Garcia KC. Structural and mechanistic insights into nerve growth factor interactions with the TrkA and p75 receptors. Neuron 2007; 53:25-38. [PMID: 17196528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor engages two structurally distinct transmembrane receptors, TrkA and p75, which have been proposed to create a "high-affinity" NGF binding site through formation of a ternary TrkA/NGF/p75 complex. To define a structural basis for the high-affinity site, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of a complete extracellular domain of TrkA complexed with NGF. The complex reveals a crab-shaped homodimeric TrkA structure, but a mechanism for p75 coordination is not obvious. We investigated the heterodimerization of membrane-bound TrkA and p75, on intact mammalian cells, using a beta-gal protein-protein interaction system. We find that NGF dimerizes TrkA and that p75 exists on the cell surface as a preformed oligomer that is not dissociated by NGF. We find no evidence for a direct TrkA/p75 interaction. We propose that TrkA and p75 likely communicate through convergence of downstream signaling pathways and/or shared adaptor molecules, rather than through direct extracellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wehrman
- Baxter Laboratory for Genetic Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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30
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Abstract
Neurotrophins are a family of closely related proteins that were identified initially as survival factors for sensory and sympathetic neurons, and have since been shown to control many aspects of survival, development and function of neurons in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Each of the four mammalian neurotrophins has been shown to activate one or more of the three members of the tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk) family of receptor tyrosine kinases (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC). In addition, each neurotrophin activates p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Through Trk receptors, neurotrophins activate Ras, phosphatidyl inositol-3 (PI3)-kinase, phospholipase C-gamma1 and signalling pathways controlled through these proteins, such as the MAP kinases. Activation of p75NTR results in activation of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and Jun kinase as well as other signalling pathways. Limiting quantities of neurotrophins during development control the number of surviving neurons to ensure a match between neurons and the requirement for a suitable density of target innervation. The neurotrophins also regulate cell fate decisions, axon growth, dendrite growth and pruning and the expression of proteins, such as ion channels, transmitter biosynthetic enzymes and neuropeptide transmitters that are essential for normal neuronal function. Continued presence of the neurotrophins is required in the adult nervous system, where they control synaptic function and plasticity, and sustain neuronal survival, morphology and differentiation. They also have additional, subtler roles outside the nervous system. In recent years, three rare human genetic disorders, which result in deleterious effects on sensory perception, cognition and a variety of behaviours, have been shown to be attributable to mutations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and two of the Trk receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis F Reichardt
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, Rock Hall 284a, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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31
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Stiegler AL, Burden SJ, Hubbard SR. Crystal structure of the agrin-responsive immunoglobulin-like domains 1 and 2 of the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK. J Mol Biol 2006; 364:424-33. [PMID: 17011580 PMCID: PMC1752213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-specific kinase (MuSK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle, where it is required for formation of the neuromuscular junction. MuSK is activated by agrin, a neuron-derived heparan sulfate proteoglycan. Here, we report the crystal structure of the agrin-responsive first and second immunoglobulin-like domains (Ig1 and Ig2) of the MuSK ectodomain at 2.2 A resolution. The structure reveals that MuSK Ig1 and Ig2 are Ig-like domains of the I-set subfamily, which are configured in a linear, semi-rigid arrangement. In addition to the canonical internal disulfide bridge, Ig1 contains a second, solvent-exposed disulfide bridge, which our biochemical data indicate is critical for proper folding of Ig1 and processing of MuSK. Two Ig1-2 molecules form a non-crystallographic dimer that is mediated by a unique hydrophobic patch on the surface of Ig1. Biochemical analyses of MuSK mutants introduced into MuSK(-/-) myotubes demonstrate that residues in this hydrophobic patch are critical for agrin-induced MuSK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Stiegler
- Structural Biology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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32
