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Nonaka S, Okamoto R, Katsuta Y, Kanetsuki S, Nakanishi H. Gingipain-carrying outer membrane vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis cause barrier dysfunction of Caco-2 cells by releasing gingipain into the cytosol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 707:149783. [PMID: 38493746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Ingestion of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, disrupts the intestinal barrier in mice. However, the involvement of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) secreted from P. gingivalis in the destruction of the intestinal barrier remains unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that OMVs carrying gingipains, the major cysteine proteases produced by P. gingivalis, affects the intestinal barrier function. OMVs increased the permeability of the Caco-2 cell monolayer, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, accompanied by degradation of the tight junction protein occludin. In contrast, OMVs prepared from mutant strains devoid of gingipains failed to induce intestinal barrier dysfunction or occludin degradation in Caco-2 cells. A close histological examination revealed the intracellular localization of gingipain-carrying OMVs. Gingipain activity was detected in the cytosolic fraction of Caco-2 cells after incubation with OMVs. These results suggest that gingipains were internalized into intestinal cells through OMVs and transported into the cytosol, where they then directly degraded occludin from the cytosolic side. Thus, P. gingivalis OMVs might destroy the intestinal barrier and induce systemic inflammation via OMV itself or intestinal substances leaked into blood vessels, causing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Rin Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yui Katsuta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Shiori Kanetsuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
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2
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Khoury P, Wechsler JB. Role of Mast Cells in Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2024; 44:311-327. [PMID: 38575226 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Mast cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGIDs), including eosinophilic esophagitis. Their interactions with immune and structural cells, involvement in tissue remodeling, and contribution to symptoms make them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. More is being discovered regarding the intricate interplay of mast cells and eosinophils. Recent studies demonstrating that depletion of eosinophils is insufficient to improve symptoms of EGIDs have raised the question of whether other cells may play a role in symptomatology and pathogenesis of EGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paneez Khoury
- Human Eosinophil Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 12C103, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Joshua B Wechsler
- Simpson-Querrey 10-518, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 65, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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3
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Zhang K, Zhang L, Han M, Pu Z, Zhong J, Hou Y, Zhou P. Higher Potential Sensitization of Cow α S1-Casein over Goat α S1-Casein in a Mouse Model due to Enhanced Dendritic Cell Uptake and Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2765-2776. [PMID: 38277407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cow's milk allergy is a common food allergy, with the milk protein αS1-casein being a major allergen. This study aimed to investigate differences in sensitization between cow and goat αS1-CN. Cow and goat αS1-CN were labeled with fluorescent dyes and given to mice sensitized with cholera toxin adjuvant. Both proteins reached immune organs, suggesting no major difference in digestion. However, compared with goat αS1-CN, cow αS1-CN is more readily taken up by dendritic cells, inducing dendritic cell maturation. Furthermore, cow αS1-CN can more effectively induce the generation of Th2 cells, leading to a higher production of specific IgE. In a Caco-2/RBL-2H3 cell model, cow αS1-CN caused more mast cell degranulation and loss of epithelial barrier integrity than goat αS1-CN. In summary, this study found differences in immune responses between cow and goat milk αS1-CN. Cow αS1-CN elicited stronger dendritic cell and Th2 responses, leading to increased mast cell degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengyu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhiping Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jinjing Zhong
- Ausnutria Hyproca Nutrition Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yanmei Hou
- Ausnutria Hyproca Nutrition Co. Ltd., Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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4
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Han LL, Lu QQ, Zheng WW, Li YL, Song YY, Zhang XZ, Long SR, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J. A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1/2 pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011874. [PMID: 38166153 PMCID: PMC10786404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) play an important role in larval invasion and pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which proteases mediate larval invasion of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) remains unclear. A novel T. spiralis trypsin (TsTryp) was identified in IIL excretory/secretory (ES) proteins. It was an early and highly expressed protease at IIL stage, and had the potential as an early diagnostic antigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological characteristics of this novel TsTryp, its role in larval invasion of gut epithelium, and the mechanisms involved. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING TsTryp with C-terminal domain was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the rTsTryp had the enzymatic activity of natural trypsin, but it could not directly degrade gut tight junctions (TJs) proteins. qPCR and western blotting showed that TsTryp was highly expressed at the invasive IIL stage. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ELISA and Far Western blotting revealed that rTsTryp specifically bound to IECs, and confocal microscopy showed that the binding of rTsTryp with IECs was mainly localized in the cytomembrane. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) confirmed that rTsTryp bound to protease activated receptors 2 (PAR2) in Caco-2 cells. rTsTryp binding to PAR2 resulted in decreased expression levels of ZO-1 and occludin and increased paracellular permeability in Caco-2 monolayers by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. rTsTryp decreased TJs expression and increased epithelial permeability, which could be abrogated by the PAR2 antagonist AZ3451 and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. rTsTryp facilitated larval invasion of IECs, and anti-rTsTryp antibodies inhibited invasion. Both inhibitors impeded larval invasion and alleviated intestinal inflammation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS TsTryp binding to PAR2 activated the ERK1/2 pathway, decreased the expression of gut TJs proteins, disrupted epithelial integrity and barrier function, and consequently mediated larval invasion of the gut mucosa. Therefore, rTsTryp could be regarded as a potential vaccine target for blocking T. spiralis invasion and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Qi Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen Wen Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Li Li
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Molotla-Torres DE, Guzmán-Mejía F, Godínez-Victoria M, Drago-Serrano ME. Role of Stress on Driving the Intestinal Paracellular Permeability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9284-9305. [PMID: 37998758 PMCID: PMC10670774 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium is a polarized monolayer that exhibits apical and basolateral membrane surfaces. Monolayer cell components are joined side by side via protein complexes known as tight junction proteins (TJPs), expressed at the most apical extreme of the basolateral membrane. The gut epithelium is a physical barrier that determinates intestinal permeability, referred to as the measurement of the transit of molecules from the intestinal lumen to the bloodstream or, conversely, from the blood to the gut lumen. TJPs play a role in the control of intestinal permeability that can be disrupted by stress through signal pathways triggered by the ligation of receptors with stress hormones like glucocorticoids. Preclinical studies conducted under in vitro and/or in vivo conditions have addressed underlying mechanisms that account for the impact of stress on gut permeability. These mechanisms may provide insights for novel therapeutic interventions in diseases in which stress is a risk factor, like irritable bowel syndrome. The focus of this study was to review, in an integrative context, the neuroendocrine effects of stress, with special emphasis on TJPs along with intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Efrain Molotla-Torres
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico;
| | - Fabiola Guzmán-Mejía
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Ciudad de México CP 11340, Mexico;
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso No. 1100, Ciudad de México CP 04960, Mexico
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Barone M, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Estellé J, Tambosco K, Chadi S, Maillard F, Gallopin M, Planchais J, Chain F, Kropp C, Rios-Covian D, Sokol H, Brigidi P, Langella P, Martín R. Gut barrier-microbiota imbalances in early life lead to higher sensitivity to inflammation in a murine model of C-section delivery. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:140. [PMID: 37394428 PMCID: PMC10316582 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most interactions between the host and its microbiota occur at the gut barrier, and primary colonizers are essential in the gut barrier maturation in the early life. The mother-offspring transmission of microorganisms is the most important factor influencing microbial colonization in mammals, and C-section delivery (CSD) is an important disruptive factor of this transfer. Recently, the deregulation of symbiotic host-microbe interactions in early life has been shown to alter the maturation of the immune system, predisposing the host to gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation. The main goal of this study is to decipher the role of the early-life gut microbiota-barrier alterations and its links with later-life risks of intestinal inflammation in a murine model of CSD. RESULTS The higher sensitivity to chemically induced inflammation in CSD mice is related to excessive exposure to a too diverse microbiota too early in life. This early microbial stimulus has short-term consequences on the host homeostasis. It switches the pup's immune response to an inflammatory context and alters the epithelium structure and the mucus-producing cells, disrupting gut homeostasis. This presence of a too diverse microbiota in the very early life involves a disproportionate short-chain fatty acids ratio and an excessive antigen exposure across the vulnerable gut barrier in the first days of life, before the gut closure. Besides, as shown by microbiota transfer experiments, the microbiota is causal in the high sensitivity of CSD mice to chemical-induced colitis and in most of the phenotypical parameters found altered in early life. Finally, supplementation with lactobacilli, the main bacterial group impacted by CSD in mice, reverts the higher sensitivity to inflammation in ex-germ-free mice colonized by CSD pups' microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Early-life gut microbiota-host crosstalk alterations related to CSD could be the linchpin behind the phenotypic effects that lead to increased susceptibility to an induced inflammation later in life in mice. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Barone
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Y. Ramayo-Caldas
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA), Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - J. Estellé
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - K. Tambosco
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S. Chadi
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F. Maillard
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M. Gallopin
- CNRS, CEA, l’Institut de Biologie Intégrative de La Cellule (I2BC), Paris-Saclay University, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - J. Planchais
