1
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Wang LL, Mai YZ, Zheng MH, Yan GH, Jin JY. A single fluorescent probe to examine the dynamics of mitochondria-lysosome interplay and extracellular vesicle role in ferroptosis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:517-528.e3. [PMID: 38272028 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion. Despite recent advances, challenges remain in understanding the bidirectional interactions or interplay between organelles during ferroptosis. In this study, we aimed to understand the interplay between mitochondria (Mito) and lysosomes (Lyso) in cell homeostasis and ferroptosis. For this purpose, we designed a single fluorescent probe that marks GSH in Mito and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in Lyso with two distinct emissions. Using this dual-targeted single fluorescent probe (9-morphorino pyronine), we detected Mito-Lyso interplay in ferroptosis. We disclosed differences in Mito-Lyso interplay depending on the induction of ferroptosis. Although erastin treatment decreased GSH, RSL3 triggered a HOCl burst, and FIN56- and FINO2-induced ferroptosis increased GSH and HOCl. Additionally, we showed that only extracellular vesicles generated during erastin-induced ferroptosis could spontaneously move and dock to neighboring cells, resulting in accelerated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Li Wang
- Research Centre of Chemical Biology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Yu-Zhuo Mai
- Research Centre of Chemical Biology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- Research Centre of Chemical Biology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Guang-Hai Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Jilin Key Laboratory of Immune and Targeting Research on Common Allergic Diseases, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Jin
- Research Centre of Chemical Biology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, Jilin, China.
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2
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Rizo-Téllez SA, Sekheri M, Filep JG. Myeloperoxidase: Regulation of Neutrophil Function and Target for Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112302. [PMID: 36421487 PMCID: PMC9687284 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells in humans, are critical for host defense against invading pathogens. Equipped with an array of antimicrobial molecules, neutrophils can eradicate bacteria and clear debris. Among the microbicide proteins is the heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO), stored in the azurophilic granules, and catalyzes the formation of the chlorinating oxidant HOCl and other oxidants (HOSCN and HOBr). MPO is generally associated with killing trapped bacteria and inflicting collateral tissue damage to the host. However, the characterization of non-enzymatic functions of MPO suggests additional roles for this protein. Indeed, evolving evidence indicates that MPO can directly modulate the function and fate of neutrophils, thereby shaping immunity. These actions include MPO orchestration of neutrophil trafficking, activation, phagocytosis, lifespan, formation of extracellular traps, and MPO-triggered autoimmunity. This review scrutinizes the multifaceted roles of MPO in immunity, focusing on neutrophil-mediated host defense, tissue damage, repair, and autoimmunity. We also discuss novel therapeutic approaches to target MPO activity, expression, or MPO signaling for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma A. Rizo-Téllez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Meriem Sekheri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - János G. Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-252-3400 (ext. 4662)
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3
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Azcona JA, Tang S, Berry E, Zhang FF, Garvey R, Falck JR, Schwartzman ML, Yi T, Jeitner TM, Guo AM. Neutrophil-derived Myeloperoxidase and Hypochlorous Acid Critically Contribute to 20-HETE Increases that Drive Post-Ischemic Angiogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:204-216. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Hägglund P, López-Alarcón C, Davies MJ. Oxidative Crosslinking of Peptides and Proteins: Mechanisms of Formation, Detection, Characterization and Quantification. Molecules 2021; 27:15. [PMID: 35011250 PMCID: PMC8746199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent crosslinks within or between proteins play a key role in determining the structure and function of proteins. Some of these are formed intentionally by either enzymatic or molecular reactions and are critical to normal physiological function. Others are generated as a consequence of exposure to oxidants (radicals, excited states or two-electron species) and other endogenous or external stimuli, or as a result of the actions of a number of enzymes (e.g., oxidases and peroxidases). Increasing evidence indicates that the accumulation of unwanted crosslinks, as is seen in ageing and multiple pathologies, has adverse effects on biological function. In this article, we review the spectrum of crosslinks, both reducible and non-reducible, currently known to be formed on proteins; the mechanisms of their formation; and experimental approaches to the detection, identification and characterization of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Michael J. Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (E.F.-L.); (P.H.)
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5
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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6
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Cojic M, Kocic R, Klisic A, Cvejanov-Kezunovic L, Kavaric N, Kocic G. A novel mechanism of vitamin D anti-inflammatory/antioxidative potential in type 2 diabetic patients on metformin therapy. Arch Med Sci 2020; 16:1004-1012. [PMID: 32863988 PMCID: PMC7444705 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The performed study focused on determining the effect of vitamin D supplementation on enzymes involved in both inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS degradation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS The 6-month follow-up, randomized, controlled study included 140 patients with T2DM, ≥ 30 years old, with good metabolic control, treated with metformin and lifestyle advice only. All patients were randomly assigned to two groups (70 each). Patients from the first group (Intervention group) were assigned to receive vitamin D3 50 000 IU or 14 000 IU regarding their vitamin D baseline levels. Patients from the second (Metformin) group continued to receive only metformin during the 6-month study period. RESULTS After 6 months, the myeloperoxidase activity was significantly lower and gradually decreased in the Intervention group by about 40%, compared to the baseline measurement (p = 0.015) and compared to the Metformin group (p = 0.001). After 6 months, the xanthine oxidase (XO) activity decreased significantly in the Intervention group compared to the baseline and 3rd month levels (p < 0.001). In the Metformin group there was also a significant decrease in XO after 6 months compared to baseline (p < 0.001) and the 3rd month (p = 0.003). The catalase activity significantly increased within the Intervention group only when comparing the 3rd and 6th month (p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that vitamin D may improve endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2DM on metformin therapy by influencing two important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications - ROS production and inflammation, which can additionally contribute to a stable metabolic control during metformin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cojic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Radivoj Kocic
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Klisic
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | | | - Nebojsa Kavaric
- Primary Health Care Center, University of Montenegro, Faculty of Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Gordana Kocic
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Chen Y, Su J, Liu L, Zhou Y, Zuo J, Wang Z, Tao T. Oxidative removal of aromatic amino acids by manganese dioxide: kinetic modeling and effect of co-solutes. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:37-43. [PMID: 28884633 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1377769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aromatic amino acids, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-phenylalanine, by δ-MnO2 was investigated. L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine underwent rapid oxidative degradation in the δ-MnO2 suspension solution. In contrast, L-phenylalanine was not oxidized by δ-MnO2. The degradation of L-tryptophan was faster than that of L-tyrosine. The oxidation rates of amino acids increased with increasing concentration of δ-MnO2. The increase of concentrations of substrates and pH disfavored the degradation. The kinetics modeling showed that the reaction orders of amino acids, MnO2, and H+ were 0.67, 1.24, 0.72 and 0.32, 1.20, 1.05 for L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine, respectively. The coexistence of metal ions markedly inhibited the degradation in the order of Al3+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+. The inhibition effect of metal ions was related to the stability constant and hydration radius of metal ions. The addition of fulvic acid to the reaction solutions did not affect the degradation of substrate. This finding suggests that δ-MnO2 selectively oxidize aromatic amino acids and it can be used as an efficient oxidant for the removal of certain aromatic acid pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Zhou
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaolan Zuo
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Zongping Wang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tao
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , People's Republic of China
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8
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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9
