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Ran R, Muñoz Briones J, Jena S, Anderson NL, Olson MR, Green LN, Brubaker DK. Detailed survey of an in vitro intestinal epithelium model by single-cell transcriptomics. iScience 2024; 27:109383. [PMID: 38523788 PMCID: PMC10959667 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The co-culture of two adult human colorectal cancer cell lines, Caco-2 and HT29, on Transwell is commonly used as an in vitro gut mimic, yet the translatability of insights from such a system to adult human physiological contexts is not fully characterized. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing on the co-culture to obtain a detailed survey of cell type heterogeneity in the system and conducted a holistic comparison with human physiology. We identified the intestinal stem cell-, transit amplifying-, enterocyte-, goblet cell-, and enteroendocrine-like cells in the system. In general, the co-culture was fetal intestine-like, with less variety of gene expression compared to the adult human gut. Transporters for major types of nutrients were found in the majority of the enterocytes-like cells in the system. TLR 4 was not expressed in the sample, indicating that the co-culture model is incapable of mimicking the innate immune aspect of the human epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ran
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier Muñoz Briones
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Science Program, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Smrutiti Jena
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicole L. Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Leopold N. Green
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Douglas K. Brubaker
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Blood, Heart, Lung, and Immunology Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Scharr M, Hirt B, Neckel PH. Spatial gene expression profile of Wnt-signaling components in the murine enteric nervous system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1302488. [PMID: 38322254 PMCID: PMC10846065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1302488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wnt-signaling is a key regulator of stem cell homeostasis, extensively studied in the intestinal crypt and other metazoan tissues. Yet, there is hardly any data available on the presence of Wnt-signaling components in the adult enteric nervous system (ENS) in vivo. Methods Therefore, we employed RNAscope HiPlex-assay, a novel and more sensitive in situ hybridization technology. By amplifying target specific signals, this technique enables the detection of low abundance, tightly regulated RNA content as is the case for Wnt-signaling components. Additionally, we compared our data to previously published physiological single cell RNA and RiboTag-based RNA sequencing analyses of enteric gliosis using data-mining approaches. Results Our descriptive analysis shows that several components of the multidi-mensional regulatory network of the Wnt-signaling pathway are present in the murine ENS. The transport and secretion protein for Wnt-ligands Wntless as well as canonical (Wnt3a and Wnt2b) and non-canonical Wnt-ligands (Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt8b and Wnt11) are detectable within submucosal and myenteric plexus. Further, corresponding Frizzled receptors (Fzd1, Fzd3, Fzd6, and Fzd7) and regulatory signaling mediators like R-Spondin/DKK ligands are present in the ENS of the small and large intestine. Further, data mining approaches revealed, that several Wnt-related molecules are expressed by enteric glial cell clusters and are dynamically regulated during the inflammatory manifestation of enteric gliosis. Discussion Our results suggest, that canonical and non-canonical Wnt-signaling has a much broader impact on the mature ENS and its cellular homeostasis in health and inflammation, than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter H. Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Shen Y, Xie Q, Wang Y, Liang J, Jiang C, Liu X, Wang Y, Hu C. Design, synthesis and anti-osteosarcoma activity study of novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives by inhibiting DKK1-Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106848. [PMID: 37716273 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents. Wnt/β-catenin has been proved to play a pro-oncogenic role and was overactivated in osteosarcoma. Therefore, this pathway has become an interesting therapeutic target for osteosarcoma. Herein we report the design, synthesis and biological activities of a series of novel pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives based on our previous work. Among these, the representative compound 2-{[1,3-dimethyl-7-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]amino}-N-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]acetamide (7m) has exhibited good antiproliferative activity towards 143B and MG63 cells with good selectivity over non-cancerous HSF cells. In the assay of Ca2+ concentration, the compound 7m increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in 143B cells. In addition, the expression of DKK1 increased, and that of p-β-catenin decreased by 7m treatment. Finally, the Hoechst 33,342 staining, Annexin-FITC/PI staining and mitochondrial fluorescence staining have clearly demonstrated that compound 7m induced apoptosis in 143B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Shen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, China; Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Xie
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, China
| | - Jianhui Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cuilu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design & Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, China.
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4
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Seo SH, Cho KJ, Park HJ, Lee HW, Kim BK, Park JY, Kim DY, Ahn SH, Cheon JH, Yook JI, Kim MD, Joo DJ, Kim SU. Inhibition of Dickkopf-1 enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:339. [PMID: 38012711 PMCID: PMC10680194 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib improves the overall survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is commonly overexpressed in HCC. In this study, we investigated whether the inhibition of DKK1 enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib in HCC. METHODS HCC cells were treated with sorafenib and WAY-262611, which is an inhibitor of DKK1. Transgenic mouse models were also developed using hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Mice were orally administered with sorafenib (32 mg/kg), WAY-262611 (16 mg/kg), or sorafenib + WAY-262611 for 10 days. Mechanisms of sorafenib and WAY-262611 were explored via western blotting, immunostaining, and RNA sequencing. RESULTS DKK1 was significantly overexpressed in patients with HCC than in the healthy controls and patients with liver diseases except HCC (all P < 0.05). Compared with sorafenib alone, sorafenib + WAY-262611 significantly inhibited the cell viability, invasion, migration, and colony formation by promoting apoptosis and altering the cell cycles in HCC cells (all P < 0.05). Moreover, sorafenib + WAY-262611 decreased the p110α, phospho-Akt (all P < 0.05), active β-catenin (all P < 0.05) and phospho-GSK-3β (Ser9) expression levels, while increasing the phospho-GSK-3β (Tyr216) expression levels compared with those in the sorafenib alone in vitro and in vivo. In addition, sorafenib + WAY-262611 inhibited tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, significantly better than sorafenib alone in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DKK1 inhibition significantly enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of sorafenib by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin pathways via regulation of GSK3β activity, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyun Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Joo Cho
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Beom Kyung Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Ahn
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong In Yook
- Department of Oral Pathology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man-Deuk Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University of College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea.
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5
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Wen B, Hu S, Yin J, Wu J, Guo W. Molecular Evolution and Protein Structure Variation of Dkk Family. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1863. [PMID: 37895211 PMCID: PMC10606412 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dkks have inhibitory effects on the Wnt signaling pathway, which is involved in the development of skin and its appendages and the regulation of hair growth. The nucleotide sequences were compared and analyzed to further investigate the relationship between the structure and function of the Dkk gene family and vertebrate epidermal hair. The analysis of the molecular evolution of the Dkk family revealed that the evolution rate of the genes changed significantly after speciation, with the Aves and Reptilia branches showing accelerated evolution. Additionally, positive selection was observed at specific sites. The tertiary structure of the protein was also predicted. The analysis of the functional divergence of the Dkk family revealed that the functional divergence coefficient of each gene was greater than 0, with most of the functional divergence sites were located in the Cys-2 domain and a few in the Cys-1 domain. This suggests that the amino acid and functional divergence sites may play a role in regulating the binding of the Dkk family to LRP5/6, and thus affect the inhibition of Wnt signaling, leading to different functions of Dkk1, Dkk2, and Dkk4 in the development of skin hair follicles. In addition, the Dkk families of Aves and Reptilia may have undergone adaptive evolution and functional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhong Wen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Sile Hu
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Jun Yin
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China;
| | - Jianghong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China;
| | - Wenrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
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6
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Scharr M, Scherer S, Hirt B, Neckel PH. Dickkopf1 induces enteric neurogenesis and gliogenesis in vitro if apoptosis is evaded. Commun Biol 2023; 6:808. [PMID: 37532804 PMCID: PMC10397193 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the postnatal enteric nervous system (ENS) is controversially discussed. Yet, deciphering the regenerative potential of the ENS is essential for our understanding and therapy of human enteric neuropathies. Dickkopf1 (DKK1) is a Wnt-antagonist and involved in the homeostasis of various tissues. We hypothesize that DKK1 could function as a negative regulator on the proliferation of ENS-progenitors in the postnatal gut of mice and human infants. Here, we provide evidence that DKK1 is expressed in the murine and human ENS. If applied to ENS-progenitors in vitro, DKK1 leads to an increased proliferation, however, followed by extensive apoptosis. Yet, once we block apoptosis, DKK1-stimulation markedly increases enteric neurogenesis in murine and human ENS-progenitors. Thus, DKK1 is a strong, ambivalent regulator of the ENS-progenitor cell pool in mice and humans. These results are fundamental steps to reshaping our understanding of the homeostasis of the ENS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Scharr
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simon Scherer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hirt
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter H Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Kapuganti RS, Hayat B, Padhy B, Mohanty PP, Alone DP. Dickkopf-1 and ROCK2 upregulation and associated protein aggregation in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Life Sci 2023; 326:121797. [PMID: 37217133 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The etiology of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), a stress-induced fibrillopathy and a leading cause of secondary glaucoma worldwide, remains limited. This study aims to understand the role of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) in PEX pathophysiology and assess its candidature as a biomarker for PEX. MAIN METHODS Expression levels of DKK1 and Wnt signaling genes were assayed in the anterior ocular tissues of study subjects by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Protein aggregation was studied through Proteostat staining. Role of DKK1 in protein aggregation and regulation of target Wnt signaling genes was elucidated through overexpression and knockdown studies in Human Lens Epithelial cells (HLEB3). Levels of DKK1 in circulating fluids were assayed through ELISA. KEY FINDINGS DKK1 upregulation was observed in lens capsule and conjunctiva tissues of PEX individuals compared to controls correlating with an upregulation of the Wnt signaling target, ROCK2. Proteostat staining showed increased protein aggregates in lens epithelial cells of PEX patients. HLE B-3 cells overexpressed with DKK1 showed increased protein aggregates along with upregulation of ROCK2, and knockdown of DKK1 in HLE B-3 cells demonstrated downregulation of ROCK2. Further, ROCK2 inhibition by Y-27632 in DKK1 overexpressed cells showed that DKK1 regulated protein aggregation via ROCK2. Also, increased levels of DKK1 were observed in patients' plasma and aqueous humor compared to controls. SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that DKK1 and ROCK2 might play a role in protein aggregation in PEX. Further, elevated levels of DKK1 in aqueous humor serve as a fair classifier of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Shyam Kapuganti
