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Eskandari-Sedighi G, Crichton M, Zia S, Gomez-Cardona E, Cortez LM, Patel ZH, Takahashi-Yamashiro K, St Laurent CD, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Aghanya V, Sim VL, Tan Q, Julien O, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. Alzheimer's disease associated isoforms of human CD33 distinctively modulate microglial cell responses in 5XFAD mice. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:42. [PMID: 38802940 PMCID: PMC11129479 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia play diverse pathophysiological roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD), with genetic susceptibility factors skewing microglial cell function to influence AD risk. CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor associated with AD susceptibility through a single nucleotide polymorphism that modulates mRNA splicing, skewing protein expression from a long protein isoform (CD33M) to a short isoform (CD33m). Understanding how human CD33 isoforms differentially impact microglial cell function in vivo has been challenging due to functional divergence of CD33 between mice and humans. We address this challenge by studying transgenic mice expressing either of the human CD33 isoforms crossed with the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis and find that human CD33 isoforms have opposing effects on the response of microglia to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Mice expressing CD33M have increased Aβ levels, more diffuse plaques, fewer disease-associated microglia, and more dystrophic neurites compared to 5XFAD control mice. Conversely, CD33m promotes plaque compaction and microglia-plaque contacts, and minimizes neuritic plaque pathology, highlighting an AD protective role for this isoform. Protective phenotypes driven by CD33m are detected at an earlier timepoint compared to the more aggressive pathology in CD33M mice that appears at a later timepoint, suggesting that CD33m has a more prominent impact on microglia cell function at earlier stages of disease progression. In addition to divergent roles in modulating phagocytosis, scRNAseq and proteomics analyses demonstrate that CD33m+ microglia upregulate nestin, an intermediate filament involved in cell migration, at plaque contact sites. Overall, our work provides new functional insights into how CD33, as a top genetic susceptibility factor for AD, modulates microglial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sameera Zia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo M Cortez
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zain H Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | | | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vivian Aghanya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Valerie L Sim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qiumin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Olivier Julien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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2
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Wißfeld J, Abou Assale T, Cuevas-Rios G, Liao H, Neumann H. Therapeutic potential to target sialylation and SIGLECs in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1330874. [PMID: 38529039 PMCID: PMC10961342 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1330874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids, commonly found as the terminal carbohydrate on the glycocalyx of mammalian cells, are pivotal checkpoint inhibitors of the innate immune system, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (SIGLECs) expressed on microglia are key players in maintaining microglial homeostasis by recognizing intact sialylation. The finely balanced sialic acid-SIGLEC system ensures the prevention of excessive and detrimental immune responses in the CNS. However, loss of sialylation and SIGLEC receptor dysfunctions contribute to several chronic CNS diseases. Genetic variants of SIGLEC3/CD33, SIGLEC11, and SIGLEC14 have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, while sialyltransferase ST8SIA2 and SIGLEC4/MAG have been linked to psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and autism spectrum disorders. Consequently, immune-modulatory functions of polysialic acids and SIGLEC binding antibodies have been exploited experimentally in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and inflammation-induced CNS tissue damage, including retinal damage. While the potential of these therapeutic approaches is evident, only a few therapies to target either sialylation or SIGLEC receptors have been tested in patient clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview of the critical role played by the sialic acid-SIGLEC axis in shaping microglial activation and function within the context of neurodegeneration and synaptopathies and discuss the current landscape of therapies that target sialylation or SIGLECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Wißfeld
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tawfik Abou Assale
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - German Cuevas-Rios
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Huan Liao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Ciesielski TH, Sirugo G, Iyengar SK, Williams SM. Characterizing the pathogenicity of genetic variants: the consequences of context. NPJ Genom Med 2024; 9:3. [PMID: 38195641 PMCID: PMC10776585 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Ciesielski
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Mary Ann Swetland Center for Environmental Health at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA.
| | - Giorgio Sirugo
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Institute of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- The Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- The Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Cleveland, OH, USA
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4
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Springer SA, Siddiqui SS. Editorial: Glycans: molecules at the interface of immunity and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1354723. [PMID: 38250063 PMCID: PMC10796668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1354723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoib Sawar Siddiqui
- Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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5
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Suh EH, Lee G, Jung SH, Wen Z, Bao J, Nho K, Huang H, Davatzikos C, Saykin AJ, Thompson PM, Shen L, Kim D. An interpretable Alzheimer's disease oligogenic risk score informed by neuroimaging biomarkers improves risk prediction and stratification. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1281748. [PMID: 37953885 PMCID: PMC10637854 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1281748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stratification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients into risk subgroups using Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) presents novel opportunities for the development of clinical trials and disease-modifying therapies. However, the heterogeneous nature of AD continues to pose significant challenges for the clinical broadscale use of PRS. PRS remains unfit in demonstrating sufficient accuracy in risk prediction, particularly for individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and in allowing feasible interpretation of specific genes or SNPs contributing to disease risk. We propose adORS, a novel oligogenic risk score for AD, to better predict risk of disease by using an optimized list of relevant genetic risk factors. Methods Using whole genome sequencing data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort (n = 1,545), we selected 20 genes that exhibited the strongest correlations with FDG-PET and AV45-PET, recognized neuroimaging biomarkers that detect functional brain changes in AD. This subset of genes was incorporated into adORS to assess, in comparison to PRS, the prediction accuracy of CN vs. AD classification and MCI conversion prediction, risk stratification of the ADNI cohort, and interpretability of the genetic information included in the scores. Results adORS improved AUC scores over PRS in both CN vs. AD classification and MCI conversion prediction. The oligogenic model also refined risk-based stratification, even without the assistance of APOE, thus reflecting the true prevalence rate of the ADNI cohort compared to PRS. Interpretation analysis shows that genes included in adORS, such as ATF6, EFCAB11, ING5, SIK3, and CD46, have been observed in similar neurodegenerative disorders and/or are supported by AD-related literature. Discussion Compared to conventional PRS, adORS may prove to be a more appropriate choice of differentiating patients into high or low genetic risk of AD in clinical studies or settings. Additionally, the ability to interpret specific genetic information allows the focus to be shifted from general relative risk based on a given population to the information that adORS can provide for a single individual, thus permitting the possibility of personalized treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica H. Suh
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Garam Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zixuan Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jingxuan Bao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christos Davatzikos
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Young-Pearse TL, Lee H, Hsieh YC, Chou V, Selkoe DJ. Moving beyond amyloid and tau to capture the biological heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:426-444. [PMID: 37019812 PMCID: PMC10192069 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifests along a spectrum of cognitive deficits and levels of neuropathology. Genetic studies support a heterogeneous disease mechanism, with around 70 associated loci to date, implicating several biological processes that mediate risk for AD. Despite this heterogeneity, most experimental systems for testing new therapeutics are not designed to capture the genetically complex drivers of AD risk. In this review, we first provide an overview of those aspects of AD that are largely stereotyped and those that are heterogeneous, and we review the evidence supporting the concept that different subtypes of AD are important to consider in the design of agents for the prevention and treatment of the disease. We then dive into the multifaceted biological domains implicated to date in AD risk, highlighting studies of the diverse genetic drivers of disease. Finally, we explore recent efforts to identify biological subtypes of AD, with an emphasis on the experimental systems and data sets available to support progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Young-Pearse
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Hyo Lee
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Hsieh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Chou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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7
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CD33 isoforms in microglia and Alzheimer's disease: Friend and foe. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101111. [PMID: 35940942 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease and is considered the main cause of dementia worldwide. Genome-wide association studies combined with integrated analysis of functional datasets support a critical role for microglia in AD pathogenesis, identifying them as important potential therapeutic targets. The ability of immunomodulatory receptors on microglia to control the response to pathogenic amyloid-β aggregates has gained significant interest. Siglec-3, also known as CD33, is one of these immunomodulatory receptors expressed on microglia that has been identified as an AD susceptibility factor. Here, we review recent advances made in understanding the multifaceted roles that CD33 plays in microglia with emphasis on two human-specific CD33 isoforms that differentially correlate with AD susceptibility. We also describe several different therapeutic approaches for targeting CD33 that have been advanced for the purpose of skewing microglial cell responses.
