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Chui ZSW, Shen Q, Xu A. Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:371-384. [PMID: 38423900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) biology and pharmacology have led to the development of several long-acting FGF21 analogues and antibody-based mimetics now in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The efficacy of these FGF21 analogues/mimetics on glycaemic control and weight loss is rather mild and inconsistent; nevertheless, several promising therapeutic benefits have been reproducibly observed in most clinical studies, including amelioration of dyslipidaemia (particularly hypertriglyceridaemia) and hepatic steatosis, reduction of biomarkers of liver fibrosis and injury, and resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Evidence is emerging that combination therapy with FGF21 analogues and other hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1) can synergise their pharmacological benefits, thus maximising the therapeutic efficacy for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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2
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Chao YM, Wu HY, Yeh SH, Yang DI, Her LS, Wu YL. Glucosamine Enhancement of Learning and Memory Functions by Promoting Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4211. [PMID: 38673797 PMCID: PMC11050103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in metabolism and brain function. Glucosamine (GLN) has been recognized for its diverse beneficial effects. This study aimed to elucidate the modulation of FGF21 production by GLN and its impact on learning and memory functions. Using both in vivo and in vitro models, we investigated the effects of GLN on mice fed with a normal diet or high-fat diet and on mouse HT22 hippocampal cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 striatal cells, and rat primary cortical neurons challenged with GLN. Our results indicated that GLN promotes learning and memory functions in mice and upregulates FGF21 expression in the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum, as well as in HT22 cells, STHdhQ7/Q7 cells, and cortical neurons. In animals receiving GLN together with an FGF21 receptor FGFR1 inhibitor (PD173074), the GLN-enhanced learning and memory functions and induction of FGF21 production in the hippocampus were significantly attenuated. While exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms, the potential involvement of NF-κB, Akt, p38, JNK, PKA, and PPARα in HT22 and NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PPARα in STHdhQ7/Q7 were noted; GLN was able to mediate the activation of p65, Akt, p38, and CREB in HT22 and p65, Akt, and p38 in STHdhQ7/Q7 cells. Our accumulated findings suggest that GLN may increase learning and memory functions by inducing FGF21 production in the brain. This induction appears to be mediated, at least in part, through GLN's activation of the NF-κB, Akt, p38, and PKA/CREB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chao
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Hon-Yen Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Huei Yeh
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
| | - Ding-I Yang
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Lu-Shiun Her
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; (Y.-M.C.); (S.-H.Y.)
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3
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Carbonetti MP, Almeida-Oliveira F, Majerowicz D. Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e220493. [PMID: 37948566 PMCID: PMC10916804 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Carbonetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,
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Lee H, Kim SY, Lim Y. Annona muricate Extract Supplementation Contributes to Improve Aberrant Multi-Organ Energy Metabolism via Muscle-Brain Connectivity in Diabetic Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112559. [PMID: 37299522 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related with the incidence of sarcopenia and cognitive impairment that reduces quality of life in the elderly. Recent evidence has demonstrated that sarcopenia is associated with cognitive dysfunction, and muscle-derived endocrine factors might contribute to cognitive function by the skeletal muscle-brain endocrine loop. This study investigated the beneficial effects of Annona muricata (AM, graviola) on multi-organ energy metabolism with muscle-brain connectivity via brain function-related myokines in mice. Body composition, fasting blood glucose level, insulin, HbA1c%, histopathological changes, and the protein levels of insulin-signaling, energy metabolism, neuroprotection, inflammation, and protein-degradation pathways were measured. AM extract (AME) treatment selectively enhanced insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle and hippocampus of T2DM mice. Furthermore, AME treatment effectively increased muscle-derived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), cathepsin-B (CTSB), irisin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and liver-derived FGF21 that contribute to whole-body energy homeostasis. In particular, AME increased the levels of circulating myokines (FGF21, BDNF, irisin, and CTSB), and these were accordance with the hippocampal neurotrophic factors (BDNF and CTSB) in T2DM mice. In conclusion, we suggest that AME would be a potential nutraceutical for improving the energy metabolism associated with muscle-brain connectivity via brain function-related myokines in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heaji Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-Daero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsook Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyunghee-Daero, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Weng Y, Geng S, Wang C, Jin C, Shi L, Jin Y. Maternal procymidone exposure has lasting effects on murine gut-liver axis and glucolipid metabolism in offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113657. [PMID: 36764477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that maternal exposure to environmental pollutants can cause intestinal and metabolic diseases, and these disease risks still exist in offspring. Here, female C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with procymidone (PRO) (10 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) by dietary supplementation during the gestation and lactation periods. Then, we discovered PRO changed the physiology, intestinal barrier and metabolism both in the generations of F0 and different developmental stages of F1 (7 weeks and 30 weeks old, respectively). Maternal PRO exposure affected the growth phenotypes and the glucolipid metabolism related indicators and genes of mice, especially the male mice of F1 generations. The changes in bile acids (BAs) metabolism demonstrated that PRO disordered glucolipid metabolism through enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, PRO reduced mucus secretion in the gut and altered the composition of gut microbiota, leading more bacteria to disseminate in the gut and inflammatory responses both in F0 and F1 regenerations. And PRO-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis was tightly related to BAs metabolites. Together, the results indicated that PRO destructed the functional integrity of intestinal barrier and the inflammatory reaction was triggered. And then, the disorder of glucolipid metabolism was induced through the BAs enterohepatic circulation. This study indicated that the cross-generation effects of PRO could not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shinan Geng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Cuiyuan Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Liyun Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Kawarasaki S, Sawazaki H, Iijima H, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Combined treatment with teneligliptin and canagliflozin additively suppresses high-fat diet-induced body weight gain in mice with modulation of lipid metabolism-related gene expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175682. [PMID: 36965744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), comprehensive management of multiple risk factors, such as blood glucose, body weight, and lipids, is important to prevent disease progression. Although the combination of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor is often used clinically, the effects of this combination, other than glucose metabolism, have yet to be thoroughly investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of combined treatment with a DPP-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, and an SGLT2 inhibitor, canagliflozin, on the body weight and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. We found that monotherapy with teneligliptin or canagliflozin showed suppressive effects on high-fat diet-induced body weight gain and reduced inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) mass, and combined treatment additively reduced body weight gain and iWAT mass. Teneligliptin significantly increased oxygen consumption during the light phase, and this effect was preserved in the combined treatment. The combined treatment did not alter the mRNA expression levels of thermogenesis-related genes in adipose tissue but showed the tendency to additively induce mRNA of fatty acid oxidation-related genes in brown adipose tissue and tended to additively decrease mRNA of fatty acid synthesis-related genes in iWAT and liver tissues. These results suggest that combined treatment with teneligliptin and canagliflozin additively suppresses HFD-induced body weight gain with increasing oxygen consumption and modulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. This combination therapy may provide effective body weight management for patients with T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Honami Sawazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iijima
- Medical Affairs Department, Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8317, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8317, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8317, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan; Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8317, Japan.