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Bushra Hayat
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Biswajit Padhy
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Debasmita Pankaj Alone
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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8
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Park M, Cho JH, Moon B, Kim JH, Kim JA. CDK9 inhibitors downregulate DKK1 expression to suppress the metastatic potential of HCC cells. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:285-293. [PMID: 36662391 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated expression of Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is frequently observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with poor clinical outcomes. Several reports indicating the functional involvement of DKK1 in HCC progression have suggested DKK1 as a promising therapeutic target for HCC. OBJECTIVE In this study, to develop an efficient way to target DKK1, we assessed the effect of CDK9 inhibitors on DKK1 expression linked to metastatic movement of HCC. METHODS The expression of DKK1 in CDK9 inhibitor-treated HCC cells was measured by western blot, ELISA and quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. Wound healing assay, migration assay, invasion assay and western blot were examined to evaluate the functional role of DKK1 in CDK9 inhibitors-treated HCC. RESULTS Inactivation of CDK9 either by a catalytic inhibitor being clinically evaluated or by a specific CDK9 protein degrader largely downregulated DKK1 expression at the transcript and protein levels. In addition, CDK9 inhibitors suppressed the migration and invasion of HCC cells. We observed that ectopic high expression of DKK1 at least partially reversed the defects in metastatic movement of HCC cells mediated by CDK9 inhibitors. We further discovered that the DKK1-nuclear β-catenin axis associated with the metastatic potential of HCC cells was impaired by CDK9 inhibitors. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that CDK9 inhibitors are potent tools to target DKK1, which can suppress the metastatic progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Park
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwa Cho
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byul Moon
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. .,Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Ae Kim
- Aging Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea. .,Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Auvinen P, Vehviläinen J, Marjonen H, Modhukur V, Sokka J, Wallén E, Rämö K, Ahola L, Salumets A, Otonkoski T, Skottman H, Ollikainen M, Trokovic R, Kahila H, Kaminen-Ahola N. Chromatin modifier developmental pluripotency associated factor 4 (DPPA4) is a candidate gene for alcohol-induced developmental disorders. BMC Med 2022; 20:495. [PMID: 36581877 PMCID: PMC9801659 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02699-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) affects embryonic development, causing a variable fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) phenotype with neuronal disorders and birth defects. We hypothesize that early alcohol-induced epigenetic changes disrupt the accurate developmental programming of embryo and consequently cause the complex phenotype of developmental disorders. To explore the etiology of FASD, we collected unique biological samples of 80 severely alcohol-exposed and 100 control newborns at birth. METHODS We performed genome-wide DNA methylation (DNAm) and gene expression analyses of placentas by using microarrays (EPIC, Illumina) and mRNA sequencing, respectively. To test the manifestation of observed PAE-associated DNAm changes in embryonic tissues as well as potential biomarkers for PAE, we examined if the changes can be detected also in white blood cells or buccal epithelial cells of the same newborns by EpiTYPER. To explore the early effects of alcohol on extraembryonic placental tissue, we selected 27 newborns whose mothers had consumed alcohol up to gestational week 7 at maximum to the separate analyses. Furthermore, to explore the effects of early alcohol exposure on embryonic cells, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as well as hESCs during differentiation into endodermal, mesodermal, and ectodermal cells were exposed to alcohol in vitro. RESULTS DPPA4, FOXP2, and TACR3 with significantly decreased DNAm were discovered-particularly the regulatory region of DPPA4 in the early alcohol-exposed placentas. When hESCs were exposed to alcohol in vitro, significantly altered regulation of DPPA2, a closely linked heterodimer of DPPA4, was observed. While the regulatory region of DPPA4 was unmethylated in both control and alcohol-exposed hESCs, alcohol-induced decreased DNAm similar to placenta was seen in in vitro differentiated mesodermal and ectodermal cells. Furthermore, common genes with alcohol-associated DNAm changes in placenta and hESCs were linked exclusively to the neurodevelopmental pathways in the enrichment analysis, which emphasizes the value of placental tissue when analyzing the effects of prenatal environment on human development. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the effects of early alcohol exposure on human embryonic and extraembryonic cells, introduces candidate genes for alcohol-induced developmental disorders, and reveals potential biomarkers for prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Auvinen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Vehviläinen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Marjonen
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Modhukur
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406, Tartu, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Sokka
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Wallén
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Rämö
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Ahola
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Salumets
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406, Tartu, Estonia.,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.,Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Ollikainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Finland, FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Trokovic
- Research Programs Unit, Stem cells and Metabolism and Biomedicum Stem Cell Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Kahila
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Kaminen-Ahola
- Environmental Epigenetics Laboratory, Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Medicum, University of Helsinki, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Tao SS, Cao F, Sam NB, Li HM, Feng YT, Ni J, Wang P, Li XM, Pan HF. Dickkopf-1 as a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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11
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Kragl A, Schoon J, Tzvetkova A, Wenzel C, Blaschke M, Böcker W, Siggelkow H, Tzvetkov MV. Effects of HSD11B1 knockout and overexpression on local cortisol production and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953034. [PMID: 36091434 PMCID: PMC9453430 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous glucocorticoids increase the risk for osteoporosis, but the role of endogenous glucocorticoids remains elusive. Here, we describe the generation and validation of a loss- and a gain-of-function model of the cortisol producing enzyme 11β-HSD1 (HSD11B1) to modulate the endogenous glucocorticoid conversion in SCP-1 cells — a model for human mesenchymal stem cells capable of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. CRISPR-Cas9 was successfully used to generate a cell line carrying a single base duplication and a 5 bp deletion in exon 5, leading to missense amino acid sequences after codon 146. These inactivating genomic alterations were validated by deep sequencing and by cloning with subsequent capillary sequencing. 11β-HSD1 protein levels were reduced by 70% in the knockout cells and cortisol production was not detectable. Targeted chromosomal integration was used to stably overexpress HSD11B1. Compared to wildtype cells, HSD11B1 overexpression resulted in a 7.9-fold increase in HSD11B1 mRNA expression, a 5-fold increase in 11β-HSD1 protein expression and 3.3-fold increase in extracellular cortisol levels under adipogenic differentiation. The generated cells were used to address the effects of 11β-HSD1 expression on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Compared to the wildtype, HSD11B1 overexpression led to a 3.7-fold increase in mRNA expression of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and 2.5-fold increase in lipid production under adipogenic differentiation. Under osteogenic differentiation, HSD11B1 knockout led to enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mRNA expression, and HSD11B1 overexpression resulted in a 4.6-fold and 11.7-fold increase in mRNA expression of Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) and LPL, respectively. Here we describe a HSD11B1 loss- and gain-of-function model in SCP-1 cells at genetic, molecular and functional levels. We used these models to study the effects of endogenous cortisol production on mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and demonstrate an 11β-HSD1 dependent switch from osteogenic to adipogenic differentiation. These results might help to better understand the role of endogenous cortisol production in osteoporosis on a molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Kragl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ana Tzvetkova
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Human Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martina Blaschke
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- MVZ Endokrinologikum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Böcker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heide Siggelkow
- Clinic of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- MVZ Endokrinologikum Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mladen V. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mladen V. Tzvetkov,
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12
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Jiang H, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Chu HY, Yu S, Yao S, Zhang G, Zhang BT. Drug Discovery of DKK1 Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:847387. [PMID: 35355709 PMCID: PMC8959454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.847387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a well-characterized Wnt inhibitor and component of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, whose dysregulation is associated with multiple abnormal pathologies including osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and various cancers. The Wnt signaling pathway has fundamental roles in cell fate determination, cell proliferation, and survival; thus, its mis-regulation can lead to disease. Although DKK1 is involved in other signaling pathways, including the β-catenin-independent Wnt pathway and the DKK1/CKAP4 pathway, the inhibition of DKK1 to propagate Wnt/β-catenin signals has been validated as an effective way to treat related diseases. In fact, strategies for developing DKK1 inhibitors have produced encouraging clinical results in different pathological models, and many publications provide detailed information about these inhibitors, which include small molecules, antibodies, and nucleic acids, and may function at the protein or mRNA level. However, no systematic review has yet provided an overview of the various aspects of their development and prospects. Therefore, we review the DKK1 inhibitors currently available or under study and provide an outlook on future studies involving DKK1 and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Yao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Roles of Therapeutic Bioactive Compounds in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9068850. [PMID: 34754365 PMCID: PMC8572616 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9068850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is due to poor prognosis and lack of availability of effective treatment. Novel therapeutic strategies will be the fine tuning of intracellular ROS signaling to effectively deprive cells of ROS-induced tumor-promoting events. This review discusses the generation of ROS, the major signaling their modulation in therapeutics. We explore some of the major pathways involved in HCC, which include the VEGF, MAPK/ERK, mTOR, FGF, and Ser/Thr kinase pathways. In this review, we study cornerstone on natural bioactive compounds with their effect on hepatocarcinomas. Furthermore, we focus on oxidative stress and FDA-approved signaling pathway inhibitors, along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy enhancers which with early evidence of success. While more in vivo testing is required to confirm the findings presented here, our findings will aid future nonclinical, preclinical, and clinical studies with these compounds, as well as inspire medicinal chemistry scientists to conduct appropriate research on this promising natural compound and their derivatives.