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Berrera M, Cattaneo A, Carloni P. Molecular simulation of the binding of nerve growth factor peptide mimics to the receptor tyrosine kinase A. Biophys J 2006; 91:2063-71. [PMID: 16798810 PMCID: PMC1557562 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.083519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) mimics play an important role for therapies that target the receptor tyrosine kinase A (trkA). The N-terminal fragment of the NGF (N-term@NGF) was previously demonstrated to be an important determinant for affinity and specificity in the binding to trkA. Here we use a variety of computational tools (contact surface analysis and free energy predictions) to identify residues playing a key role for the binding to the receptor. Molecular dynamics simulations are then used to investigate the stability of complexes between trkA and peptides mimicking N-term@NGF. Steered molecular dynamics calculations are finally performed to investigate the process of detaching the peptide from the receptor. Three disruptive events are observed, the first involving the breaking of all intermolecular interactions except two salt bridges, which break subsequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Berrera
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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33
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Benito-Gutiérrez E, Garcia-Fernàndez J, Comella JX. Origin and evolution of the Trk family of neurotrophic receptors. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 31:179-92. [PMID: 16253518 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the numerous tyrosine kinase receptors, those belonging to the Trk family are distinctively involved in the development of complex traits within the vertebrate nervous system. Until recently, the lack of a proper Nt/Trk system in invertebrates has lead to the belief that they were a vertebrate innovation. Recent data, however, have challenged the field, and proved that bona fide Trk receptors do exist in invertebrates. Here, we review and discuss the evolutionary history of the Trk receptor family, and draw a comprehensive scenario that situates the origin of the Nt/Trk signalling prior to the origin of vertebrates. Probably, a ProtoTrk receptor was invented by means of domain and exon shuffling from pieces of ancient genes, generating the unique combination of domains found in extant Trk receptors. It is suggestive to propose that subtle protein mutations, gene duplications, and co-options in particular territories of a primitive Nt/Trk system were instrumental to the development of a complex vertebrate nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Benito-Gutiérrez
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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34
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Zaccaro MC, Lee HB, Pattarawarapan M, Xia Z, Caron A, L'Heureux PJ, Bengio Y, Burgess K, Saragovi HU. Selective Small Molecule Peptidomimetic Ligands of TrkC and TrkA Receptors Afford Discrete or Complete Neurotrophic Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:1015-28. [PMID: 16183026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We designed a minilibrary of 55 small molecule peptidomimetics based on beta-turns of the neurotrophin growth factor polypeptides neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and nerve growth factor (NGF). Direct binding, binding competition, and biological screens identified agonistic ligands of the ectodomain of the neurotrophin receptors TrkC and TrkA. Agonism is intrinsic to the peptidomimetic ligand (in the absence of neurotrophins), and/or can also be detected as potentiation of neurotrophin action. Remarkably, some peptidomimetics afford both neurotrophic activities of cell survival and neuronal differentiation, while others afford discrete signals leading to either survival or differentiation. The high rate of hits identified suggests that focused minilibraries may be desirable for developing bioactive ligands of cell surface receptors. Small, selective, proteolytically stable ligands with defined biological activity may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara Zaccaro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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35
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Shoval G, Weizman A. The possible role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis and therapy of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005; 15:319-29. [PMID: 15820422 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of schizophrenia may be ascribed to early maldevelopment of brain tissue. Neurotrophins are a group of dimeric proteins that affect the development of the nervous system in all vertebrates' species. Since neurotrophins, as well as other growth factors, play a crucial role in neurodevelopment, they are plausible candidates of taking part in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In line with this hypothesis, accumulating preclinical and clinical data indicate that dysfunctions of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) may contribute to impaired brain development, neuroplasticity and synaptic "dysconnectivity" leading to the schizophrenic syndrome, or at least some of its presentations. This article reviews the functions of neurotrophins in the complex process of normal brain development, and their possible relevance to the neuropathology and neuropharmacology of schizophrenia. Further research in this area may bring about novel pharmacological therapeutic strategies to this chronic debilitating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Shoval
- Adolescent Inpatient Department, Geha Psychiatric Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, P.O. Box 102, Petah Tiqva 49 100, Israel.
