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Li Z, Su M, Xie X, Wang P, Bi H, Li E, Ren K, Dong L, Lv Z, Ma X, Liu Y, Zhao B, Peng Y, Liu J, Liu L, Yang J, Ji P, Mei Y. mDia formins form hetero-oligomers and cooperatively maintain murine hematopoiesis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011084. [PMID: 38157491 PMCID: PMC10756686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
mDia formin proteins regulate the dynamics and organization of the cytoskeleton through their linear actin nucleation and polymerization activities. We previously showed that mDia1 deficiency leads to aberrant innate immune activation and induces myelodysplasia in a mouse model, and mDia2 regulates enucleation and cytokinesis of erythroblasts and the engraftment of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). However, whether and how mDia formins interplay and regulate hematopoiesis under physiological and stress conditions remains unknown. Here, we found that both mDia1 and mDia2 are required for HSPC regeneration under stress, such as serial plating, aging, and reconstitution after myeloid ablation. We showed that mDia1 and mDia2 form hetero-oligomers through the interactions between mDia1 GBD-DID and mDia2 DAD domains. Double knockout of mDia1 and mDia2 in hematopoietic cells synergistically impaired the filamentous actin network and serum response factor-involved transcriptional signaling, which led to declined HSPCs, severe anemia, and significant mortality in neonates and newborn mice. Our data demonstrate the potential roles of mDia hetero-oligomerization and their non-rodent functions in the regulation of HSPCs activity and orchestration of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinshu Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Honghao Bi
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ermin Li
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kehan Ren
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lili Dong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyi Lv
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezhen Ma
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Baobing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanliang Peng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital; Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University; Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital; Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University; Changsha, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yang Mei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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2
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Palshikar MG, Min X, Crystal A, Meng J, Hilchey SP, Zand MS, Thakar J. Executable Network Models of Integrated Multiomics Data. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:1546-1556. [PMID: 37000949 PMCID: PMC10167691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiomics profiling provides a holistic picture of a condition being examined and captures the complexity of signaling events, beginning from the original cause (environmental or genetic), to downstream functional changes at multiple molecular layers. Pathway enrichment analysis has been used with multiomics data sets to characterize signaling mechanisms. However, technical and biological variability between these layered data limit an integrative computational analyses. We present a Boolean network-based method, multiomics Boolean Omics Network Invariant-Time Analysis (mBONITA), to integrate omics data sets that quantify multiple molecular layers. mBONITA utilizes prior knowledge networks to perform topology-based pathway analysis. In addition, mBONITA identifies genes that are consistently modulated across molecular measurements by combining observed fold-changes and variance, with a measure of node (i.e., gene or protein) influence over signaling, and a measure of the strength of evidence for that gene across data sets. We used mBONITA to integrate multiomics data sets from RAMOS B cells treated with the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine A under varying O2 tensions to identify pathways involved in hypoxia-mediated chemotaxis. We compare mBONITA's performance with 6 other pathway analysis methods designed for multiomics data and show that mBONITA identifies a set of pathways with evidence of modulation across all omics layers. mBONITA is freely available at https://github.com/Thakar-Lab/mBONITA.
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Becker KN, Pettee KM, Sugrue A, Reinard KA, Schroeder JL, Eisenmann KM. The Cytoskeleton Effectors Rho-Kinase (ROCK) and Mammalian Diaphanous-Related (mDia) Formin Have Dynamic Roles in Tumor Microtube Formation in Invasive Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2022; 11:1559. [PMID: 35563863 PMCID: PMC9103681 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a progressive and lethal brain cancer. Malignant control of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal mechanics facilitates two major GBM therapeutic resistance strategies-diffuse invasion and tumor microtube network formation. Actin and microtubule reorganization is controlled by Rho-GTPases, which exert their effects through downstream effector protein activation, including Rho-associated kinases (ROCK) 1 and 2 and mammalian diaphanous-related (mDia) formins (mDia1, 2, and 3). Precise spatial and temporal balancing of the activity between these effectors dictates cell shape, adhesion turnover, and motility. Using small molecules targeting mDia, we demonstrated that global agonism (IMM02) was superior to antagonism (SMIFH2) as anti-invasion strategies in GBM spheroids. Here, we use IDH-wild-type GBM patient-derived cell models and a novel semi-adherent in vitro system to investigate the relationship between ROCK and mDia in invasion and tumor microtube networks. IMM02-mediated mDia agonism disrupts invasion in GBM patient-derived spheroid models, in part by inducing mDia expression loss and tumor microtube network collapse. Pharmacological disruption of ROCK prevented invasive cell-body movement away from GBM spheres, yet induced ultralong, phenotypically abnormal tumor microtube formation. Simultaneously targeting mDia and ROCK did not enhance the anti-invasive/-tumor microtube effects of IMM02. Our data reveal that targeting mDia is a viable GBM anti-invasion/-tumor microtube networking strategy, while ROCK inhibition is contraindicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn N. Becker
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
| | - Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
| | - Amanda Sugrue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Heidelberg, Tiffin, OH 44883, USA;
| | - Kevin A. Reinard
- Division of Neurosurgery, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.A.R.); (J.L.S.)
| | - Jason L. Schroeder
- Division of Neurosurgery, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (K.A.R.); (J.L.S.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; (K.N.B.); (K.M.P.)