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7
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Cheng MH, Zheng WY, Zhang QQ, Liu Z, Chen JF, Atta M, Qin H. Sesamol promotes browning of white adipocytes through liver-adipose crosstalk signal of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 115:109278. [PMID: 36739097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sesamol (SEM), a lignan from sesame oil, exhibited potential benefits on obesity treatment by promoting browning of adipocytes, and the current study is aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of SEM from the aspect of systemic liver-adipose crosstalk that mediated by hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Our in vivo data showed that SEM induced energy expenditure and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning by increasing the expression level of uncoupling protein-1 in high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Elevated levels of circulating FGF21 associated with the increased expression of hepatic FGF21 were observed after SEM intervention. Simultaneously, the increased adipose fibroblast growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor 1/beta-klotho indicated that FGF21 sensitivity was enhanced by SEM in WAT. Furthermore, our in vitro results from HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cell lines confirmed the effects and revealed the mechanism of SEM on the white adipocytes browning. We found that with the specific inhibitors of PPARα, the SEM-mediated hepatic FGF21 expression was decreased, and with the specific inhibitors of PPARγ, the browning effect of adipocytes by SEM combining with FGF21 was significantly suppressed. Taken together, the mechanism of SEM for inducing the WAT browning might be the modulation of SEM on liver-adipose crosstalk mediated by FGF21, and the PPARs family might be the targets of SEM. The novel findings from the present study provided evidence that SEM could be a potent obesity-treating compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Cheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Fang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mahnoor Atta
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Liu T, Chen X, Wei Z, Han X, Liu Y, Ma Z, Xia T, Gu X. PPARα agonist fenofibrate prevents postoperative cognitive dysfunction by enhancing fatty acid oxidation in mice. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220317. [PMID: 38023298 PMCID: PMC10656729 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to high rates of incidence and disability, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) currently receives a lot of clinical attention. Disturbance of fatty acid oxidation is a potential pathophysiological manifestation underlying POCD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a significant transcription factor of fatty acid oxidation that facilitates the transfer of fatty acids into the mitochondria for oxidation. The potential role of PPARα intervention in POCD warrants consideration. Objective The present study is aimed to investigate whether PPARα agonist fenofibrate (FF) could protect long-term isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD model and to explore the potential underlying function of fatty acid oxidation in the process. Methods We established the POCD model via 6 h long-term isoflurane anesthesia in vivo with C57BL/6J mice and in vitro with N2a cells. Cells and mice were pretreated with PPARα agonist FF before anesthesia, after which fatty acid oxidation and cognitive function were assessed. The level of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins was determined using western blotting. The contextual fear conditioning test was utilized to evaluate mice's learning and memory. Results Our results showed that 6 h long-term isoflurane anesthesia induced contextual memory damage in mice, accompanied by decreases of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A, and PPARα) both in the hippocampus of POCD mice and in N2a cells. In the N2a cell model, pretreatment of PPARα agonist FF led to the upregulation of fatty acid oxidation-related proteins. In vivo results showed that preconditioned FF reached similar effects. More crucially, FF has been shown to reduce cognitive damage in mice after long-term isoflurane anesthesia. Additionally, our data showed that after blocking fatty acid oxidation by Etomoxir, FF failed to protect cognitive function from long-term isoflurane anesthesia. Conclusions Pretreatment of PPARα agonist FF can protect against long-term isoflurane anesthesia-induced POCD by enhancing fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Wei
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
| | - Tianjiao Xia
- Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing210008, China
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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10
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Zhang Y, Yan T, Wang T, Liu X, Hamada K, Sun D, Sun Y, Yang Y, Wang J, Takahashi S, Wang Q, Krausz KW, Jiang C, Xie C, Yang X, Gonzalez FJ. Crosstalk between CYP2E1 and PPAR α substrates and agonists modulate adipose browning and obesity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2224-2238. [PMID: 35646522 PMCID: PMC9136617 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the functions of metabolic enzymes and nuclear receptors in controlling physiological homeostasis have been established, their crosstalk in modulating metabolic disease has not been explored. Genetic ablation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2E1 in mice markedly induced adipose browning and increased energy expenditure to improve obesity. CYP2E1 deficiency activated the expression of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) target genes, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, that upon release from the liver, enhanced adipose browning and energy expenditure to decrease obesity. Nineteen metabolites were increased in Cyp2e1-null mice as revealed by global untargeted metabolomics, among which four compounds, lysophosphatidylcholine and three polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be directly metabolized by CYP2E1 and to serve as PPARα agonists, thus explaining how CYP2E1 deficiency causes hepatic PPARα activation through increasing cellular levels of endogenous PPARα agonists. Translationally, a CYP2E1 inhibitor was found to activate the PPARα–FGF21–beige adipose axis and decrease obesity in wild-type mice, but not in liver-specific Ppara-null mice. The present results establish a metabolic crosstalk between PPARα and CYP2E1 that supports the potential for a novel anti-obesity strategy of activating adipose tissue browning by targeting the CYP2E1 to modulate endogenous metabolites beyond its canonical role in xenobiotic-metabolism.
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12
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Rebollo-Hernanz M, Aguilera Y, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Activating Effects of the Bioactive Compounds From Coffee By-Products on FGF21 Signaling Modulate Hepatic Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Energy Metabolism in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:866233. [PMID: 35392289 PMCID: PMC8981461 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.866233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee by-products contain bioactive compounds that have been shown to have the capacity to modulate human metabolism. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of the main bioactive compounds in coffee by-products and two aqueous extracts from the coffee husk and silverskin on the activation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and the subsequent regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and lipid and glucose metabolism. HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid (PA) were used in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) cell model. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products (50 μmol L−1) and the aqueous extracts from the coffee silverskin and coffee husk (100 μg mL−1) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the secretion of FGF21 (1.3 to 1.9-fold). Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds counteracted inflammation and PA-triggered lipotoxicity. Oxidative stress markers (ROS, mitochondrial superoxide, and NADPH oxidase) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were modulated through the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Mitochondrial bioenergetics were regulated by enhancing respiration and ATP production via PGC-1α, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation complexes increased. Coffee by-products' bioactive compounds decreased lipid accumulation (23–41%) and fatty acid synthase activity (32–65%) and triggered carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity (1.3 to 1.7-fold) by activating AMPK and SREBP-1c pathways. The GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake were increased (58–111%), followed by a promoted glucokinase activity (55–122%), while glucose production and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity were reduced due to IRS-1/Akt1 regulation. The bioactive compounds from coffee by-products, primarily chlorogenic and protocatechuic acids, could regulate hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid and glucose metabolism by activating FGF21 and related signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rebollo-Hernanz
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
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13
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Lytic cocktail: An effective method to alleviate severe burn induced hyper-metabolism through regulating white adipose tissue browning. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09128. [PMID: 35846468 PMCID: PMC9280373 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Browning of white adipose tissue is associated with elevated resting metabolic rates and is considered to be one of the indispensable causes of hypermetabolism in burn patients. Hypermetabolism means increased resting energy expenditure, raised body temperature and acute-phase proteins. Persistently elevated levels of circulating stress hormones have been reported to induce browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue. The lytic cocktail is a combination of medicines pethidine, chlorpromazine, and promethazine that has been used clinically in sedation for the management of patients. As reported this sedative treatment can reduce the expression of catecholamines in major burn rats. Thus, in this paper we focused on the effects of lytic cocktail in the regulation of white adipose tissue browning and hypermetabolism and we further investigated the underlying mechanism. Methods A 30% total body surface area (TBSA) Ⅲ degree scald rat model was used for this study. The rats were randomly divided into a sham scald group, a scalding with immediate resuscitation group, and a group of scalding with immediate resuscitation and lytic cocktail treatment. The levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma were dynamically detected. Changes of the rat body weight and food intake were recorded and compared as indexes of metabolism responses after post-scalding. For the study of white adipose tissue browning, inguinal adipose tissue was used. Metabolic changes, while indicatives of white fat browning were measured by PET/CT. The expression of white adipose browning related proteins and the changes of mitochondria number were used to assess browning of inguinal adipose. Results The level of plasma catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine in the lytic cocktail-treated group was significantly lower than the other two groups. Morphology and PET/CT showed that the inguinal white adipose browning was inhibited in the lytic cocktail treated group, whereas scalding with immediate resuscitation group showed browning of white adipose. The number of mitochondria, the expressions of white adipose browning related proteins in the lytic cocktail group were also significantly lower than that of the group of scalding with immediate resuscitation. Conclusion By reducing expression of heat-related proteins, the application of lytic cocktail medicines inhibits the white adipose tissue browning, which suppresses hypermetabolism in scalded rats. The mechanism might be related to decreased expression levels of stress hormones induced by lytic cocktail. This research suggests that lytic cocktails may be an effective treatment for hypermetabolism after severe burn injury.