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F. Chain
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C. Kropp
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D. Rios-Covian
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - H. Sokol
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Gastroenterology Department, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, INSERM, Saint Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, 75012 Paris, France
- Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
| | - P. Brigidi
- Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - P. Langella
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
| | - R. Martín
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institut,, Paris-Saclay University, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
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Weng Y, Xu T, Wang C, Jin Y. Oral Exposure to Epoxiconazole Disturbed the Gut Micro-Environment and Metabolic Profiling in Male Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040522. [PMID: 37110180 PMCID: PMC10144212 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxiconazole (EPX), a triazole fungicide, is widely used in agriculture to control pests and diseases. High residual and occupational exposure to EPX increases health risks, and evidence of potential harm to mammals remains to be added. In the present study, 6-week-old male mice were exposed to 10 and 50 mg/kg bw EPX for 28 days. The results showed that EPX significantly increased the liver weights. EPX also decreased the mucus secretion of the colon and altered intestinal barrier function in mice including a reduced expression of some genes (Muc2, meprinβ, tjp1). Moreover, EPX altered the composition and abundance of gut microbiota in the colon of mice. The alpha diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson) in the gut microbiota increased after exposure to EPX for 28 days. Interestingly, EPX increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides and the abundance of other harmful bacteria including Helicobacter and Alistipes. Based on the untargeted metabolomic analysis, it was found that EPX altered the metabolic profiles of the liver in mice. KEGG analysis of differential metabolites revealed that EPX disrupted the pathway related to glycolipid metabolism, and the mRNA levels of related genes were also confirmed. In addition, the correlation analysis showed that the most altered harmful bacteria were associated with some significantly altered metabolites. The findings highlight that EPX exposure changed the micro-environment and lipid metabolism disturbance. These results also suggest that the potential toxicity of triazole fungicides to mammals cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ting Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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8
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Vanuytsel T, Bercik P, Boeckxstaens G. Understanding neuroimmune interactions in disorders of gut-brain interaction: from functional to immune-mediated disorders. Gut 2023; 72:787-798. [PMID: 36657961 PMCID: PMC10086308 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders-recently renamed into disorders of gut-brain interaction-such as irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia are highly prevalent conditions with bothersome abdominal symptoms in the absence of structural abnormalities. While traditionally considered as motility disorders or even psychosomatic conditions, our understanding of the pathophysiology has evolved significantly over the last two decades. Initial observations of subtle mucosal infiltration with immune cells, especially mast cells and eosinophils, are since recently being backed up by mechanistic evidence demonstrating increased release of nociceptive mediators by immune cells and the intestinal epithelium. These mediators can activate sensitised neurons leading to visceral hypersensitivity with bothersome symptoms. The interaction between immune activation and an impaired barrier function of the gut is most likely a bidirectional one with alterations in the microbiota, psychological stress and food components as upstream players in the pathophysiology. Only few immune-targeting treatments are currently available, but an improved understanding through a multidisciplinary scientific approach will hopefully identify novel, more precise treatment targets with ultimately better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanuytsel
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (ChroMeta), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guy Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (ChroMeta), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang X, Weng Y, Geng S, Wang C, Jin C, Shi L, Jin Y. Maternal procymidone exposure has lasting effects on murine gut-liver axis and glucolipid metabolism in offspring. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113657. [PMID: 36764477 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that maternal exposure to environmental pollutants can cause intestinal and metabolic diseases, and these disease risks still exist in offspring. Here, female C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with procymidone (PRO) (10 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) by dietary supplementation during the gestation and lactation periods. Then, we discovered PRO changed the physiology, intestinal barrier and metabolism both in the generations of F0 and different developmental stages of F1 (7 weeks and 30 weeks old, respectively). Maternal PRO exposure affected the growth phenotypes and the glucolipid metabolism related indicators and genes of mice, especially the male mice of F1 generations. The changes in bile acids (BAs) metabolism demonstrated that PRO disordered glucolipid metabolism through enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, PRO reduced mucus secretion in the gut and altered the composition of gut microbiota, leading more bacteria to disseminate in the gut and inflammatory responses both in F0 and F1 regenerations. And PRO-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis was tightly related to BAs metabolites. Together, the results indicated that PRO destructed the functional integrity of intestinal barrier and the inflammatory reaction was triggered. And then, the disorder of glucolipid metabolism was induced through the BAs enterohepatic circulation. This study indicated that the cross-generation effects of PRO could not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - You Weng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shinan Geng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Cuiyuan Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Liyun Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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10