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8
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Siddiqui SS. Non-canonical roles of Siglecs: Beyond sialic acid-binding and immune cell modulation. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101145. [PMID: 36153172 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are I-type lectins that bind with sialic acid ligands (Sia). Most are expressed on the surface of leukocytes and are involved in immune regulation and possess immune tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) in the intracellular domain, thus leading to inhibition of the immune response. This signaling is instrumental in maintaining quiescence under physiological conditions and acts as a brake for inflammatory cascades. By contrast, activating Siglecs carry positively charged residues in the transmembrane domain and interact with immune tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM)-containing proteins, a DNAX-activating protein of 10-12 kDa (DAP10/12), to activate immune cells. There are various characteristics of Siglecs that do not fit within the classification of Siglec receptors as being either inhibitory or activating in nature. This review focuses on elucidating the non-canonical functions and interactions of Siglec receptors, which include Sia-independent interactions such as protein-protein interactions and interactions with lipids or other sugars. This review also summarizes Siglec expression and function on non-immune cells, and non-classical signaling of the receptor. Thus, this review will be beneficial to researchers interested in the field of Siglecs and sialic acid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, United Kingdom.
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9
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Siew JJ, Chern Y, Khoo KH, Angata T. Roles of Siglecs in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 90:101141. [PMID: 36089405 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident myeloid cells in the central nervous system (CNS) with a unique developmental origin, playing essential roles in developing and maintaining the CNS environment. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, through the modulation of neuroinflammation. Several members of the Siglec family of sialic acid recognition proteins are expressed on microglia. Since the discovery of the genetic association between a polymorphism in the CD33 gene and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the association between the polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed additional potential associations between Siglecs and Alzheimer's disease, implying that the reduced signal from inhibitory Siglec may have an overall protective effect in lowering the disease risk. Evidences suggesting the involvement of Siglecs in other neurodegenerative diseases are also emerging. These findings could help us predict the roles of Siglecs in other neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the functionally relevant Siglec ligands in the brain, which represents a new frontier. Understanding how microglial Siglecs and their ligands in CNS contribute to the regulation of CNS homeostasis and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases may provide us with a new avenue for disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Fastenau C, Wickline JL, Smith S, Odfalk KF, Solano L, Bieniek KF, Hopp SC. Increased α-2,6 sialic acid on microglia in amyloid pathology is resistant to oseltamivir. GeroScience 2023. [PMID: 36867284 PMCID: PMC10400525 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminal sialic acid residues are present on most glycoproteins and glycolipids, but levels of sialylation are known to change in the brain throughout the lifespan as well as during disease. Sialic acids are important for numerous cellular processes including cell adhesion, neurodevelopment, and immune regulation as well as pathogen invasion into host cells. Neuraminidase enzymes, also known as sialidases, are responsible for removal of terminal sialic acids in a process known as desialylation. Neuraminidase 1 (Neu1) cleaves the α-2,6 bond of terminal sialic acids. Aging individuals with dementia are often treated with the antiviral medication oseltamivir, which is associated with induction of adverse neuropsychiatric side effects; this drug inhibits both viral and mammalian Neu1. The present study tested whether a clinically relevant antiviral dosing regimen of oseltamivir would disrupt behavior in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease amyloid pathology or wild-type littermates. While oseltamivir treatment did not impact mouse behavior or modify amyloid plaque size or morphology, a novel spatial distribution of α-2,6 sialic acid residues was discovered in 5XFAD mice that was not present in wild-type littermates. Further analyses revealed that α-2,6 sialic acid residues were not localized the amyloid plaques but instead localized to plaque-associated microglia. Notably, treatment with oseltamivir did not alter α-2,6 sialic acid distribution on plaque-associated microglia in 5XFAD mice which may be due to downregulation of Neu1 transcript levels in 5XFAD mice. Overall, this study suggests that plaque-associated microglia are highly sialylated and are resistant to change with oseltamivir, thus interfering with microglia immune recognition of and response to amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn Fastenau
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Wickline
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sabrina Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kristian F Odfalk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Solano
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin F Bieniek
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Hopp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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11
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Raschka T, Sood M, Schultz B, Altay A, Ebeling C, Fröhlich H. AI reveals insights into link between CD33 and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1009894. [PMID: 36780558 PMCID: PMC9956604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling biological mechanisms is a key for disease understanding and drug-target identification. However, formulating quantitative models in the field of Alzheimer's Disease is challenged by a lack of detailed knowledge of relevant biochemical processes. Additionally, fitting differential equation systems usually requires time resolved data and the possibility to perform intervention experiments, which is difficult in neurological disorders. This work addresses these challenges by employing the recently published Variational Autoencoder Modular Bayesian Networks (VAMBN) method, which we here trained on combined clinical and patient level gene expression data while incorporating a disease focused knowledge graph. Our approach, called iVAMBN, resulted in a quantitative model that allowed us to simulate a down-expression of the putative drug target CD33, including potential impact on cognitive impairment and brain pathophysiology. Experimental validation demonstrated a high overlap of molecular mechanism predicted to be altered by CD33 perturbation with cell line data. Altogether, our modeling approach may help to select promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Meemansa Sood
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Schultz
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Aybuge Altay
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Ebeling
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology (B-IT), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Dhar C. Does SIGLEC8 localize to the subcellular compartment like the Alzheimer's disease protective CD33 splice variant? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1124150. [PMID: 37124396 PMCID: PMC10133518 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1124150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
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13
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Burns S, Selman A, Sehar U, Rawat P, Reddy AP, Reddy PH. Therapeutics of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Developments. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122402. [PMID: 36552610 PMCID: PMC9774459 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing aging, dementia is a growing public health concern globally. Patients with dementia have multiple psychological and behavioral changes, including depression, anxiety, inappropriate behavior, paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations. The major types of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VCID), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and mixed dementia (MiAD). Among these, AD is the most common form of dementia in the elderly population. In the last three decades, tremendous progress has been made in understanding AD's biology and disease progression, particularly its molecular basis, biomarker development, and drug discovery. Multiple cellular changes have been implicated in the progression of AD, including amyloid beta, phosphorylated tau, synaptic damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated microRNAs, inflammatory changes, hormonal deregulation, and others; based on these changes, therapeutic strategies have been developed, which are currently being tested in animal models and human clinical trials. The purpose of our article is to highlight recent therapeutic strategies' developments, critically discuss current strategies' failures, and propose new strategies to combat this devasting mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Burns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ashley Selman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Priyanka Rawat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Arubala P. Reddy
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-806-743-3194; Fax: +1-806-743-2334
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Morató X, Pytel V, Jofresa S, Ruiz A, Boada M. Symptomatic and Disease-Modifying Therapy Pipeline for Alzheimer’s Disease: Towards a Personalized Polypharmacology Patient-Centered Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169305. [PMID: 36012569 PMCID: PMC9409252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1906, when Dr. Alois Alzheimer first described in a patient “a peculiar severe disease process of the cerebral cortex”, people suffering from this pathology have been waiting for a breakthrough therapy. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most common form of dementia in the elderly with a long presymptomatic phase. Worldwide, approximately 50 million people are living with dementia, with AD comprising 60–70% of cases. Pathologically, AD is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) in the neuropil (neuritic plaques) and blood vessels (amyloid angiopathy), and by the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in neurons (neurofibrillary tangles) in the brain, with associated loss of synapses and neurons, together with glial activation, and neuroinflammation, resulting in cognitive deficits and eventually dementia. The current competitive landscape in AD consists of symptomatic treatments, of which there are currently six approved medications: three AChEIs (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine), one NMDA-R antagonist (memantine), one combination therapy (memantine/donepezil), and GV-971 (sodium oligomannate, a mixture of oligosaccharides derived from algae) only approved in China. Improvements to the approved therapies, such as easier routes of administration and reduced dosing frequencies, along with the developments of new strategies and combined treatments are expected to occur within the next decade and will positively impact the way the disease is managed. Recently, Aducanumab, the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) has been approved for AD, and several DMTs are in advanced stages of clinical development or regulatory review. Small molecules, mAbs, or multimodal strategies showing promise in animal studies have not confirmed that promise in the clinic (where small to moderate changes in clinical efficacy have been observed), and therefore, there is a significant unmet need for a better understanding of the AD pathogenesis and the exploration of alternative etiologies and therapeutic effective disease-modifying therapies strategies for AD. Therefore, a critical review of the disease-modifying therapy pipeline for Alzheimer’s disease is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Morató