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4
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Chang S, Huang G, Wang D, Zhu W, Shi J, Yang L, Liang W, Xie Q, Zhang D. Rice SIAH E3 Ligases Interact with RMD Formin and Affect Plant Morphology. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 15:6. [PMID: 35075530 PMCID: PMC8786996 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-022-00554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Formins are actin-binding proteins that are key to maintaining the actin cytoskeleton in cells. However, molecular mechanisms controlling the stability of formin proteins in plants remain unknown. Here, we have identified six rice SIAH-type E3 ligases, named RIP1-6 (RMD Interacting Protein 1-6) respectively, with ubiquitination enzyme activity in vitro. All six proteins can form homo- and hetero-dimers with themselves, and hetero-dimers with type II formin RMD/OsFH5. In vivo assays showed that RIP1-6 proteins localize in the cytoplasm with a punctate distribution, and all of them interact with RMD to change its native diffuse cytoplasmic localization to match that of RIP1-6. To our surprise, degradation experiments revealed that RIP1, RIP5, and RIP6 decrease rather than increase the degradation rate of RMD. Genetic analyses revealed redundancy between these six genes; either single or double mutants did not show any obvious phenotypes. However, the sextuple rip1-6 mutant displayed dwarf height, wrinkled seeds and wider leaves that were similar to the previously reported rmd mutant, and defective microfilaments and increased flag leaf angles that were not reported in rmd mutant. Collectively, our study provides insights into the mechanisms determining formin protein stability in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Chang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoxiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanwan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Lau EOC, Damiani D, Chehade G, Ruiz-Reig N, Saade R, Jossin Y, Aittaleb M, Schakman O, Tajeddine N, Gailly P, Tissir F. DIAPH3 deficiency links microtubules to mitotic errors, defective neurogenesis, and brain dysfunction. eLife 2021; 10:e61974. [PMID: 33899739 PMCID: PMC8102060 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaphanous (DIAPH) three (DIAPH3) is a member of the formin proteins that have the capacity to nucleate and elongate actin filaments and, therefore, to remodel the cytoskeleton. DIAPH3 is essential for cytokinesis as its dysfunction impairs the contractile ring and produces multinucleated cells. Here, we report that DIAPH3 localizes at the centrosome during mitosis and regulates the assembly and bipolarity of the mitotic spindle. DIAPH3-deficient cells display disorganized cytoskeleton and multipolar spindles. DIAPH3 deficiency disrupts the expression and/or stability of several proteins including the kinetochore-associated protein SPAG5. DIAPH3 and SPAG5 have similar expression patterns in the developing brain and overlapping subcellular localization during mitosis. Knockdown of SPAG5 phenocopies DIAPH3 deficiency, whereas its overexpression rescues the DIAHP3 knockdown phenotype. Conditional inactivation of Diaph3 in mouse cerebral cortex profoundly disrupts neurogenesis, depleting cortical progenitors and neurons, leading to cortical malformation and autistic-like behavior. Our data uncover the uncharacterized functions of DIAPH3 and provide evidence that this protein belongs to a molecular toolbox that links microtubule dynamics during mitosis to aneuploidy, cell death, fate determination defects, and cortical malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva On-Chai Lau
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Devid Damiani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Georges Chehade
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Rana Saade
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Yves Jossin
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Mammalian Development and Cell BiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Olivier Schakman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Cell PhysiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Nicolas Tajeddine
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Cell PhysiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Philippe Gailly
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Cell PhysiologyBrusselsBelgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental NeurobiologyBrusselsBelgium
- College of Health and Life Sciences, HBKUDohaQatar
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6
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Negative control of cytokinesis by stress-activated MAPK signaling. Curr Genet 2021; 67:715-721. [PMID: 33791858 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-021-01155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways regulate multiple cellular functions in eukaryotic organisms in response to environmental cues, including the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The fission yeast S. pombe is an optimal model to investigate the conserved regulatory mechanisms of cytokinesis, which relies in an actomyosin-based contractile ring (CAR) that prompts the physical separation of daughter cells during cellular division. Our group has recently shown that p38 MAPK ortholog Sty1, the core component of the stress-activated pathway (SAPK), negatively modulates CAR assembly and integrity in S. pombe during actin cytoskeletal damage induced with Latrunculin A and in response to environmental stress. This response involves downregulation of protein levels of the formin For3, which assembles actin filaments for cables and the CAR, likely through an ubiquitin-mediated degradation mechanism. Contrariwise, Sty1 function positively reinforces CAR assembly during stress in the close relative dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus. The opposite effect of SAPK signaling on CAR integrity may represent an evolutionary refined adaptation to cope with the marked differences in cytokinesis onset in both fission yeast species.
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7
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Liu Y, Mei Y, Han X, Korobova FV, Prado MA, Yang J, Peng Z, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Finley D, Ji P. Membrane skeleton modulates erythroid proteome remodeling and organelle clearance. Blood 2021; 137:398-409. [PMID: 33036023 PMCID: PMC7819763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The final stages of mammalian erythropoiesis involve enucleation, membrane and proteome remodeling, and organelle clearance. Concomitantly, the erythroid membrane skeleton establishes a unique pseudohexagonal spectrin meshwork that is connected to the membrane through junctional complexes. The mechanism and signaling pathways involved in the coordination of these processes are unclear. The results of our study revealed an unexpected role of the membrane skeleton in the modulation of proteome remodeling and organelle clearance during the final stages of erythropoiesis. We found that diaphanous-related formin mDia2 is a master regulator of the integrity of the membrane skeleton through polymerization of actin protofilament in the junctional complex. The mDia2-deficient terminal erythroid cell contained a disorganized and rigid membrane skeleton that was ineffective in detaching the extruded nucleus. In addition, the disrupted skeleton failed to activate the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) complex, which led to a global defect in proteome remodeling, endolysosomal trafficking, and autophagic organelle clearance. Chmp5, a component of the ESCRT-III complex, is regulated by mDia2-dependent activation of the serum response factor and is essential for membrane remodeling and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Mice with loss of Chmp5 in hematopoietic cells in vivo resembled the phenotypes in mDia2-knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of Chmp5 in mDia2-deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells significantly restored terminal erythropoiesis in vivo. These findings reveal a formin-regulated signaling pathway that connects the membrane skeleton to proteome remodeling, enucleation, and organelle clearance during terminal erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Farida V Korobova
- Center for Advanced Microscopy, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
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8
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Gómez-Gil E, Martín-García R, Vicente-Soler J, Franco A, Vázquez-Marín B, Prieto-Ruiz F, Soto T, Pérez P, Madrid M, Cansado J. Stress-activated MAPK signaling controls fission yeast actomyosin ring integrity by modulating formin For3 levels. eLife 2020; 9:57951. [PMID: 32915139 PMCID: PMC7511234 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis, which enables the physical separation of daughter cells once mitosis has been completed, is executed in fungal and animal cells by a contractile actin- and myosin-based ring (CAR). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the formin For3 nucleates actin cables and also co-operates for CAR assembly during cytokinesis. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate essential adaptive responses in eukaryotic organisms to environmental changes. We show that the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (SAPK) and its effector, MAPK Sty1, downregulates CAR assembly in S. pombe when its integrity becomes compromised during cytoskeletal damage and stress by reducing For3 levels. Accurate control of For3 levels by the SAPK pathway may thus represent a novel regulatory mechanism of cytokinesis outcome in response to environmental cues. Conversely, SAPK signaling favors CAR assembly and integrity in its close relative Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, revealing a remarkable evolutionary divergence of this response within the fission yeast clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gómez-Gil
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Martín-García
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vázquez-Marín
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departamento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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9
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Manohar S, Yu Q, Gygi SP, King RW. The Insulin Receptor Adaptor IRS2 is an APC/C Substrate That Promotes Cell Cycle Protein Expression and a Robust Spindle Assembly Checkpoint. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1450-1467. [PMID: 32554797 PMCID: PMC8143631 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an essential adaptor that mediates signaling downstream of the insulin receptor and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Transduction through IRS2-dependent pathways is important for coordinating metabolic homeostasis, and dysregulation of IRS2 causes systemic insulin signaling defects. Despite the importance of maintaining proper IRS2 abundance, little is known about what factors mediate its protein stability. We conducted an unbiased proteomic screen to uncover novel substrates of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), a ubiquitin ligase that controls the abundance of key cell cycle regulators. We found that IRS2 levels are regulated by APC/C activity and that IRS2 is a direct APC/C target in G1 Consistent with the APC/C's role in degrading cell cycle regulators, quantitative proteomic analysis of IRS2-null cells revealed a deficiency in proteins involved in cell cycle progression. We further show that cells lacking IRS2 display a weakened spindle assembly checkpoint in cells treated with microtubule inhibitors. Together, these findings reveal a new pathway for IRS2 turnover and indicate that IRS2 is a component of the cell cycle control system in addition to acting as an essential metabolic regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Manohar