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14
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Galal A, El-Bakly WM, El-Kilany SS, Ali AA, El-Demerdash E. Fenofibrate ameliorates olanzapine's side effects without altering its central effect: emphasis on FGF-21-adiponectin axis. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:615-629. [PMID: 34637209 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present work was designed to investigate whether fenofibrate could ameliorate olanzapine deleterious effect on insulin resistance via its effect on fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21)-adiponectin axis without affecting olanzapine antipsychotic effect in postweaning socially isolated reared female rats. Treatment with olanzapine (6 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) or fenofibrate (100 mg/kg, orally) have been started 5 weeks after isolation, then behavioral tests, hippocampal content of neurotransmitters, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed. Moreover, insulin resistance, lipid profile, FGF-21, adiponectin, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers of adipose tissue were assessed. Treatment of isolated-reared animals with olanzapine, or fenofibrate significantly ameliorated the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by postweaning social isolation. Co-treatment showed additive effects in improving hippocampal BDNF level. Besides, fenofibrate reduced the elevation in weight gain, adiposity index, insulin resistance, lipid profile, and FGF-21 level induced by olanzapine treatment. Also, fenofibrate increased adiponectin level which was reduced upon olanzapine treatment. Moreover, fenofibrate improved both adipose tissue oxidative stress and inflammatory markers elevation as a result of olanzapine treatment. Fenofibrate could ameliorate olanzapine-induced insulin resistance without affecting its central effect in isolated reared rats via its action on FGF-21-adiponectin axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Galal
- Cardiac Surgery Hospital, Ain Shams University
| | | | - Sara S El-Kilany
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University
| | - Azza A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar university (Girls Branch)
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
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15
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Changes in PGC-1α-Dependent Mitochondrial Biogenesis Are Associated with Inflexible Hepatic Energy Metabolism in the Offspring Born to Dexamethasone-Treated Mothers. LIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/livers1040016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the participation of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in the metabolic programming of newborn rats exposed in utero to dexamethasone (DEX). On the 21st day of life, fasted offspring born to DEX-treated mothers displayed increased conversion of pyruvate into glucose with simultaneous upregulation of PEPCK (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase). Increased oxidative phosphorylation, higher ATP/ADP ratio and mitochondrial biogenesis and lower pyruvate levels were also found in the progeny of DEX-treated mothers. On the other hand, the 21-day-old progeny of DEX-treated mothers had increased hepatic triglycerides (TAG) and lower CPT-1 activity when subjected to short-term fasting. At the mechanistic level, rats exposed in utero to DEX exhibited increased hepatic PGC-1α protein content with lower miR-29a-c expression. Increased PGC-1α content was concurrent with increased association to HNF-4α and NRF1 and reduced PPARα expression. The data presented herein reveal that changes in the transcription machinery in neonatal liver of rats born to DEX-treated mothers leads to an inflexible metabolic response to fasting. Such programming is hallmarked by increased oxidative phosphorylation of pyruvate with impaired FFA oxidation and hepatic TAG accumulation.
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16
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Nakagawa Y, Kumagai K, Han SI, Mizunoe Y, Araki M, Mizuno S, Ohno H, Matsuo K, Yamada Y, Kim JD, Miyamoto T, Sekiya M, Konishi M, Itoh N, Matsuzaka T, Takahashi S, Sone H, Shimano H. Starvation-induced transcription factor CREBH negatively governs body growth by controlling GH signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21663. [PMID: 34042217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002784rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
cAMP responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH) is a hepatic transcription factor to be activated during fasting. We generated CREBH knock-in flox mice, and then generated liver-specific CREBH transgenic (CREBH L-Tg) mice in an active form. CREBH L-Tg mice showed a delay in growth in the postnatal stage. Plasma growth hormone (GH) levels were significantly increased in CREBH L-Tg mice, but plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were significantly decreased, indicating GH resistance. In addition, CREBH overexpression significantly increased hepatic mRNA and plasma levels of FGF21, which is thought to be as one of the causes of growth delay. However, the additional ablation of FGF21 in CREBH L-Tg mice could not correct GH resistance at all. CREBH L-Tg mice sustained GH receptor (GHR) reduction and the increase of IGF binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in the liver regardless of FGF21. As GHR is a first step in GH signaling, the reduction of GHR leads to impairment of GH signaling. These data suggest that CREBH negatively regulates growth in the postnatal growth stage via various pathways as an abundant energy response by antagonizing GH signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kae Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Song-Iee Han
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaya Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiya Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsuo
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasunari Yamada
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Division of Complex Biosystem Research, Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center (TMRC), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sone
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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17
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Graffmann N, Ncube A, Martins S, Fiszl AR, Reuther P, Bohndorf M, Wruck W, Beller M, Czekelius C, Adjaye J. A stem cell based in vitro model of NAFLD enables the analysis of patient specific individual metabolic adaptations in response to a high fat diet and AdipoRon interference. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.054189. [PMID: 33372064 PMCID: PMC7860118 DOI: 10.1242/bio.054189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease. Its development and progression depend on genetically predisposed susceptibility of the patient towards several ‘hits’ that induce fat storage first and later inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from four distinct donors with varying disease stages into hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) and determined fat storage as well as metabolic adaptations after stimulations with oleic acid. We could recapitulate the complex networks that control lipid and glucose metabolism and we identified distinct gene expression profiles related to the steatosis phenotype of the donor. In an attempt to reverse the steatotic phenotype, cells were treated with the small molecule AdipoRon, a synthetic analogue of adiponectin. Although the responses varied between cells lines, they suggest a general influence of AdipoRon on metabolism, transport, immune system, cell stress and signalling. Summary: A stem cell based in vitro model of NAFLD recapitulates regulatory networks and suggests a steatosis associated phenotype. AdipoRon treatment influences metabolism, immune system, cell stress and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Graffmann
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Audrey Ncube
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Soraia Martins
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aurelian Robert Fiszl
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Reuther
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Bohndorf
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wasco Wruck
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical faculty, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Spann RA, Morrison CD, den Hartigh LJ. The Nuanced Metabolic Functions of Endogenous FGF21 Depend on the Nature of the Stimulus, Tissue Source, and Experimental Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:802541. [PMID: 35046901 PMCID: PMC8761941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.802541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Pharmacological FGF21 administration promotes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. However, pharmacologic effects of FGF21 likely differ from its physiological effects. Endogenous FGF21 is produced by many cell types, including hepatocytes, white and brown adipocytes, skeletal and cardiac myocytes, and pancreatic beta cells, and acts on a diverse array of effector tissues such as the brain, white and brown adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle. Different receptor expression patterns dictate FGF21 function in these target tissues, with the primary effect to coordinate responses to nutritional stress. Moreover, different nutritional stimuli tend to promote FGF21 expression from different tissues; i.e., fasting induces hepatic-derived FGF21, while feeding promotes white adipocyte-derived FGF21. Target tissue effects of FGF21 also depend on its capacity to enter the systemic circulation, which varies widely from known FGF21 tissue sources in response to various stimuli. Due to its association with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the metabolic effects of endogenously produced FGF21 during the pathogenesis of these conditions are not well known. In this review, we will highlight what is known about endogenous tissue-specific FGF21 expression and organ cross-talk that dictate its diverse physiological functions, with particular attention given to FGF21 responses to nutritional stress. The importance of the particular experimental design, cellular and animal models, and nutritional status in deciphering the diverse metabolic functions of endogenous FGF21 cannot be overstated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Redin A. Spann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Christopher D. Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Laura J. den Hartigh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura J. den Hartigh,