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Deng H, Liang Y, Xiao X, Hu Y, Chen S, Huang P, Liu D. Culture media from hypoxia conditioned mast cells aggravates hypoxia and reoxygenation injury of human intestinal cells. Tissue Cell 2023; 80:102001. [PMID: 36565506 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (II/R) injury is a common clinical and pathological change; however, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies have shown that the inflammatory response induced by mast cell degranulation may be involved in the mechanism underlying II/R injury in rats. In this study, we established a human intestinal epithelial adenocarcinoma cell (Caco-2) hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model and transwell system to investigate the effects of culture media (CM) from hypoxia conditioned human mast cell (HMC-1) and HMC-1 H/R on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in Caco-2 under H/R conditions. Moreover, we assessed the barrier function of Caco-2 by measuring the 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) flux and the tight junction protein expression. The results concluded that Caco-2 exposed to H/R insult showed an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cell apoptosis index, cell permeability, Bax expression, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38, and a decrease in cell viability and expression of Bcl-2, ZO1, and occludin (all P < 0.05). Notably, preincubating Caco-2 with HMC-1CM resulted in an increase in cell injury (increased LDH levels and cell permeability, decreased cell viability), apoptosis index, p-JNK, and p-38 expression and a decrease in ZO1 and occludin expression by co-culture system (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results show that HMC-1 hypoxic and reoxygenated CM aggravates hypoxic and reoxygenated injury in Caco-2 by increasing the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yanqiu Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.52 Meihua East Road, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.52 Meihua East Road, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Yingqing Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Sufang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pinjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Dezhao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.52 Meihua East Road, Zhuhai 519000, China.
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McArthur S. Regulation of Physiological Barrier Function by the Commensal Microbiota. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020396. [PMID: 36836753 PMCID: PMC9964120 DOI: 10.3390/life13020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their ability to separate the internal and external environments, a function achieved in large part through the different physiological barrier systems and their component junctional molecules. Barrier integrity is subject to multiple influences, but one that has received comparatively little attention to date is the role of the commensal microbiota. These microbes, which represent approximately 50% of the cells in the human body, are increasingly recognized as powerful physiological modulators in other systems, but their role in regulating barrier function is only beginning to be addressed. Through comparison of the impact commensal microbes have on cell-cell junctions in three exemplar physiological barriers-the gut epithelium, the epidermis and the blood-brain barrier-this review will emphasize the important contribution microbes and microbe-derived mediators play in governing barrier function. By extension, this will highlight the critical homeostatic role of commensal microbes, as well as identifying the puzzles and opportunities arising from our steadily increasing knowledge of this aspect of physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Blizard Institute, 4, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK
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12
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Acute Stress Regulates Sex-Related Molecular Responses in the Human Jejunal Mucosa: Implications for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030423. [PMID: 36766765 PMCID: PMC9913488 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder linked to intestinal barrier dysfunction and life stress. We have previously reported that female sex per se determines an increased susceptibility to intestinal barrier dysfunction after cold pain stress (CPS). We aimed to identify sex-related molecular differences in response to CPS in healthy subjects to understand the origin of sex bias predominance in IBS. In 13 healthy males and 21 females, two consecutive jejunal biopsies were obtained using Watson's capsule, at baseline, and ninety minutes after CPS. Total mucosal RNA and protein were isolated from jejunal biopsies. Expression of genes related to epithelial barrier (CLDN1, CLDN2, OCLN, ZO-1, and ZO-3), mast cell (MC) activation (TPSAB1, SERPINA1), and the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) were analyzed using RT-qPCR. NR3C1, ZO-1 and OCLN protein expression were evaluated through immunohistochemistry and western blot, and mucosal inflammation through MC, lymphocyte, and eosinophil numbering. Autonomic, hormonal, and psychological responses to CPS were monitored. We found an increase in jejunal MCs, a reduced CLDN1 and OCLN expression, and an increased CLDN2 and SERPINA1 expression 90 min after CPS. We also found a significant decrease in ZO-1, OCLN, and NR3C1 gene expression, and a decrease in OCLN protein expression only in females, when compared to males. CPS induced a significant increase in blood pressure, plasma cortisol and ACTH, and subjective stress perception in all participants. Specific and independent sex-related molecular responses in epithelial barrier regulation are unraveled by acute stress in the jejunum of healthy subjects and may partially explain female predominance in IBS.