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall W King
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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10
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Argenzio E, Innocenti M. The chloride intracellular channel protein CLIC4 inhibits filopodium formation induced by constitutively active mutants of formin mDia2. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1750-1758. [PMID: 32145706 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4) functions in diverse actin-dependent processes. Upon Rho activation, CLIC4 reversibly translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane to regulate cell adhesion and migration. At the plasma membrane, CLIC4 counters the formation of filopodia, which requires actin assembly by the formin mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)2. To this end, mDia2 must be activated through conversion from the closed to the open conformation. Thus, CLIC4 could harness the activation or the open conformation of mDia2 to inhibit filopodium formation. Here, we find that CLIC4 silencing enhances the filopodia induced by two constitutively active mDia2 mutants. Furthermore, we report that CLIC4 binds the actin-regulatory region of mDia2 in vitro. These results suggest that CLIC4 modulates the activity of the open conformation of mDia2, shedding new light into how cells may control filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Argenzio
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Metello Innocenti
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Germany
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11
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Sato Y, Kamijo K, Tsutsumi M, Murakami Y, Takahashi M. Nonmuscle myosin IIA and IIB differently suppress microtubule growth to stabilize cell morphology. J Biochem 2019; 167:25-39. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Precise regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics is important in many fundamental cellular processes such as cell shape determination. Actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons mutually regulate their stability and dynamics. Nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) is a candidate protein that mediates the actin–MT crosstalk. NMII regulates the stability and dynamics of actin filaments to control cell morphology. Additionally, previous reports suggest that NMII-dependent cellular contractility regulates MT dynamics, and MTs also control cell morphology; however, the detailed mechanism whereby NMII regulates MT dynamics and the relationship among actin dynamics, MT dynamics and cell morphology remain unclear. The present study explores the roles of two well-characterized NMII isoforms, NMIIA and NMIIB, on the regulation of MT growth dynamics and cell morphology. We performed RNAi and drug experiments and demonstrated the NMII isoform-specific mechanisms—NMIIA-dependent cellular contractility upregulates the expression of some mammalian diaphanous-related formin (mDia) proteins that suppress MT dynamics; NMIIB-dependent inhibition of actin depolymerization suppresses MT growth independently of cellular contractility. The depletion of either NMIIA or NMIIB resulted in the increase in cellular morphological dynamicity, which was alleviated by the perturbation of MT dynamics. Thus, the NMII-dependent control of cell morphology significantly relies on MT dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Sato
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Keiju Kamijo
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino-ku, Sendai Miyagi, Japan
| | - Motosuke Tsutsumi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yota Murakami
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo Hokkaido, Japan
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12
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Cytoplasmic sequestration of the RhoA effector mDiaphanous1 by Prohibitin2 promotes muscle differentiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8302. [PMID: 31165762 PMCID: PMC6549159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation is controlled by adhesion and growth factor-dependent signalling through common effectors that regulate muscle-specific transcriptional programs. Here we report that mDiaphanous1, an effector of adhesion-dependent RhoA-signalling, negatively regulates myogenesis at the level of Myogenin expression. In myotubes, over-expression of mDia1ΔN3, a RhoA-independent mutant, suppresses Myogenin promoter activity and expression. We investigated mDia1-interacting proteins that may counteract mDia1 to permit Myogenin expression and timely differentiation. Using yeast two-hybrid and mass-spectrometric analysis, we report that mDia1 has a stage-specific interactome, including Prohibitin2, MyoD, Akt2, and β-Catenin, along with a number of proteosomal and mitochondrial components. Of these interacting partners, Prohibitin2 colocalises with mDia1 in cytoplasmic punctae in myotubes. We mapped the interacting domains of mDia1 and Phb2, and used interacting (mDia1ΔN3/Phb2 FL or mDia1ΔN3/Phb2-Carboxy) and non-interacting pairs (mDia1H + P/Phb2 FL or mDia1ΔN3/Phb2-Amino) to dissect the functional consequences of this partnership on Myogenin promoter activity. Co-expression of full-length as well as mDia1-interacting domains of Prohibitin2 reverse the anti-myogenic effects of mDia1ΔN3, while non-interacting regions do not. Our results suggest that Prohibitin2 sequesters mDia1, dampens its anti-myogenic activity and fine-tunes RhoA-mDia1 signalling to promote differentiation. Overall, we report that mDia1 is multi-functional signalling effector whose anti-myogenic activity is modulated by a differentiation-dependent interactome. The data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD012257.
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13
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Multiple roles of the actin and microtubule-regulating formins in the developing brain. Neurosci Res 2019; 138:59-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Dvorak KM, Pettee KM, Rubinic-Minotti K, Su R, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Eisenmann KM. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote breast cancer motility by suppressing mammalian Diaphanous-related formin-2 (mDia2). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195278. [PMID: 29596520 PMCID: PMC5875872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. An important step in the shift to a pro-cancerous microenvironment is the transformation of normal stromal fibroblasts to carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are present in a majority of solid tumors and can directly promote tumor cell motility via cytokine, chemokine and growth factor secretion into the TME. The exact effects that the TME has upon cytoskeletal regulation in motile tumor cells remain enigmatic. The conserved formin family of cytoskeleton regulating proteins plays an essential role in the assembly and/or bundling of unbranched actin filaments. Mammalian Diaphanous-related formin 2 (mDia2/DIAPH3/Drf3/Dia) assembles a dynamic F-actin cytoskeleton that underlies tumor cell migration and invasion. We therefore sought to understand whether CAF-derived chemokines impact breast tumor cell motility through modification of the formin-assembled F-actin cytoskeleton. In MDA-MB-231 cells, conditioned media (CM) from WS19T CAFs, a human breast tumor-adjacent CAF line, significantly and robustly increased wound closure and invasion relative to normal human mammary fibroblast (HMF)-CM. WS19T-CM also promoted proteasome-mediated mDia2 degradation in MDA-MB-231 cells relative to control HMF-CM and WS21T CAF-CM, a breast CAF cell line that failed to promote robust MDA-MB-231 migration. Cytokine array analysis of CM identified up-regulated secreted factors in WS19T relative to control WS21T CM. We identified CXCL12 as a CM factor influencing loss of mDia2 protein while increasing MDA-MB-231 cell migration. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CAFs promote tumor cell migration and invasion through CXCL12 secretion to regulate the mDia2-directed cytoskeleton in breast tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Dvorak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Krista M. Pettee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Rubinic-Minotti
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrea Nestor-Kalinoski
- Department of Surgery, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kathryn M. Eisenmann
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Breznau EB, Murt M, Blasius TL, Verhey KJ, Miller AL. The MgcRacGAP SxIP motif tethers Centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in Xenopus laevis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1809-1821. [PMID: 28389580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member MKLP1 and MgcRacGAP (also known as Kif23 and Racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. During anaphase, Centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the GEF Ect2 to the cell equator to activate RhoA. We found that MgcRacGAP localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. How MgcRacGAP is stabilized at microtubule plus ends is unknown. We identified an SxIP motif in X. laevis MgcRacGAP that is conserved with other proteins that bind to EB1 (also known as Mapre1), a microtubule plus-end tracking protein. Mutation of the SxIP motif in MgcRacGAP resulted in loss of MgcRacGAP tracking with EB3 (also known as Mapre3) on growing microtubule plus ends, abnormal astral microtubule organization, redistribution of MgcRacGAP from the contractile ring to the polar cell cortex, and mislocalization of RhoA and its downstream targets, which together contributed to severe cytokinesis defects. Furthermore, mutation of the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif perturbed adherens junctions. We propose that the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif is functionally important both for its role in regulating adherens junction structure during interphase and for regulating Rho GTPase activity during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina B Breznau
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megan Murt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ann L Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Remodeling of the Inner Hair Cell Microtubule Meshwork in a Mouse Model of Auditory Neuropathy AUNA1. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0295-16. [PMID: 28058271 PMCID: PMC5197407 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0295-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Auditory neuropathy 1 (AUNA1) is a form of human deafness resulting from a point mutation in the 5′ untranslated region of the Diaphanous homolog 3 (DIAPH3) gene. Notably, the DIAPH3 mutation leads to the overexpression of the DIAPH3 protein, a formin family member involved in cytoskeleton dynamics. Through study of diap3-overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice, we examine in further detail the anatomical, functional, and molecular mechanisms underlying AUNA1. We identify diap3 as a component of the hair cells apical pole in wild-type mice. In the diap3-overexpressing Tg mice, which show a progressive threshold shift associated with a defect in inner hair cells (IHCs), the neurotransmitter release and potassium conductances are not affected. Strikingly, the overexpression of diap3 results in a selective and early-onset alteration of the IHC cuticular plate. Molecular dissection of the apical components revealed that the microtubule meshwork first undergoes aberrant targeting into the cuticular plate of Tg IHCs, followed by collapse of the stereociliary bundle, with eventual loss of the IHC capacity to transmit incoming auditory stimuli.