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Nie JJ, Qiao B, Duan S, Xu C, Chen B, Hao W, Yu B, Li Y, Du J, Xu FJ. Unlockable Nanocomplexes with Self-Accelerating Nucleic Acid Release for Effective Staged Gene Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801570. [PMID: 29920798 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (NA)-based therapy is proposed to address serious diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Powerful NA delivery vehicles are essential for effective gene therapy. Herein, a novel type of delivery vehicle, an unlockable core-shell nanocomplex (Hep@PGEA) with self-accelerating NA release, is structurally designed. Hep@PGEA is composed of disulfide-bridged heparin nanoparticle (HepNP) core and low-toxicity PGEA cationic shell. In comparison with NA, heparin, a negatively charged polysaccharide macromolecule, exhibits stronger interactions with cationic species. Upon the breakdown of redox-responsive HepNP cores, unlocked heparin would interact with the outer cationic shells and replace the condensed NA to facilitate NA release. Such unique Hep@PGEA is successfully explored for effective miRNA-pDNA staged gene therapy of myocardial infarction (MI), one of the most serious CVDs. With the progression of MI, glutathione amounts in heart tissues increase. MiR-499 (for the inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis) and plasmid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (for the promotion of angiogenesis) are sequentially delivered for systemic treatment of MI. Such treatment produces impressive results in restoring heart function and suppressing cardiac hypertrophy. Due to the wide existence of redox agents in cells, the proposed unlockable delivery nanovehicle and staged therapy strategy can provide new methods to effectively treat different serious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jun Nie
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bokang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shun Duan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Boya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bingran Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Du
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases (Ministry of Education), and Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Petkowski JJ, Bains W, Seager S. Natural Products Containing a Nitrogen-Sulfur Bond. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:423-446. [PMID: 29364663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Only about 100 natural products are known to contain a nitrogen-sulfur (N-S) bond. This review thoroughly categorizes N-S bond-containing compounds by structural class. Information on biological source, biological activity, and biosynthesis is included, if known. We also review the role of N-S bond functional groups as post-translational modifications of amino acids in proteins and peptides, emphasizing their role in the metabolism of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz J Petkowski
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William Bains
- Rufus Scientific , 37 The Moor, Melbourn, Royston, Herts SG8 6ED, U.K
| | - Sara Seager
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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11
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Influence of premicelles and micellar aggregates of ionic and nonionic surfactants in the oxidative decarboxylation of l-lysine by gold(III) complexes. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Dereven’kov IA, Makarov SV, Shpagilev NI, Salnikov DS, Koifman OI. Studies on reaction of glutathionylcobalamin with hypochlorite. Evidence of protective action of glutathionyl-ligand against corrin modification by hypochlorite. Biometals 2017; 30:757-764. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Roberts JS, Atanasova KR, Lee J, Diamond G, Deguzman J, Hee Choi C, Yilmaz Ö. Opportunistic Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Modulates Danger Signal ATP-Mediated Antibacterial NOX2 Pathways in Primary Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:291. [PMID: 28725637 PMCID: PMC5495830 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major opportunistic pathogen in the etiology of chronic periodontitis, successfully survives in human gingival epithelial cells (GECs). P. gingivalis abrogates the effects of a host danger molecule, extracellular ATP (eATP)/P2X7 signaling, such as the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via the mitochondria and NADPH oxidases (NOX) from primary GECs. However, antimicrobial functions of ROS production are thoroughly investigated in myeloid-lineage immune cells and have not been well-understood in epithelial cells. Therefore, this study characterizes antibacterial NOX2 generated ROS and host downstream effects in P. gingivalis infected human primary GECs. We examined the expression of NOX isoforms in the GECs and demonstrate eATP stimulation increased the mRNA expression of NOX2 (p < 0.05). Specific peptide inhibition of NOX2 significantly reduced eATP-mediated ROS as detected by DCFDA probe. The results also showed P. gingivalis infection can temporally modulate NOX2 pathway by reorganizing the localization and activation of cytosolic molecules (p47phox, p67phox, and Rac1) during 24 h of infection. Investigation into downstream biocidal factors of NOX2 revealed an eATP-induced increase in hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in GECs detected by R19-S fluorescent probe, which is significantly reduced by a myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitor. MPO activity of the host cells was assayed and found to be positively affected by eATP treatment and/or infection. However, P. gingivalis significantly reduced the MPO product, bactericidal HOCl, in early times of infection upon eATP stimulation. Analysis of the intracellular levels of a major host-antioxidant, glutathione during early infection revealed a substantial decrease (p < 0.05) in reduced glutathione indicative of scavenging of HOCl by P. gingivalis infection and eATP treatment. Examination of the mRNA expression of key enzymes in the glutathione synthesis pathway displayed a marked increase (p < 0.05) in glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) subunits GCLc and GCLm, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione reductase during the infection. These suggest P. gingivalis modulates the danger signal eATP-induced NOX2 signaling and also induces host glutathione synthesis to likely avoid HOCl mediated clearance. Thus, we characterize for the first time in epithelial cells, an eATP/NOX2-ROS-antibacterial pathway and demonstrate P. gingivalis can circumvent this important antimicrobial defense system potentially for successful persistence in human epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn S Roberts
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
| | - Kalina R Atanasova
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jungnam Lee
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jeff Deguzman
- Department of Periodontology, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, United States
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14
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Cervantes Gracia K, Llanas-Cornejo D, Husi H. CVD and Oxidative Stress. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E22. [PMID: 28230726 PMCID: PMC5332926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, it is known that oxidative stress plays at least two roles within the cell, the generation of cellular damage and the involvement in several signaling pathways in its balanced normal state. So far, a substantial amount of time and effort has been expended in the search for a clear link between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the effects of oxidative stress. Here, we present an overview of the different sources and types of reactive oxygen species in CVD, highlight the relationship between CVD and oxidative stress and discuss the most prominent molecules that play an important role in CVD pathophysiology. Details are given regarding common pharmacological treatments used for cardiovascular distress and how some of them are acting upon ROS-related pathways and molecules. Novel therapies, recently proposed ROS biomarkers, as well as future challenges in the field are addressed. It is apparent that the search for a better understanding of how ROS are contributing to the pathophysiology of CVD is far from over, and new approaches and more suitable biomarkers are needed for the latter to be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Cervantes Gracia
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Daniel Llanas-Cornejo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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15
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Mainnemare A, Mégarbane B, Soueidan A, Daniel A, Chapple ILC. Hypochlorous Acid and Taurine-N-Monochloramine in Periodontal Diseases. J Dent Res 2016; 83:823-31. [PMID: 15505230 DOI: 10.1177/154405910408301101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease involving anaerobic bacteria and the generation of an inflammatory response, including the production of metalloproteinases, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and eicosanoids. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and taurine-N-monochloramine (TauCl) are the end-products of the neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) respiratory burst. They act synergistically to modulate the inflammatory response. In the extracellular environment, HOCl and TauCl may directly neutralize interleukin 6 (IL-6) and several metalloproteinases, while HOCl increases the capacity of α2-macroglobulin to bind Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, IL-2, and IL-6, and facilitates the release of various growth factors. TauCl inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. HOCl activates tyrosine kinase signaling cascades, generating an increase in the production of extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators. Thus, HOCl and TauCl appear to play a crucial role in the periodontal inflammatory process. Taken together, these findings may offer opportunities for the development of novel host-modulating therapies for the treatment of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mainnemare
- UFR d'Odontologie, Service de Parodontologie, 1 Place Alexis Ricordeau, BP 84215, 44 042 Nantes, Cedex 1, France