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Vanesa Pytel
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Jofresa
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Saha S, Khan N, Comi T, Verhagen A, Sasmal A, Diaz S, Yu H, Chen X, Akey JM, Frank M, Gagneux P, Varki A. Evolution of Human-Specific Alleles Protecting Cognitive Function of Grandmothers. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6637508. [PMID: 35809046 PMCID: PMC9356730 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelomonocytic receptor CD33 (Siglec-3) inhibits innate immune reactivity by extracellular V-set domain recognition of sialic acid (Sia)-containing "self-associated molecular patterns" (SAMPs). We earlier showed that V-set domain-deficient CD33-variant allele, protective against late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), is derived and specific to the hominin lineage. We now report multiple hominin-specific CD33 V-set domain mutations. Due to hominin-specific, fixed loss-of-function mutation in the CMAH gene, humans lack N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), the preferred Sia-ligand of ancestral CD33. Mutational analysis and molecular dynamics (MD)-simulations indicate that fixed change in amino acid 21 of hominin V-set domain and conformational changes related to His45 corrected for Neu5Gc-loss by switching to N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-recognition. We show that human-specific pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Group B Streptococcus selectively bind human CD33 (huCD33) as part of immune-evasive molecular mimicry of host SAMPs and that this binding is significantly impacted by amino acid 21 modification. In addition to LOAD-protective CD33 alleles, humans harbor derived, population-universal, cognition-protective variants at several other loci. Interestingly, 11 of 13 SNPs in these human genes (including CD33) are not shared by genomes of archaic hominins: Neanderthals and Denisovans. We present a plausible evolutionary scenario to compile, correlate, and comprehend existing knowledge about huCD33-evolution and suggest that grandmothering emerged in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Saha
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Naazneen Khan
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Troy Comi
- Department of Genetics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrea Verhagen
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aniruddha Sasmal
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sandra Diaz
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Anthropology and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny and Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua M Akey
- Department of Genetics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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Li Y, Laws SM, Miles LA, Wiley JS, Huang X, Masters CL, Gu BJ. Genomics of Alzheimer's disease implicates the innate and adaptive immune systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7397-7426. [PMID: 34708251 PMCID: PMC11073066 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterised by cognitive impairment, behavioural alteration, and functional decline. Over 130 AD-associated susceptibility loci have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), while whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole exome sequencing (WES) studies have identified AD-associated rare variants. These variants are enriched in APOE, TREM2, CR1, CD33, CLU, BIN1, CD2AP, PILRA, SCIMP, PICALM, SORL1, SPI1, RIN3, and more genes. Given that aging is the single largest risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), the accumulation of somatic mutations in the brain and blood of AD patients have also been explored. Collectively, these genetic findings implicate the role of innate and adaptive immunity in LOAD pathogenesis and suggest that a systemic failure of cell-mediated amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance contributes to AD onset and progression. AD-associated variants are particularly enriched in myeloid-specific regulatory regions, implying that AD risk variants are likely to perturbate the expression of myeloid-specific AD-associated genes to interfere Aβ clearance. Defective phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy may drive Aβ accumulation, which may be related to naturally-occurring antibodies to Aβ (Nabs-Aβ) produced by adaptive responses. Passive immunisation is providing efficiency in clearing Aβ and slowing cognitive decline, such as aducanumab, donanemab, and lecanemab (ban2401). Causation of AD by impairment of the innate immunity and treatment using the tools of adaptive immunity is emerging as a new paradigm for AD, but immunotherapy that boosts the innate immune functions of myeloid cells is highly expected to modulate disease progression at asymptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Li
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Luke A Miles
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - James S Wiley
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Huang
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Gu
- The Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Lim J, Sari-Ak D, Bagga T. Siglecs as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1178. [PMID: 34827170 PMCID: PMC8615218 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypersialylation is a common post-translational modification of protein and lipids found on cancer cell surfaces, which participate in cell-cell interactions and in the regulation of immune responses. Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon α-keto acids found at the outermost ends of glycans attached to cell surfaces. Given their locations on cell surfaces, tumor cells aberrantly overexpress sialic acids, which are recognized by Siglec receptors found on immune cells to mediate broad immunomodulatory signaling. Enhanced sialylation exposed on cancer cell surfaces is exemplified as "self-associated molecular pattern" (SAMP), which tricks Siglec receptors found on leukocytes to greatly down-regulate immune responsiveness, leading to tumor growth. In this review, we focused on all 15 human Siglecs (including Siglec XII), many of which still remain understudied. We also highlighted strategies that disrupt the course of Siglec-sialic acid interactions, such as antibody-based therapies and sialic acid mimetics leading to tumor cell depletion. Herein, we introduced the central roles of Siglecs in mediating pro-tumor immunity and discussed strategies that target these receptors, which could benefit improved cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackwee Lim
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8a Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
| | - Duygu Sari-Ak
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey;
| | - Tanaya Bagga
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8a Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore;
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18
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Shaw BC, Estus S. Pseudogene-Mediated Gene Conversion After CRISPR-Cas9 Editing Demonstrated by Partial CD33 Conversion with SIGLEC22P. CRISPR J 2021; 4:699-709. [PMID: 34558988 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gene editing workflows typically consider the possibility of off-target editing, pseudogene-directed homology repair has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. Here, we employed a CRISPR-Cas9 strategy for targeted excision of exon 2 in CD33 in U937 human monocyte cell line. Candidate clonal cell lines were screened by using a clinically relevant antibody known to label the IgV domain encoded by exon 2 (P67.6, gemtuzumab). In addition to the anticipated deletion of exon 2, we also found unexpected P67.6-negative cell lines, which had apparently retained CD33 exon 2. Sequencing revealed that these lines underwent gene conversion from the nearby SIGLEC22P pseudogene during homology repair that resulted in three missense mutations relative to CD33. Ectopic expression studies confirmed that the P67.6 epitope is dependent upon these amino acids. In summation, we report that pseudogene-directed homology repair can lead to aberrant CRISPR gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Shaw
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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19
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Hypoxia/ischemia impairs CD33 (Siglec-3)/TREM2 signaling: Potential role in Alzheimer's pathogenesis. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105186. [PMID: 34530055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent genetic and molecular studies have indicated that the innate immune system, especially microglia, have a crucial role in the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, the CD33 receptor, also called Siglec-3, inhibits the TREM2 receptor-induced phagocytic activity of microglia. CD33 receptors recognize the α2,3 and α2,6-linked sialic groups in tissue glycocalyx, especially sialylated gangliosides in human brain. The CD33 receptor triggers cell-type specific responses, e.g., in microglia, CD33 inhibits phagocytosis, whereas in natural killer cells, it inhibits the cytotoxic activity of the NKG2D receptor. Nonetheless, the regulation of the activity of CD33 receptor needs to be clarified. For example, it seems that hypoxia/ischemia, a potential cause of AD pathology, increases the expression of CD33 and its downstream target SHP-1, a tyrosine phosphatase which suppresses the phagocytosis driven by TREM2. Moreover, hypoxia/ischemia increases the deposition of sialylated gangliosides, e.g., GM1, GM2, GM3, and GD1, which are ligands for inhibitory CD33/Siglec-3 receptors. In addition, β-amyloid peptides bind to the sialylated gangliosides in raft-like clusters and subsequently these gangliosides act as seeds for the formation of β-amyloid plaques in AD pathology. It is known that senile plaques contain sialylated GM1, GM2, and GM3 gangliosides, i.e., the same species induced by hypoxia/ischemia treatment. Sialylated gangliosides in plaques might stimulate the CD33/Siglec-3 receptors of microglia and thus impede TREM2-driven phagocytosis. We propose that hypoxia/ischemia, e.g., via the accumulation of sialylated gangliosides, prevents the phagocytosis of β-amyloid deposits by inhibiting CD33/TREM2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Shaw BC, Katsumata Y, Simpson JF, Fardo DW, Estus S. Analysis of Genetic Variants Associated with Levels of Immune Modulating Proteins for Impact on Alzheimer's Disease Risk Reveal a Potential Role for SIGLEC14. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071008. [PMID: 34208838 PMCID: PMC8303736 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified immune-related genes as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), including TREM2 and CD33, frequently passing a stringent false-discovery rate. These genes either encode or signal through immunomodulatory tyrosine-phosphorylated inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) or activation motifs (ITAMs) and govern processes critical to AD pathology, such as inflammation and amyloid phagocytosis. To investigate whether additional ITIM and ITAM-containing family members may contribute to AD risk and be overlooked due to the stringent multiple testing in GWAS, we combined protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) data from a recent plasma proteomics study with AD associations in a recent GWAS. We found that pQTLs for genes encoding ITIM/ITAM family members were more frequently associated with AD than those for non-ITIM/ITAM genes. Further testing of one family member, SIGLEC14 which encodes an ITAM, uncovered substantial copy number variations, identified an SNP as a proxy for gene deletion, and found that gene expression correlates significantly with gene deletion. We also found that SIGLEC14 deletion increases the expression of SIGLEC5, an ITIM. We conclude that many genes in this ITIM/ITAM family likely impact AD risk, and that complex genetics including copy number variation, opposing function of encoded proteins, and coupled gene expression may mask these AD risk associations at the genome-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Shaw
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - James F. Simpson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - David W. Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (B.C.S.); (J.F.S.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-218-2388
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Reporter cell assay for human CD33 validated by specific antibodies and human iPSC-derived microglia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13462. [PMID: 34188106 PMCID: PMC8242067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD33/Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 3 (SIGLEC3) is an innate immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells and mediates inhibitory signaling via tyrosine phosphatases. Variants of CD33 are associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suggesting that modulation of CD33 signaling might be beneficial in AD. Hence, there is an urgent need for reliable cellular CD33 reporter systems. Therefore, we generated a CD33 reporter cell line expressing a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of either human full-length CD33 (CD33M) or the AD-protective variant CD33ΔE2 (D2-CD33/CD33m) linked to TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP/DAP12) to investigate possible ligands and antibodies for modulation of CD33 signaling. Application of the CD33-specific antibodies P67.6 and 1c7/1 to the CD33M-DAP12 reporter cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of the kinase SYK, which is downstream of DAP12. CD33M-DAP12 but not CD33ΔE2-DAP12 expressing reporter cells showed increased intracellular calcium levels upon treatment with CD33 antibody P67.6 and partially for 1c7/1. Furthermore, stimulation of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia with the CD33 antibodies P67.6 or 1c7/1 directly counteracted the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2)-induced phosphorylation of SYK and decreased the phagocytic uptake of bacterial particles. Thus, the developed reporter system confirmed CD33 pathway activation by CD33 antibody clones P67.6 and 1c7/1. In addition, data showed that phosphorylation of SYK by TREM2 activation and phagocytosis of bacterial particles can be directly antagonized by CD33 signaling.
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Anteghini M, Martins dos Santos V, Saccenti E. In-Pero: Exploiting Deep Learning Embeddings of Protein Sequences to Predict the Localisation of Peroxisomal Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6409. [PMID: 34203866 PMCID: PMC8232616 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous membrane-bound organelles, and aberrant localisation of peroxisomal proteins contributes to the pathogenesis of several disorders. Many computational methods focus on assigning protein sequences to subcellular compartments, but there are no specific tools tailored for the sub-localisation (matrix vs. membrane) of peroxisome proteins. We present here In-Pero, a new method for predicting protein sub-peroxisomal cellular localisation. In-Pero combines standard machine learning approaches with recently proposed multi-dimensional deep-learning representations of the protein amino-acid sequence. It showed a classification accuracy above 0.9 in predicting peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins. The method is trained and tested using a double cross-validation approach on a curated data set comprising 160 peroxisomal proteins with experimental evidence for sub-peroxisomal localisation. We further show that the proposed approach can be easily adapted (In-Mito) to the prediction of mitochondrial protein localisation obtaining performances for certain classes of proteins (matrix and inner-membrane) superior to existing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Anteghini
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitor Martins dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to provide an update on the role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, with an emphasis on microglial receptors CD33 and TREM2. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified many Alzheimer's disease risk genes related to immune response and microglia including the phagocytic receptors CD33 and TREM2. Recent GWAS and pathway analyses emphasize the crucial role of the innate immune system and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Disease-associated microglia have been characterized by TREM2-dependent upregulation of phagocytic and lipid metabolism genes. Impaired microglial phagocytosis results in amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation leading to neuroinflammation that is the primary cause of neurodegeneration. CD33 and TREM2 modulate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and have emerged as therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Progress has been made to inhibit CD33 by gene therapy, small molecules or immunotherapy, and to increase TREM2 activity by immunotherapy. Finally, mAbs against CD33 and TREM2 have entered clinical trials and may reduce neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease brain. SUMMARY Targeting neuroinflammation via CD33 inhibition and/or TREM2 activation may have important implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and may be an addition to monoclonal anti-Aβ antibody treatments that remove plaques without reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Griciuc
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Siddiqui SS, Vaill M, Varki A. Ongoing selection for a uniquely human null allele of SIGLEC12 in world-wide populations may protect against the risk of advanced carcinomas. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:278-279. [PMID: 33842853 PMCID: PMC8019254 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shoib S. Siddiqui
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, and Center for Academic Research and Training in AnthropogenyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
- Present address:
School of Life and Medical SciencesUniversity of HertfordshireHatfieldUK
| | - Michael Vaill
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, and Center for Academic Research and Training in AnthropogenyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular MedicineGlycobiology Research and Training Center, and Center for Academic Research and Training in AnthropogenyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
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25
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Bhattacherjee A, Jung J, Zia S, Ho M, Eskandari-Sedighi G, St. Laurent CD, McCord KA, Bains A, Sidhu G, Sarkar S, Plemel JR, Macauley MS. The CD33 short isoform is a gain-of-function variant that enhances Aβ 1-42 phagocytosis in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:19. [PMID: 33766097 PMCID: PMC7992807 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD33 is genetically linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility through differential expression of isoforms in microglia. The role of the human CD33 short isoform (hCD33m), preferentially encoded by an AD-protective CD33 allele (rs12459419T), is unknown. Here, we test whether hCD33m represents a loss-of-function or gain-of-function variant. METHODS We have developed two models to test the role of hCD33m. The first is a new strain of transgenic mice expressing hCD33m in the microglial cell lineage. The second is U937 cells where the CD33 gene was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9 and complemented with different variants of hCD33. Primary microglia and U937 cells were tested in phagocytosis assays and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) was carried out on the primary microglia. Furthermore, a new monoclonal antibody was developed to detect hCD33m more efficiently. RESULTS In both primary microglia and U937 cells, we find that hCD33m enhances phagocytosis. This contrasts with the human CD33 long isoform (hCD33M) that represses phagocytosis, as previously demonstrated. As revealed by scRNAseq, hCD33m+ microglia are enriched in a cluster of cells defined by an upregulated expression and gene regulatory network of immediate early genes, which was further validated within microglia in situ. Using a new hCD33m-specific antibody enabled hCD33m expression to be examined, demonstrating a preference for an intracellular location. Moreover, this newly discovered gain-of-function role for hCD33m is dependent on its cytoplasmic signaling motifs, dominant over hCD33M, and not due to loss of glycan ligand binding. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong support that hCD33m represents a gain-of-function isoform and offers insight into what it may take to therapeutically capture the AD-protective CD33 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhattacherjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Madelene Ho
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari-Sedighi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Chris D. St. Laurent
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Kelli A. McCord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Gaurav Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Susmita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Gunning Lemieux Chemistry Centre E5-18A, Edmonton, T6G 2G2 Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Canada