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19
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Chen MJ, Liu C, Wan Y, Yang L, Jiang S, Qian DW, Duan JA. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and their emerging roles on glucolipid metabolism. Steroids 2021; 165:108757. [PMID: 33161055 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphiphilic molecules with a nonpolar steroid carbon skeleton and a polar carboxylate side chain. Recently, BAs have aroused the attention of scholars due to their potential roles on metabolic diseases. As important endogenous ligands, BAs are wildly active in the enterohepatic circulation, during which microbiota play a significant role in promoting the hydrolysis and dehydroxylation of BAs. Besides, many pathways initiated by BAs including glucolipid metabolism and inflammation signaling pathways have been reported to regulate the host metabolism and maintain immune homeostasis. Herein, the characteristics on the enterohepatic circulation and metabolism of BAs are systematically summarized. Moreover, the regulation mechanism of the glucolipid metabolism by BAs is intensively discussed. Worthily, FXR and TGR5, which are involved in glucolipid metabolism, are the prime candidates for targeted therapies of chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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20
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Lu W, Li X, Luo Y. FGF21 in obesity and cancer: New insights. Cancer Lett 2020; 499:5-13. [PMID: 33264641 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine FGF21 was discovered as a novel metabolic regulator in 2005 with new functions bifurcating from the canonic heparin-binding FGFs that directly promote cell proliferation and growth independent of a co-receptor. Early studies have demonstrated that FGF21 is a stress sensor in the liver and possibly, several other endocrine and metabolic tissues. Hepatic FGF21 signals via endocrine routes to quench episodes of metabolic derangements, promoting metabolic homeostasis. The convergence of mouse and human studies shows that FGF21 promotes lipid catabolism, including lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial oxidative activity, and thermogenic energy dissipation, rather than directly regulating insulin and appetite. The white and brown adipose tissues and, to some extent, the hypothalamus, all of which host a transmembrane receptor binary complex of FGFR1 and co-receptor KLB, are considered the essential tissue and molecular targets of hepatic or pharmacological FGF21. On the other hand, a growing body of work has revealed that pancreatic acinar cells form a constitutive high-production site for FGF21, which then acts in an autocrine or paracrine mode. Beyond regulation of macronutrient metabolism and physiological energy expenditure, FGF21 appears to function in forestalling the development of fatty pancreas, steato-pancreatitis, fatty liver, and steato-hepatitis, thereby preventing the development of advanced pathologies such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or hepatocellular carcinoma. This review is intended to provide updates on these new discoveries that illuminate the protective roles of FGF21-FGFR1-KLB signal pathway in metabolic anomalies-associated severe tissue damage and malignancy, and to inform potential new preventive or therapeutic strategies for obesity-inflicted cancer patients via reducing metabolic risks and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Yongde Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China; Centeer BioTherapeutics Ltd Co, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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21
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PPARα Agonist Oral Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100433. [PMID: 33086679 PMCID: PMC7589723 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye condition that develops after chronically poorly-managed diabetes, and is presently the main cause for blindness on a global scale. Current treatments for DR such as laser photocoagulation, topical injection of corticosteroids, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreoretinal surgery are only applicable at the late stages of DR and there are possibilities of significant adverse effects. Moreover, the forms of treatment available for DR are highly invasive to the eyes. Safer and more effective pharmacological treatments are required for DR treatment, in particular at an early stage. In this review, we cover recently investigated promising oral pharmacotherapies, the methods of which are safer, easier to use, patient-friendly and pain-free, in clinical studies. We especially focus on peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists in which experimental evidence suggests PPARα activation may be closely related to the attenuation of vascular damages, including lipid-induced toxicity, inflammation, an excess of free radical generation, endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis. Furthermore, oral administration of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) agonists may induce hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 expression, indirectly resulting in retinal protection in animal studies. Our review will enable more comprehensive approaches for understanding protective roles of PPARα for the prevention of DR development.
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Chen TY, Sun D, Lin WS, Lin YL, Chao YM, Chen SY, Chen YR, Wu YL. Glucosamine regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 expression in liver and adipose tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:714-719. [PMID: 32736697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic disorders. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been recognized as important in metabolism. Glucosamine (GLN) has been demonstrated to perform diverse beneficial functions. This study aimed to reveal whether and how GLN would modulate FGF21 production in relation to metabolism. With in vivo model of normal diet (ND) and high-fat diet (HFD) mice receiving GLN injection and in vitro model of mouse AML12 liver cells and differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes challenged with GLN, GLN appeared to improve the glucose metabolism in HFD and ND mice and to elevate FGF21 protein expression in HFD liver and to increase both FGF21 protein and mRNA levels in WAT from HFD and ND mice and it also upregulated FGF21 expression in both AML12 and differentiated 3T3L1 cells. By using inhibitors against various signaling pathways, p38, Akt, NF-κB, and PKA appeared potentially involved in GLN-mediated FGF21 production in AML12 cells; GLN was able to mediate activation of NF-κB, p38 or PKA/CREB signaling. Our accumulated findings suggest that GLN may potentially improve the metabolic performance by inducing FGF21 production in liver and adipose tissues and such induction in liver cells may act in part due to GLN induction of the NF-κB, p38 and PKA pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shen Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lin Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zubrzycki A, Wrońska A, Kotulak-Chrząszcz A, Wierzbicki PM, Kmieć Z. Fenofibrate impairs liver function and structure more pronounced in old than young rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2020; 91:104244. [PMID: 32927318 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2020.104244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since old animals are known to accumulate lipids in some organs, we compared effects of fenofibrate (FN) on systemic lipid metabolism, activity of liver marker enzymes and structure in young and old rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Young and old rats were fed chow supplemented with 0.1 % or 0.5 % FN. After 30 days, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed, and blood and liver samples were collected. RESULTS In young rats, 0.1 % FN, but not 0.5 % FN, decreased serum Chol by 74 %, and did not affect TG levels at either doses. In old rats, 0.5 % FN, but not 0.1 % FN, decreased Chol and TG level by 56 % and 49 %, respectively. In young rats, 0.1 % and 0.5 % FN increased serum activity of ALP by 227 % and 260 %, respectively, and did not affect AST and ALT activities. In old rats, only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALP activity by 150 %, respectively. In old rats, neither dose of FN affected serum AST activity, and only 0.5 % FN increased serum ALT activity by 200 %. The histological examination of liver structure revealed that both doses of FN impaired lobular architecture, expansion of bile canaliculi, and degeneration of parenchymal cells with the presence of cells containing fat droplets; administration of FN increased area occupied by collagen fibers. CONCLUSIONS Although 0.5 % FN decreased serum Chol concentration, it increased serum ALP activity and impaired liver structure in both in both age groups of rats. Thus, FN treatment should be under the control of liver function, especially in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Zubrzycki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Agata Wrońska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | | | - Zbigniew Kmieć
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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24