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17
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Damiani D, Goffinet AM, Alberts A, Tissir F. Lack of Diaph3 relaxes the spindle checkpoint causing the loss of neural progenitors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13509. [PMID: 27848932 PMCID: PMC5476800 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diaphanous homologue Diaph3 (aka mDia2) is a major regulator of actin cytoskeleton. Loss of Diaph3 has been constantly associated with cytokinesis failure ascribed to impaired accumulation of actin in the cleavage furrow. Here we report that Diaph3 is required before cell fission, to ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes. Inactivation of the Diaph3 gene causes a massive loss of cortical progenitor cells, with subsequent depletion of intermediate progenitors and neurons, and results in microcephaly. In embryonic brain extracts, Diaph3 co-immunoprecipitates with BubR1, a key regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Diaph3-deficient cortical progenitors have decreased levels of BubR1 and fail to properly activate the SAC. Hence, they bypass mitotic arrest and embark on anaphase in spite of incorrect chromosome segregation, generating aneuploidy. Our data identify Diaph3 as a major guard of cortical progenitors, unravel novel functions of Diaphanous formins and add insights into the pathobiology of microcephaly. Molecular mechanisms that control the division of neural progenitor cells are only partially understood. Here the authors show that Diaph3 is critical for spindle checkpoint activity in cortical progenitor cells as the loss of Diaph3 leads to apoptosis of progenitor cells and eventually results in microcephaly in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devid Damiani
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium.,Developmental Neurobiology Unit, WELBIO, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - André M Goffinet
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium.,Developmental Neurobiology Unit, WELBIO, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Arthur Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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18
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Isogai T, van der Kammen R, Bleijerveld OB, Goerdayal SS, Argenzio E, Altelaar AFM, Innocenti M. Quantitative Proteomics Illuminates a Functional Interaction between mDia2 and the Proteasome. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4624-4637. [PMID: 27769112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Formin mDia2 is a cytoskeleton-regulatory protein that switches reversibly between a closed, autoinhibited and an open, active conformation. Although the open conformation of mDia2 induces actin assembly thereby controlling many cellular processes, mDia2 possesses also actin-independent and conformation-insensitive scaffolding roles related to microtubules and p53, respectively. Thus, we hypothesize that mDia2 may have other unappreciated functions and regulatory modes. Here we identify and validate proteasome and Ubiquitin as mDia2-interacting partners using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative proteomics and biochemistry, respectively. Although mDia2 is ubiquitinated, binds ubiquitinated proteins and free Ubiquitin, it is not a proteasome substrate. Surprisingly, knockdown of mDia2 increases the activity of the proteasome in vitro, whereas mDia2 overexpression has opposite effects only when it adopts the open conformation and cannot induce actin assembly. Consistently, a combination of candidate and unbiased proteome-wide analyses indicates that mDia2 regulates the cellular levels of proteasome substrate β-catenin and a number of ubiquitinated actin-regulatory proteins. Hence, these findings add more complexity to the mDia2 activity cycle by showing that the open conformation may control actin dynamics also through actin-independent regulation of the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Soenita S Goerdayal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University , 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Centre and Cancer Genomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Chan CK, Pan Y, Nyberg K, Marra MA, Lim EL, Jones SJM, Maar D, Gibb EA, Gunaratne PH, Robertson AG, Rowat AC. Tumour-suppressor microRNAs regulate ovarian cancer cell physical properties and invasive behaviour. Open Biol 2016; 6:160275. [PMID: 27906134 PMCID: PMC5133448 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of pathways that regulate malignant transformation can be influenced by microRNAs (miRs). Recently, we showed that increased expression of five tumour-suppressor miRs, miR-508-3p, miR-508-5p, miR-509-3p, miR-509-5p and miR-130b-3p, correlate with improved clinical outcomes in human ovarian cancer patients, and that miR-509-3p attenuates invasion of ovarian cancer cell lines. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying this reduced invasive potential by assessing the impact of these five miRs on the physical properties of cells. Human ovarian cancer cells (HEYA8, OVCAR8) that are transfected with miR mimics representing these five miRs exhibit decreased invasion through collagen matrices, increased cell size and reduced deformability as measured by microfiltration and microfluidic assays. To understand the molecular basis of altered invasion and deformability induced by these miRs, we use predicted and validated mRNA targets that encode structural and signalling proteins that regulate cell mechanical properties. Combined with analysis of gene transcripts by real-time PCR and image analysis of F-actin in single cells, our results suggest that these tumour-suppressor miRs may alter cell physical properties by regulating the actin cytoskeleton. Our findings provide biophysical insights into how tumour-suppressor miRs can regulate the invasive behaviour of ovarian cancer cells, and identify potential therapeutic targets that may be implicated in ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara K Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yinghong Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kendra Nyberg
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marco A Marra
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emilia L Lim
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dianna Maar
- Bio-Rad Laboratories, The Digital Biology Center, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Ewan A Gibb
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Gordon Robertson
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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20
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Control of Formin Distribution and Actin Cable Assembly by the E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Dma1 and Dma2. Genetics 2016; 204:205-20. [PMID: 27449057 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.189258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Formins are widespread actin-polymerizing proteins that play pivotal roles in a number of processes, such as cell polarity, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and cell migration. In agreement with their crucial function, formins are prone to a variety of regulatory mechanisms that include autoinhibition, post-translational modifications, and interaction with formin modulators. Furthermore, activation and function of formins is intimately linked to their ability to interact with membranes. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the two formins Bni1 and Bnr1 play both separate and overlapping functions in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, they are controlled by both common and different regulatory mechanisms. Here we show that proper localization of both formins requires the redundant E3 ubiquitin ligases Dma1 and Dma2, which were previously involved in spindle positioning and septin organization. In dma1 dma2 double mutants, formin distribution at polarity sites is impaired, thus causing defects in the organization of the actin cable network and hypersensitivity to the actin depolymerizer latrunculin B. Expression of a hyperactive variant of Bni1 (Bni1-V360D) rescues these defects and partially restores proper spindle positioning in the mutant, suggesting that the failure of dma1 dma2 mutant cells to position the spindle is partly due to faulty formin activity. Strikingly, Dma1/2 interact physically with both formins, while their ubiquitin-ligase activity is required for formin function and polarized localization. Thus, ubiquitylation of formin or a formin interactor(s) could promote formin binding to membrane and its ability to nucleate actin. Altogether, our data highlight a novel level of formin regulation that further expands our knowledge of the complex and multilayered controls of these key cytoskeleton organizers.