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36
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Lee HB, Zaccaro MC, Pattarawarapan M, Roy S, Saragovi HU, Burgess K. Syntheses and activities of new C10 beta-turn peptidomimetics. J Org Chem 2004; 69:701-13. [PMID: 14750794 DOI: 10.1021/jo034167x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A program to identify small molecules that mimic or disrupt protein-protein interactions led us to design the peptidomimetics 1-3. Solid-phase syntheses of 1-3 were developed. The purities of the crude materials isolated from the resin tend to be highest for the S- and N-compounds 2 and 3 and better than in the corresponding syntheses of peptidomimetics A. The particular dipeptide units incorporated were chosen to correspond with the turn regions of the neurotrophins (e.g., nerve growth factor [NGF] and the neurotrophin factor-3 [NT-3]). Preliminary studies were performed to access the binding of these analogues to Trk receptors and their ability to induce cell survival (just as NGF and NT-3 do). Several active compounds were identified. However, poor water solubilities of some of the other compounds preclude reliable testing. Consequently, solid-phase modifications to the synthetic procedures were investigated to provide access to the derivatives 12-14 in which the aromatic nitro group is replaced by amine, guanidine, or sulfonamide functionalities. The latter are more acceptable pharmacophores than nitro groups and also tend to increase the water solubilities of the peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Boon Lee
- Chemistry Department, Texas A & M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77843-3012, USA
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37
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Abstract
Cellular signaling is important for many biological processes including growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility and apoptosis. The protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) supergene family is the key mediator in cellular signaling in metazoans, directly associated with a variety of human diseases. All PTKs contain a highly conserved catalytic kinase domain, in spite of variable multi-domain structures. Within each PTK gene family, members exhibit functional divergence in substrate-specificity or temporal/tissue-specific expression, although their primary function is conserved. After conducting phylogenetic analysis on major PTK gene families, we found that the expanding of each PTK family was likely caused by gene or genome duplication event(s) that occurred before the emergence of teleosts but after the vertebrate-amphioxus split. We further investigated the evolutionary pattern of functional divergence after gene duplication in those gene families. Our results show that site-specific shifted evolutionary rate (altered functional constraint) is a common pattern in PTK gene family evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Gu
- Department of Zoology and Genetics, Center for Bioinformatics and Biological Statistics, 332 Science II Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Texas A & M University, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77841-3012, USA
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39
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Settanni G, Cattaneo A, Carloni P. Molecular dynamics simulations of the NGF-TrkA domain 5 complex and comparison with biological data. Biophys J 2003; 84:2282-92. [PMID: 12668437 PMCID: PMC1302795 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)75034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 11/19/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important pharmacological target for Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Its action derives partly from its binding to the tyrosine kinase A receptor (TrkA). Here we study energetics and dynamics of the NGF-TrkA complex by carrying out multinanosecond molecular dynamics simulations, accompanied by electrostatic calculations based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Our calculations, which are based on the x-ray structure of the complex, suggest that some of the mutations affecting dramatically the affinity of the complex involve residues that form highly favorable, direct or water-mediated hydrogen bond interactions at the ligand-receptor interface and, in some cases, that also critically participate to the large-scale motions of the complex. Furthermore, our calculations offer a rationale for the small effect on binding affinity observed upon specific mutations involving large changes in electrostatics (i.e., the charged-to-neutral mutations). Finally, these calculations, used along with the mutagenesis data, provide a basis for designing new peptides that mimic NGF in TrkA binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Settanni
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS), Trieste, Italy
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40
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Naylor RL, Robertson AGS, Allen SJ, Sessions RB, Clarke AR, Mason GGF, Burston JJ, Tyler SJ, Wilcock GK, Dawbarn D. A discrete domain of the human TrkB receptor defines the binding sites for BDNF and NT-4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 291:501-7. [PMID: 11855816 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
TrkB is a member of the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors. In vivo, the extracellular region of TrkB is known to bind, with high affinity, the neurotrophin protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). We describe the expression and purification of the second Ig-like domain of human TrkB (TrkBIg(2)) and show, using surface plasmon resonance, that this domain is sufficient to bind BDNF and NT-4 with subnanomolar affinity. BDNF and NT-4 may have therapeutic implications for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The specificity of binding of the neurotrophins to their receptor TrkB is therefore of interest. We examine the specificity of TrkBIg(2) for all the neurotrophins, and use our molecular model of the BDNF-TrkBIg(2) complex to examine the residues involved in binding. It is hoped that the understanding of specific interactions will allow design of small molecule neurotrophin mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Naylor
- University Research Centre for Neuroendocrinology (Care of the Elderly), Bristol Royal Infirmary, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom
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41