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Li T, Du M, Wang H, Mao X. Milk fat globule membrane and its component phosphatidylcholine induce adipose browning both in vivo and in vitro. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 81:108372. [PMID: 32416448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The functional induction of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) provides a defense against obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and its component phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the brown remodeling of WAT. Male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and then fed HFD for another 8 weeks with MFGM. In vitro studies were performed in C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells, 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes and differentiated inguinal WAT stromal vascular cells (SVCs) to determine the role of MFGM and PC on the formation of brown-like adipocytes. MFGM decreased fasting glucose and serum insulin levels in HFD-fed mice. MFGM improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and induced browning of inguinal WAT. MFGM and its component PC stimulated transformation of brown-like adipocytes in C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells, 3T3-L1 adipocytes and SVCs by increasing the protein expression of UCP1, PGC-1α, PRDM16 as well as the mRNA expression of other thermogenic genes and beige cell markers. MFGM and PC also increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, mitochondrial density and oxygen consumption rate and up-regulated the mRNA expression of mitochondria-biogenesis-related genes in vitro. PPARα inhibitor GW6471 treatment or knockdown of PPARα using lentivirus-expressing shRNA inhibited the PC-induced increase in the protein expression of UCP1, PGC-1α and PRDM16 in C3H10T1/2 pluripotent stem cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, indicating the potential role of PPARα in PC-mediated brown-like adipocyte formation. In conclusion, MFGM and milk PC induced adipose browning, which has major protective effects against obesity and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hanning Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueying Mao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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25
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Iwase M, Tokiwa S, Seno S, Mukai T, Yeh YS, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Jheng HF, Matsumura S, Kusudo T, Osato N, Matsuda H, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Glycerol kinase stimulates uncoupling protein 1 expression by regulating fatty acid metabolism in beige adipocytes. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7033-7045. [PMID: 32273338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Browning of adipose tissue is induced by specific stimuli such as cold exposure and consists of up-regulation of thermogenesis in white adipose tissue. Recently, it has emerged as an attractive target for managing obesity in humans. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis to identify genes associated with browning in murine adipose tissue. We focused on glycerol kinase (GYK) because its mRNA expression pattern is highly correlated with that of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which regulates the thermogenic capacity of adipocytes. Cold exposure-induced Ucp1 up-regulation in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) was partially abolished by Gyk knockdown (KD) in vivo Consistently, the Gyk KD inhibited Ucp1 expression induced by treatment with the β-adrenergic receptors (βAR) agonist isoproterenol (Iso) in vitro and resulted in impaired uncoupled respiration. Gyk KD also suppressed Iso- and adenylate cyclase activator-induced transcriptional activation and phosphorylation of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). However, we did not observe these effects with a cAMP analog. Therefore Gyk KD related to Iso-induced cAMP products. In Iso-treated Gyk KD adipocytes, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) was up-regulated, and monounsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid (POA) accumulated. Moreover, a SCD1 inhibitor treatment recovered the Gyk KD-induced Ucp1 down-regulation and POA treatment down-regulated Iso-activated Ucp1 Our findings suggest that Gyk stimulates Ucp1 expression via a mechanism that partially depends on the βAR-cAMP-CREB pathway and Gyk-mediated regulation of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iwase
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Soshi Tokiwa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takako Mukai
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Tezukayama Gakuin University, Sakai 590-0113, Japan
| | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sigenobu Matsumura
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kusudo
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Tezukayama Gakuin University, Sakai 590-0113, Japan
| | - Naoki Osato
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan .,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
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26
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Kroon T, Harms M, Maurer S, Bonnet L, Alexandersson I, Lindblom A, Ahnmark A, Nilsson D, Gennemark P, O'Mahony G, Osinski V, McNamara C, Boucher J. PPARγ and PPARα synergize to induce robust browning of white fat in vivo. Mol Metab 2020; 36:100964. [PMID: 32248079 PMCID: PMC7132097 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key transcription factors that regulate adipose development and function, and the conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes. Here we investigated whether PPARα and PPARγ activation synergize to induce the browning of white fat. METHODS A selection of PPAR activators was tested for their ability to induce the browning of both mouse and human white adipocytes in vitro, and in vivo in lean and obese mice. RESULTS All dual PPARα/γ activators tested robustly increased uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression in both mouse and human adipocytes in vitro, with tesaglitazar leading to the largest Ucp1 induction. Importantly, dual PPARα/γ activator tesaglitazar strongly induced browning of white fat in vivo in both lean and obese male mice at thermoneutrality, greatly exceeding the increase in Ucp1 observed with the selective PPARγ activator rosiglitazone. While selective PPARγ activation was sufficient for the conversion of white into brown-like adipocytes in vitro, dual PPARα/γ activation was superior to selective PPARγ activation at inducing white fat browning in vivo. Mechanistically, the superiority of dual PPARα/γ activators is mediated at least in part via a PPARα-driven increase in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Combined treatment with rosiglitazone and FGF21 resulted in a synergistic increase in Ucp1 mRNA levels both in vitro and in vivo. Tesaglitazar-induced browning was associated with increased energy expenditure, enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced liver steatosis, and an overall improved metabolic profile compared to rosiglitazone and vehicle control groups. CONCLUSIONS PPARγ and PPARα synergize to induce robust browning of white fat in vivo, via PPARγ activation in adipose, and PPARα-mediated increase in FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kroon
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Harms
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Maurer
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Laurianne Bonnet
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida Alexandersson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Lindblom
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea Ahnmark
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria Osinski
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Coleen McNamara
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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27
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Impact of discontinuation of fish oil after pioglitazone–fish oil combination therapy in diabetic KK mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 76:108265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Kawarasaki S, Sawazaki H, Iijima H, Ng SP, Kwon J, Mohri S, Iwase M, Jheng HF, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Inoue K, Kawada T, Goto T. Comparative Analysis of the Preventive Effects of Canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor, on Body Weight Gain Between Oral Gavage and Dietary Administration by Focusing on Fatty Acid Metabolism. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4353-4359. [PMID: 33235475 PMCID: PMC7678695 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s269916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have various pleiotropic effects, including body weight reduction, and therefore have the potential to be used in various applications. However, such effects have not been fully investigated; thus, non-clinical studies using animal models are needed. In animal experiments, SGLT2 inhibitors are usually administered by oral or dietary methods. However, the detailed characteristics of these dosing methods, especially to induce their pleiotropic effects, have not been reported. Therefore, we compared the preventive effects of canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on body weight gain following oral gavage and dietary administration methods in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. METHODS Canagliflozin was dosed by oral gavage or dietary administration for 9 weeks to 6-week-old C57BL/6N mice fed a high-fat diet, and parameters related to obesity were evaluated. RESULTS The suppression of body weight gain, fat mass, and hepatic lipid content was observed following both dosing methods, whereas the effect on body weight tended to be stronger in the dietary administration group. In adipose tissue, fatty acid synthase expression was significantly decreased in the dietary administration group, and its expression was significantly correlated with fat mass. However, the expression of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was unchanged, indicating that the preventive effect on body weight gain was mediated mainly through the suppression of lipid synthesis rather than the promotion of lipid oxidation. CONCLUSION Canagliflozin prevented body weight gain through the suppression of lipid synthesis via both dosing methods, although there were some differences in the efficacy. The findings of our study can help to identify new mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Honami Sawazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iijima
- Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Su-Ping Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Jungin Kwon
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Mohri
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Mari Iwase
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8317, Japan
| | - Kazuo Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8317, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8317, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8317, Japan
- Correspondence: Tsuyoshi Goto Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji611-0011, JapanTel +81-774-38-3753Fax +81-774-38-3752 Email