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ÇİKLER E, SÖĞÜT İ, AYDOĞAN SG, KIRMIZIKAN S, HÜRDAĞ C. The Effects of Fulvic Acid Against Water Avoidance Stress-Induced Damage of Rat Colon Mucosa. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1036048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Chronic stress plays an important role in the etiology of many inflammatory diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a source of free radicals, act as signaling molecules in the progression of stress-related inflammatory diseases. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of an increase in free radicals in the tissues. The damage caused by oxidative stress can be reduced by antioxidant replacement. In our study, the effect of fulvic acid, a powerful antioxidant, on the damage caused by the water avoidance stress model in the rat colon was investigated morphologically and biochemically.
Methods: Experimental groups (n=6, Sprague-Dawley male rats, 300 g): control (C), water avoidance stress (WAS), and water avoidance stress+fulvic acid (WAS+FA). Rats in the WAS + FA group were given a single dose of FA (150 mg/kg i.p.) immediately after exposure to water avoidance stress. The colons were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were analyzed biochemically.
Results: Compared to the C group, the WAS group showed epithelial damage, a few empty goblet cells, inflammatory cell infiltration, and many active mast cells in the connective tissue. Mucosal integrity, the number of goblet cells, and mast cell activity improved in the WAS+FA group as compared to the WAS group. Biochemically, as compared to the C group, TAS levels decreased, and TOS and OSI levels increased in the WAS group. In the WAS+FA group, TAS levels increased, and TOS and OSI levels decreased with respect to those in the WAS group.
Conclusion: Our findings indicated that fulvic acid reduced the damage caused by chronic oxidative stress in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - İbrahim SÖĞÜT
- DEMİROĞLU BİLİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, BİYOKİMYA ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Sezen Gizem AYDOĞAN
- DEMİROĞLU BİLİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, HİSTOLOJİ VE EMBRİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Seda KIRMIZIKAN
- SAĞLIK BİLİMLERİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ, HAMİDİYE TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, HİSTOLOJİ VE EMBRİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI
| | - Canan HÜRDAĞ
- DEMİROĞLU BİLİM ÜNİVERSİTESİ, TIP FAKÜLTESİ, TEMEL TIP BİLİMLERİ BÖLÜMÜ, HİSTOLOJİ VE EMBRİYOLOJİ ANABİLİM DALI
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14
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Ballegaard ASR, Bøgh KL. Intestinal protein uptake and IgE-mediated food allergy. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112150. [PMID: 36596102 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is affecting 5-8% of young children and 2-4% of adults and seems to be increasing in prevalence. The cause of the increase in food allergy is largely unknown but proposed to be influenced by both environmental and lifestyle factors. Changes in intestinal barrier functions and increased uptake of dietary proteins have been suggested to have a great impact on food allergy. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the gastrointestinal digestion and intestinal barrier function and provide a more detailed description of intestinal protein uptake, including the various routes of epithelial transport, how it may be affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and the relation to food allergy. Further, we give an overview of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques available for evaluation of intestinal protein uptake and gut permeability in general. Proteins are digested by gastric, pancreatic and integral brush border enzymes in order to allow for sufficient nutritional uptake. Absorption and transport of dietary proteins across the epithelial layer is known to be dependent on the physicochemical properties of the proteins and their digestion fragments themselves, such as size, solubility and aggregation status. It is believed, that the greater an amount of intact protein or larger peptide fragments that is transported through the epithelial layer, and thus encountered by the mucosal immune system in the gut, the greater is the risk of inducing an adverse allergic response. Proteins may be absorbed across the epithelial barrier by means of various mechanisms, and studies have shown that a transcellular facilitated transport route unique for food allergic individuals are at play for transport of allergens, and that upon mediator release from mast cells an enhanced allergen transport via the paracellular route occurs. This is in contrast to healthy individuals where transcytosis through the enterocytes is the main route of protein uptake. Thus, knowledge on factors affecting intestinal barrier functions and methods for the determination of their impact on protein uptake may be useful in future allergenicity assessments and for development of future preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Lindholm Bøgh
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Tian S, Zhang H, Chen S, Wu P, Chen M. Global research progress of visceral hypersensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome: bibliometrics and visualized analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1175057. [PMID: 37201020 PMCID: PMC10185792 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1175057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of functional intestinal disorders characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, and/or stool characteristics. Recent studies have shown that there has been a significant advancement in the study of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Through the use of bibliometrics, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotpots of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Methods: Publications related to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS from 2012 to 2022 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. CiteSpace.6.1. R2 and Vosviewer 1.6.17 were used to perform bibliometric analysis. Results: A total of 974 articles led by China and the United States from 52 countries were included. Over the past decade, the number of articles on visceral hypersensitivity and IBS has steadily increased year by year. China, the United States, and Belgium are the main countries in this field. Univ Oklahoma, Univ Gothenburg, and Zhejiang University are the main research institutions. Simren, Magnus, Greenwood-van meerveld, Beverley, and Tack, Jan are the most published authors in this research field. The research on the causes, genes, and pathways involved in visceral hypersensitivity in IBS and the mechanism of IBS are the main topics and hotspots in this field. This study also found that gut microbiota may be related to the occurrence of visceral hypersensitivity, and probiotics may be a new method for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity and pain, which may become a new direction for research in this field. Conclusion: This is the first bibliometric study to comprehensively summarize the research trends and developments of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. This information provides the research frontier and hot topics in this field in recent years, which will provide a reference for scholars studying this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengning Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Colorectal Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen,