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14
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Elevated serum Dickkopf-1 is a biomarker for bone erosion in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2583-2588. [PMID: 34267065 PMCID: PMC8577657 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthropathy characterized by psoriasis and bone erosion on radiology. Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) is considered to be the main inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway and results in reduced osteoblast proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum level of Dkk-1 and its association with bone erosion in PsA patients. Methods: Serum Dkk-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 69 patients with PsA and 60 controls, including 39 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and 21 healthy controls (HCs). Rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels were also determined by ELISA. The association of Dkk-1 level with clinical and laboratory features of PsA was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for bone erosion in PsA. Results: Dkk-1 was elevated in 68.1% (47/69) of the patients with PsA, 46.2% (18/39) of RA patients, and 9.5% (2/21) of HCs. Serum Dkk-1 concentration was significantly higher in PsA patients compared with that in HCs. The level of serum Dkk-1 was correlated with a swollen joint count, and levels of complement components 3 and 4. Elevated Dkk-1 level (odds ratio = 4.440, 95% confidence interval: 1.246–15.817, P = 0.021) was identified as the risk factor for bone erosion in PsA. Conclusions: The serum level of Dkk-1 is abnormally elevated in PsA patients. The elevation of Dkk-1 might be involved in the mechanism of bone erosion in patients with PsA.
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15
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Moreno SE, Massee M, Bara H, Koob TJ. Dehydrated human amniotic membrane modulates canonical Wnt signaling in multiple cell types in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151168. [PMID: 34246182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is a major pathway known to regulate diverse physiological processes in multicellular organisms. Signaling is tightly regulated by feedback mechanisms; however, persistent dysregulation of this pathway is implicated in the progression of multiple disease states. In this study, proteomic analysis identified endogenous Wnt antagonists in micronized dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (μdHACM); thereby, prompting a study to further characterize the intrinsic properties of μdHACM as it relates to Wnt activity, in vitro. A TCF/LEF reporter cell line demonstrated the general ability of μdHACM to inhibit β-catenin induced transcription activity. Furthermore, in vitro systems, modeling elevated Wnt signaling, were developed in relevant cell types including tenocytes, synoviocytes, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Stimulation of these cells with Wnt3A resulted in translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus and increased expression of Wnt related genes. The subsequent addition of μdHACM, in the continued presence of Wnt-stimulus, mitigated the downstream effects of Wnt3A in tenocytes, synoviocytes, and HDFs. Nuclear localization of β-catenin was abated with corresponding reduction of Wnt related gene expression. These data demonstrate the in vitro regulation of canonical Wnt signaling as an inherent property of μdHACM and a novel mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Moreno
- MiMedx Group, Inc. 1775 West Oak Commons Court NE, Marietta, GA 30062, USA
| | - Michelle Massee
- MiMedx Group, Inc. 1775 West Oak Commons Court NE, Marietta, GA 30062, USA.
| | - Heather Bara
- MiMedx Group, Inc. 1775 West Oak Commons Court NE, Marietta, GA 30062, USA
| | - Thomas J Koob
- MiMedx Group, Inc. 1775 West Oak Commons Court NE, Marietta, GA 30062, USA
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16
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Gurm HS. Will Urinary Dickkopf-3 Disrupt the Field of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury? J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 77:2677-2679. [PMID: 34045025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitinder S Gurm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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17
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Chu HY, Chen Z, Wang L, Zhang ZK, Tan X, Liu S, Zhang BT, Lu A, Yu Y, Zhang G. Dickkopf-1: A Promising Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658097. [PMID: 34093545 PMCID: PMC8174842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies in a range of cancers have detected elevated levels of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) in the serum or tumors of patients, and this was frequently associated with a poor prognosis. Our analysis of DKK1 gene profile using data from TCGA also proves the high expression of DKK1 in 14 types of cancers. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the cancer-promoting effects of DKK1 in both in vitro cell models and in vivo animal models. Furthermore, DKK1 showed the ability to modulate immune cell activities as well as the immunosuppressive cancer microenvironment. Expression level of DKK1 is positively correlated with infiltrating levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in 20 types of cancers, while negatively associated with CD8+ T cells in 4 of these 20 cancer types. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that DKK1 has been involved in T cell differentiation and induction of cancer evasion of immune surveillance by accumulating MDSCs. Consequently, DKK1 has become a promising target for cancer immunotherapy, and the mechanisms of DKK1 affecting cancers and immune cells have received great attention. This review introduces the rapidly growing body of literature revealing the cancer-promoting and immune regulatory activities of DKK1. In addition, this review also predicts that by understanding the interaction between different domains of DKK1 through computational modeling and functional studies, the underlying functional mechanism of DKK1 could be further elucidated, thus facilitating the development of anti-DKK1 drugs with more promising efficacy in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinhuan Tan
- Department of Microsurgery (II), Wendeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology of Shandong Province, Wendeng, China
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Department of Microsurgery (II), Wendeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Orthopedics and Traumatology of Shandong Province, Wendeng, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Little DW, Dumontet T, LaPensee CR, Hammer GD. β-catenin in adrenal zonation and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 522:111120. [PMID: 33338548 PMCID: PMC8006471 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is a critical mediator of the development and maintenance of several tissues. The adrenal cortex is highly dependent upon Wnt/β-catenin signaling for proper zonation and endocrine function. Adrenocortical cells emerge in the peripheral capsule and subcapsular cortex of the gland as progenitor cells that centripetally differentiate into steroid hormone-producing cells of three functionally distinct concentric zones that respond robustly to various endocrine stimuli. Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates adrenocortical progenitor cell fate and tissue renewal to maintain the gland throughout life. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to various adrenal disorders of steroid production and growth that range from hypofunction and hypoplasia to hyperfunction, hyperplasia, benign adrenocortical adenomas, and malignant adrenocortical carcinomas. Great strides have been made in defining the molecular underpinnings of adrenocortical homeostasis and disease, including the interplay between the capsule and cortex, critical components involved in maintaining the adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling gradient, and new targets in adrenal cancer. This review seeks to examine these and other recent advancements in understanding adrenocortical Wnt/β-catenin signaling and how this knowledge can inform therapeutic options for adrenal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Typhanie Dumontet
- Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Christopher R LaPensee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA
| | - Gary D Hammer
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, USA; Training Program in Organogenesis, Center for Cell Plasticity and Organ Design, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, USA; Endocrine Oncology Program, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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19
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Zhu G, Song J, Chen W, Yuan D, Wang W, Chen X, Liu H, Su H, Zhu J. Expression and Role of Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) in Tumors: From the Cells to the Patients. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:659-675. [PMID: 33536782 PMCID: PMC7847771 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s275172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a secretory antagonist of the classical Wnt signaling pathway. Many studies have reported that Dkk1 is abnormally expressed in tumor cells, and abnormal expression of Dkk1 can inhibit cell proliferation or induce apoptosis through pro-apoptotic factors, However, due to the differences in tumor environment and the complex regulatory mechanisms in different tumors, Dkk1 has different effects on the progression of different tumors. In many tumors, high expression of Dkk1 may promote tumor metastasis. However, Dkk1, which is highly expressed in other tumors, can inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. More and more evidence shows that Dkk1 plays a complex and different role in tumor occurrence, development and metastasis in different tumor environments and through a variety of complex regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, Dkk1 may not only be a useful biomarker of metastasis, but also a target for studying the metabolic mechanism of tumor cells and treating tumors in many tumor types. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress on the expression, mechanism and function of Dkk1 in different tumors, and at the same time, based on the public database data, we made a further analysis of the expression of Dkk1 in different tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jukun Song
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Yuan
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hen Liu