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Forman HJ, Davies MJ, Krämer AC, Miotto G, Zaccarin M, Zhang H, Ursini F. Protein cysteine oxidation in redox signaling: Caveats on sulfenic acid detection and quantification. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:26-37. [PMID: 27693037 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of critical signaling protein cysteines regulated by H2O2 has been considered to involve sulfenic acid (RSOH) formation. RSOH may subsequently form either a sulfenyl amide (RSNHR') with a neighboring amide, or a mixed disulfide (RSSR') with another protein cysteine or glutathione. Previous studies have claimed that RSOH can be detected as an adduct (e.g., with 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione; dimedone). Here, kinetic data are discussed which indicate that few proteins can form RSOH under physiological signaling conditions. We also present experimental evidence that indicates that (1) dimedone reacts rapidly with sulfenyl amides, and more rapidly than with sulfenic acids, and (2) that disulfides can react reversibly with amides to form sulfenyl amides. As some proteins are more stable as the sulfenyl amide than as a glutathionylated species, the former may account for some of the species previously identified as the "sulfenome" - the cellular complement of reversibly-oxidized thiol proteins generated via sulfenic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Anna C Krämer
- Department of Biomedical Science, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Miotto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaccarin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, I-35121, Padova, Italy
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Htet Y, Tennyson AG. Catalytic radical reduction in aqueous solution via oxidation of biologically-relevant alcohols. Chem Sci 2016; 7:4052-4058. [PMID: 30155048 PMCID: PMC6013915 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00651e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An organoruthenium complex catalyzed radical reduction in aqueous solution via oxidation of amino acids, sugars, or citric acid cycle metabolites.
Metalloenzymes that normally perform catalytic antioxidant or radical-degrading functions, as well as small-molecule complexes that mimic them, can also exert pro-oxidant or radical-forming effects depending on the identity of the terminal reductant. Because nitroxyl radicals function as redox active cocatalysts in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols, we hypothesized that catalytic radical reduction could be achieved via the oxidation of biologically-relevant alcohols. Herein we report an organoruthenium complex (Ru1) that catalyzed reduction of 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonate) radical monoanion (ABTS˙–) to ABTS2– in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) using MeOH, EtOH, i-PrOH, serine, threonine, glucose, arabinose, methyl lactate or dimethyl malate as the terminal reductant. Replacing either the C–H or O–H groups of a –CHOH– moiety resulted in the loss of ABTS˙– reducing ability. Moreover, in conjunction with an alcohol terminal reductant, Ru1 was able to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS2– by H2O2 and horseradish peroxidase, even after multiple successive challenges with excess H2O2 or ABTS˙–. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Ru1 inhibits the oxidative formation of and catalyzes the reduction of radicals in aqueous solution via oxidation of biologically-relevant alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Htet
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , SC 29634 , USA .
| | - Andrew G Tennyson
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , SC 29634 , USA . .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , SC 29634 , USA.,Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Anderson , SC 29625 , USA
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Carroll L, Davies MJ, Pattison DI. Reaction of low-molecular-mass organoselenium compounds (and their sulphur analogues) with inflammation-associated oxidants. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:750-67. [PMID: 25854915 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1018247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is an essential trace element in mammals, with the majority specifically encoded as seleno-L-cysteine into a range of selenoproteins. Many of these proteins play a key role in modulating oxidative stress, via either direct detoxification of biological oxidants, or repair of oxidised residues. Both selenium- and sulphur-containing residues react readily with the wide range of oxidants (including hydrogen peroxide, radicals, singlet oxygen and hypochlorous, hypobromous, hypothiocyanous and peroxynitrous acids) that are produced during inflammation and have been implicated in the development of a range of inflammatory diseases. Whilst selenium has similar properties to sulphur, it typically exhibits greater reactivity with most oxidants, and there are considerable differences in the subsequent reactivity and ease of repair of the oxidised species that are formed. This review discusses the chemistry of low-molecular-mass organoselenium compounds (e.g. selenoethers, diselenides and selenols) with inflammatory oxidants, with a particular focus on the reaction kinetics and product studies, with the differences in reactivity between selenium and sulphur analogues described in the selected examples. These data provide insight into the therapeutic potential of low-molecular-mass selenium-containing compounds to modulate the activity of both radical and molecular oxidants and provide protection against inflammation-induced damage. Progress in their therapeutic development (including modulation of potential selenium toxicity by strategic design) is demonstrated by a brief summary of some recent studies where novel organoselenium compounds have been used as wound healing or radioprotection agents and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carroll
- The Heart Research Institute , Newtown, Sydney , Australia
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19
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Haenen GRMM, Bast A. Glutathione revisited: a better scavenger than previously thought. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:260. [PMID: 25505886 PMCID: PMC4245892 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the classical example of a scavenging antioxidant. It forms the first line of defense and efficiently scavenges reactive species, e.g., hypochlorous acid (HOCl), before they inflict damage to biomolecules. Scavenging antioxidant activity is best established in competition assays (that closely mimics molecular mechanism of the biological effect). In this type of assay, the antioxidant competes with a molecule that functions as an easy read-out detector for a reactive species. It is generally assumed that the scavenging antioxidant activity reflects the reaction rate constant of the antioxidant with the reactive species (ka). However, critical appraisal of several competition assays of GSH with HOCl as reactive species, reveals that ka does not determine the scavenging antioxidant activity. Assays using acetylcholine esterase, alpha1-antiprotease, methionine, and albumin as detector are compared. The total number of molecules of the reactive species scavenged by GSH plus that by partially oxidized forms of the GSH, reflect the scavenging activity of GSH. The contribution of the partially oxidized forms of GSH depends on the reactivity of the competing molecule. In several assays the partially oxidized forms of GSH have a substantial contribution to the scavenging activity of GSH. In contrast to the prevailing perception, not the reaction rate but rather the total number of molecules of the reactive species scavenged reflects the true scavenging activity of an antioxidant like GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R M M Haenen
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Aalt Bast
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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Rayner BS, Love DT, Hawkins CL. Comparative reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with mammalian cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:240-255. [PMID: 24632382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase is an important heme enzyme released by activated leukocytes that catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with halide and pseudo-halide ions to form various hypohalous acids. Hypohalous acids are chemical oxidants that have potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties and, as such, play key roles in the human immune system. However, increasing evidence supports an alternative role for myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants in the development of disease. Excessive production of hypohalous acids, particularly during chronic inflammation, leads to the initiation and accumulation of cellular damage that has been implicated in many human pathologies including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, inflammatory cancers, and kidney disease. This has sparked a significant interest in developing a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in myeloperoxidase-derived oxidant-induced mammalian cell damage. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the cellular reactivity of hypochlorous acid, hypobromous acid, and hypothiocyanous acid, the major oxidants produced by myeloperoxidase under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Rayner
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Dominic T Love
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Inflammation Group, The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Bile salts act as effective protein-unfolding agents and instigators of disulfide stress in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1610-9. [PMID: 24706920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401941111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal and pathogenic bacteria must deal with many different stress conditions to survive in and colonize the human gastrointestinal tract. One major challenge that bacteria encounter in the gut is the high concentration of bile salts, which not only aid in food absorption but also act as effective physiological antimicrobials. The mechanism by which bile salts limit bacterial growth is still largely unknown. Here, we show that bile salts cause widespread protein unfolding and aggregation, affecting many essential proteins. Simultaneously, the bacterial cytosol becomes highly oxidizing, indicative of disulfide stress. Strains defective in reducing oxidative thiol modifications, restoring redox homeostasis, or preventing irreversible protein aggregation under disulfide stress conditions are sensitive to bile salt treatment. Surprisingly, cholate and deoxycholate, two of the most abundant and very closely related physiological bile salts, vary substantially in their destabilizing effects on proteins in vitro and cause protein unfolding of different subsets of proteins in vivo. Our results provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the antimicrobial effects of bile salts, help explain the beneficial effects of bile salt mixtures, and suggest that we have identified a physiological source of protein-unfolding disulfide stress conditions in bacteria.