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29
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Naiman S, Huynh FK, Gil R, Glick Y, Shahar Y, Touitou N, Nahum L, Avivi MY, Roichman A, Kanfi Y, Gertler AA, Doniger T, Ilkayeva OR, Abramovich I, Yaron O, Lerrer B, Gottlieb E, Harris RA, Gerber D, Hirschey MD, Cohen HY. SIRT6 Promotes Hepatic Beta-Oxidation via Activation of PPARα. Cell Rep 2019; 29:4127-4143.e8. [PMID: 31851938 PMCID: PMC7165364 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-longevity enzyme SIRT6 regulates various metabolic pathways. Gene expression analyses in SIRT6 heterozygotic mice identify significant decreases in PPARα signaling, known to regulate multiple metabolic pathways. SIRT6 binds PPARα and its response element within promoter regions and activates gene transcription. Sirt6+/- results in significantly reduced PPARα-induced β-oxidation and its metabolites and reduced alanine and lactate levels, while inducing pyruvate oxidation. Reciprocally, starved SIRT6 transgenic mice show increased pyruvate, acetylcarnitine, and glycerol levels and significantly induce β-oxidation genes in a PPARα-dependent manner. Furthermore, SIRT6 mediates PPARα inhibition of SREBP-dependent cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis. Mechanistically, SIRT6 binds PPARα coactivator NCOA2 and decreases liver NCOA2 K780 acetylation, which stimulates its activation of PPARα in a SIRT6-dependent manner. These coordinated SIRT6 activities lead to regulation of whole-body respiratory exchange ratio and liver fat content, revealing the interactions whereby SIRT6 synchronizes various metabolic pathways, and suggest a mechanism by which SIRT6 maintains healthy liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Naiman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Frank K Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Reuven Gil
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yair Glick
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yael Shahar
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Noga Touitou
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Liat Nahum
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Matan Y Avivi
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Asael Roichman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yariv Kanfi
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Asaf A Gertler
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tirza Doniger
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ifat Abramovich
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Street, Bat Galim, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orly Yaron
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Batia Lerrer
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 1 Efron Street, Bat Galim, Haifa, Israel
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Doron Gerber
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; Bar Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Haim Y Cohen
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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30
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d'Angelo M, Castelli V, Tupone MG, Catanesi M, Antonosante A, Dominguez-Benot R, Ippoliti R, Cimini AM, Benedetti E. Lifestyle and Food Habits Impact on Chronic Diseases: Roles of PPARs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215422. [PMID: 31683535 PMCID: PMC6862628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that exert important functions in mediating the pleiotropic effects of diverse exogenous factors such as physical exercise and food components. Particularly, PPARs act as transcription factors that control the expression of genes implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, and cellular proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we aim to summarize the recent advancements reported on the effects of lifestyle and food habits on PPAR transcriptional activity in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele d'Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mariano Catanesi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Andrea Antonosante
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Reyes Dominguez-Benot
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Elisabetta Benedetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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31
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Fu Z, Chen CT, Cagnone G, Heckel E, Sun Y, Cakir B, Tomita Y, Huang S, Li Q, Britton W, Cho SS, Kern TS, Hellström A, Joyal JS, Smith LE. Dyslipidemia in retinal metabolic disorders. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:e10473. [PMID: 31486227 PMCID: PMC6783651 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201910473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The light‐sensitive photoreceptors in the retina are extremely metabolically demanding and have the highest density of mitochondria of any cell in the body. Both physiological and pathological retinal vascular growth and regression are controlled by photoreceptor energy demands. It is critical to understand the energy demands of photoreceptors and fuel sources supplying them to understand neurovascular diseases. Retinas are very rich in lipids, which are continuously recycled as lipid‐rich photoreceptor outer segments are shed and reformed and dietary intake of lipids modulates retinal lipid composition. Lipids (as well as glucose) are fuel substrates for photoreceptor mitochondria. Dyslipidemia contributes to the development and progression of retinal dysfunction in many eye diseases. Here, we review photoreceptor energy demands with a focus on lipid metabolism in retinal neurovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuck T Chen
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Emilie Heckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - William Britton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve S Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lois Eh Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Su X, Kong Y, Peng D. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in lipid metabolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 498:30-37. [PMID: 31419414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in several developed countries, ranging from simple non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Currently, NAFLD has been confirmed to be associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and pre-diabetes, which are always grouped together as metabolic syndrome. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays an important role in liver pathophysiology with multiple metabolic functions. Accumulating evidence has shown that FGF21 could directly modulate lipid metabolism and reduce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through an insulin-independent pathway, thus suppressing the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Furthermore, treatment with FGF21 could obviously reverse NAFLD and synergistically alleviate obesity and counteract insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of FGF21 and the evidence of FGF21 as an important regulator in hepatic lipid metabolism. The mechanisms by which FGF21 affects the pathogenesis of NAFLD would also be proposed for the further understanding of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Kong
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomes, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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33
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Kawarasaki S, Kuwata H, Sawazaki H, Sakamoto T, Nitta T, Kim CS, Jheng HF, Takahashi H, Nomura W, Ara T, Takahashi N, Tomita K, Yu R, Kawada T, Goto T. A new mouse model for noninvasive fluorescence-based monitoring of mitochondrial UCP1 expression. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1201-1212. [PMID: 31074834 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is well known for its thermogenic function in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Since UCP1 expends energy on thermogenesis, UCP1 activation has been considered an approach to ameliorate obesity. As a tool for uncovering yet unknown mechanisms of UCP1 activation, we generated a transgenic mouse model in which UCP1 expression levels are reflected in fluorescence derived from monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1). In these UCP1-mRFP1 BAC transgenic mice, fluorescence intensity mimics the change in UCP1 expression levels evoked through physiological or pharmacological stimulation. This transgenic mouse model will be useful in the search for bioactive compounds with the ability to induce UCP1 and for revealing undiscovered mechanisms of BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Kawarasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kuwata
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Honami Sawazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Chuu-Sook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Koichi Tomita
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate school of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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34
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Goto T. A review of the studies on food-derived factors which regulate energy metabolism via the modulation of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:579-588. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1559025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for chronic metabolic disorders. Molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-related metabolic disorders have not been completely elucidated. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and are key metabolic regulators of the whole-body energy metabolism. Certain enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are directly regulated by PPARs via their interaction with specific response elements in their gene promoters. Many food factors act as ligands of PPARs and regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by regulating the activities of these nuclear receptors, leading to the attenuation of obesity-related metabolic disorders. In this review, we describe our current knowledge of the role of PPARs in the regulation of whole-body energy metabolism and several examples of food factors that act as ligands of PPARs, which may be useful in the management of obesity and the accompanying energy metabolism abnormalities.