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Banfield MJ, Naylor RL, Robertson AG, Allen SJ, Dawbarn D, Brady RL. Specificity in Trk receptor:neurotrophin interactions: the crystal structure of TrkB-d5 in complex with neurotrophin-4/5. Structure 2001; 9:1191-9. [PMID: 11738045 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binding of neurotrophin ligands to their respective Trk cellular receptors initiates intracellular signals essential for the growth and survival of neurons. The site of neurotrophin binding has been located to the fifth extracellular domain of the Trk receptor, with this region regulating both the affinity and specificity of Trk receptor:neurotrophin interaction. Neurotrophin function has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. RESULTS We have determined the 2.7 A crystal structure of neurotrophin-4/5 bound to the neurotrophin binding domain of its high-affinity receptor TrkB (TrkB-d5). As previously seen in the interaction of nerve growth factor with TrkA, neurotrophin-4/5 forms a crosslink between two spatially distant receptor molecules. The contacts formed in the TrkB-d5:neurotrophin-4/5 complex can be divided into a conserved area similar to a region observed in the TrkA-d5:NGF complex and a second site-unique in each ligand-receptor pair-formed primarily by the ordering of the neurotrophin N terminus. CONCLUSIONS Together, the structures of the TrkB-d5:NT-4/5 and TrkA-d5:NGF complexes confirm a consistent pattern of recognition in Trk receptor:neurotrophin complex formation. In both cases, the N terminus of the neurotrophin becomes ordered only on complex formation. This ordering appears to be directed largely by the receptor surface, with the resulting complementary surfaces providing the main determinant of receptor specificity. These features provide an explanation both for the limited crossreactivity observed between the range of neurotrophins and Trk receptors and for the high-affinity binding associated with respective ligand-receptor pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Banfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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42
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Zaccaro MC, Ivanisevic L, Perez P, Meakin SO, Saragovi HU. p75 Co-receptors regulate ligand-dependent and ligand-independent Trk receptor activation, in part by altering Trk docking subdomains. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31023-9. [PMID: 11425862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104630200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins signal via Trk tyrosine kinase receptors and a common receptor called p75. Nerve growth factor is the cognate ligand for TrkA, brain-derived neurotrophic factor for TrkB, and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) for TrkC. NT-3 also binds TrkA and TrkB as a heterologous ligand. All neurotrophins bind p75, which regulates ligand affinity and Trk signals. Trk extracellular domain has five subdomains: a leucine-rich motif, two cysteine-rich clusters, and immunoglobulin-like subdomains IgG-C1 and IgG-C2. The IgG-C1 subdomain is surface exposed in the tertiary structure and regulates ligand-independent activation. The IgG-C2 subdomain is less exposed but regulates cognate ligand binding and Trk activation. NT-3 as a heterologous ligand of TrkA and TrkB optimally requires the IgG-C2 but also binds other subdomains of these receptors. When p75 is co-expressed, major changes are observed; NGF-TrkA activation can occur also via the cysteine 1 subdomain, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor-TrkB activation requires the TrkB leucine-rich motif and cysteine 2 subdomains. We propose a two-site model of Trk binding and activation, regulated conformationally by the IgG-C1 subdomain. Moreover, p75 affects Trk subdomain utilization in ligand-dependent activation, possibly by conformational or allosteric control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zaccaro
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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43
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Abstract
The four mammalian neurotrophins - NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 - each bind and activate one or more of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Through these receptors, neurotrophins activate many intracellular signaling pathways, including those controlled by Ras, the Cdc42/Rac/RhoG protein family, MAPK, PI3K and PLC-gamma, thereby affecting both development and function of the nervous system. During the past two years, several novel signaling pathways controlled by Trk receptors have been characterized, and it has become clear that membrane transport and sorting controls Trk-receptor-mediated signaling because key intermediates are localized to different membrane compartments. Three-dimensional structures of the Trk receptors, in one instance in association with a neurotrophin, have revealed the structural bases underlying specificity in neurotrophin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Patapoutian
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute and Genomics Institute, Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Neurotrophins regulate development, maintenance, and function of vertebrate nervous systems. Neurotrophins activate two different classes of receptors, the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and p75NTR, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Through these, neurotrophins activate many signaling pathways, including those mediated by ras and members of the cdc-42/ras/rho G protein families, and the MAP kinase, PI-3 kinase, and Jun kinase cascades. During development, limiting amounts of neurotrophins function as survival factors to ensure a match between the number of surviving neurons and the requirement for appropriate target innervation. They also regulate cell fate decisions, axon growth, dendrite pruning, the patterning of innervation and the expression of proteins crucial for normal neuronal function, such as neurotransmitters and ion channels. These proteins also regulate many aspects of neural function. In the mature nervous system, they control synaptic function and synaptic plasticity, while continuing to modulate neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143; e-mail:
| | - Louis F Reichardt
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, California 94143; e-mail:
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45
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Bibel M, Barde YA. Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev 2000; 14:2919-37. [PMID: 11114882 DOI: 10.1101/gad.841400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bibel