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Noszticzius Z, Wittmann M, Kály-Kullai K, Beregvári Z, Kiss I, Rosivall L, Szegedi J. Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79157. [PMID: 24223899 PMCID: PMC3818415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background / Aims ClO2, the so-called “ideal biocide”, could also be applied as an antiseptic if it was understood why the solution killing microbes rapidly does not cause any harm to humans or to animals. Our aim was to find the source of that selectivity by studying its reaction-diffusion mechanism both theoretically and experimentally. Methods ClO2 permeation measurements through protein membranes were performed and the time delay of ClO2 transport due to reaction and diffusion was determined. To calculate ClO2 penetration depths and estimate bacterial killing times, approximate solutions of the reaction-diffusion equation were derived. In these calculations evaporation rates of ClO2 were also measured and taken into account. Results The rate law of the reaction-diffusion model predicts that the killing time is proportional to the square of the characteristic size (e.g. diameter) of a body, thus, small ones will be killed extremely fast. For example, the killing time for a bacterium is on the order of milliseconds in a 300 ppm ClO2 solution. Thus, a few minutes of contact time (limited by the volatility of ClO2) is quite enough to kill all bacteria, but short enough to keep ClO2 penetration into the living tissues of a greater organism safely below 0.1 mm, minimizing cytotoxic effects when applying it as an antiseptic. Additional properties of ClO2, advantageous for an antiseptic, are also discussed. Most importantly, that bacteria are not able to develop resistance against ClO2 as it reacts with biological thiols which play a vital role in all living organisms. Conclusion Selectivity of ClO2 between humans and bacteria is based not on their different biochemistry, but on their different size. We hope initiating clinical applications of this promising local antiseptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Noszticzius
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria Wittmann
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Kristóf Kály-Kullai
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Hui F, Debiemme-Chouvy C. Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers and coatings: a review of their synthesis, characterization, and applications. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:585-601. [PMID: 23391154 DOI: 10.1021/bm301980q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial N-halamine polymers and coatings have been studied extensively over the past decade thanks to their numerous qualities such as effectiveness toward a broad spectrum of microorganisms, long-term stability, regenerability, safety to humans and environment and low cost. In this review, recent developments are described by emphasizing the synthesis of polymers and/or coatings having N-halamine moieties. Actually, three main approaches of preparation are given in detail: polymerization, generation by electrochemical route with proteins as monomers and grafting with precursor monomers. Identification and characterization of the formation of the N-halamine bonds (>N-X with X = Cl or Br or I) by physical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and by chemical reactions are described. In order to check the antimicrobial activity of the N-halamine compounds, bacterial tests are also described. Finally, some examples of application of these N-halamines in the water treatment, paints, healthcare equipment, and textile industries are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Hui
- CNRS, UPR 15 du CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
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24
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Kinetics and Mechanism of Electron Transfer to Heptavalent Manganese by DL-Aspartic Acid in Alkaline Aqueous and Micellar Media. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/724505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and mechanism of the electron transfer ofdl-Aspartic acid (Asp) by Mn (VII) in alkaline medium has been studied spectrophotometrically over the range2.0≤103[Asp]≤5.0 mol dm−3;0.01≤[OH-]≤0.05 mol dm−3;298≤T≤318 K andI=0.05 mol dm−3(KNO3). The reaction exhibits first-order dependence in[MnO4-]Tbut shows fractional-order dependence in both[Asp]Tand[OH−]T. The reaction was studied in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); an increase in the rate with the increase in the micellar concentration was observed. The products were characterized by spectral analysis. A mechanism involving free radicals is proposed. Asp bindsMnO4-to form a complex that subsequently decomposes to products. Activation parametersΔH° (kJ mol−1) andΔS° (JK−1 mol−1) for the reaction are5.62±0.35and−227.65±1.1, respectively. The negative value ofΔS° indicates that oxidation occurs via inner sphere mechanism.