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26
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Wißfeld J, Nozaki I, Mathews M, Raschka T, Ebeling C, Hornung V, Brüstle O, Neumann H. Deletion of Alzheimer's disease-associated CD33 results in an inflammatory human microglia phenotype. Glia 2021; 69:1393-1412. [PMID: 33539598 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies demonstrated that polymorphisms in the CD33/sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 3 gene are associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). CD33 is expressed on myeloid immune cells and mediates inhibitory signaling through protein tyrosine phosphatases, but the exact function of CD33 in microglia is still unknown. Here, we analyzed CD33 knockout human THP1 macrophages and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia for immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif pathway activation, cytokine transcription, phagocytosis, and phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst. Transcriptome analysis of the macrophage lines showed that knockout of CD33 as well as knockdown of the CD33 signaling-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 6 (PTPN6) led to constitutive activation of inflammation-related pathways. Moreover, deletion of CD33 or expression of Exon 2-deleted CD33 (CD33ΔE2 /CD33m) led to increased phosphorylation of the kinases spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1 and 2). Transcript analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed increased levels of interleukin (IL) 1B, IL8, and IL10 after knockout of CD33 in macrophages and microglia. In addition, upregulation of the gene transcripts of the AD-associated phosphatase INPP5D was observed after knockout of CD33. Functional analysis of macrophages and microglia showed that phagocytosis of aggregated amyloid-β1-42 and bacterial particles were increased after knockout of CD33 or CD33ΔE2 expression and knockdown of PTPN6. Furthermore, the phagocytic oxidative burst during uptake of amyloid-β1-42 or bacterial particles was increased after CD33 knockout but not in CD33ΔE2 -expressing microglia. In summary, deletion of CD33 or expression of CD33ΔE2 in human macrophages and microglia resulted in putative beneficial phagocytosis of amyloid β1-42 , but potentially detrimental oxidative burst and inflammation, which was absent in CD33ΔE2 -expressing microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Wißfeld
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ichiro Nozaki
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mona Mathews
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Raschka
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Christian Ebeling
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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27
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Gbadamosi MO, Shastri VM, Hylkema T, Papageorgiou I, Pardo L, Cogle CR, Doty A, Loken MR, Meshinchi S, Lamba JK. Novel CD33 antibodies unravel localization, biology and therapeutic implications of CD33 isoforms. Future Oncol 2021; 17:263-277. [PMID: 33356566 PMCID: PMC10621775 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the therapeutic relevance of the CD33D2 isoform by developing novel antibodies targeting the IgC domain of CD33. Two novel IgC-targeting antibodies, HL2541 and 5C11-2, were developed, and CD33 isoforms were assessed using multiple assays in cells overexpressing either CD33FL or CD33D2 isoforms, unmodified acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and primary AML specimens representing different genotypes for the CD33 splicing single nucleotide polymorphism. CD33D2 was recognized on cells overexpressing CD33D2 and unmodified AML cell lines; however, minimal/no cell surface detection of CD33D2 was observed in primary AML specimens. Both isoforms were detected intracellularly using novel antibodies. Minimal cell surface expression of CD33D2 on primary AML/progenitor cells warrants further studies on anti-CD33D2 immunotherapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Domains/immunology
- Infant
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Protein Isoforms
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3/chemistry
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3/genetics
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3/immunology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O Gbadamosi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Vivek M Shastri
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tiffany Hylkema
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ioannis Papageorgiou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Christopher R Cogle
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Andria Doty
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Flow Cytometry & Imaging Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jatinder K Lamba
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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28
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Hashioka S, Inoue K, Takeshita H, Inagaki M. Do Alzheimer's Disease Risk Gene Products Actually Act in Microglia? Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:589196. [PMID: 33343331 PMCID: PMC7744292 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.589196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Hashioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Research and Education Faculty, Medical Sciences Cluster, Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inagaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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29
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Morshed N, Ralvenius WT, Nott A, Watson LA, Rodriguez FH, Akay LA, Joughin BA, Pao P, Penney J, LaRocque L, Mastroeni D, Tsai L, White FM. Phosphoproteomics identifies microglial Siglec-F inflammatory response during neurodegeneration. Mol Syst Biol 2020; 16:e9819. [PMID: 33289969 PMCID: PMC7722784 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the appearance of amyloid-β plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammation in brain regions involved in memory. Using mass spectrometry, we have quantified the phosphoproteome of the CK-p25, 5XFAD, and Tau P301S mouse models of neurodegeneration. We identified a shared response involving Siglec-F which was upregulated on a subset of reactive microglia. The human paralog Siglec-8 was also upregulated on microglia in AD. Siglec-F and Siglec-8 were upregulated following microglial activation with interferon gamma (IFNγ) in BV-2 cell line and human stem cell-derived microglia models. Siglec-F overexpression activates an endocytic and pyroptotic inflammatory response in BV-2 cells, dependent on its sialic acid substrates and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) phosphorylation sites. Related human Siglecs induced a similar response in BV-2 cells. Collectively, our results point to an important role for mouse Siglec-F and human Siglec-8 in regulating microglial activation during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Morshed
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - William T Ralvenius
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Alexi Nott
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain SciencesImperial College LondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - L Ashley Watson
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Felicia H Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringNew Mexico State UniversityLas CrucesNMUSA
| | - Leyla A Akay
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Ping‐Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Jay Penney
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Lauren LaRocque
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- ASU‐Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research CenterTempeAZUSA
| | - Li‐Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and MemoryMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer ResearchMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Center for Precision Cancer MedicineMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
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30
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Läubli H, Kawanishi K, George Vazhappilly C, Matar R, Merheb M, Sarwar Siddiqui S. Tools to study and target the Siglec-sialic acid axis in cancer. FEBS J 2020; 288:6206-6225. [PMID: 33251699 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Siglecs are widely expressed on leucocytes and bind to ubiquitously presented glycans containing sialic acids (sialoglycans). Most Siglecs carry an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and elicit an inhibitory intracellular signal upon ligand binding. A few Siglec receptors can, however, recruit immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing factors, which activate cells. The role of hypersialylation (the enhanced expression of sialoglycans) has recently been explored in cancer progression. Mechanistic studies have shown that hypersialylation on cancer cells can engage inhibitory Siglecs on the surface of immune cells and induce immunosuppression. These recent studies strongly suggest that the Siglec-sialic acid axis can act as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, the use of new tools and techniques is facilitating these studies. In this review, we summarise techniques used to study Siglecs, including different mouse models, monoclonal antibodies, Siglec fusion proteins, and sialoglycan arrays. Furthermore, we discuss the recent major developments in the study of Siglecs in cancer immunosuppression, tools, and techniques used in targeting the Siglec-sialic acid axis and the possibility of clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Läubli
- Laboratory for Cancer Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kunio Kawanishi
- Kidney and Vascular Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Rachel Matar
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), UAE
| | - Maxime Merheb
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), UAE
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31
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Abstract
Aging occurs in all sexually reproducing organisms. That is, physical degradation over time occurs from conception until death. While the life span of a species is often viewed as a benchmark of aging, the pace and intensity of physical degradation over time varies owing to environmental influences, genetics, allocation of energetic investment, and phylogenetic history. Significant variation in aging within mammals, primates, and great apes, including humans, is therefore common across species. The evolution of aging in the hominin lineage is poorly known; however, clues can be derived from the fossil record. Ongoing advances continue to shed light on the interactions between life-history variables such as reproductive effort and aging. This review presents our current understanding of the evolution of aging in humans, drawing on population variation, comparative research, trade-offs, and sex differences, as well as tissue-specific patterns of physical degradation. Implications for contemporary health challenges and the future of human evolutionary anthropology research are also discussed.