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21
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Chandrasekaran AP, Suresh B, Kim HH, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Concise Review: Fate Determination of Stem Cells by Deubiquitinating Enzymes. Stem Cells 2016; 35:9-16. [PMID: 27341175 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by ubiquitin molecules is a key regulatory process for stem cell fate determination. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination are the major cellular processes used to balance the protein turnover of several transcription factors that regulate stem cell differentiation. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which facilitate the processing of ubiquitin, significantly influence stem cell fate choices. Specifically, DUBs play a critical regulatory role during development by directing the production of new specialized cells. This review focuses on the regulatory role of DUBs in various cellular processes, including stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, adult stem cell signaling, cellular reprogramming, spermatogenesis, and oogenesis. Specifically, the identification of interactions of DUBs with core transcription factors has provided new insight into the role of DUBs in regulating stem cell fate determination. Thus, DUBs have emerged as key pharmacologic targets in the search to develop highly specific agents to treat various illnesses. Stem Cells 2017;35:9-16.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyongbum Henry Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Shao X, Kawauchi K, Shivashankar GV, Bershadsky AD. Novel localization of formin mDia2: importin β-mediated delivery to and retention at the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope. Biol Open 2015; 4:1569-75. [PMID: 26519515 PMCID: PMC4728353 DOI: 10.1242/bio.013649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The formin family proteins are important regulators of actin polymerization that are involved in many cellular processes. However, little is known about their specific cellular localizations. Here, we show that Diaphanous-related formin-3 (mDia2) localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope. This localization of mDia2 to the nuclear rim required the presence of a nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence at the mDia2 N-terminal. Consistent with this result, super-resolution images demonstrated that at the nuclear rim, mDia2 co-localized with the nuclear pore complexes and a nuclear transport receptor, importin β. Furthermore, an interaction between mDia2 and importin β was detected by immunoprecipitation, and silencing of importin β was shown to attenuate accumulation of mDia2 to the nuclear rim. We have shown previously that Ca2+ entry leads to the assembly of perinuclear actin rim in an inverted formin 2 (INF2) dependent manner. mDia2, however, was not involved in this process since abolishing its localization at the nuclear rim by silencing of importin β had no effect on actin assembly at the nuclear rim triggered by Ca2+ stimulation. Summary: Formin mDia2 accumulates to the cytoplasmic side of the nuclear envelope and co-localizes with the nuclear pore complexes in an importin β-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Shao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Keiko Kawauchi
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - G V Shivashankar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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23
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Shevchenko G. Participation of proteins binding both actin filaments and microtubules in higher plant cell growth. CYTOL GENET+ 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271504009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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SMIFH2 has effects on Formins and p53 that perturb the cell cytoskeleton. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9802. [PMID: 25925024 PMCID: PMC5386218 DOI: 10.1038/srep09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Formin proteins are key regulators of the cytoskeleton involved in developmental and homeostatic programs, and human disease. For these reasons, small molecules interfering with Formins' activity have gained increasing attention. Among them, small molecule inhibitor of Formin Homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) is often used as a pharmacological Formin blocker. Although SMIFH2 inhibits actin polymerization by Formins and affects the actin cytoskeleton, its cellular mechanism of action and target specificity remain unclear. Here we show that SMIFH2 induces remodelling of actin filaments, microtubules and the Golgi complex as a result of its effects on Formins and p53. We found that SMIFH2 triggers alternated depolymerization-repolymerization cycles of actin and tubulin, increases cell migration, causes scattering of the Golgi complex, and also cytotoxicity at high dose. Moreover, SMIFH2 reduces expression and activity of p53 through a post-transcriptional, proteasome-independent mechanism that influences remodelling of the cytoskeleton. As the action of SMIFH2 may go beyond Formin inhibition, only short-term and low-dose SMIFH2 treatments minimize confounding effects induced by loss of p53 and cytotoxicity.
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25
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Isogai T, van der Kammen R, Goerdayal SS, Heck AJR, Altelaar AFM, Innocenti M. Proteomic analyses uncover a new function and mode of action for mouse homolog of Diaphanous 2 (mDia2). Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1064-78. [PMID: 25682332 PMCID: PMC4390252 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
mDia2 is an auto-inhibited Formin influencing actin dynamics upon conversion to the active conformation. mDia2 regulates actin-based protrusions and cell invasion, cell differentiation, vesicle trafficking, and cytokinesis. However, whether mDia2 has additional functions and how its action is functionally specified remain unknown. Here we draw the interactome of auto-inhibited and constitutively active mDia2 to address these issues. We embed mDia2 in protein networks accounting for its attributed functions and unexpectedly link it to the Ubiquitin Proteasome System. Taking FBXO3 as a test case, we show that mDia2 binds FBXO3 and p53, and regulates p53 transcriptional activity in an actin-nucleation-independent and conformation-insensitive manner. Increased mDia2 and FBXO3 levels elevate p53 activity and expression thereby sensitizing cells to p53-dependent apoptosis, whereas their decrease produces opposite effects. Thus, we discover a new role of mDia2 in p53 regulation suggesting that the closed conformation is biologically active and an FBXO3-based mechanism to functionally specify mDia2's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadamoto Isogai
- From the ‡Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Kammen
- From the ‡Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Soenita S Goerdayal
- §Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- §Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; ¶Netherlands Proteomics Centre and Cancer Genomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- §Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; ¶Netherlands Proteomics Centre and Cancer Genomics Centre, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Metello Innocenti
- From the ‡Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Zhang Y, Wang F, Niu YJ, Liu HL, Rui R, Cui XS, Kim NH, Sun SC. Formin mDia1, a downstream molecule of FMNL1, regulates Profilin1 for actin assembly and spindle organization during mouse oocyte meiosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:317-27. [PMID: 25447542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian diaphanous1 (mDia1) is a homologue of Drosophila diaphanous and belongs to the Formin-homology family of proteins that catalyze actin nucleation and polymerization. Although Formin family proteins, such as Drosophila diaphanous, have been shown to be essential for cytokinesis, whether and how mDia1 functions during meiosis remain uncertain. In this study, we explored possible roles and the signaling pathway involved for mDia1 using a mouse oocyte model. mDia1 depletion reduced polar body extrusion, which may have been due to reduced cortical actin assembly. mDia1 and Profilin1 had similar localization patterns in mouse oocytes and mDia1 knockdown resulted in reduced Profilin1 expression. Depleting FMNL1, another Formin family member, resulted in reduced mDia1 expression, while RhoA inhibition did not alter mDia1 expression, which indicated that there was a FMNL1-mDia1-Profilin1 signaling pathway in mouse oocytes. Additionally, mDia1 knockdown resulted in disrupting oocyte spindle morphology, which was confirmed by aberrant p-MAPK localization. Thus, these results demonstrated indispensable roles for mDia1 in regulating mouse oocyte meiotic maturation through its effects on actin assembly and spindle organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying-Jie Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong-Lin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rong Rui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Inhibition of Nek2 by small molecules affects proteasome activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:273180. [PMID: 25313354 PMCID: PMC4182079 DOI: 10.1155/2014/273180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background. Nek2 is a serine/threonine kinase localized to the centrosome. It promotes cell cycle progression from G2 to M by inducing centrosome separation. Recent studies have shown that high Nek2 expression is correlated with drug resistance in multiple myeloma patients. Materials and Methods. To investigate the role of Nek2 in bortezomib resistance, we ectopically overexpressed Nek2 in several cancer cell lines, including multiple myeloma lines. Small-molecule inhibitors of Nek2 were discovered using an in-house library of compounds. We tested the inhibitors on proteasome and cell cycle activity in several cell lines. Results. Proteasome activity was elevated in Nek2-overexpressing cell lines. The Nek2 inhibitors inhibited proteasome activity in these cancer cell lines. Treatment with these inhibitors resulted in inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation of several cell cycle regulators in HeLa cells, leaving them arrested in G2/M. Combining these Nek2 inhibitors with bortezomib increased the efficacy of bortezomib in decreasing proteasome activity in vitro. Treatment with these novel Nek2 inhibitors successfully mitigated drug resistance in bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma. Conclusion. Nek2 plays a central role in proteasome-mediated cell cycle regulation and in conferring resistance to bortezomib in cancer cells. Taken together, our results introduce Nek2 as a therapeutic target in bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma.