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Singh AP, Tsay OG, Murale DP, Jun T, Liew H, Suh YH, Churchill DG. Extremely selective “turn-on” fluorescence detection of hypochlorite confirmed by proof-of-principle neurological studies via esterase action in living cells. Analyst 2013; 138:2829-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pattison DI, Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. Reactions and reactivity of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants: Differential biological effects of hypochlorous and hypothiocyanous acids. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:975-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.667566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yang YTT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP. Intracellular glutathione protects human monocyte-derived macrophages from hypochlorite damage. Life Sci 2012; 90:682-8. [PMID: 22472425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Macrophages must function in an inflammatory environment of high oxidative stress due to the production of various oxidants. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent cytotoxic agent generated by neutrophils and macrophages within inflammatory sites. This study determines whether glutathione is the key factors governing macrophage resistance to HOCl. MAIN METHODS Human monocyte derived macrophages (HMDM) were differentiated from human monocytes prepared from human blood. The HMDM cells were exposed to micromolar concentrations of HOCl and the timing of the cell viability loss was measured. Cellular oxidative damage was measured by loss of glutathione, cellular ATP, tyrosine oxidation, and inactivation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). KEY FINDINGS HOCl causes a rapid loss in HMDM cell viability above threshold concentrations. The cell death occurred within 10 min of treatment with the morphological characteristics of necrosis. The HOCl caused the extensive cellular protein oxidation with the loss of tyrosine residue and inactivation of GAPDH, which was accompanied with the loss of cellular ATP. This cellular damage was only observed after the loss of intracellular GSH from the cell. Removal of intracellular GSH with diethyl maleate (DEM) increased the cells' sensitivity to HOCl damage while protecting the intracellular GSH pool with the antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin prevented the HOCl mediated viability loss. Variations in the HOCl LD(50) for inducing cell death were strongly correlated with initial intracellular GSH levels. SIGNIFICANCE In HMDM cells scavenging of HOCl by intracellular glutathione is sufficient to protect against oxidative loss of key metabolic functions within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ting Tina Yang
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Nahon P, Sutton A, Rufat P, Charnaux N, Mansouri A, Moreau R, Ganne-Carrié N, Grando-Lemaire V, N'Kontchou G, Trinchet JC, Pessayre D, Beaugrand M. A variant in myeloperoxidase promoter hastens the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2012; 56:426-32. [PMID: 21907168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Genetic dimorphisms modulate the activities of several pro- or antioxidant enzymes, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1). We assessed the role of the G(-463)A-MPO, T(-262)C-CAT, Ala16Val-SOD2, and Pro198Leu-GPx1 variants in modulating HCC development in patients with HCV-induced cirrhosis. METHODS Two hundred and five patients with HCV-induced, biopsy-proven cirrhosis but without detectable HCC at inclusion were prospectively followed-up for HCC development. The influence of various genotypes on HCC occurrence was assessed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS During follow-up (103.2±3.4 months), 84 patients (41%) developed HCC, and 66 died. Whereas the Ala16Val-SOD2 or Pro198Leu-GPx1 dimorphisms did not modulate the risk, HCC occurrence was increased in patients with either the homozygous GG-MPO genotype (HR=2.8 [1.7-4.4]; first quartile time to HCC occurrence: 45 vs. 96 months; LogRank <0.0001) or the homozygous CC-CAT genotype (HR=1.74 [1.06-2.82]; first quartile time to HCC occurrence: 55 vs. 96 months; LogRank=0.02). Compared to patients with neither of these two at risk factors, patients with only the CC-CAT genotype had a HR of 2.05 [0.9-4.6] (p=0.08) and patients with only the GG-MPO genotype had a HR of 3.8 [1.5-9.1] (p=0.002), while patients with both risk factors had an HR of 4.8 [2.2-10.4] (p<0.0001). However, only the GG-MPO genotype was independently associated with the HCC risk in multivariate Cox analysis. CONCLUSIONS The high activity-associated GG-MPO genotype increases the rate of HCC occurrence in patients with HCV-induced cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nahon
- Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Bondy, France.
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Velayutham M, Hemann C, Zweier JL. Removal of H₂O₂ and generation of superoxide radical: role of cytochrome c and NADH. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:160-70. [PMID: 21545835 PMCID: PMC3112007 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In cells, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and peroxisomes are the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Cytochrome c (cyt c) is known to participate in mitochondrial electron transport and has antioxidant and peroxidase activities. Under oxidative or nitrative stress, the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c is increased. The level of NADH is also increased under pathophysiological conditions such as ischemia and diabetes and a concurrent increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production occurs. Studies were performed to understand the related mechanisms of radical generation and NADH oxidation by Fe³⁺cyt c in the presence of H₂O₂. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping studies using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were performed with NADH, Fe³⁺cyt c, and H₂O₂ in the presence of methyl-β-cyclodextrin. An EPR spectrum corresponding to the superoxide radical adduct of DMPO encapsulated in methyl-β-cyclodextrin was obtained. This EPR signal was quenched by the addition of the superoxide scavenging enzyme Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The amount of superoxide radical adduct formed from the oxidation of NADH by the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c increased with NADH and H₂O₂ concentration. From these results, we propose a mechanism in which the peroxidase activity of Fe³⁺cyt c oxidizes NADH to NAD(•), which in turn donates an electron to O₂, resulting in superoxide radical formation. A UV-visible spectroscopic study shows that Fe³⁺cyt c is reduced in the presence of both NADH and H₂O₂. Our results suggest that Fe³⁺cyt c could have a novel role in the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion and diabetes due to increased production of superoxide radical. In addition, Fe³⁺cyt c may play a key role in the mitochondrial "ROS-induced ROS-release" signaling and in mitochondrial and cellular injury/death. The increased oxidation of NADH and generation of superoxide radical by this mechanism may have implications for the regulation of apoptotic cell death, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological diseases. We also propose an alternative electron transfer pathway, which may protect mitochondria and mitochondrial proteins from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Velayutham
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
| | | | - Jay L. Zweier
- Address correspondence to: Murugesan Velayutham, Ph.D, TMRF, Room 130, 420, W. 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-292-9082, Fax: 614-292-8454, , Jay L. Zweier, MD, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W. 12th Ave, Room 611C, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH - 43210, Phone: 614-247-7788, Fax: 614-292-8778,
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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The role of Cys108 in Trigonopsis variabilis d-amino acid oxidase examined through chemical oxidation studies and point mutations C108S and C108D. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1804:1483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nagy P, Winterbourn CC. Redox Chemistry of Biological Thiols. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-0854(10)04006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Nahon P, Sutton A, Rufat P, Ziol M, Akouche H, Laguillier C, Charnaux N, Ganne-Carrié N, Grando-Lemaire V, N'Kontchou G, Trinchet JC, Gattegno L, Pessayre D, Beaugrand M. Myeloperoxidase and superoxide dismutase 2 polymorphisms comodulate the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and death in alcoholic cirrhosis. Hepatology 2009; 50:1484-93. [PMID: 19731237 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alcohol increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in hepatocyte mitochondria and by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in Kupffer cells and liver-infiltrating neutrophils. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) converts superoxide anion into hydrogen peroxide, which, unless detoxified by glutathione peroxidase or catalase (CAT), can form the hydroxyl radical with iron. Our aim was to determine whether Ala16Val-superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), G-463A-MPO, or T-262C-CAT dimorphisms modulate the risks of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death in alcoholic cirrhosis. Genotypes and the hepatic iron score were assessed in 190 prospectively followed patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. During follow-up (61.1 +/- 2.7 months), 51 patients developed HCC, and 71 died. The T-262C-CAT dimorphism did not modify hepatic iron, HCC, or death. The GG-MPO genotype did not modify iron but increased the risks of HCC and death. The hazard ratio (HR) was 4.7 (2.1-10.1) for HCC and 3.6 (1.9-6.7) for death. Carriage of one or two Ala-SOD2 allele(s) was associated with higher liver iron scores and higher risks of HCC and death. The 5-year incidence of HCC was 34.4% in patients with both the GG-MPO genotype and one or two Ala-SOD2 alleles, 5.1% in patients with only one of these two traits, and 0% in patients with none of these traits. Corresponding 5-year death rates were 37.6%, 11.6%, and 5%. CONCLUSION The combination of the GG-MPO genotype (leading to high MPO expression) and at least one Ala-SOD2 allele (associated with high liver iron score) markedly increased the risks of HCC occurrence and death in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nahon
- Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, AP-HP, Bondy, France.