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550002, People's Republic of China.,Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province 550025, People's Republic of China.,Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province 563000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Kheirandish S, Eshghyar N, Yazdani F, Amini Shakib P, Hosseini-Bereshneh A, Nouri Z, Kheiran-Dish A, Karami F. Methylation Assessment of Two DKK2 and DKK4 Genes in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:1947-1953. [PMID: 33346226 PMCID: PMC7719650 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most important types of oral malignancies. DKK gene family members as well as DKK2/4 have critical roles in regulation of Wnt signaling as one of the main determining pathway in oral carcinogenesis. This study aimed to identify promoter methylation status of DKK2/4 genes to provide possible biomarkers for early detection and treatment of OSCC patients. Methods: A case control study was performed on 31 fresh tissues obtained from oral cavity of patients affected by OSCC and 31 fresh corresponding tissues from normal healthy controls in Tehran and, between the years of 2016–2018. Purified DNA from tissue samples was subjected to bisulfite treatment and then methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP-PCR) was carried out on treated DNA samples. Results: DKK4 promoter was methylated in none of OSCC samples while it was methylated in 16.1% of healthy controls. 16.1% of OSCC samples were detected to be semimethylated and 22.6% of healthy normal samples were methylated for DKK2 promoter gene. Meaningful difference was found in DKK4 promoter methylation among OSCC patients and healthy controls. Significant correlation was found between DKK4 promoter methylation and tumor grade. The age of all enrolled samples was demonstrated to have strong effect on promoter methylation of studied genes. Conclusion: Hypomethylation of DKK2 and DKK4 genes in higher grades of OSCC samples may indicate the pivotal role of their expression in tumor cells invasion and progression through modulation of Wnt signaling pathway. Further study required to determine simultaneous expression of those genes and Wnt signaling elements at mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Kheirandish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Eshghyar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Yazdani
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amir A'lam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouyan Amini Shakib
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hosseini-Bereshneh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kheiran-Dish
- Department of Medical Genetics, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Karami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Wallace J, Narasipura SD, Sha BE, French AL, Al-Harthi L. Canonical Wnts Mediate CD8 + T Cell Noncytolytic Anti-HIV-1 Activity and Correlate with HIV-1 Clinical Status. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2046-2055. [PMID: 32887752 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells do not rely solely on cytotoxic functions for significant HIV control. Moreover, the noncytotoxic CD8+ T cell antiviral response is a primary mediator of natural HIV control such as that seen in HIV elite controllers and long-term nonprogressors that does not require combined antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we investigated the biological factors contributing to the noncytotoxic control of HIV replication mediated by primary human CD8+ T cells. We report that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV transcription in an MHC-independent, noncytotoxic manner and that mediators of this pathway correlate with HIV controller clinical status. We show that CD8+ T cells express all 19 Wnts and CD8+ T cell-conditioned medium (CM) induced canonical Wnt signaling in infected recipient cells while simultaneously inhibiting HIV transcription. Antagonizing canonical Wnt activity in CD8+ T cell CM resulted in increased HIV transcription in infected cells. Further, Wnt2b expression was upregulated in HIV controllers versus viremic patients, and in vitro depletion of Wnt2b and/or Wnt9b from CD8+ CM reversed HIV inhibitory activity. Finally, plasma concentration of Dkk-1, an antagonist of canonical Wnt signaling, was higher in viremic patients with lower CD4 counts. This study demonstrates that canonical Wnt signaling inhibits HIV and significantly correlates with HIV controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennillee Wallace
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Srinivas D Narasipura
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Beverly E Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Audrey L French
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.,Stroger Hospital of Cook County, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612; and.,Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612;
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22
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Inoue T, Tanaka Y. Novel biomarkers for the management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:261-279. [PMID: 32536045 PMCID: PMC7364351 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) cannot be eliminated completely from infected hepatocytes because of the presence of intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). As chronic hepatitis B (CHB) can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is important to manage CHB to prevent HCC development in high-risk patients with high viral replicative activity or advanced fibrosis. Serum biomarkers are noninvasive and valuable for the management of CHB. Hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) correlates with serum HBV DNA and intrahepatic cccDNA. In CHB patients with undetectable serum HBV DNA or loss of HBsAg, HBcrAg still can be detected and the decrease in HBcrAg levels is significantly associated with hopeful outcomes. Therefore, HBcrAg can predict HCC occurrence or recurrence. Measurement of the Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) has been introduced for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Because elevated M2BPGi in CHB is related to liver fibrosis and the prediction of HCC development, monitoring its progression is essential. Because alpha fetoprotein (AFP) has insufficient sensitivity and specificity for early-stage HCC, a combination of AFP plus protein induced by vitamin K absence factor II, or AFP plus Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein might improve the diagnosis of HCC development. Additionally, Dickkopf-1 and circulating immunoglobulin G antibodies are the novel markers to diagnose HCC or assess HCC prognosis. This review provides an overview of novel HBV biomarkers used for the management of intrahepatic viral replicative activity, liver fibrosis, and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Inoue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya City University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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23
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Li J, Gao Y, Yue W. The Clinical Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Dickkopf-1 in Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4253-4260. [PMID: 32606922 PMCID: PMC7292247 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s254596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway extensively participates in diverse processes such as embryonic development, maintenance of homeostasis and tumor pathogenesis. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a Wnt inhibitor, plays a vital role for over the past decades regarding its role in the regulation of several types of cancers. However, studies have shown that DKK1 is expressed differently in cancer and plays a role as a cancer-promoting factor or a tumor suppressor, which is worthy of further exploration. We herein study whether DKK1 is highly expressed in all cancers and plays a crucial role in promoting cancer. Furthermore, we discussed as to which stages of cancer development it plays in. Finally, the present detection methods were introduced and indicated the clinical application of DKK1 in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Gao
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Central Laboratory, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100026, People's Republic of China
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24
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Yamazaki M, Maruyama S, Abé T, Tsuneki M, Kato H, Izumi K, Tanuma JI, Cheng J, Saku T. Rac1-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells: A possible driving force for tumor progression. Exp Cell Res 2020; 392:112013. [PMID: 32320683 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death frequently occurs in human cancer tissues including oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), wherein apoptotic tumor cells are phagocytosed not only by macrophages but also by neighboring tumor cells. We previously reported that the engulfment of apoptotic SCC cells by neighboring SCC cells frequently occurs at the invading front. Therefore, we hypothesized that the phagocytosis of these apoptotic cells by tumor cells contributes to disease progression. Herein, using cultured oral SCC cells, we aimed to confirm whether tumor cells actually phagocytose apoptotic cells and to examine whether cellular activities are regulated by the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Co-culture experiments showed that living cells could ingest apoptotic cells into phagolysosomes. NSC23766, an inhibitor of Rac1, which is a key regulator of phagocytic cup formation in professional phagocytes, dramatically suppressed the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by living cells. Additionally, cell migration and the secretion of DKK1, a tumor-promoting protein, were enhanced by co-culture with apoptotic cells, whereas NSC23766 inhibited these effects. These results show that tumor cells can actively phagocytose apoptotic neighbors in a Rac1-dependent manner and that such activity increases their migration. The regulation of apoptotic cell phagocytosis thus represents new directions for therapeutic intervention for oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamazaki
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Abé
- Division of Molecular and Diagnostic Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsuneki
- Oral Pathology Section, Department of Surgical Pathology, Niigata University Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kato
- Division of Biomimetics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
| | - Kenji Izumi
- Division of Biomimetics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tanuma
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Saku
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Villarroel A, Del Valle-Pérez B, Fuertes G, Curto J, Ontiveros N, Garcia de Herreros A, Duñach M. Src and Fyn define a new signaling cascade activated by canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands and required for gene transcription and cell invasion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:919-935. [PMID: 31312879 PMCID: PMC11104847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wnt ligands signal through canonical or non-canonical signaling pathways. Although both routes share common elements, such as the Fz2 receptor, they differ in the co-receptor and in many of the final responses; for instance, whereas canonical Wnts increase β-catenin stability, non-canonical ligands downregulate it. However, both types of ligands stimulate tumor cell invasion. We show here that both the canonical Wnt3a and the non-canonical Wnt5a stimulate Fz2 tyrosine phosphorylation, Fyn binding to Fz2, Fyn activation and Fyn-dependent Stat3 phosphorylation. Wnt3a and Wnt5a require Src for Fz2 tyrosine phosphorylation; Src binds to canonical and non-canonical co-receptors (LRP5/6 and Ror2, respectively) and is activated by Wnt3a and Wnt5a. This Fz2/Fyn/Stat3 branch is incompatible with the classical Fz2/Dvl2 pathway as shown by experiments of over-expression or depletion. Fyn is necessary for transcription of genes associated with invasiveness, such as Snail1, and for activation of cell invasion by both Wnt ligands. Our results extend the knowledge about canonical Wnt pathways, demonstrating additional roles for Fyn in this pathway and describing how this protein kinase is activated by both canonical and non-canonical Wnts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Villarroel