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32
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Siddiqui SS, Rahman S, Rupasinghe HV, Vazhappilly CG. Dietary Flavonoids in p53-Mediated Immune Dysfunctions Linking to Cancer Prevention. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080286. [PMID: 32823757 PMCID: PMC7460013 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein plays a central role in mediating immune functioning and determines the fate of the cells. Its role as a tumor suppressor, and in transcriptional regulation and cytokine activity under stress conditions, is well defined. The wild type (WT) p53 functions as a guardian for the genome, while the mutant p53 has oncogenic roles. One of the ways that p53 combats carcinogenesis is by reducing inflammation. WT p53 functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule via cross-talk activity with multiple immunological pathways, such as the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) associated pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and immune checkpoints. Due to the multifarious roles of p53 in cancer, it is a potent target for cancer immunotherapy. Plant flavonoids have been gaining recognition over the last two decades to use as a potential therapeutic regimen in ameliorating diseases. Recent studies have shown the ability of flavonoids to suppress chronic inflammation, specifically by modulating p53 responses. Further, the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway could play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, leading to a reduction of chronic inflammation linked to the prevention of cancer. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological properties of plant flavonoids in response to various oxidative stresses and immune dysfunctions and analyzes the cross-talk between flavonoid-rich dietary intake for potential disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah PO Box 10021, UAE;
| | - Sofia Rahman
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA;
| | - H.P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah PO Box 10021, UAE;
- Correspondence:
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33
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Nho K, Nudelman K, Allen M, Hodges A, Kim S, Risacher SL, Apostolova LG, Lin K, Lunnon K, Wang X, Burgess JD, Ertekin-Taner N, Petersen RC, Wang L, Qi Z, He A, Neuhaus I, Patel V, Foroud T, Faber KM, Lovestone S, Simmons A, Weiner MW, Saykin AJ. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis identifies novel dysregulated genes implicated in Alzheimer's pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:1213-1223. [PMID: 32755048 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abnormal gene expression patterns may contribute to the onset and progression of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). METHODS We performed transcriptome-wide meta-analysis (N = 1440) of blood-based microarray gene expression profiles as well as neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) endophenotype analysis. RESULTS We identified and replicated five genes (CREB5, CD46, TMBIM6, IRAK3, and RPAIN) as significantly dysregulated in LOAD. The most significantly altered gene, CREB5, was also associated with brain atrophy and increased amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, especially in the entorhinal cortex region. cis-expression quantitative trait loci mapping analysis of CREB5 detected five significant associations (P < 5 × 10-8 ), where rs56388170 (most significant) was also significantly associated with global cortical Aβ deposition measured by [18 F]Florbetapir positron emission tomography and CSF Aβ1-42 . DISCUSSION RNA from peripheral blood indicated a differential gene expression pattern in LOAD. Genes identified have been implicated in biological processes relevant to Alzheimer's disease. CREB, in particular, plays a key role in nervous system development, cell survival, plasticity, and learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kelly Nudelman
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University, Indiana
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Angela Hodges
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of New York, Oswego, New York
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kuang Lin
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's college London, London, UK
| | | | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Jeremy D Burgess
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lisu Wang
- Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | - Zhenhao Qi
- Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | - Aiqing He
- Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Tatiana Foroud
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University, Indiana
| | - Kelley M Faber
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University, Indiana
| | | | - Andrew Simmons
- Psychology & Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, King's college London, London, UK
| | - Michael W Weiner
- Departments of Radiology, Medicine, and Psychiatry, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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34
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Rendina A, Drongitis D, Donizetti A, Fucci L, Milan G, Tripodi F, Giustezza F, Postiglione A, Pappatà S, Ferrari R, Bossù P, Angiolillo A, di Costanzo A, Caiazzo M, Vitale E. CD33 and SIGLECL1 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Involved in Dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:891-901. [PMID: 32647856 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins, which are predominantly expressed in immune cells, represent a family of immunomodulatory receptors with inhibitory and activating signals, in both healthy and disease states. Genetic factors are important in all forms of dementia, especially in early onset dementia. CD33 was recently recognized as a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Here, we present a 2-generation family with 4 members, the father and the 3 siblings, characterized by an early form of unusual dementia exhibiting a behavioral variant close to behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia phenotype and severe forms of memory loss suggestive of AD. We analyzed the CD33 gene in this family and identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a linkage disequilibrium block associated with the disease. We also identified a tag SNP, rs2455069-A>G, in CD33 exon 2 that could be involved with dementia risk. Additionally, we excluded the presence of C9orf72 expansion mutations and other mutations previously associated with sporadic FTD and AD. The tag SNP association was also analyzed in selected sporadic AD patients from the same Southern Italy region. We demonstrate that CD33 and SIGLECL1 have a significantly increased level of expression in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rendina
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Denise Drongitis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Fucci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Postiglione
- Department of Internal Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Sabina Pappatà
- Institute of Bioimaging and Biostructures, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Bossù
- Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Centro Ricerca e Formazione in Medicina dell'Invecchiamento (CeRMI), Università degli Studi del Molise, Ospedale Cardarelli, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alfonso di Costanzo
- Centro Ricerca e Formazione in Medicina dell'Invecchiamento (CeRMI), Università degli Studi del Molise, Ospedale Cardarelli, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmaceutics Utrecht, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Vitale
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy
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35
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Liao H, Klaus C, Neumann H. Control of Innate Immunity by Sialic Acids in the Nervous Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155494. [PMID: 32752058 PMCID: PMC7432451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sias) are the most abundant terminal sugar residues of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells. The nervous tissue is the organ with the highest expression level of Sias. The ‘sialylation’ of glycoconjugates is performed via sialyltransferases, whereas ‘desialylation’ is done by sialidases or is a possible consequence of oxidative damage. Sialic acid residues on the neural cell surfaces inhibit complement and microglial activation, as well as phagocytosis of the underlying structures, via binding to (i) complement factor H (CFH) or (ii) sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (SIGLEC) receptors. In contrast, activated microglial cells show sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, and further stimulates innate immunity via microglia and complement activation. The desialylation conveys neurons to become susceptible to phagocytosis, as well as triggers a microglial phagocytosis-associated oxidative burst and inflammation. Dysfunctions of the ‘Sia–SIGLEC’ and/or ‘Sia–complement’ axes often lead to neurological diseases. Thus, Sias on glycoconjugates of the intact glycocalyx and its desialylation are major regulators of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Neumann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-228-6885-500; Fax: +49-228-6885-501
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36
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Panza F, Lozupone M, Solfrizzi V, Watling M, Imbimbo BP. Time to test antibacterial therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2020; 142:2905-2929. [PMID: 31532495 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau. In the past 28 years, huge efforts have been made in attempting to treat the disease by reducing brain accumulation of amyloid-β in patients with Alzheimer's disease, with no success. While anti-amyloid-β therapies continue to be tested in prodromal patients with Alzheimer's disease and in subjects at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, there is an urgent need to provide therapeutic support to patients with established Alzheimer's disease for whom current symptomatic treatment (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl d-aspartate antagonist) provide limited help. The possibility of an infectious aetiology for Alzheimer's disease has been repeatedly postulated over the past three decades. Infiltration of the brain by pathogens may act as a trigger or co-factor for Alzheimer's disease, with Herpes simplex virus type 1, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Porphyromonas gingivalis being most frequently implicated. These pathogens may directly cross a weakened blood-brain barrier, reach the CNS and cause neurological damage by eliciting neuroinflammation. Alternatively, pathogens may cross a weakened intestinal barrier, reach vascular circulation and then cross blood-brain barrier or cause low grade chronic inflammation and subsequent neuroinflammation from the periphery. The gut microbiota comprises a complex community of microorganisms. Increased permeability of the gut and blood-brain barrier induced by microbiota dysbiosis may impact Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Inflammatory microorganisms in gut microbiota are associated with peripheral inflammation and brain amyloid-β deposition in subjects with cognitive impairment. Oral microbiota may also influence Alzheimer's disease risk through circulatory or neural access to the brain. At least two possibilities can be envisaged to explain the association of suspected pathogens and Alzheimer's disease. One is that patients with Alzheimer's disease are particularly prone to microbial infections. The other is that microbial infection is a contributing cause of Alzheimer's disease. Therapeutic trials with antivirals and/or antibacterials could resolve this dilemma. Indeed, antiviral agents are being tested in patients with Alzheimer's disease in double-blind placebo-controlled studies. Although combined antibiotic therapy was found to be effective in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial drugs are not being widely investigated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This is because it is not clear which bacterial populations in the gut of patients with Alzheimer's disease are overexpressed and if safe, selective antibacterials are available for them. On the other hand, a bacterial protease inhibitor targeting P. gingivalis toxins is now being tested in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clinical studies are needed to test if countering bacterial infection may be beneficial in patients with established Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Unit of Epidemiological Research on Aging, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Unit of Epidemiological Research on Aging, National Institute of Gastroenterology 'Saverio de Bellis', Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- 'C. Frugoni' Internal and Geriatric Medicine and Memory Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Mark Watling
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- Department of Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy
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37
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Schwabe T, Srinivasan K, Rhinn H. Shifting paradigms: The central role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 143:104962. [PMID: 32535152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent human genetic studies have challenged long standing hypotheses about the chain of events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), as the identification of genetic risk factors in microglial genes supports a causative role for microglia in the disease. Parallel transcriptome and histology studies at the single-cell level revealed a rich palette of microglial states affected by disease status and genetic risk factors. Taken together, those findings support microglia dysfunction as a central mechanism in AD etiology and thus the therapeutic potential of modulating microglial activity for AD treatment. Here we review how human genetic studies discovered microglial AD risk genes, such as TREM2, CD33, MS4A and APOE, and how experimental studies are beginning to decipher the cellular functions of some of these genes. Our review also focuses on recent transcriptomic studies of human microglia from postmortem tissue to critically assess areas of similarity and dissimilarity between human and mouse models currently in use in order to better understand the biology of innate immunity in AD.