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Beglova N, Maliartchouk S, Ekiel I, Zaccaro MC, Saragovi HU, Gehring K. Design and solution structure of functional peptide mimetics of nerve growth factor. J Med Chem 2000; 43:3530-40. [PMID: 11000007 DOI: 10.1021/jm990441x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The C-D loop in nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in binding to the NGF receptor, TrkA. It is flexible and adopts several different types conformations in different NGF crystal forms. We have previously shown that a small cyclic peptide derived from the C-D loop of NGF binds to the TrkA receptor by mimicking the structure of this loop. To understand structure-function relationships in NGF C-D loop mimetics, we have produced a series of peptides predicted to form different types of beta-turns. The peptides were tested for their ability to promote cell survival in serum-free medium and to induce TrkA tyrosine phosphorylation. NMR structural studies were used to determined the backbone conformation and the spatial orientation of side chains involved in binding to the TrkA receptor. Peptides that form type I or type gammaL-alphaR beta-turns were the most active. The variety of active loop conformations suggests that the mimetics (and NGF) accommodate the binding site on TrkA by an 'induced fit' mechanism. In agreement with this hypothesis, NMR relaxation measurements detected both fast and slow motion in the peptides. We also characterized a retro-inverso peptide derived from the NGF C-D loop. This D-amino acid cyclic peptide did not adopt a conformation homologous to the NGF C-D loop and was inactive. This may be representative of difficulties in producing structural and functional mimetics by retro-inverso schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beglova
- Department of Biochemistry and Montreal Joint Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Arevalo JC, Conde B, Hempstead BL, Chao MV, Martin-Zanca D, Perez P. TrkA immunoglobulin-like ligand binding domains inhibit spontaneous activation of the receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:5908-16. [PMID: 10913174 PMCID: PMC86068 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.16.5908-5916.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular region of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, TrkA, contains two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains that are required for specific ligand binding. We have investigated the possible role of these two Ig-like domains in receptor dimerization and activation by using different mutants of the TrkA extracellular region. Deletions of each Ig-like domain, of both, and of the entire extracellular region were made. To probe the structural constraints on ligand-independent receptor dimerization, chimeric receptors were generated by swapping the Ig-like domains of the TrkA receptor for the third or fourth Ig-like domain of c-Kit. We also introduced single-amino-acid changes in conserved residues within the Ig-like domains of TrkA. Most of these TrkA variants did not bind NGF, and their expression in PC12nnr5 cells, which lack endogenous TrkA, promoted ligand-independent neurite outgrowth. Some TrkA mutant receptors induced malignant transformation of Rat-1 cells, as assessed by measuring proliferation in the absence of serum, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenesis in nude mice. These mutants exhibited constitutive phosphorylation and spontaneous dimerization consistent with their biological activities. Our data suggest that spontaneous dimerization of TrkA occurs when the structure of the Ig-like domains is altered, implying that the intact domains inhibit receptor dimerization in the absence of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Arevalo
- Instituto de Microbiologia Bioquimica, Departamento de Microbiologia y Genetica, CSIC, Universidad de Salamanca. 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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O'Connell L, Hongo JA, Presta LG, Tsoulfas P. TrkA amino acids controlling specificity for nerve growth factor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:7870-7. [PMID: 10713102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.11.7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are important for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system, mediating their signal into the cell by specific interaction with tyrosine kinase receptors of the Trk family. The extracellular portion of the Trk receptors has been previously proposed to consist of a cysteine-rich motif, a leucine-rich motif, a second cysteine-rich motif followed by two immunoglobulin-like domains. Earlier studies have shown that a major neurotrophin-binding site in the Trk receptors resides in the second immunoglobulin-like domain. Although the individual amino acids in TrkA involved in binding to nerve growth factor (NGF) and those in TrkC involved in binding to neurotrophin-3 have been mapped in this domain, the Trk amino acids that provide specificity remained unclear. In this study, a minimum set of residues in the human TrkC second immunoglobulin-like domain, which does not bind nerve growth factor (NGF), were substituted with those from human TrkA. The resulting Trk variant recruited binding of NGF equivalent to TrkA, maintained neurotrophin-3 binding equivalent to TrkC, and also bound brain-derived neurotrophin, although with lower affinity compared with TrkB. This implies that the amino acids in the second immunoglobulin-like domain that determine Trk specificity are distinct for each Trk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O'Connell
- Departments of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G Heinrich
- VA Northern California Health Care System and EBIRE, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553, USA.
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of receptor-mediated signaling by the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT3, and NT4/5. Two distinct receptor types have been distinguished, Trks and p75. The Trks are receptor tyrosine kinases that utilize a complex set of substrates and adapter proteins to activate defined secondary signaling cascades required for neurotrophin-promoted neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and survival. A specialized aspect of Trk/neurotrophin action in neurons is the requirement for retrograde signaling from the distal periphery to the cell body. p75 is a universal receptor for neurotrophins that is a member of the TNF receptor/Fas/CD40 superfamily. p75 appears to modify Trk signaling when the two receptor types are coexpressed. When expressed in the absence of Trks, p75 mediates responses to neurotrophins including promotion of apoptotic death. The mechanisms of p75 receptor signaling remain to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Friedman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior and Taub Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA.
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