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Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples: An in-depth review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3331-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hypothiocyanous acid reactivity with low-molecular-mass and protein thiols: absolute rate constants and assessment of biological relevance. Biochem J 2009; 422:111-7. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MPO (myeloperoxidase) catalyses the oxidation of chloride, bromide and thiocyanate by H2O2 to HOCl (hypochlorous acid), HOBr (hypobromous acid) and HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid, also know as cyanosulfenic acid) respectively. Specificity constants indicate that thiocyanate, SCN−, is a major substrate for MPO. HOSCN is also a major oxidant generated by other peroxidases including salivary, gastric and eosinophil peroxidases. Whereas HOCl and HOBr are powerful oxidizing agents, HOSCN appears to be a less reactive, but more thiol-specific oxidant. Although it is established that HOSCN selectively targets thiols, absolute kinetic data for the reactions of thiols with HOSCN are absent from the literature. This study shows for the first time that the reactions of HOSCN with low-molecular-mass thiol residues occur with rate constants in the range from 7.3×103 M−1·s−1 (for N-acetyl-cysteine at pH 7.4) to 7.7×106 M−1·s−1 (for 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid at pH 6.0). An inverse relationship between the rate of reaction and the pKa of the thiol group was observed. The rates of reaction of HOSCN with thiol-containing proteins were also investigated for four proteins (creatine kinase, BSA, β-lactoglobulin and β-L-crystallins). The values obtained for cysteine residues on these proteins are in the range 1×104– 7×104 M−1·s−1. These second-order rate constants indicate that HOSCN is a major mediator of thiol oxidation in biological systems exposed to peroxidase/H2O2 systems at (patho)physiological concentrations of halide and SCN− ions, and that HOSCN may play an important role in inflammation-induced oxidative damage.
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Yuan W, Wang Y, Heinecke JW, Fu X. Hypochlorous acid converts the gamma-glutamyl group of glutathione disulfide to 5-hydroxybutyrolactam, a potential marker for neutrophil activation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:26908-17. [PMID: 19584048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.005496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy cells, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is rapidly reduced back to glutathione (GSH) by glutathione reductase to maintain redox status. The ratio of GSH/GSSG has been used as an indicator of oxidative stress. However, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generated by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-Cl(-) system of neutrophils converts GSH to irreversible oxidation products. Although several such products have been identified, yields of these compounds are very low in biological systems, and they cannot account quantitatively for thiol loss. In the current studies, we use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to demonstrate that HOCl and chloramines oxidize GSSG to two irreversible products in high yield. The products, termed M-45 and M-90, are, respectively, 45 or 90 atomic mass units lighter than GSSG. The reaction pathway involves chloramine and aldehyde intermediates, and converts the gamma-glutamyl residues of GSSG to 5-hydroxybutyrolactam. Importantly, M-45 and M-90 were resistant to reduction by glutathione reductase. Moreover, the monohydroxylbutyrolactam M-45 accounted for >90% of the endogenous GSH oxidation products generated by activated neutrophils. Because the reaction pathway involves chlorinating intermediates, hydroxylbutyrolactams are likely to be specific products of HOCl, which is generated only by myeloperoxidase. Therefore, our observations implicate M-45 as a potential biomarker for myeloperoxidase activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Sam CH, Lu HK. The role of hypochlorous acid as one of the reactive oxygen species in periodontal disease. J Dent Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1991-7902(09)60008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Harwood DT, Kettle AJ, Brennan S, Winterbourn CC. Simultaneous determination of reduced glutathione, glutathione disulphide and glutathione sulphonamide in cells and physiological fluids by isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3393-9. [PMID: 19414284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneously quantifying glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulphide (GSSG) and glutathione sulphonamide (GSA) from biological samples. GSA is a selective product of the reaction of GSH with hypochlorous acid and a potential biomarker of myeloperoxidase activity. GSH was detected as the N-ethylmaleimide alkylated adduct, as formation of this species prevented GSH oxidation occurring during sample processing. Synthesised stable isotope analogues were used as internal standards to accurately quantify each target species. The limit of quantification was determined as being 0.1pmol for each species and excellent linearity was observed over relevant concentration ranges for biological samples. Relative standard deviations were <5% for within-day variation and <10% for between-day variation, except at the lower limit of quantification where they remained <20%. Accuracy was between 82% and 113%. We could detect GSA in neutrophils and endothelial cells treated with hypochlorous acid and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from children with cystic fibrosis. This is the first time GSA has been quantified in clinical material and suggests it is formed in vivo. The assay can now be used for investigating GSA as a biomarker of myeloperoxidase activity in inflammatory conditions, and is also applicable to measuring GSH:GSSG molar ratios as a general index of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tim Harwood
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Kimura Y, Pierro A, Eaton S. Glutathione synthesis in intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury: effects of moderate hypothermia. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:353-7. [PMID: 19231533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal glutathione (GSH) levels are dramatically decreased after intestinal ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hypothermia has protective effects during I/R injury. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of intestinal I/R and hypothermia on GSH synthesis in erythrocytes and ileum. METHODS Adult male rats (n = 8 per group) underwent superior mesenteric artery occlusion for 60 minutes followed by 90-minute reperfusion or sham operation (control) for 150 minutes. Animals were maintained at either normothermia or moderate hypothermia. All rats received intravenous d(2)-glycine as a GSH synthesis precursor until the end of the experiment. Ileum and erythrocyte samples were analysed for enrichment of d(2)-glycine and GSH. The ratio of d(2)-enrichment in GSH to that in the glycine precursor represents GSH synthesis. RESULTS In erythrocytes, GSH synthesis was increased by normothermic I/R but decreased to control levels by hypothermic I/R. Ileal GSH synthesis was unaffected by hypothermia in sham animals but was significantly decreased by I/R at normothermia (P < .001). Hypothermic I/R, however, caused significant preservation of GSH synthesis so that GSH/Gly ratio was similar to controls and significantly higher than I/R at normothermia (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal I/R leads to decreased ileal GSH synthesis, which could contribute to GSH depletion. Hypothermia preserves GSH synthesis during intestinal I/R injury, and this could protect from further tissue damage. We speculate that reactive species released during I/R injury impair the enzymes of GSH synthesis, whereas these enzymes are protected by moderate hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kimura
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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40