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Del Valle-Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Guillem Fuertes
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josué Curto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Neus Ontiveros
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada CSIC, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, c/Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Duñach
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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26
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Eriksson J, Le Joncour V, Jahkola T, Juteau S, Laakkonen P, Saksela O, Hölttä E. Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1) is a biomarker of poor prognosis in primary melanomas, and its depletion inhibits melanoma cell invasion and disrupts tumor blood vessel walls. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:742-762. [PMID: 32053263 PMCID: PMC7138405 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an unpredictable, highly metastatic malignancy, and treatment of advanced melanoma remains challenging. Novel molecular markers based on the alterations in gene expression and the molecular pathways activated or deactivated during melanoma progression are needed for predicting the course of the disease already in primary tumors and for providing new targets for therapy. Here, we sought to identify genes whose expression in primary melanomas correlate with patient disease‐specific survival using global gene expression profiling. Many of the identified potential markers of poor prognosis were associated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix formation, and angiogenesis. We studied further the significance of one of the genes, prolyl 4‐hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1), in melanoma progression. P4HA1 depletion in melanoma cells reduced cell adhesion, invasion, and viability in vitro. In melanoma xenograft assays, we found that P4HA1 knockdown reduced melanoma tumor invasion as well as the deposition of collagens, particularly type IV collagen, in the interstitial extracellular matrix and in the basement membranes of tumor blood vessels, leading to vessel wall rupture and hemorrhages. Further, P4HA1 knockdown reduced the secretion of collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1), an important mediator of melanoma cell migration and invasion, in vitro and its deposition around tumor blood vessels in vivo. Taken together, P4HA1 is an interesting potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in primary melanomas, influencing many aspects of melanoma tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vadim Le Joncour
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Jahkola
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Susanna Juteau
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pirjo Laakkonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Laboratory Animal Center, HiLIFE - Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Saksela
- Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Yemanyi F, Vranka J, Raghunathan V. Generating cell-derived matrices from human trabecular meshwork cell cultures for mechanistic studies. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 156:271-307. [PMID: 32222223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ocular hypertension has been attributed to increased resistance to aqueous outflow often as a result of changes in trabecular meshwork (TM) extracellular matrix (ECM) using in vivo animal models (for example, by genetic manipulation) and ex vivo anterior segment perfusion organ cultures. These are, however, complex and difficult in dissecting molecular mechanisms and interactions. In vitro approaches to mimic the underlying substrate exist by manipulating either ECM topography, mechanics, or chemistry. These models best investigate the role of individual ECM protein(s) and/or substrate property, and thus do not recapitulate the multifactorial extracellular microenvironment; hence, mitigating its physiological relevance for mechanistic studies. Cell-derived matrices (CDMs), however, are capable of presenting a 3D-microenvironment rich in topography, chemistry, and whose mechanics can be tuned to better represent the network of native ECM constituents in vivo. Critically, the composition of CDMs may also be fine-tuned by addition of small molecules or relevant bioactive factors to mimic homeostasis or pathology. Here, we first provide a streamlined protocol for generating CDMs from TM cell cultures from normal or glaucomatous donor tissues. Second, we document how TM cells can be pharmacologically manipulated to obtain glucocorticoid-induced CDMs and how generated pristine CDMs can be manipulated with reagents like genipin. Finally, we summarize how CDMs may be used in mechanistic studies and discuss their probable application in future TM regenerative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janice Vranka
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; The Ocular Surface Institute, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.
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28
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Kim MJ, Choe YH. Correlation of Dickkopf-1 with Inflammation in Crohn Disease. Indian Pediatr 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13312-019-1649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Coates BA, McKenzie JA, Buettmann EG, Liu X, Gontarz PM, Zhang B, Silva MJ. Transcriptional profiling of intramembranous and endochondral ossification after fracture in mice. Bone 2019; 127:577-591. [PMID: 31369916 PMCID: PMC6708791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone fracture repair represents an important clinical challenge with nearly 1 million non-union fractures occurring annually in the U.S. Gene expression differs between non-union and healthy repair, suggesting there is a pattern of gene expression that is indicative of optimal repair. Despite this, the gene expression profile of fracture repair remains incompletely understood. In this work, we used RNA-seq of two well-established murine fracture models to describe gene expression of intramembranous and endochondral bone formation. We used top differentially expressed genes, enriched gene ontology terms and pathways, callus cellular phenotyping, and histology to describe and contrast these bone formation processes across time. Intramembranous repair, as modeled by ulnar stress fracture, and endochondral repair, as modeled by femur full fracture, exhibited vastly different transcriptional profiles throughout repair. Stress fracture healing had enriched differentially expressed genes associated with bone repair and osteoblasts, highlighting the strong osteogenic repair process of this model. Interestingly, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was one of only a few pathways uniquely enriched in stress fracture repair. Full fracture repair involved a higher level of inflammatory and immune cell related genes than did stress fracture repair. Full fracture repair also differed from stress fracture in a robust downregulation of ion channel genes following injury, the role of which in fracture repair is unclear. This study offers a broad description of gene expression in intramembranous and endochondral ossification across several time points throughout repair and suggests several potentially intriguing genes, pathways, and cells whose role in fracture repair requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Coates
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | - Jennifer A McKenzie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Paul M Gontarz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Silva
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, United States of America
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30
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Isolation and propagation of primary human cholangiocyte organoids for the generation of bioengineered biliary tissue. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1884-1925. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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HTRA1 synergizes with oxidized phospholipids in promoting inflammation and macrophage infiltration essential for ocular VEGF expression. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216808. [PMID: 31100080 PMCID: PMC6524793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding oxidative stress and HTRA1 locus in abnormal angiogenesis resulting in wet AMD pathology is an important step in developing a novel therapeutic approach. Using subretinal injection of oxLDL into C57BL/6 mice, we observed a lesion resembling the features of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), including macrophage infiltration, increased VEGF expression, and neovascularization. However, incubating ARPE-19 cells with oxLDL–a carrier of oxidized phospholipids–resulted in increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemoattractant proteins that recruited monocytes, but no substantial increase in expression of VEGF. Furthermore, incubation of ARPE-19 with oxLDL induced higher expression of HTRA1, which we showed to synergize with oxLDL in elevating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemoattractant factors. To investigate the role of macrophage infiltration on these expression changes, we treated cultured J774 macrophages with oxLDL and applied the conditioned medium onto ARPE-19 cells. This treatment was found to greatly enhance the expression of VEGF in ARPE-19, indicating the necessity of macrophage secretory products to induce increased expression of VEGF in retinal pigment epithelium. Gene expression analysis revealed that oxLDL induced the expression of Wnt3A in macrophages, a key activator of canonical Wnt signaling pathways. In addition, western blot analysis showed that the macrophage conditioned media further enhanced the reduction of phosphorylated β-catenin induced by oxLDL. Lastly, we investigated HTRA1 as a potential target for AMD therapeutics. We demonstrated the ability of anti-HTRA1 antibody in vitro to neutralize the protease activity of HTRA1 and reduce the inflammatory and angiogenic response to oxidative stress. Finally, we validated the neutralizing effect of anti-HTRA1 antibody in vivo by evaluating lesion size and protein expression in a laser-photocoagulation murine model of CNV. We found that the combination of oxLDL and HTRA1 enhanced CNV size, which was reversed by the addition of anti-HTRA1 antibody. This study not only provides preliminary evidence that HTRA1 may be a viable target for AMD therapeutics but also elucidates the biochemical mechanisms by which this therapeutic effect may be mediated.