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38
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Puigdellívol M, Allendorf DH, Brown GC. Sialylation and Galectin-3 in Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:162. [PMID: 32581723 PMCID: PMC7296093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain macrophages that mediate neuroinflammation and contribute to and protect against neurodegeneration. The terminal sugar residue of all glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of mammalian cells is normally sialic acid, and addition of this negatively charged residue is known as “sialylation,” whereas removal by sialidases is known as “desialylation.” High sialylation of the neuronal cell surface inhibits microglial phagocytosis of such neurons, via: (i) activating sialic acid receptors (Siglecs) on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting binding of opsonins C1q, C3, and galectin-3. Microglial sialylation inhibits inflammatory activation of microglia via: (i) activating Siglec receptors CD22 and CD33 on microglia that inhibit phagocytosis and (ii) inhibiting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), complement receptor 3 (CR3), and other microglial receptors. When activated, microglia release a sialidase activity that desialylates both microglia and neurons, activating the microglia and rendering the neurons susceptible to phagocytosis. Activated microglia also release galectin-3 (Gal-3), which: (i) further activates microglia via binding to TLR4 and TREM2, (ii) binds to desialylated neurons opsonizing them for phagocytosis via Mer tyrosine kinase, and (iii) promotes Aβ aggregation and toxicity in vivo. Gal-3 and desialylation may increase in a variety of brain pathologies. Thus, Gal-3 and sialidases are potential treatment targets to prevent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David H Allendorf
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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39
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Bagyinszky E, Giau VV, An SA. Transcriptomics in Alzheimer's Disease: Aspects and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3517. [PMID: 32429229 PMCID: PMC7278930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Although the heritability of AD is high, the knowledge of the disease-associated genes, their expression, and their disease-related pathways remain limited. Hence, finding the association between gene dysfunctions and pathological mechanisms, such as neuronal transports, APP processing, calcium homeostasis, and impairment in mitochondria, should be crucial. Emerging studies have revealed that changes in gene expression and gene regulation may have a strong impact on neurodegeneration. The mRNA-transcription factor interactions, non-coding RNAs, alternative splicing, or copy number variants could also play a role in disease onset. These facts suggest that understanding the impact of transcriptomes in AD may improve the disease diagnosis and also the therapies. In this review, we highlight recent transcriptome investigations in multifactorial AD, with emphasis on the insights emerging at their interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea;
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - SeongSoo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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40
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Godwin CD, Laszlo GS, Wood BL, Correnti CE, Bates OM, Garling EE, Mao ZJ, Beddoe ME, Lunn MC, Humbert O, Kiem HP, Walter RB. The CD33 splice isoform lacking exon 2 as therapeutic target in human acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2479-2483. [PMID: 32071429 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Godwin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George S Laszlo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brent L Wood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivia M Bates
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eliotte E Garling
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhengwei J Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Beddoe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret C Lunn
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Olivier Humbert
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are expressed on the majority of white blood cells of the immune system and play critical roles in immune cell signaling. Through recognition of sialic acid-containing glycans as ligands, they help the immune system distinguish between self and nonself. Because of their restricted cell type expression and roles as checkpoints in immune cell responses in human diseases such as cancer, asthma, allergy, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases they have gained attention as targets for therapeutic interventions. In this review we describe the Siglec family, its roles in regulation of immune cell signaling, current efforts to define its roles in disease processes, and approaches to target Siglecs for treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiteng Duan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - James C Paulson
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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42
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Bhattacherjee A, Rodrigues E, Jung J, Luzentales-Simpson M, Enterina JR, Galleguillos D, St. Laurent CD, Nakhaei-Nejad M, Fuchsberger FF, Streith L, Wang Q, Kawasaki N, Duan S, Bains A, Paulson JC, Rademacher C, Giuliani F, Sipione S, Macauley MS. Repression of phagocytosis by human CD33 is not conserved with mouse CD33. Commun Biol 2019; 2:450. [PMID: 31815204 PMCID: PMC6890642 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD33 is an immunomodulatory receptor linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility via regulation of phagocytosis in microglia. Divergent features between human CD33 (hCD33) and murine CD33 (mCD33) include a unique transmembrane lysine in mCD33 and cytoplasmic tyrosine in hCD33. The functional consequences of these differences in restraining phagocytosis remains poorly understood. Using a new αmCD33 monoclonal antibody, we show that mCD33 is expressed at high levels on neutrophils and low levels on microglia. Notably, cell surface expression of mCD33 is entirely dependent on Dap12 due to an interaction with the transmembrane lysine in mCD33. In RAW264.7 cultured macrophages, BV-2 cultured microglia, primary neonatal and adult microglia, uptake of cargo - including aggregated Aβ1-42 - is not altered upon genetic ablation of mCD33. Alternatively, deletion of hCD33 in monocytic cell lines increased cargo uptake. Moreover, transgenic mice expressing hCD33 in the microglial cell lineage showed repressed cargo uptake in primary microglia. Therefore, mCD33 and hCD33 have divergent roles in regulating phagocytosis, highlighting the importance of studying hCD33 in AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jhon R. Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Felix F. Fuchsberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Laura Streith
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Arjun Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthew S. Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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43
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Trumble BC, Finch CE. THE EXPOSOME IN HUMAN EVOLUTION: FROM DUST TO DIESEL. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019; 94:333-394. [PMID: 32269391 PMCID: PMC7141577 DOI: 10.1086/706768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Global exposures to air pollution and cigarette smoke are novel in human evolutionary history and are associated with about 16 million premature deaths per year. We investigate the history of the human exposome for relationships between novel environmental toxins and genetic changes during human evolution in six phases. Phase I: With increased walking on savannas, early human ancestors inhaled crustal dust, fecal aerosols, and spores; carrion scavenging introduced new infectious pathogens. Phase II: Domestic fire exposed early Homo to novel toxins from smoke and cooking. Phases III and IV: Neolithic to preindustrial Homo sapiens incurred infectious pathogens from domestic animals and dense communities with limited sanitation. Phase V: Industrialization introduced novel toxins from fossil fuels, industrial chemicals, and tobacco at the same time infectious pathogens were diminishing. Thereby, pathogen-driven causes of mortality were replaced by chronic diseases driven by sterile inflammogens, exogenous and endogenous. Phase VI: Considers future health during global warming with increased air pollution and infections. We hypothesize that adaptation to some ancient toxins persists in genetic variations associated with inflammation and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change and Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-0191 USA
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44
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Golde TE. Harnessing Immunoproteostasis to Treat Neurodegenerative Disorders. Neuron 2019; 101:1003-1015. [PMID: 30897353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoproteostasis is a term used to reflect interactions between the immune system and the proteinopathies that are presumptive "triggers" of many neurodegenerative disorders. The study of immunoproteostasis is bolstered by several observations. Mutations or rare variants in genes expressed in microglial cells, known to regulate immune functions, or both can cause, or alter risk for, various neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, genetic association studies identify numerous loci harboring genes that encode proteins of known immune function that alter risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Further, preclinical studies reveal beneficial effects and liabilities of manipulating immune pathways in various neurodegenerative disease models. Although there are concerns that manipulation of the immune system may cause more harm than good, there is considerable interest in developing immune modulatory therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, I highlight the promise and challenges of harnessing immunoproteostasis to treat neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd E Golde
- McKnight Brain Institute, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA.