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Abstract
Cytokinesis, the terminal event in the canonical cell cycle, physically separates daughter cells following mitosis. For cleavage to occur in many eukaryotes, a cytokinetic ring must assemble and constrict between divided genomes. Although dozens of different molecules localize to and participate within the cytokinetic ring, the core machinery comprises linear actin filaments. Accordingly, formins, which nucleate and elongate F-actin (filamentous actin) for the cytokinetic ring, are required for cytokinesis in diverse species. In the present article, we discuss specific modes of formin-based actin regulation during cell division and highlight emerging mechanisms and questions on this topic.
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Perchellet JPH, Perchellet EM, Singh CR, Monnett MT, Studer ER, Thornton PD, Brown N, Hill D, Neuenswander B, Lushington GH, Santini C, Buszek KR. Mechanisms by which synthetic 6,7-annulated-4-substituted indole compounds with anti-proliferative activity disrupt mitosis and block cytokinesis in human HL-60 tumor cells in vitro. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:1643-1655. [PMID: 24692693 PMCID: PMC4618554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic 6,7-annulated-4-substituted indole compounds, which elicit interesting antitumor effects in murine L1210 leukemia cells, were tested for their ability to inhibit human HL-60 tumor cell proliferation, disrupt mitosis and cytokinesis, and interfere with tubulin and actin polymerization in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various markers of metabolic activity, mitotic disruption and cytokinesis were used to assess the effectiveness of the drugs in the HL-60 tumor cell system. The ability of annulated indoles to alter the polymerizations of purified tubulin and actin were monitored in cell-free assays and were compared to the effects of drugs known to disrupt the dynamic structures of the mitotic spindle and cleavage furrow. RESULTS With one exception, annulated indoles inhibited the metabolic activity of HL-60 tumor cells in the low-micromolar range after two and four days in culture but these anti-proliferative effects were weaker than those of jasplakinolide, a known actin binder that blocks cytokinesis. After 24-48 h, antiproliferative concentrations of annulated indoles increased the mitotic index of HL-60 cells similarly to vincristine and stimulated the formation of many bi-nucleated cells, multi-nucleated cells and micronuclei, similarly to taxol and jasplakinolide, suggesting that these antitumor compounds might increase mitotic abnormality, induce chromosomal damage or missegregation, and block cytokinesis. Since annulated indoles mimicked the effect of vincristine on tubulin polymerization, but not that of taxol, these compounds might represent a new class of microtubule de-stabilizing agents that inhibit tubulin polymerization. Moreover, annulated indoles remarkably increased the rate and level of actin polymerization similarly to jasplakinolide, suggesting that they might also stabilize the cleavage furrow to block cytokinesis. CONCLUSION Although novel derivatives with different substitutions must be synthesized to elucidate structure-activity relationships, identify more potent antitumor compounds and investigate different molecular targets, annulated indoles appear to interact with both tubulin to reduce microtubule assembly and actin to block cytokinesis, thereby inducing bi- and multinucleation, resulting in genomic instability and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre H Perchellet
- Anti-Cancer Drug Laboratory, Kansas State University, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4901, U.S.A.
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30
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Lash LL, Wallar BJ, Turner JD, Vroegop SM, Kilkuskie RE, Kitchen-Goosen SM, Xu HE, Alberts AS. Small-molecule intramimics of formin autoinhibition: a new strategy to target the cytoskeletal remodeling machinery in cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 73:6793-803. [PMID: 24242070 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the cancer cell cytoskeleton is a clinically validated target, few new strategies have emerged for selectively targeting cell division by modulating the cytoskeletal structure, particularly ways that could avoid the cardiotoxic and neurotoxic effects of current agents such as taxanes. We address this gap by describing a novel class of small-molecule agonists of the mammalian Diaphanous (mDia)-related formins, which act downstream of Rho GTPases to assemble actin filaments, and their organization with microfilaments to establish and maintain cell polarity during migration and asymmetric division. GTP-bound Rho activates mDia family members by disrupting the interaction between the DID and DAD autoregulatory domains, which releases the FH2 domain to modulate actin and microtubule dynamics. In screening for DID-DAD disruptors that activate mDia, we identified two molecules called intramimics (IMM-01 and -02) that were sufficient to trigger actin assembly and microtubule stabilization, serum response factor-mediated gene expression, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In vivo analysis of IMM-01 and -02 established their ability to slow tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer. Taken together, our work establishes the use of intramimics and mDia-related formins as a new general strategy for therapeutic targeting of the cytoskeletal remodeling machinery of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Leanne Lash
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratories of Cell Structure and Signal Integration and Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute; Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids; and Michigan High Throughput Screening Center, Kalamazoo, Michigan
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31
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Deubiquitinating enzymes in oocyte maturation, fertilization and preimplantation embryo development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 759:89-110. [PMID: 25030761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0817-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of cellular proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein modifiers are important regulatory events involved in diverse aspects of gamete and embryo physiology including oocyte maturation, fertilization and development of embryos to term. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulate proteolysis by reversing ubiquitination, which targets proteins to the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) comprise are DUBs that play a role in the removal of multi-ubiquitin chains. We review here the roles of UCHs in oocytes maturation, fertilization and development in mouse, bovine, porcine and rhesus monkeys. Oocyte UCHs contributes to fertilization and embryogenesis by regulating the physiology of the oocyte and blastomere cortex as well as oocyte spindle. Lack of UCHs in embryos reduces fertilization, while mutant embryos fail to undergo compaction and blastocyst formation. In addition to advancing our understanding of reproductive process, research on the role of deubiquitinating enzymes will allow us to better understand and treat human infertility, and to optimize reproductive performance in agriculturally important livestock species.