Abbreviations: WAT: white adipose tissue; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor; RXR: retinoid X receptors; mTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; PPRE: PPAR-responsive regulatory elements; NAFLD: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; BAT: brown adipose tissue; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; LPC(16:0): 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine; C/EBP: CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins; STAT5A: signal transduction and activator of transcription 5A; APO apolipoptotein; CBP: cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein; PGC1A: PPARγ coactivator protein 1a; HFD: high-fat diet; TG: triglyceride; VLDL: very low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Chambers JM, Poureetezadi SJ, Addiego A, Lahne M, Wingert RA. ppargc1a controls nephron segmentation during zebrafish embryonic kidney ontogeny. eLife 2018; 7:40266. [PMID: 30475208 PMCID: PMC6279350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephron segmentation involves a concert of genetic and molecular signals that are not fully understood. Through a chemical screen, we discovered that alteration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling disrupts nephron segmentation in the zebrafish embryonic kidney (Poureetezadi et al., 2016). Here, we show that the PPAR co-activator ppargc1a directs renal progenitor fate. ppargc1a mutants form a small distal late (DL) segment and an expanded proximal straight tubule (PST) segment. ppargc1a promotes DL fate by regulating the transcription factor tbx2b, and restricts expression of the transcription factor sim1a to inhibit PST fate. Interestingly, sim1a restricts ppargc1a expression to promote the PST, and PST development is fully restored in ppargc1a/sim1a-deficient embryos, suggesting Ppargc1a and Sim1a counterbalance each other in an antagonistic fashion to delineate the PST segment boundary during nephrogenesis. Taken together, our data reveal new roles for Ppargc1a during development, which have implications for understanding renal birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Shahram Jevin Poureetezadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Amanda Addiego
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Manuela Lahne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States.,Center for Zebrafish Research, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
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36
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Two-hundred-liter scale fermentation, purification of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-21, and its anti-diabetic effects on ob/ob mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:719-730. [PMID: 30415427 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) is a potential cytokine for type II diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to optimize recombinant human FGF-21 (rhFGF-21) production in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) employing high cell density fermentation at a 200-L scale and pilot-scale purification. FGF-21 was eventually expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) using human FGF-21 synthetic DNA sequence via the introduction of vector pET-3c; the product is used as seed strain during the fermentation of rhFGF-21. Fermentation of rhFGF-21 was performed in a 30-L and 200-L fermenters. rhFGF-21 was primarily expressed in the form of inclusion bodies after IPTG induction. At the 200-L scale, the bacterial production and expression levels of rhFGF-21 were 38.8 ± 0.6 g/L and 30.9 ± 0.7%, respectively. Additionally, the high purification (98%) of rhFGF-21 was tested with HPLC analysis and reducing & non-reducing SDS-PAGE analysis. The final yield of purified rhFGF-21 was 71.1 ± 13.9 mg/L. The activity of rhFGF-21 stock solution reached at 68.67 ± 8.74 IU/mg. Blood glucose controlling and insulin sensitization were improved with treatment of rhFGF-21 in type II diabetic ob/ob mice. Our results showed that the relatively stable and time-saving pilot-scale production process was successfully established, providing an efficient and cost-effective strategy for large-scale and industrial production of rhFGF-21.
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37
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Bile acids and their effects on diabetes. Front Med 2018; 12:608-623. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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38
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Polychlorinated biphenyl exposures differentially regulate hepatic metabolism and pancreatic function: Implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 363:22-33. [PMID: 30312631 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endocrine disrupting chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have been associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and diabetes. However, an integrative analysis of the effects of PCBs on the liver and pancreas has never been performed for the two major PCB subtypes, dioxin-like (DL) and nondioxin-like (NDL), and a mixture of NDL/DL PCBs. Therefore, male C57BL/6 J mice fed a control synthetic diet were treated with either a NDL PCB mixture, Aroclor 1260 (20 mg/kg); a single DL PCB congener, PCB 126 (20 μg/kg); a NDL/DL mixture, Aroclor 1260 plus PCB 126; or vehicle control for 2 weeks. PCB126 had the greatest impact on hepatic lipid metabolism. It caused steatosis due to increased hepatic lipid import with associated hypolipidemia. However, all PCB exposures impacted expression of hepatic lipid metabolism genes in different manners. The 'NASH gene', Pnpla3, was elevated by Aroclor 1260, but decreased by all other exposures. The expression of hepatokines implicated in metabolic syndrome (Fgf21, Igf1, and betatrophin) were differentially regulated. The NDL/DL PCB mixture had the greatest effects on pancreatic histology, including acinar cell atrophy, mild steatosis, and fibrosis without ductal changes or immune cell infiltration. It decreased expression of insulin and altered the expression of genes regulating islet identity. None of these exposures was associated with altered HOMA-IR or HOMA-B. In summary, PCB exposures differentially regulated liver and pancreas structure and function. Novel mechanisms for PCB-induced endocrine/metabolic disruption included altered hepatokines and Pnpla3 as well as 'PCB pancreatopathy' that was associated with altered expression of pancreatic islet identity factors. More research is required to understand fully these findings in the context of human NASH and diabetes.
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39
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Takeda K, Sawazaki H, Takahashi H, Yeh YS, Jheng HF, Nomura W, Ara T, Takahashi N, Seno S, Osato N, Matsuda H, Kawada T, Goto T. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor teneligliptin enhances brown adipose tissue function, thereby preventing obesity in mice. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1782-1793. [PMID: 30410858 PMCID: PMC6212644 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor on whole-body energy metabolism, we treated mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with teneligliptin, a clinically available DPP-4 inhibitor. Teneligliptin significantly prevented HFD-induced obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders. It also increased oxygen consumption rate and upregulated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), suggesting that it enhances BAT function. Soluble DPP-4 inhibited β-adrenoreceptor-stimulated UCP1 expression in primary adipocytes, and this inhibition was prevented in the presence of teneligliptin, or an extracellular signal-related kinase inhibitor. These results indicate that soluble DPP-4 inhibits β-adrenoreceptor-stimulated UCP1 induction and that chronic DPP-4 inhibitor treatment may prevent obesity through the activation of BAT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Honami Sawazaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Takeshi Ara
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Naoki Osato
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuda
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University Suita Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food Division of Food Science and Biotechnology Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Uji Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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40
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Araki M, Nakagawa Y, Oishi A, Han SI, Wang Y, Kumagai K, Ohno H, Mizunoe Y, Iwasaki H, Sekiya M, Matsuzaka T, Shimano H. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα) Agonist Pemafibrate Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072148. [PMID: 30041488 PMCID: PMC6073532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a therapeutic target for hyperlipidemia. Pemafibrate (K-877) is a new selective PPARα modulator activating PPARα transcriptional activity. To determine the effects of pemafibrate on diet-induced obesity, wild-type mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing pemafibrate for 12 weeks. Like fenofibrate, pemafibrate significantly suppressed HFD-induced body weight gain; decreased plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride (TG) levels; and increased plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). However, compared to the dose of fenofibrate, a relatively low dose of pemafibrate showed these effects. Pemafibrate activated PPARα transcriptional activity in the liver, increasing both hepatic expression and plasma levels of FGF21. Additionally, pemafibrate increased the expression of genes involved in thermogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, including Ucp1, Cidea and Cpt1b in inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) and the mitochondrial marker Elovl3 in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Therefore, pemafibrate activates thermogenesis in iWAT and BAT by increasing plasma levels of FGF21. Additionally, pemafibrate induced the expression of Atgl and Hsl in epididymal white adipose tissue, leading to the activation of lipolysis. Taken together, pemafibrate suppresses diet-induced obesity in mice and improves their obesity-related metabolic abnormalities. We propose that pemafibrate may be useful for the suppression and improvement of obesity-induced metabolic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Araki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yoshimi Nakagawa
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Asayo Oishi
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Song-Iee Han
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yunong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Kae Kumagai
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ohno
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Mizunoe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Sekiya
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsuzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development⁻Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-1004, Japan.