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16
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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17
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Colonic mast cells trigger enteric neuronal death through the S100β/RAGE/NFκB pathway on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.111004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Wang Z, Hao M, Wu L, He Y, Sun X. Mast cells disrupt the duodenal mucosal integrity: Implications for the mechanisms of barrier dysfunction in functional dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 58:460-470. [PMID: 36345966 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2141075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorder, but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Mast cells (MCs) may play a critical role in the development of FD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MCs on barrier function, tight junction (TJ) proteins and related signaling pathways. METHODS The expression of the TJ proteins claudin-8, ZO-1 and occludin in biopsy tissues from seven FD patients and five controls was assessed. Based on the in vivo results, we further investigated the effect of (1) MC degranulation in a coculture model of Caco-2/RBL-2H3 cells and tryptase in Caco-2 monolayers, (2) MC degranulation in the presence or absence of a PAR-2 antagonist and (3) MC degranulation in the presence or absence of an ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor. The epithelial integrity of Caco-2 cell monolayers was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). The expression of TJ proteins was evaluated by western blotting, QT-PCR and immunostaining. RESULTS Epithelial claudin-8, ZO-1 and occludin protein expression were significantly reduced in tissues from FD patients compared with controls. MC degranulation and tryptase decreased the TEER and reduced the expression of TJ proteins in Caco-2 cell monolayers. A PAR-2 antagonist and an ERK1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor significantly reduced the effect of MC degranulation on the TEER and TJ protein expression in Caco-2 cell monolayers. CONCLUSIONS MCs disrupt duodenal barrier function by modulating the levels of TJ proteins, and the PAR-2 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways may mediate the pathogenesis of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Menghao Hao
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yumei He
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, PR China
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19
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Hussain Z, Park H. Inflammation and Impaired Gut Physiology in Post-operative Ileus: Mechanisms and the Treatment Options. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:517-530. [PMID: 36250359 PMCID: PMC9577567 DOI: 10.5056/jnm22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative ileus (POI) is the transient cessation of coordinated gastrointestinal motility after abdominal surgical intervention. It decreases quality of life, prolongs length of hospital stay, and increases socioeconomic costs. The mechanism of POI is complex and multifactorial, and has been broadly categorized into neurogenic and inflammatory phase. Neurogenic phase mediated release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in neuroinflammation, and affects both central autonomic response as well hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. HPA-stress axis associated cortisol release adversely affects gut microbiota and permeability. Peripheral CRF (pCRF) is a key player in stress induced gastric emptying and colonic transit. It functions as a local effector and interacts with the CRF receptors on the mast cell to release chemical mediators of inflammation. Mast cells proteases disrupt epithelial barrier via protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). PAR-2 facilitates cytoskeleton contraction to reorient tight junction proteins such as occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecule, and zonula occludens-1 to open epithelial barrier junctions. Barrier opening affects the selectivity, and hence permeation of luminal antigens and solutes in the gastrointestinal tract. Translocation of luminal antigens perturbs mucosal immune system to further exacerbate inflammation. Stress induced dysbiosis and decrease in production of short chain fatty acids add to the inflammatory response and barrier disintegration. This review discusses potential mechanisms and factors involved in the pathophysiology of POI with special reference to inflammation and interlinked events such as epithelial barrier dysfunction and dysbiosis. Based on this review, we recommend CRF, mast cells, macrophages, and microbiota could be targeted concurrently for efficient POI management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Hussain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyojin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Role of Gut Microbiota through Gut–Brain Axis in Epileptogenesis: A Systematic Review of Human and Veterinary Medicine. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091290. [PMID: 36138769 PMCID: PMC9495720 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease in both dogs and humans. Despite the elevated prevalence and the many advances in human and veterinary medicine, the etiology and pathophysiology of epilepsy still remain unclear. In this systematic review, the authors discussed the possible role of the gut microbiota in the canine idiopathic epilepsy etiopathogenesis via the gut–brain axis. Abstract Canine idiopathic epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by the enduring predisposition of the cerebral cortex to generate seizures. An etiological explanation has not been fully identified in humans and dogs, and, among the presumed causes, several studies support the possible involvement of gut microbiota. In this review, the authors summarize the evidence of the reasonable role of gut microbiota in epilepsy through the so-called gut–brain axis. The authors provide an overview of recent clinical and preclinical studies in humans and dogs in which the modulation of intestinal permeability, the alteration of local immune response, and the alteration in production of essential metabolites and neurotransmitters associated with dysbiosis could be responsible for the pathogenesis of canine epilepsy. A systematic review of the literature, following the PRISMA guidelines, was performed in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science). Eleven studies were included and reviewed supporting the connection between gut microbiota and epilepsy via the gut–brain axis.