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Szuchman-Sapir AJ, Pattison DI, Ellis NA, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ, Witting PK. Hypochlorous acid oxidizes methionine and tryptophan residues in myoglobin. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:789-98. [PMID: 18625300 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), infiltrating proinflammatory cells generate two-electron oxidants such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Myoglobin (Mb) is present at approximately 0.3 mM in cardiomyocytes and, therefore, represents a significant target for oxidation. Exposure of horse Mb (50 microM) to reagent HOCl (0-500 microM) or activated human neutrophils (4-40x10(6) cells/ml) yielded oxidized Mb (Mb(ox)) as judged by amino acid analysis and peptide mass mapping. HOCl/Mb ratios of 1-5 mol/mol gave Mb(ox) with up to four additional oxygen atoms. Hydrolysis of Mb(ox) followed by amino acid analysis indicated that methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) residues were modified by HOCl. Peptide mass mapping revealed that Met55 was oxidized at a lower HOCl/Mb ratio than Met131 and this preceded Trp7/14 modification (susceptibility Met55>Met131>Trp7>Trp14). Incubation of Mb with activated neutrophils and physiological chloride anion yielded Mb(ox) with a composition similar to that determined with HOCl/Mb ratios <2 mol/mol, with oxidation of Met, but not Trp, detected. These data indicate that Mb undergoes site-specific oxidation depending on the HOCl/protein ratio. As Mb is released from necrotic cardiomyocytes into the vasculature after AMI, HOCl-modified Mb may be a useful surrogate marker to gauge the extent of myocardial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Szuchman-Sapir
- Vascular Biology Group, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
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Hypothiocyanous acid is a more potent inducer of apoptosis and protein thiol depletion in murine macrophage cells than hypochlorous acid or hypobromous acid. Biochem J 2008; 414:271-80. [PMID: 18459943 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypohalous acids are generated by activated leucocytes, via the formation of H(2)O(2) and the release of peroxidase enzymes (myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase). These species are important bactericidal agents, but HOCl (hypochlorous acid) and HOBr (hypobromous acid) have also been implicated in tissue damage in a number of inflammatory diseases. HOSCN (hypothiocyanous acid; cyanosulfenic acid) is a milder, more thiol-specific, oxidant than HOCl or HOBr and as such may be a more potent inducer of cellular dysfunction due to selective targeting of critical thiol residues on proteins. In the present study, HOCl and HOBr are shown to react rapidly with macrophage (J774A.1) cells, resulting in a greater extent of cell lysis compared with HOSCN. However, HOSCN induces apoptosis and necrosis with greater efficacy, and at lower concentrations, than HOCl or HOBr. Apoptosis occurs in conjunction with an increased release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, but no associated increase in caspase activity. Similarly, apoptosis is observed on treating the cells in the presence of a caspase inhibitor, suggesting that it is mediated by a caspase-independent pathway. HOSCN oxidized protein thiols more efficiently than either HOCl or HOBr. The greater efficacy of HOSCN in inducing apoptosis is attributed to selective damage to critical mitochondrial membrane protein thiol groups, resulting in increased permeability and subsequent leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol. This induction of damage by HOSCN may be of critical importance in people with elevated levels of SCN(-) (thiocyanate ions) arising from cigarette smoking, and plays a role in the pathologies associated with this biological insult.
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Kabir-ud-Din, Altaf M, Akram M. The Kinetics of Oxidation of L-Tryptophan by Water-Soluble Colloidal Manganese Dioxide. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701781410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Harwood DT, Nimmo SL, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC, Ashby MT. Molecular Structure and Dynamic Properties of a Sulfonamide Derivative of Glutathione That Is Produced Under Conditions of Oxidative Stress by Hypochlorous Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:1011-6. [DOI: 10.1021/tx800050n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Vissers MCM, Gunningham SP, Morrison MJ, Dachs GU, Currie MJ. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in cultured primary cells by intracellular ascorbate. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:765-72. [PMID: 17320759 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Control of the transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 is mediated by hydroxylation by proline and asparagine hydroxylases. These enzymes require ascorbate for optimal activity, but little attention has been given to the effect of ascorbate on HIF-1 activation. Furthermore, cells in culture are ascorbate deficient. We investigated the effect of intracellular ascorbate on HIF-1alpha protein levels and on HIF-1-mediated gene expression in two human primary cell lines (umbilical vein endothelial cells and skin fibroblasts) and one human cancer cell line (A431 epithelial cells). Under normal culture conditions the cells contained no ascorbate and adding ascorbate to the medium increased intracellular concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. A basal level of HIF-1alpha detected in nonsupplemented cells under normoxic conditions disappeared when 10 microM ascorbate was added to the medium. Induction of HIF-1alpha by hypoxia (1% O(2)) or by CoCl(2) was markedly inhibited by ascorbate and loading with physiological levels resulted in almost complete reversal of HIF-1alpha stabilisation. Gene expression was similarly affected, with VEGF mRNA and GLUT-1 up-regulation being inhibited by ascorbate. Hence intracellular ascorbate is a major regulator of the hypoxic response in normal cells and optimal levels of this vitamin will have a profound effect on HIF-1-regulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret C M Vissers
- Free Radical Research Group, Pathology Department, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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45
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Abstract
During critical illness free radical production may increase as a result of, for example, sepsis or tissue trauma. In addition, because of a potential for increased losses, and the possibility of inadequate nutrition, the antioxidant defences of the body may become compromised. Thus, the delicate balance between free radicals and antioxidants may be disturbed. Various nutritional and pharmacological strategies to enhance antioxidant defences have been proposed, which aim either to maintain or enhance endogenous antioxidant stores or to provide alternative antioxidant agents. Trace elements and amino acids are particularly important, and their synergistic role in the maintenance of the body's antioxidant defence network will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eaton
- Unit of Paediatric Surgery and Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute of Child Health (University College London), 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Nimptsch J, Pflugmacher S. Ammonia triggers the promotion of oxidative stress in the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum mattogrossense. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:708-14. [PMID: 16962634 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of increased ammonia content on sub-acute biochemical responses was assessed in the rooted submersed aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum mattogrossense (common name: "Brazil Milfoil" or "Matogrosso Milfoil"), in a seven day aquarium experiment. The pH and temperature were monitored in order to determine the proportions of both ionized (NH4+) and un-ionized (NH3) forms of ammonia. Specific activities of several enzymes such as catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST's) were measured as well as the content of the soluble antioxidant glutathione and lipid peroxidation were determined as these parameters are considered as indicators of cell-level disorder. The results showed that ammonia is able to generate oxidative stress, expressed through an elevated GSH content and the enhancement of CAT, POD, GPx and GST's activities in treatments with elevated ammonia content. As the toxic mechanism of ammonia is a complex phenomenon, this work adds an additional point of view to explain in parts the oxidative stress generating effect of ammonia promoting oxidative stress. Additionally the different modes of action proposed by other research groups are discussed, thus trying to combine the various points of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Nimptsch