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32
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Quinlan ME. Direct interaction between two actin nucleators is required in Drosophila oogenesis. Development 2013; 140:4417-25. [PMID: 24089467 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Controlled actin assembly is crucial to a wide variety of cellular processes, including polarity establishment during early development. The recently discovered actin mesh, a structure that traverses the Drosophila oocyte during mid-oogenesis, is essential for proper establishment of the major body axes. Genetic experiments indicate that at least two proteins, Spire (Spir) and Cappuccino (Capu), are required to build this mesh. The spire and cappuccino genetic loci were first identified as maternal effect genes in Drosophila. Mutation in either locus results in the same phenotypes, including absence of the mesh, linking them functionally. Both proteins nucleate actin filaments. Spir and Capu also interact directly with each other in vitro, suggesting a novel synergistic mode of regulating actin. In order to understand how and why proteins with similar biochemical activity would be required in the same biological pathway, genetic experiments were designed to test whether a direct interaction between Spir and Capu is required during oogenesis. Indeed, data in this study indicate that Spir and Capu must interact directly with one another and then separate to function properly. Furthermore, these actin regulators are controlled by a combination of mechanisms, including interaction with one another, functional inhibition and regulation of their protein levels. Finally, this work demonstrates for the first time in a multicellular organism that the ability of a formin to assemble actin filaments is required for a specific structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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33
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Li D, Dammer EB, Lucki NC, Sewer MB. cAMP-stimulated phosphorylation of diaphanous 1 regulates protein stability and interaction with binding partners in adrenocortical cells. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:848-57. [PMID: 23325789 PMCID: PMC3596254 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DIAPH1, the RhoA effector protein, forms a complex in adrenocortical cells and is phosphorylated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway. Phosphorylation differentially modulates protein–protein interactions, regulates the stability of the protein, and facilitates sumoylation. Diaphanous homologue 1 (DIAPH1) is a Rho effector protein that coordinates cellular dynamics by regulating microfilament and microtubule function. We previously showed that DIAPH1 plays an integral role in regulating the production of cortisol by controlling the rate of mitochondrial movement, by which activation of the adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)/cAMP signaling pathway stimulates mitochondrial trafficking and promotes the interaction between RhoA and DIAPH1. In the present study we use mass spectrometry to identify DIAPH1 binding partners and find that DIAPH1 interacts with several proteins, including RhoA, dynamin-1, kinesin, β-tubulin, β-actin, oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)–related protein 2 (ORP2), and ORP10. Moreover, DIAPH1 is phosphorylated in response to dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) at Thr-759 via a pathway that requires extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK). Alanine substitution of Thr-759 renders DIAPH1 more stable and attenuates the interaction between DIAPH1 and kinesin, ORP2, and actin but has no effect on the ability of the protein to interact with RhoA or β-tubulin. Finally, overexpression of a DIAPH1 T759A mutant significantly decreases the rate of Bt2cAMP-stimulated mitochondrial movement. Taken together, our findings establish a key role for phosphorylation in regulating the stability and function of DIAPH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704, USA
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34
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Simic D, Euler C, Thurby C, Peden M, Tannehill-Gregg S, Bunch T, Sanderson T, Van Vleet T. Assessing cell fusion and cytokinesis failure as mechanisms of clone 9 hepatocyte multinucleation in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 14:Unit 14.9.1-17. [PMID: 22896007 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1409s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this in vitro model of hepatocyte multinucleation, separate cultures of rat Clone 9 cells are labeled with either red or green cell tracker dyes (Red Cell Tracker CMPTX or Vybrant CFDA SE Cell Tracer), plated together in mixed-color colonies, and treated with positive or negative control agents for 4 days. The fluorescent dyes become cell-impermeant after entering cells and are not transferred to adjacent cells in a population, but are inherited by daughter cells after fusion. The mixed-color cultures are then evaluated microscopically for multinucleation and analysis of the underlying mechanism (cell fusion/cytokinesis). Multinucleated cells containing only one dye have undergone cytokinesis failure, whereas dual-labeled multinucleated cells have resulted from fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Simic
- Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, Mount Vernon, Indiana, USA
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35
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Abstract
PTMs (post-translational modifications) of lysine residues have proven to be major regulators of gene expression, protein-protein interactions, and protein processing and degradation. This is of particular importance in regulating the cytoskeleton, an enormously complex system of proteins responsible for cell motility, intracellular trafficking, and maintenance of cell form and structure. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells, including eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and comprises structures such as flagella, cilia and lamellipodia which play critical roles in intracellular transport and cellular division. Cytoskeletal regulation relies on numerous multi-component assemblies. In this chapter, we focus on the regulation of the cytoskeleton by means of PTMs of lysine residues on the cytoskeletal subunits and their accessory proteins. We specifically address the three main classes of cytoskeletal proteins in eukaryotes that polymerize into filaments, including microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments and microtubules. We discuss the identification and biological importance of lysine acetylation, a regulator of all three filament types. We also review additional lysine modifications, such as ubiquitination and SUMOylation, and their role in protein regulation and processing.
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36
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Abstract
mDia proteins are members of the formin family of actin nucleating proteins that polymerize linear actin filaments. Such filaments form the core of thin, tubular, membrane-bound cell surface protrusions known as filopodia, which are a major feature of mammalian cell morphology. Filopodia are dynamic structures that help cells sense environmental cues, and play a role in cell migration, axon guidance, angiogenesis and other processes. RhoGTPases bind to and control the activity of mDia proteins, and several other binding partners of the three mDia1 isoforms-mDia1, mDia2 and mDia3-have been documented. Two independent pathways controlling mammalian filopodium formation have emerged, with one driven by the RhoGTPase Cdc42, and the other by Rif. While mDia2 has been the main formin implicated in forming filopodia, mDia1 has recently surfaced as the key formin utilized by both the Cdc42 and Rif pathways to drive filopodial protrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wah Ing Goh
- Institute of Medical Biology; Singapore; Immunos, Singapore
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37
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Abstract
The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and its regulation by Rho GTPases are essential to maintain cell shape, to allow cell motility and are also critical during cell cycle progression and mitosis. Rho GTPases and their effectors are involved in cell rounding at mitosis onset, in chromosomes alignment and are required for contraction of the actomyosin ring that separates daughter cells at the end of mitosis. Recent studies have revealed how a number of nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase-activating proteins regulate the activity of Rho GTPases during these processes. This review will focus on how the cell cycle machinery, in turn, regulates expression of proteins in the Rho signaling pathways through transcriptional activation, ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation and modulates their activity through phosphorylation by mitotic kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel David
- Inserm U749, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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38
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Wang J, Xue X, Ren H. New insights into the role of plant formins: regulating the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 2:S101-7. [PMID: 22215231 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-011-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formins are well-known as important regulators participating in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in organisms. For many years in the past, research on plant formins is more difficult than that in other eukaryotic formins and is limited to class I formins. Nevertheless, positive progress has been made in plant formin research recently, especially the investigations on class II formins. New functions of plant formins are identified gradually, such as regulating cell division and affecting diffuse cell expansion. More significantly, plant formins are also verified to interact with microtubules in vivo and in vitro. They may probably function as linking proteins between microtubules and microfilaments to participate in various cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education and College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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39