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Psychological Stress Exacerbates Inflammation of the Ileum via the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mast Cell Axis in a Mouse Model of Eosinophilic Enteritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158538. [PMID: 35955675 PMCID: PMC9369025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of psychological stress on eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders have not been elucidated. This study investigated the effects of psychological stress in a mouse model of eosinophilic enteritis (EoN). BALB/c mice were treated with ovalbumin (OVA) to create an EoN model and subjected to either water avoidance stress (WAS) or sham stress (SS). Microscopic inflammation, eosinophil and mast cell counts, mRNA expression, and protein levels of type 2 helper T cell (Th2) cytokines in the ileum were compared between groups. We evaluated ex vivo intestinal permeability using an Ussing chamber. A corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor (CRH-R1) antagonist was administered before WAS, and its effects were analyzed. WAS significantly increased diarrhea occurrence and, eosinophil and mast cell counts, and decreased the villus/crypt ratio compared to those in the SS group. The mRNA expression of CRH, interleukin IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, eotaxin-1, and mast cell tryptase β2 significantly increased, and the protein levels of IL-5, IL-13, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) also significantly increased in the WAS group. Moreover, WAS significantly increased the intestinal permeability. The CRH-R1 antagonist significantly inhibited all changes induced by WAS. Psychological stress exacerbated ileal inflammation via the CRH-mast cell axis in an EoN mouse model.
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22
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Hasler WL, Grabauskas G, Singh P, Owyang C. Mast cell mediation of visceral sensation and permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14339. [PMID: 35315179 PMCID: PMC9286860 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of mast cell structure or function may play prominent roles in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom genesis. Mast cells show close apposition to sensory nerves and release bioactive substances in response to varied stimuli including infection, stress, and other neuroendocrine factors. Most studies focus on patients who develop IBS after enteric infection or who report diarrhea-predominant symptoms. Three topics underlying IBS pathogenesis have been emphasized in recent investigations. Visceral hypersensitivity to luminal stimulation is found in most IBS patients and may contribute to abdominal pain. Mast cell dysfunction also may disrupt epithelial barrier function which alters mucosal permeability potentially leading to altered bowel function and pain. Mast cell products including histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, and cytokines may participate in hypersensitivity and permeability defects, especially with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Recent experimental evidence indicates that the pronociceptive effects of histamine and proteases are mediated by the generation of prostaglandins in the mast cell. Enteric microbiome interactions including increased mucosal bacterial translocation may activate mast cells to elicit inflammatory responses underlying some of these pathogenic effects. Therapies to alter mast cell activity (mast cell stabilizers) or function (histamine antagonists) have shown modest benefits in IBS. Future investigations will seek to define patient subsets with greater potential to respond to therapies that address visceral hypersensitivity, epithelial permeability defects, and microbiome alterations secondary to mast cell dysfunction in IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Hasler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gintautas Grabauskas
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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23
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Simanenkov V, Maev I, Tkacheva O, Alekseenko S, Andreev D, Bakulina N, Bakulin I, Bordin D, Vlasov T, Vorobyeva N, Grinevich V, Gubonina I, Drobizhev M, Efremov N, Karateev A, Kotovskaya Y, Kravchuk I, Krivoborodov G, Kulchavenya E, Lila A, Maevskaya M, Nekrasova A, Poluektova E, Popkova T, Sablin O, Solovyeva O, Suvorov A, Tarasova G, Trukhan D, Fedotova A. Epithelial protective therapy in comorbid diseases. Practical Guidelines for Physicians. TERAPEVT ARKH 2022; 94:940-956. [PMID: 36286974 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2022.08.201523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2021 the first multidisciplinary National Consensus on the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of Increased Epithelial Permeability Syndrome was published. The proposed guidelines are developed on the basis of this Consensus, by the same team of experts. Twenty-eight Practical Guidelines for Physicians statements were adopted by the Expert Council using the "delphic" method. Such main groups of epithelial protective drugs as proton pump inhibitors, bismuth drugs and probiotics are discussed in these Guidelines from the positions of evidence-based medicine. The clinical and pharmacological characteristics of such a universal epithelial protector as rebamipide, acting at the preepithelial, epithelial and subepithelial levels, throughout gastrointestinal tract, are presented in detail.