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32
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Zhang L, Song Y, Ling Z, Li Y, Ren X, Yang J, Wang Z, Xia J, Zhang W, Cheng B. R-spondin 2-LGR4 system regulates growth, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem-like properties of tongue squamous cell carcinoma via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:275-288. [PMID: 31097406 PMCID: PMC6603804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background R-spondins (Rspo) and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptors (LGR) play important roles in development, stem cells survival, and tumorigenicity by activating Wnt signaling pathway. Whether R-spondins-LGR signaling affects the progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remain unknown. This study aims to uncover the role of R-spodin2/LGR4 in tongue SCC (TSCC). Methods The expression of Rspo2 in TSCC specimens and its correlation with TSCC clinical outcome were evaluated. Levels of Rspo2 or LGR4 were altered by pharmacological and genetic approaches, and the effects on TSCC progression were assessed. Findings Aberrantly high levels of Rspo2 were detected in TSCC specimens. Its levels were closely related with lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and survival rate in patients with tongue SCC. Exogenous Rspo2 or overexpression of Rspo2 promoted growth, migration and invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem-like properties in SCC both in vivo and in vitro. Silence of Rspo2 abolished these phenotypes. LGR4 was functionally upregulated by Rspo2 in TSCC. Overexpression of Rspo2 increased, whereas Rspo2 silencing decreased the expression of LGR4, leading to subsequent phosphorylation of LRP6 and nuclear translocation of β-catenin in TSCC cell lines. This nuclear translocation of β-catenin was associated with a significant alteration in TCF-1, a downstream nuclear transcription factor of β-catenin, as well as its target genes: CD44, CyclinD1 and c-Myc. Interpretation Rspo2-LGR4 system regulates growth, migration and invasion, EMT and stem-like properties of TSCC via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Rspo2 and LGR4 are aberrantly expressed in TSCC. Rspo2-LGR4 up-regulates growth, migration and invasion, EMT and stem-like properties of TSCC. Rspo2-LGR4 regulates TSCC progression via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Song
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zihang Ling
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xianyue Ren
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Bin Cheng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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33
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Freire R, Ingano L, Serena G, Cetinbas M, Anselmo A, Sapone A, Sadreyev RI, Fasano A, Senger S. Human gut derived-organoids provide model to study gluten response and effects of microbiota-derived molecules in celiac disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7029. [PMID: 31065051 PMCID: PMC6505524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten exposure. The contribution of the adaptive immune response to CD pathogenesis has been extensively studied, but the absence of valid experimental models has hampered our understanding of the early steps leading to loss of gluten tolerance. Using intestinal organoids developed from duodenal biopsies from both non-celiac (NC) and celiac (CD) patients, we explored the contribution of gut epithelium to CD pathogenesis and the role of microbiota-derived molecules in modulating the epithelium’s response to gluten. When compared to NC, RNA sequencing of CD organoids revealed significantly altered expression of genes associated with gut barrier, innate immune response, and stem cell functions. Monolayers derived from CD organoids exposed to gliadin showed increased intestinal permeability and enhanced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to NC controls. Microbiota-derived bioproducts butyrate, lactate, and polysaccharide A improved barrier function and reduced gliadin-induced cytokine secretion. We concluded that: (1) patient-derived organoids faithfully express established and newly identified molecular signatures characteristic of CD. (2) microbiota-derived bioproducts can be used to modulate the epithelial response to gluten. Finally, we validated the use of patient-derived organoids monolayers as a novel tool for the study of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Freire
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Ingano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gloria Serena
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Murat Cetinbas
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,PatientsLikeMe, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anna Sapone
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Translational Research and Early Clinical (TREC), GI, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Co., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania Senger
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Center for Celiac Research and Treatment, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ren C, Gu X, Li H, Lei S, Wang Z, Wang J, Yin P, Zhang C, Wang F, Liu C. The role of DKK1 in Alzheimer's disease: A potential intervention point of brain damage prevention? Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:331-335. [PMID: 31042564 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), a secretory glycoprotein discovered for 'inducing generation of head', is an endogenous inhibitor of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. It was found to be involved in many pathophysiological processes in vivo. Abnormal expression of DKK1 will alter expressions of related proteins and genes not only in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway but also in other signaling pathways. Previous studies of DKK1 focused on its function in tumors. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that it plays an important role in embryonic development, neural regeneration, synaptogenesis and so on. Therefore, its role in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as neurodysplasia, cognitive impairment and emotional disorder, has attracted increasing attention. At present, the role of DKK1 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the research hot topics. This article reviewed the research progress of its role in AD in order to provide new ideas and directions for further studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xinxin Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Huihua Li
- Zhenjiang Mental Health Center, Zhenjiang 212000, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shihui Lei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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35
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Wiegering A, Petzsch P, Köhrer K, Rüther U, Gerhardt C. GLI3 repressor but not GLI3 activator is essential for mouse eye patterning and morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2019; 450:141-154. [PMID: 30953627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since 1967, it is known that the loss of GLI3 causes very severe defects in murine eye development. GLI3 is able to act as a transcriptional activator (GLI3-A) or as a transcriptional repressor (GLI3-R). Soon after the discovery of these GLI3 isoforms, the question arose which of the different isoforms is involved in eye formation - GLI3-A, GLI3-R or even both. For several years, this question remained elusive. By analysing the eye morphogenesis of Gli3XtJ/XtJ mouse embryos that lack GLI3-A and GLI3-R and of Gli3Δ699/Δ699 mouse embryos in which only GLI3-A is missing, we revealed that GLI3-A is dispensable in vertebrate eye formation. Remarkably, our study shows that GLI3-R is sufficient for the creation of morphologically normal eyes although the molecular setup deviates substantially from normality. In depth-investigations elucidated that GLI3-R controls numerous key players in eye development and governs lens and retina development at least partially via regulating WNT/β-CATENIN signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wiegering
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Karl Köhrer
- Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ), Genomics and Transcriptomics Laboratory (GTL), Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Igbinigie E, Guo F, Jiang SW, Kelley C, Li J. Dkk1 involvement and its potential as a biomarker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 488:226-234. [PMID: 30452897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1)'s dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers. It is part of the Dkk family of proteins that includes Dkk2, Dkk3 and Dkk4. This family of secreted proteins shares similar conserved cysteine domains and inhibits the Wnt/b-catenin pathway by causing proteasomal B-catenin degradation, inducing apoptosis, and preventing cell proliferation. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States due to the late stage of diagnosis and the limited effectiveness of current therapy. Dkk1 is found increased in PADC patients' specimens and serum. Dkk1 can be a promising biomarker specific to PDAC, which has the potential to increase PDAC survival rates through improving early stage detection and monitoring progression compared to current biomarker gold standards. In addition, recent studies suggest that Dkk1 could be an excellent target for cancer immunotherapy. Interestingly, Dkk1-CKAP4-PI3K/AKT signal pathway also plays role in pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. In this review, we present the multiple mechanisms of Dkk1 in PDAC studied thus far and explore its function, regulation, and clinical applications in gynecological cancers including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), breast, ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer. Further research into Dkk1's mechanism and use as a diagnostic tool, alone or in combination with other biomarkers, could prove clinically useful for better understanding the pathology of PDAC and improving its early detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eseosaserea Igbinigie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Fengbiao Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China.
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Cullen Kelley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA.