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41
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Sivanesan S, Taylor A, Zhang J, Bakovic M. Betaine and Choline Improve Lipid Homeostasis in Obesity by Participation in Mitochondrial Oxidative Demethylation. Front Nutr 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 30042948 PMCID: PMC6048254 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the metabolic effects of betaine (Bet) supplementation on CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase/Pcyt2 heterozygous mice (HET). HET received either no treatment or were allowed access to 1% Bet supplemented water for 8 weeks. As we previously showed with choline (Cho), Bet improved hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis in HET. The protection from obesity associated with reduced hepatic steatosis and increased lipid breakdown in adipocytes was attributed to increased energy requirements for metabolism and elimination of supplemented Bet and Cho. 1H-NMR-based profiling revealed metabolic changes caused by Bet and Cho supplementation. Cho increased the citric acid cycle intermediate succinic acid while reducing isoleucine, valine, threonine, and lysine. Bet increased α-ketoglutaric acid and did not stimulate catabolism of amino acids. Increased histidine and alanine are specific biomarkers for Bet treatment. Cho and Bet caused glycerol accumulation and reduced sarcosine, taurine, acetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate levels. These data provide new insights on how Cho and Bet supplementation can aid in treatment of obesity related disorders due to their positive effects on lipolysis, the citric acid cycle, and mitochondrial oxidative demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugashan Sivanesan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Taylor
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Junzeng Zhang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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42
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An JY, Jheng HF, Nagai H, Sanada K, Takahashi H, Iwase M, Watanabe N, Kim YI, Teraminami A, Takahashi N, Nakata R, Inoue H, Seno S, Mastuda H, Kawada T, Goto T. A Phytol-Enriched Diet Activates PPAR-α in the Liver and Brown Adipose Tissue to Ameliorate Obesity-Induced Metabolic Abnormalities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700688. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeong An
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nagai
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Science; Kakamigahara Japan
| | - Kohei Sanada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Mari Iwase
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Natsumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Aki Teraminami
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Rieko Nakata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Nara Women's University; Nara Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Inoue
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition; Nara Women's University; Nara Japan
| | - Shigeto Seno
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Hideo Mastuda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food; Division of Food Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry; The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research; Kyoto University; Uji Japan
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43
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Frias FDT, Rocha KCE, de Mendonça M, Murata GM, Araujo HN, de Sousa LGO, de Sousa É, Hirabara SM, Leite NDC, Carneiro EM, Curi R, Silveira LR, Rodrigues AC. Fenofibrate reverses changes induced by high-fat diet on metabolism in mice muscle and visceral adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3515-3528. [PMID: 28926107 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fenofibrate on the metabolism of skeletal muscle and visceral white adipose tissue of diet-induced obese (DIO) mice was investigated. C57BL/6J male mice were fed either a control or high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Fenofibrate (50 mg/Kg BW, daily) was administered by oral gavage during the last two weeks of the experimental period. Insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism in soleus muscles, glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, indirect calorimetry, lipolysis of visceral white adipose tissue, expression of miR-103-3p in adipose tissue, and miR-1a, miR-133a/b, miR-206, let7b-5p, miR-23b-3p, miR-29-3p, miR-143-3p in soleus muscle, genes related to glucose and fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and soleus muscle, and proteins (phospho-AMPKα2, Pgc1α, Cpt1b), intramuscular lipid staining, and activities of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in skeletal muscle were investigated. In DIO mice, fenofibrate prevented weight gain induced by HFD feeding by increasing energy expenditure; improved whole body glucose homeostasis, and in skeletal muscle, increased insulin dependent glucose uptake, miR-1a levels, reduced intramuscular lipid accumulation, and phospho-AMPKα2 levels. In visceral adipose tissue of obese mice, fenofibrate decreased basal lipolysis rate and visceral adipocytes hypertrophy, and induced the expression of Glut-4, Irs1, and Cav-1 mRNA and miR-103-3p suggesting a higher insulin sensitivity of the adipocytes. The evidence is presented herein that beneficial effects of fenofibrate on body weight, glucose homeostasis, and muscle metabolism might be related to its action in adipose tissue. Moreover, fenofibrate regulates miR-1a-3p in soleus and miR-103-3p in adipose tissue, suggesting these microRNAs might contribute to fenofibrate beneficial effects on metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de T Frias
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina C E Rocha
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson M Murata
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hygor N Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís G O de Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica de Sousa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro M Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayara de C Leite
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice C Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Chen X, Sun Y, Dai Y, Chen C, Zhang T, Yan Z. Studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism and the mechanism of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Usnea. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:930-936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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45
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Kim M, Furuzono T, Yamakuni K, Li Y, Kim YI, Takahashi H, Ohue-Kitano R, Jheng HF, Takahashi N, Kano Y, Yu R, Kishino S, Ogawa J, Uchida K, Yamazaki J, Tominaga M, Kawada T, Goto T. 10-oxo-12( Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, enhances energy metabolism by activation of TRPV1. FASEB J 2017; 31:5036-5048. [PMID: 28754711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota can regulate the host energy metabolism; however, the underlying mechanisms that could involve gut microbiota-derived compounds remain to be understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of KetoA [10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid]-a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria-on whole-body energy metabolism and found that dietary intake of KetoA could enhance energy expenditure in mice, thereby protecting mice from diet-induced obesity. By using Ca2+ imaging and whole-cell patch-clamp methods, KetoA was noted to potently activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and enhance noradrenalin turnover in adipose tissues. In addition, KetoA up-regulated genes that are related to brown adipocyte functions, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in white adipose tissue (WAT), which was later diminished in the presence of a β-adrenoreceptor blocker. By using obese and diabetic model KK-Ay mice, we further show that KetoA intake ameliorated obesity-associated metabolic disorders. In the absence of any observed KetoA-induced antiobesity effect or UCP1 up-regulation in TRPV1-deficient mice, we prove that the antiobesity effect of KetoA was caused by TRPV1 activation-mediated browning in WAT. KetoA produced in the gut could therefore be involved in the regulation of host energy metabolism.-Kim, M., Furuzono, T., Yamakuni, K., Li, Y., Kim, Y.-I., Takahashi, H., Ohue-Kitano, R., Jheng, H.-F., Takahashi, N., Kano, Y., Yu, R., Kishino, S., Ogawa, J., Uchida, K., Yamazaki, J., Tominaga, M., Kawada, T., Goto, T. 10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, enhances energy metabolism by activation of TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Furuzono
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanae Yamakuni
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yongjia Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kano
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Faculty of Home Economics, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Shigenobu Kishino
- Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Ogawa
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Fermentation Physiology and Applied Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan.,Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yamazaki
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; .,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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