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45
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Controversies about the subcellular localization and mechanisms of action of the Alzheimer's disease-protective CD33 splice variant. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:671-672. [PMID: 31440824 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Siddiqui SS, Matar R, Merheb M, Hodeify R, Vazhappilly CG, Marton J, Shamsuddin SA, Al Zouabi H. Siglecs in Brain Function and Neurological Disorders. Cells 2019; 8:E1125. [PMID: 31546700 PMCID: PMC6829431 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs (Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins) are a I-type lectin that typically binds sialic acid. Siglecs are predominantly expressed in immune cells and generate activating or inhibitory signals. They are also shown to be expressed on the surface of cells in the nervous system and have been shown to play central roles in neuroinflammation. There has been a plethora of reviews outlining the studies pertaining to Siglecs in immune cells. However, this review aims to compile the articles on the role of Siglecs in brain function and neurological disorders. In humans, the most abundant Siglecs are CD33 (Siglec-3), Siglec-4 (myelin-associated glycoprotein/MAG), and Siglec-11, Whereas in mice the most abundant are Siglec-1 (sialoadhesin), Siglec-2 (CD22), Siglec-E, Siglec-F, and Siglec-H. This review is divided into three parts. Firstly, we discuss the general biological aspects of Siglecs that are expressed in nervous tissue. Secondly, we discuss about the role of Siglecs in brain function and molecular mechanism for their function. Finally, we collate the available information on Siglecs and neurological disorders. It is intriguing to study this family of proteins in neurological disorders because they carry immunoinhibitory and immunoactivating motifs that can be vital in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoib Sarwar Siddiqui
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | - Rachel Matar
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | - Maxime Merheb
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | - Rawad Hodeify
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | - Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | - John Marton
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
| | | | - Hussain Al Zouabi
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah (AURAK), Ras Al Khaimah 10021, UAE.
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47
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SRSF1 and PTBP1 Are trans-Acting Factors That Suppress the Formation of a CD33 Splicing Isoform Linked to Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00568-18. [PMID: 31208978 PMCID: PMC6712934 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00568-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 2 of the CD33 gene is associated with reduced susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and causal for elevated mRNA lacking exon 2. In contrast to full-length CD33, transcripts lacking exon 2 result in CD33 protein unable to suppress activation responses in myeloid cells, including microglia. Currently, little is known about the regulation of CD33 exon 2 splicing. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in exon 2 of the CD33 gene is associated with reduced susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and causal for elevated mRNA lacking exon 2. In contrast to full-length CD33, transcripts lacking exon 2 result in CD33 protein unable to suppress activation responses in myeloid cells, including microglia. Currently, little is known about the regulation of CD33 exon 2 splicing. Using functional genomics and proteomic approaches, we found that SRSF1 and PTBP1 act as splicing enhancers to increase CD33 exon 2 inclusion in mRNA. Binding of PTBP1 to RNA sequences proximal to the intron 1-exon 2 splice junction is altered by the SNP and represents a potential mechanism behind the SNP-genotype dependent alternative splicing. Our studies also reveal that binding of SRSF1 to the CD33 RNA is not altered by the SNP genotype. Instead, a putative SRSF1 binding sequence at the 3′ end of exon 2 directs CD33 exon 2 inclusion into the mRNA, indicating that PTBP1 and SRSF1 promote full-length isoform expression through different mechanisms. Our findings shed light on molecular interactions that regulate CD33 exon 2 splicing, ultimately impacting receptor expression on the cell surface. These data aid in the understanding of CD33’s regulation of microglial signaling underpinning the AD genetic associations.
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Pluvinage JV, Haney MS, Smith BAH, Sun J, Iram T, Bonanno L, Li L, Lee DP, Morgens DW, Yang AC, Shuken SR, Gate D, Scott M, Khatri P, Luo J, Bertozzi CR, Bassik MC, Wyss-Coray T. CD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains. Nature 2019; 568:187-192. [PMID: 30944478 PMCID: PMC6574119 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microglia maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system through phagocytic clearance of protein aggregates and cellular debris. This function deteriorates during ageing and neurodegenerative disease, concomitant with cognitive decline. However, the mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function and the cognitive effects of restoring this function remain unknown. We combined CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screens with RNA sequencing analysis to discover age-related genetic modifiers of microglial phagocytosis. These screens identified CD22, a canonical B cell receptor, as a negative regulator of phagocytosis that is upregulated on aged microglia. CD22 mediates the anti-phagocytic effect of α2,6-linked sialic acid, and inhibition of CD22 promotes the clearance of myelin debris, amyloid-β oligomers and α-synuclein fibrils in vivo. Long-term central nervous system delivery of an antibody that blocks CD22 function reprograms microglia towards a homeostatic transcriptional state and improves cognitive function in aged mice. These findings elucidate a mechanism of age-related microglial impairment and a strategy to restore homeostasis in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Pluvinage
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin A H Smith
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jerry Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Liana Bonanno
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lulin Li
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Davis P Lee
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David W Morgens
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Shuken
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gate
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine Scott
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Veterans Administration Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Schneider D, Xiong Y, Hu P, Wu D, Chen W, Ying T, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS, Dropulic B, Orentas RJ. A Unique Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Domain-Only CD33 CAR for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2018; 8:539. [PMID: 30524966 PMCID: PMC6262782 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a challenging pediatric and adult disease. Given the elevated expression of the CD33 antigen on leukemic blasts, therapeutic approaches to AML now feature the approved antibody drug conjugate (Mylotarg, GO) and investigational CART cell approaches incorporating CD33-binding domains derived from humanized scFvs. We designed a functional chimeric antigen receptor utilizing a human targeting sequence, derived from a heavy chain variable domain, termed CAR33VH. Lentiviral-based expression vectors which encoded CAR constructs incorporating the novel binding domain (CAR33VH), or the My96 scFv control binder (My96CAR) in frame with a CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB costimulatory domain and a CD3 zeta activation domain, were transduced into primary human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and CAR expression was confirmed by flow cytometry. CAR33VH, similar to My96CAR, demonstrated robust and specific cytotoxicity in short-term and long-term co-incubation killing assays against CD33+ AML lines. In overnight cytokine release assays in which CAR T cells were challenged with the CD33+ tumor cells HL-60, MOLM-14 and KG-1a, CAR33VH elicited IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-2. This was seen with CD33+ cell lines, but not when CAR T were cultured alone. Studies with a CD33− cell line engineered to stably express the full length CD33 variant 1, or the naturally occurring CD33 splice variant 2, revealed that both CAR33VH and My96CAR, target the V domain of CD33, suggesting a similar therapeutic profile. Colony-formation assays utilizing peripheral blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells treated with CAR33VH, My96CAR, or with an untransduced T cell control, yielded similar numbers of BFU-E erythroid and CFU-GM myeloid colonies, suggesting a lack of CAR-related overt toxicity. In an in vivo AML model, NSG mice engrafted with MOLM-14 cells stably expressing firefly luciferase, both CAR33VH and CARMy96 efficiently eliminated tumors. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the feasibility and efficacy of employing human variable domain-only binder derived from a phage display library in an anti-AML CAR design. CAR33VH, comprised of a human heavy-chain variable fragment-only antigen binding domain, was efficient in tumor killing in vitro and in vivo, and showed comparable functionality to the scFv-based My96CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schneider
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Ying Xiong
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Peirong Hu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Darong Wu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Weizao Chen
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhu
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Protein Interactions Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, United States.,Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Boro Dropulic
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Lentigen, A Miltenyi Biotec Company, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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50
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Devi S, Yadav R, Chanana P, Arya R. Fighting the Cause of Alzheimer's and GNE Myopathy. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:669. [PMID: 30374284 PMCID: PMC6196280 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the common risk factor for both neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Alzheimer disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, causes dementia with age progression while GNE myopathy (GNEM), a neuromuscular disorder, causes muscle degeneration and loss of muscle motor movement with age. Individuals with mutations in presenilin or amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene develop AD while mutations in GNE (UDP N-acetylglucosamine 2 epimerase/N-acetyl Mannosamine kinase), key sialic acid biosynthesis enzyme, cause GNEM. Although GNEM is characterized with degeneration of muscle cells, it is shown to have similar disease hallmarks like aggregation of Aβ and accumulation of phosphorylated tau and other misfolded proteins in muscle cell similar to AD. Similar impairment in cellular functions have been reported in both disorders such as disruption of cytoskeletal network, changes in glycosylation pattern, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, upregulation of chaperones, unfolded protein response in ER, autophagic vacuoles, cell death, and apoptosis. Interestingly, AD and GNEM are the two diseases with similar phenotypic condition affecting neuron and muscle, respectively, resulting in entirely different pathology. This review represents a comparative outlook of AD and GNEM that could lead to target common mechanism to find a plausible therapeutic for both the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Yadav
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Chanana
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjana Arya
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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