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA 31404, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Florida Campus, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Swenson JD, Klomp J, Fisher RA, Crow KD. How the Devil Ray Got Its Horns: The Evolution and Development of Cephalic Lobes in Myliobatid Stingrays (Batoidea: Myliobatidae). Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Pontremoli M, Brioschi M, Baetta R, Ghilardi S, Banfi C. Identification of DKK-1 as a novel mediator of statin effects in human endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16671. [PMID: 30420710 PMCID: PMC6232108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that DKK-1, a member of the Dickkopf family and a regulator of the Wnt pathways, represents a novel target of statins which, through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and of non-steroidal isoprenoid intermediates, exert extra-beneficial effect in preventing atherosclerosis beyond their effect on the lipid profile. We found that atorvastatin downregulates DKK-1 protein (−88.3 ± 4.1%) and mRNA expression (−90 ± 4.2%) through the inhibition of Cdc42, Rho and Rac geranylgeranylated proteins. Further, a combined approach based on the integration of label-free quantitative mass spectrometry based-proteomics and gene silencing allowed us to demonstrate that DKK-1 itself mediates, at least in part, statin effects on human endothelial cells. Indeed, DKK-1 is responsible for the regulation of the 21% of the statin-modulated proteins, which include, among others, clusterin/apoJ, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and pentraxin 3 (PTX3). The Gene Ontology enrichment annotation revealed that DKK-1 is also a potential mediator of the extracellular matrix organization, platelet activation and response to wounding processes induced by statin. Finally, we found that plasma level of DKK-1 from cholesterol-fed rabbits treated with atorvastatin (2.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) was lower (−42 ± 23%) than that of control animals. Thus, DKK-1 is not only a target of statin but it directly regulates the expression of molecules involved in a plethora of biological functions, thus expanding its role, which has been so far restricted mainly to cancer.
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Zhou Y, Li W, Tseng Y, Zhang J, Liu J. Developing slow-off dickkopf-1 aptamers for early-diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Talanta 2018; 194:422-429. [PMID: 30609553 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we obtained fast-off and slow-off aptamer recognizing dickkopf-1(DKK1), a promising biomarker for detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with high affinity in a single SELEX procedure. The two types of aptamer possessed distinct characteristics confirmed via different validation methods. In comparison to fast-off aptamers, slow-off aptamers were proven more suitable for aptamer-based ELISA assay. Using slow dissociation SELEX, slow-off aptamers were selectively retained. Meanwhile, a mutant (34del) of slow-off D10 was estimated with picomolar affinity (371.9 pM). The mutant was further truncated into 39nt before pairing with an antibody in the aptamer-based ELISA. The aptamer-target-antibody construction showed similar performance as conventional ELISA with a detection limit of 62.5 pg/ml. Quantification in 60 sera samples with the construction was also correlated with conventional ELISA. The results demonstrated novel DKK1 aptamer could replace capture antibody for potential early HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhou
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yujen Tseng
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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40
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Sun HC, Xie L, Yang XR, Li W, Yu J, Zhu XD, Xia Y, Zhang T, Xu Y, Hu B, Du LP, Zeng LY, Ouyang J, Zhang W, Song TQ, Li Q, Shi YH, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Liu Q, Li YX, Tang ZY, Shyr Y, Shen F, Fan J. Shanghai Score: A Prognostic and Adjuvant Treatment-evaluating System Constructed for Chinese Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Curative Resection. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2650-2660. [PMID: 29133751 PMCID: PMC5695048 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.218019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: For Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), surgical resection is the most important treatment to achieve long-term survival for patients with an early-stage tumor, and yet the prognosis after surgery is diverse. We aimed to construct a scoring system (Shanghai Score) for individualized prognosis estimation and adjuvant treatment evaluation. Methods: A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model was constructed based on 4166 HCC patients undergoing resection during 2001–2008 at Zhongshan Hospital. Age, hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, partial thromboplastin time, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, α-fetoprotein, tumor size, cirrhosis, vascular invasion, differentiation, encapsulation, and tumor number were finally retained by a backward step-down selection process with the Akaike information criterion. The Harrell's concordance index (C-index) was used to measure model performance. Shanghai Score is calculated by summing the products of the 14 variable values times each variable's corresponding regression coefficient. Totally 1978 patients from Zhongshan Hospital undergoing resection during 2009–2012, 808 patients from Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital during 2008–2010, and 244 patients from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital during 2010–2011 were enrolled as external validation cohorts. Shanghai Score was also implied in evaluating adjuvant treatment choices based on propensity score matching analysis. Results: Shanghai Score showed good calibration and discrimination in postsurgical HCC patients. The bootstrap-corrected C-index (confidence interval [CI]) was 0.74 for overall survival (OS) and 0.68 for recurrence-free survival (RFS) in derivation cohort (4166 patients), and in the three independent validation cohorts, the CIs for OS ranged 0.70–0.72 and that for RFS ranged 0.63–0.68. Furthermore, Shanghai Score provided evaluation for adjuvant treatment choices (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or interferon-α). The identified subset of patients at low risk could be ideal candidates for curative surgery, and subsets of patients at moderate or high risk could be recommended with possible adjuvant therapies after surgery. Finally, a web server with individualized outcome prediction and treatment recommendation was constructed. Conclusions: Based on the largest cohort up to date, we established Shanghai Score – an individualized outcome prediction system specifically designed for Chinese HCC patients after surgery. The Shanghai Score web server provides an easily accessible tool to stratify the prognosis of patients undergoing liver resection for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203; Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074; Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ti Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300040, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Ping Du
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ling-Yao Zeng
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300040, China
| | - Tian-Qiang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300040, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300040, China
| | - Ying-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yi-Xue Li
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhao-You Tang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Shyr
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
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Patel S, Barkell AM, Gupta D, Strong SL, Bruton S, Muskett FW, Addis PW, Renshaw PS, Slocombe PM, Doyle C, Clargo A, Taylor RJ, Prosser CE, Henry AJ, Robinson MK, Waters LC, Holdsworth G, Carr MD. Structural and functional analysis of Dickkopf 4 (Dkk4): New insights into Dkk evolution and regulation of Wnt signaling by Dkk and Kremen proteins. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12149-12166. [PMID: 29925589 PMCID: PMC6078440 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf (Dkk) family proteins are important regulators of Wnt signaling pathways, which play key roles in many essential biological processes. Here, we report the first detailed structural and dynamics study of a full-length mature Dkk protein (Dkk4, residues 19–224), including determination of the first atomic-resolution structure for the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD1) conserved among Dkk proteins. We discovered that CRD1 has significant structural homology to the Dkk C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD2), pointing to multiple gene duplication events during Dkk family evolution. We also show that Dkk4 consists of two independent folded domains (CRD1 and CRD2) joined by a highly flexible, nonstructured linker. Similarly, the N-terminal region preceding CRD1 and containing a highly conserved NXI(R/K) sequence motif was shown to be dynamic and highly flexible. We demonstrate that Dkk4 CRD2 mediates high-affinity binding to both the E1E2 region of low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 6 (LRP6 E1E2) and the Kremen1 (Krm1) extracellular domain. In contrast, the N-terminal region alone bound with only moderate affinity to LRP6 E1E2, consistent with binding via the conserved NXI(R/K) motif, but did not interact with Krm proteins. We also confirmed that Dkk and Krm family proteins function synergistically to inhibit Wnt signaling. Insights provided by our integrated structural, dynamics, interaction, and functional studies have allowed us to refine the model of synergistic regulation of Wnt signaling by Dkk proteins. Our results indicate the potential for the formation of a diverse range of ternary complexes comprising Dkk, Krm, and LRP5/6 proteins, allowing fine-tuning of Wnt-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Patel
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M Barkell
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Deepti Gupta
- UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Strong
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Shaun Bruton
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W Muskett
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip W Addis
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | - Philip S Renshaw
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carl Doyle
- UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Christine E Prosser
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; UCB, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lorna C Waters
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Mark D Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, United Kingdom.