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Mtango NR, Sutovsky M, Vandevoort CA, Latham KE, Sutovsky P. Essential role of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases UCHL1 and UCHL3 in mammalian oocyte maturation. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2022-9. [PMID: 21751213 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) comprise a family of deubiquitinating enzymes that play a role in the removal of multi-ubiquitin chains from proteins that are posttranslationally modified by ubiquitination to be targeted for proteolysis by the 26S proteasome. The UCH-enzymes also generate free monomeric ubiquitin from precursor multi-ubiquitin chains and, in some instances, may rescue ubiquitinated proteins from degradation. This study examined the roles of two oocyte-expressed UCHs, UCHL1, and UCHL3 in murine and rhesus monkey oocyte maturation. The Uchl1 and Uchl3 mRNAs were highly expressed in GV and MII oocytes, and were associated with the oocyte cortex (UCHL1) and meiotic spindle (UCHL3). Microinjection of the UCH-family enzyme inhibitor, ubiquitin-aldehyde (UBAL) to GV oocytes prevented oocyte meiotic progression beyond metaphase I in a majority of treated oocytes and caused spindle and first polar body anomalies. Injection of antibodies against UCHL3 disrupted oocyte maturation and caused meiotic anomalies, including abnormally long meiotic spindles. A selective, cell permeant inhibitor of UCHL3, 4, 5, 6, 7-tetrachloroidan-1, 3-dione also caused meiotic defects and chromosome misalignment. Cortical granule localization in the oocyte cortex was disrupted by UBAL injected after oocyte maturation. We conclude that the activity of oocyte UCHs contributes to oocyte maturation by regulating the oocyte cortex and meiotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdori R Mtango
- The Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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40
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Azoury J, Lee KW, Georget V, Hikal P, Verlhac MH. Symmetry breaking in mouse oocytes requires transient F-actin meshwork destabilization. Development 2011; 138:2903-8. [PMID: 21653611 DOI: 10.1242/dev.060269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Female meiotic divisions are extremely asymmetric, giving rise to a large oocyte and small degenerating polar bodies, keeping the maternal stores for further embryo development. This asymmetry is achieved via off-center positioning of the division spindle. Mouse oocytes have developed a formin-2-dependent actin-based spindle positioning mechanism that allows the meiotic spindle to migrate towards the closest cortex. Using spinning disk microscopy and FRAP analysis, we studied the changes in the organization of the cytoplasmic F-actin meshwork during the first meiotic division. It is very dense in prophase I, undergoes a significant density drop upon meiosis resumption and reforms progressively later on. This meshwork remodeling correlates with endogenous formin 2 regulation. High formin 2 levels at meiosis I entry induce meshwork maintenance, leading to equal forces being exerted on the chromosomes, preventing spindle migration. Hence, the meshwork density drop at meiosis resumption is germane to the symmetry-breaking event required for successful asymmetric meiotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Azoury
- UMR7622, CNRS/UMPC, College de France, 9 quai Saint Bernard, Paris, France
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41
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Bohnert KA, Gould KL. On the cutting edge: post-translational modifications in cytokinesis. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:283-92. [PMID: 21349716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis represents the final stage in the cell cycle, in which two daughter cells, each with their complement of the duplicated genome, physically separate. At the core of this process sits highly conserved machinery responsible for specifying the plane of division, building a contractile apparatus and ultimately cleaving cells in two. Although the 'parts list' of contributing proteins has been well described, mechanisms by which these parts are spatially and temporally regulated are only beginning to be understood. With advancements in biochemical and proteomic analyses, recent work has uncovered multiple new roles for post-translational modifications in the regulation of cytokinesis. Here, we review these latest findings and interpret our current understanding of cytokinesis in light of relevant modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adam Bohnert
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
The Atg1 Ser/Thr kinase, although now a well-established regulator of autophagy, was first identified genetically in C. elegans as a requirement for axonal elongation. However, possible connections between Atg1 functions in cellular morphogenesis and in autophagy were previously unaddressed. In the recent paper highlighted in this punctum, we reconciled these dual roles for Atg1, demonstrating a requirement for p62-mediated selective autophagy in the dynamic regulation of cell shape, in both fly and mammalian macrophages, with effects on immune cell functions. This work further strengthens the emerging importance of autophagy as a post-translational regulatory mechanism in diverse cell signaling contexts, including the cortical remodeling and function of immune cells.
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43
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Kwon S, Shin H, Lim HJ. Dynamic interaction of formin proteins and cytoskeleton in mouse oocytes during meiotic maturation. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 17:317-27. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Li Y, Shen Y, Cai C, Zhong C, Zhu L, Yuan M, Ren H. The type II Arabidopsis formin14 interacts with microtubules and microfilaments to regulate cell division. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:2710-26. [PMID: 20709814 PMCID: PMC2947165 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 07/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Formins have long been known to regulate microfilaments but have also recently been shown to associate with microtubules. In this study, Arabidopsis thaliana FORMIN14 (AFH14), a type II formin, was found to regulate both microtubule and microfilament arrays. AFH14 expressed in BY-2 cells was shown to decorate preprophase bands, spindles, and phragmoplasts and to induce coalignment of microtubules with microfilaments. These effects perturbed the process of cell division. Localization of AFH14 to microtubule-based structures was confirmed in Arabidopsis suspension cells. Knockdown of AFH14 in mitotic cells altered interactions between microtubules and microfilaments, resulting in the formation of an abnormal mitotic apparatus. In Arabidopsis afh14 T-DNA insertion mutants, microtubule arrays displayed abnormalities during the meiosis-associated process of microspore formation, which corresponded to altered phenotypes during tetrad formation. In vitro biochemical experiments showed that AFH14 bound directly to either microtubules or microfilaments and that the FH2 domain was essential for cytoskeleton binding and bundling. However, in the presence of both microtubules and microfilaments, AFH14 promoted interactions between microtubules and microfilaments. These results demonstrate that AFH14 is a unique plant formin that functions as a linking protein between microtubules and microfilaments and thus plays important roles in the process of plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
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Pollard TD. Mechanics of cytokinesis in eukaryotes. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22:50-6. [PMID: 20031383 PMCID: PMC2871152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research on eukaryotic cytokinesis using advantageous model systems is rapidly advancing our understanding of most aspects of the process. Cytokinesis is very complicated with more than 100 proteins participating. Both fungi and animal cells use proteins to mark the cleavage site for the assembly of a contractile ring of actin filaments and myosin-II. Formins nucleate and elongate the actin filaments and myosin-II helps to organize the filaments into a contractile ring. Much is still to be learned about the organization of the contractile ring and the mechanisms that disassemble the ring as it constricts. Although fungi and animals share many proteins that contribute to cytokinesis, the extent to which they share mechanisms for the location, assembly, constriction, and disassembly of their contractile rings is still in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Pollard
- Department of Molecular Cellular, Yale University, PO Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA.
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Chesarone MA, DuPage AG, Goode BL. Unleashing formins to remodel the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009; 11:62-74. [PMID: 19997130 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Formins are highly conserved proteins that have essential roles in remodelling the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons to influence eukaryotic cell shape and behaviour. Recent work has identified numerous cellular factors that locally recruit, activate or inactivate formins to bridle and unleash their potent effects on actin nucleation and elongation. The effects of formins on microtubules have also begun to be described, which places formins in a prime position to coordinate actin and microtubule dynamics. The emerging complexity in the mechanisms governing formins mirrors the wide range of essential functions that they perform in cell motility, cell division and cell and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Chesarone
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Science Research Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA
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DeWard AD, Eisenmann KM, Matheson SF, Alberts AS. The role of formins in human disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:226-33. [PMID: 19941910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Formins are a conserved family of proteins that play key roles in cytoskeletal remodeling. They nucleate and processively elongate non-branched actin filaments and also modulate microtubule dynamics. Despite their significant contributions to cell biology and development, few studies have directly implicated formins in disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the roles of formins in cell division, migration, immunity, and microvesicle formation in the context of human disease. In addition, we discuss the importance of controlling formin activity and protein expression to maintain cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D DeWard
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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