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, RG Biochemical Regulation, Müggelseedamm 301, D-12587 Berlin, Germany
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Nagy P, Ashby MT. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of the Glutathione Dimer by Hypochlorous Acid and Catalytic Reduction of the Chloroamine Product by Glutathione Reductase. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 20:79-87. [PMID: 17226929 DOI: 10.1021/tx060184g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) reacts with two molar equivalents of HOCl/OCl- (a neutrophil-derived oxidant and a common biocide) to form the dichloro (bis-N-chloro-gamma-l-glutamyl) derivative (NDG). The reaction of less than two molar equivalents of HOCl with GSSG does not yield the unsymmetrical monochloro derivative (NCG) but rather a stoichiometric amount of NDG and GSSG. This result is explained by a faster reaction of the second equivalent of HOCl with NCG than that of the first equivalent of HOCl with GSSG. The rates of reaction of GSSG2-, GSSG3-, and GSSG4- (successive deprotonation of the ammonium groups) have been investigated, and it is clear that GSSG2- is unreactive, whereas GSSG4- is about twice as reactive as GSSG3-. Accordingly, the following mechanism is proposed (constants for 5 degrees C): H+ + OCl- = HOCl, pK1 = -7.47; GSSG2- = GSSG3- + H+, pK2 = 8.5; GSSG3- = GSSG4- + H+, pK3 = 9.5; GSSG3- + HOCl --> NCG3- + H2O, k4 = 2.7(2) x 106 M-1 s-1; GSSG4- + HOCl --> NCG4- + H2O, k5 = 3.5(3) x 107 M-1 s-1; NCG3- --> NDG4- + H+, k6 = fast; and NCG4- + HOCl --> NDG4- + H2O, k7 = fast. At physiologic pH, the k4 pathway dominates. NDG decomposes at pH 7.4 in a first-order process with kdec = 4.22(1) x 10-4 s-1 (t1/2 = 27 min). Glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) is capable of catalyzing the reduction of NDG by NADPH. The only NDG-derived product that is observed (by NMR) after the reduction by NADPH is GSH. Thus, in the presence of the GOR/NADPH system, GSH is capable of redox buffering a 3/2 mol equiv of HOCl rather than a 1/2 mol equiv as previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA
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Harwood DT, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Production of glutathione sulfonamide and dehydroglutathione from GSH by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants and detection using a novel LC-MS/MS method. Biochem J 2006; 399:161-8. [PMID: 16846394 PMCID: PMC1570165 DOI: 10.1042/bj20060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
GSH is rapidly oxidized by HOCl (hypochlorous acid), which is produced physiologically by the neutrophil enzyme myeloperoxidase. It is converted into, mainly, oxidized glutathione. Glutathione sulfonamide is an additional product that is proposed to be covalently bonded between the cysteinyl thiol and amino group of the gamma-glutamyl residue of GSH. We have developed a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem MS assay for the detection and quantification of glutathione sulfonamide as well as GSH and GSSG. The assay was used to determine whether glutathione sulfonamide is a major product of the reaction between GSH and HOCl, and whether it is formed by other two-electron oxidants. At sub-stoichiometric ratios of HOCl to GSH, glutathione sulfonamide accounted for up to 32% of the GSH that was oxidized. It was also formed when HOCl was generated by myeloperoxidase and its yield increased with the flux of oxidant. Of the other oxidants tested, only hypobromous acid and peroxynitrite produced substantial amounts of glutathione sulfonamide, but much less than with HOCl. Chloramines were able to generate detectable levels only when at a stoichiometric excess over GSH. We conclude that glutathione sulfonamide is sufficiently selective for HOCl to be useful as a biomarker for myeloperoxidase activity in biological systems. We have also identified a novel oxidation product of GSH with a molecular weight two mass units less than GSH, which we have consequently named dehydroglutathione. Dehydroglutathione represented a few percent of the total products and was formed with all of the oxidants except H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tim Harwood
- Free Radical Research Group, Department of Pathology, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Song H, Bao S, Ramanadham S, Turk J. Effects of biological oxidants on the catalytic activity and structure of group VIA phospholipase A2. Biochemistry 2006; 45:6392-406. [PMID: 16700550 PMCID: PMC2044503 DOI: 10.1021/bi060502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta) is expressed in phagocytes, vascular cells, pancreatic islet beta-cells, neurons, and other cells and plays roles in transcriptional regulation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, secretion, and other events. A bromoenol lactone (BEL) suicide substrate used to study iPLA(2)beta functions inactivates iPLA(2)beta by alkylating Cys thiols. Because thiol redox reactions are important in signaling and some cells that express iPLA(2)beta produce biological oxidants, iPLA(2)beta might be subject to redox regulation. We report that biological concentrations of H(2)O(2), NO, and HOCl inactivate iPLA(2)beta, and this can be partially reversed by dithiothreitol (DTT). Oxidant-treated iPLA(2)beta modifications were studied by LC-MS/MS analyses of tryptic digests and included DTT-reversible events, e.g., formation of disulfide bonds and sulfenic acids, and others not so reversed, e.g., formation of sulfonic acids, Trp oxides, and Met sulfoxides. W(460) oxidation could cause irreversible inactivation because it is near the lipase consensus sequence ((463)GTSTG(467)), and site-directed mutagenesis of W(460) yields active mutant enzymes that exhibit no DTT-irreversible oxidative inactivation. Cys651-sulfenic acid formation could be one DTT-reversible inactivation event because Cys651 modification correlates closely with activity loss and its mutagenesis reduces sensitivity to inhibition. Intermolecular disulfide bond formation might also cause reversible inactivation because oxidant-treated iPLA(2)beta contains DTT-reducible oligomers, and oligomerization occurs with time- and temperature-dependent iPLA(2)beta inactivation that is attenuated by DTT or ATP. Subjecting insulinoma cells to oxidative stress induces iPLA(2)beta oligomerization, loss of activity, and subcellular redistribution and reduces the rate of release of arachidonate from phospholipids. These findings raise the possibility that redox reactions affect iPLA(2)beta functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Song
- Medicine Department Mass Spectrometry Facility, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Malle E, Marsche G, Arnhold J, Davies MJ. Modification of low-density lipoprotein by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants and reagent hypochlorous acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:392-415. [PMID: 16698314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence supports the notion that oxidative processes contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. The nature of the oxidants that give rise to the elevated levels of oxidised lipids and proteins, and decreased levels of antioxidants, detected in human atherosclerotic lesions are, however, unclear, with multiple species having been invoked. Over the last few years, considerable data have been obtained in support of the hypothesis that oxidants generated by the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase play a key role in oxidation reactions in the artery wall. In this article, the evidence for a role of myeloperoxidase, and oxidants generated therefrom, in the modification of low-density lipoprotein, the major source of lipids in atherosclerotic lesions, is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the reactions of the reactive species generated by this enzyme, the mechanisms and sites of damage, the role of modification of the different components of low-density lipoprotein, and the biological consequences of such oxidation on cell types present in the artery wall and in the circulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Malle
- Medical University Graz, Center of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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