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Niessner H, Kosnopfel C, Sinnberg T, Beck D, Krieg K, Wanke I, Lasithiotakis K, Bonin M, Garbe C, Meier F. Combined activity of temozolomide and the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus in metastatic melanoma involves DKK1. Exp Dermatol 2018; 26:598-606. [PMID: 28423208 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The BRAFV600E inhibitor vemurafenib achieves remarkable clinical responses in patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma, but its effects are limited by the onset of drug resistance. In the case of resistance, chemotherapy can still be applied as second line therapy. However, it yields low response rates and strategies are urgently needed to potentiate its effects. In a previous study, we showed that the inhibition of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway significantly increases sensitivity of melanoma cells to chemotherapeutic drugs (J. Invest. Dermatol. 2009, 129, 1500). In this study, the combination of the mTOR inhibitor temsirolimus with the chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide significantly increases growth inhibition and apoptosis in melanoma cells compared to temsirolimus or temozolomide alone. The combination of temozolomide with temsirolimus is not only effective in established but also in newly isolated and vemurafenib-resistant metastatic melanoma cell lines. These effects are associated with the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and the upregulation of the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf homologue 1 (DKK1). Knock-down of DKK1 suppresses apoptosis induction by the combination of temsirolimus and temozolomide. These data suggest that the inhibition of the mTOR pathway increases sensitivity of melanoma cells towards temozolomide. Chemosensitisation is associated with enhanced expression of the Wnt antagonist DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Niessner
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Corinna Kosnopfel
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Beck
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Krieg
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines Wanke
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Bonin
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedegund Meier
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Dermatooncology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Carl Gustav Carus Medical Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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43
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Williams MA, Letra A. The Changing Landscape in the Genetic Etiology of Human Tooth Agenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9050255. [PMID: 29772684 PMCID: PMC5977195 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite much progress in understanding the genetics of syndromic tooth agenesis (TA), the causes of the most common, isolated TA remain elusive. Recent studies have identified novel genes and variants contributing to the etiology of TA, and revealed new pathways in which tooth development genes belong. Further, the use of new research approaches including next-generation sequencing has provided increased evidence supporting an oligogenic inheritance model for TA, and may explain the phenotypic variability of the condition. In this review, we present current knowledge about the genetic mechanisms underlying syndromic and isolated TA in humans, and highlight the value of incorporating next-generation sequencing approaches to identify causative and/or modifier genes that contribute to the etiology of TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Williams
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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44
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Systems for localized release to mimic paracrine cell communication in vitro. J Control Release 2018; 278:24-36. [PMID: 29601931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Paracrine cell communication plays a pivotal role for signal exchange between proximal cells in vivo. However, this localized, gradient type release of mediators at very low concentrations (pg/ml), relevant during physiological and pathological processes, is rarely reflected within in vitro approaches. This review gives an overview on state-of-the-art approaches, which transfer the paracrine cell-to-cell communication into in vitro cell culture model setups. The traditional methods like trans-well assays and more advanced microfluidic approaches are included. The review focusses on systems for localized release, mostly based on microparticles, which tightly mimic the paracrine interaction between single cells in 3D microenvironments. Approaches based on single microparticles, with the main focus on affinity-controlled storage and release of cytokines, are reviewed and their importance for understanding paracrine communication is highlighted. Various methods to study the cytokine release and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Basic principles of the release characteristics, like diffusion mechanisms, are quantitatively described, including the formation of resulting gradients around the local sources. In vitro cell experiments using such localized microparticle release systems in approaches to increase understanding of stem cell behavior within their niches and regulation of wound healing are highlighted as examples of successful localized release systems for mimicking paracrine cell communication.
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45
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Tapia-Rojas C, Inestrosa NC. Wnt signaling loss accelerates the appearance of neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in J20-APP transgenic and wild-type mice. J Neurochem 2018; 144:443-465. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE UC); Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing; School of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA); Universidad de Magallanes; Punta Arenas Chile
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46
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Kagey MH, He X. Rationale for targeting the Wnt signalling modulator Dickkopf-1 for oncology. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4637-4650. [PMID: 28574171 PMCID: PMC5727329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling is a fundamental pathway involved in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Mutations in the pathway frequently lead to developmental defects and cancer. As such, therapeutic intervention of this pathway has generated tremendous interest. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is a secreted inhibitor of β-catenin-dependent Wnt signalling and was originally characterized as a tumour suppressor based on the prevailing view that Wnt signalling promotes cancer pathogenesis. However, DKK1 appears to increase tumour growth and metastasis in preclinical models and its elevated expression correlates with a poor prognosis in a range of cancers, indicating that DKK1 has more complex cellular and biological functions than originally appreciated. Here, we review current evidence for the cancer-promoting activity of DKK1 and recent insights into the effects of DKK1 on signalling pathways in both cancer and immune cells. We discuss the rationale and promise of targeting DKK1 for oncology. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on WNT Signalling: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.24/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi He
- The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of NeurologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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47
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Sengupta S, Parikh ND. Biomarker development for hepatocellular carcinoma early detection: current and future perspectives. Hepat Oncol 2017; 4:111-122. [PMID: 30191058 DOI: 10.2217/hep-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) leads to improved survival; however, current early detection strategies for HCC surveillance are ineffective. Thus, there has been interest in developing biomarkers to aid in the early detection HCC. In this review, we discuss the five phases of biomarker discovery that are necessary for clinical implementation. We also describe the most promising investigational biomarkers and their phase of discovery. We review several promising technologies for the early detection of HCC, including miRNA, metabolomics and proteomics. Promisingly, there are samples from multiple longitudinal cohorts of patients with cirrhosis in the USA that are being collected in order to validate candidate biomarkers for HCC. A biomarker-based strategy has the potential to become the primary surveillance method for HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Sengupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Neehar D Parikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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48
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Ma C, Lu YF. Role of Dickkopf-1 in gastrointestinal tumors. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2615-2620. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i29.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an endogenous inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. However, the role of DKK1 in different tumor types is different, as it is lowly expressed in some tumor types, but over-expressed in others. In recent years, there have been many studies on the role of DKK1 in gastrointestinal tumors. In this paper, we review the latest progress in the understanding of the role of DKK1 in gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Yong-Fu Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining 810000, Qinghai Province, China
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49
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Dinckan N, Du R, Petty LE, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Paine I, Baugh EH, Erdem AP, Kayserili H, Doddapaneni H, Hu J, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Uyguner ZO, Below JE, Letra A. Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Novel Variants for Tooth Agenesis. J Dent Res 2017; 97:49-59. [PMID: 28813618 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517724149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is a common craniofacial abnormality in humans and represents failure to develop 1 or more permanent teeth. Tooth agenesis is complex, and variations in about a dozen genes have been reported as contributing to the etiology. Here, we combined whole-exome sequencing, array-based genotyping, and linkage analysis to identify putative pathogenic variants in candidate disease genes for tooth agenesis in 10 multiplex Turkish families. Novel homozygous and heterozygous variants in LRP6, DKK1, LAMA3, and COL17A1 genes, as well as known variants in WNT10A, were identified as likely pathogenic in isolated tooth agenesis. Novel variants in KREMEN1 were identified as likely pathogenic in 2 families with suspected syndromic tooth agenesis. Variants in more than 1 gene were identified segregating with tooth agenesis in 2 families, suggesting oligogenic inheritance. Structural modeling of missense variants suggests deleterious effects to the encoded proteins. Functional analysis of an indel variant (c.3607+3_6del) in LRP6 suggested that the predicted resulting mRNA is subject to nonsense-mediated decay. Our results support a major role for WNT pathways genes in the etiology of tooth agenesis while revealing new candidate genes. Moreover, oligogenic cosegregation was suggestive for complex inheritance and potentially complex gene product interactions during development, contributing to improved understanding of the genetic etiology of familial tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dinckan
- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,2 Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Du
- 3 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L E Petty
- 4 Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z Coban-Akdemir
- 3 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S N Jhangiani
- 5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - I Paine
- 3 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E H Baugh
- 6 Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A P Erdem
- 7 Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Kayserili
- 8 Department of Medical Genetics, Koc University, School of Medicine (KUSOM), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - H Doddapaneni
- 5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Hu
- 5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D M Muzny
- 5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E Boerwinkle
- 4 Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.,5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R A Gibbs
- 3 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J R Lupski
- 3 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,5 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,9 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,10 Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Z O Uyguner
- 1 Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - J E Below
- 4 Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Letra
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences and Center for Craniofacial Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA.,11 Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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50
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Qi C, Zhang J, Chen X, Wan J, Wang J, Zhang P, Liu Y. Hypoxia stimulates neural stem cell proliferation by increasing HIF‑1α expression and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 63:12-19. [PMID: 28838333 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that after brain injury, neurogenesis is enhanced in regions such as hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. To study the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF‑1α) and Wnt signaling in cerebral ischemia/hypoxia-induced proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs), we investigated the proliferation of NSCs, expression of HIF‑1α, and activation of Wnt signaling under conditions of pathologic hypoxia in vitro. NSCs were isolated from 30-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and subjected to 0.3% oxygen in a microaerophilic incubation system. Cell proliferation was evaluated by measuring the diameter of neurospheres and by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays. Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blotting were used to detect mRNA and protein levels of HIF-1α, β-catenin, and cyclin D1 in the NSCs. The results showed that hypoxia increased NSC proliferation and the levels of HIF-1α, β‑catenin, and cyclin D1 (p < 0.05). Blockade of the Wnt signaling pathway decreased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation, whereas activation of this pathway increased hypoxia-induced NSC proliferation (p < 0.05). Knockdown of HIF-1α with HIF-1α siRNA decreased β‑catenin nuclear translocation and cyclin D1 expression, and inhibited proliferation of NSCs (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that pathologic hypoxia stimulates NSC proliferation by increasing expression of HIF-1α and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The data suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may play a key role in NSC proliferation under conditions of pathologic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qi
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - X Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - J Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - J Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - P Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061 China
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