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Zhao L, Ren P, Wang M, Wang J, He X, Gu J, Lu Y, Wu Y, Liu J, Wang L, Li H. Changes in intestinal barrier protein expression and intestinal flora in a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14299. [PMID: 34821442 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Destruction of the intestinal mucosal barrier and visceral hypersensitivity are main pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The study aimed to establish a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity and explore mechanisms involved the changes of the intestinal barrier protein expression and intestinal flora. METHODS A rat model of visceral hypersensitivity was established and evaluated using abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores, colonic paracellular permeability, and gastrointestinal motility. The expression of tight junction proteins, aquaporin proteins (AQPs), phosphorylated ERK, and proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) was determined. The intestinal microflora was evaluated by high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. KEY RESULTS In model rats, AWR score and fecal water content were significantly increased, gastrointestinal motilities were disorder and characterized by an inhibition of gastric motility and an enhancement of small intestinal and colonic movement. The expressions of colonic occludin, ZO-1, AQP3, and AQP8 were decreased but claudin-2 and claudin-4 were markedly increased. Imbalance of intestinal flora appeared and showed an obvious decrease of Lactobacillus and an increase of Clostridiales_bacterium. Additionally, the total serine protease activity in feces, the expressions of PAR2 and phosphorylated ERK in the colon tissues were increased significantly. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES The model rats of visceral hypersensitivity possess the decreased expression of occludin, ZO-1, AQP3, AQP8, and the increased expression of claudin-2 and claudin-4, meanwhile develop an imbalance of intestinal flora which probably increase serine protease activity, thereby activating the PAR2/ERK signaling and causing the intestinal barrier disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peipei Ren
- Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Miaolei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueyun He
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Gu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- Function Laboratory in College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yana Wu
- Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longde Wang
- Affiliated Hospital, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongfang Li
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
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25
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Wauters L, Ceulemans M, Schol J, Farré R, Tack J, Vanuytsel T. The Role of Leaky Gut in Functional Dyspepsia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:851012. [PMID: 35422683 PMCID: PMC9002356 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.851012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) complain of epigastric symptoms with no identifiable cause. Increased intestinal permeability has been described in these patients, especially in the proximal small bowel or duodenum, and was associated with mucosal immune activation and symptoms. In this review, we discuss duodenal barrier function, including techniques currently applied in FD research. We summarize the available data on duodenal permeability in FD and factors associated to increased permeability, including mucosal eosinophils, mast cells, luminal and systemic factors. While the increased influx of antigens into the duodenal mucosa could result in local immune activation, clinical evidence for a causal role of permeability is lacking in the absence of specific barrier-protective treatments. As both existing and novel treatments, including proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and pre- or probiotics may impact duodenal barrier function, it is important to recognize and study these alterations to improve the knowledge and management of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wauters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lucas Wauters,
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Schol
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ricard Farré
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tack
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Kim Y, Lee Y, Heo G, Jeong S, Park S, Yoo JW, Jung Y, Im E. Modulation of Intestinal Epithelial Permeability via Protease-Activated Receptor-2-Induced Autophagy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050878. [PMID: 35269499 PMCID: PMC8909592 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) alleviates intestinal inflammation by upregulating autophagy. PAR2 also modulates tight junctions through β-arrestin signaling. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PAR2-induced autophagy on intestinal epithelial tight junctions and permeability. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunoprecipitation were performed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which PAR2 regulates autophagy and intestinal epithelial tight junctions. Inhibition of PAR2 by GB83, a PAR2 antagonist, decreased the expression of autophagy-related and tight-junction-related factors in Caco-2 cells. Moreover, inhibition of PAR2 decreased intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance. When PAR2 was activated, intestinal permeability was maintained, but when autophagy was suppressed by chloroquine, intestinal permeability was significantly increased. In addition, the prolongation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by PAR2–ERK1/2–β-arrestin assembly was reduced under autophagy inhibition conditions. Therefore, PAR2 induces autophagy to regulate intestinal epithelial permeability, suggesting that it is related to the β-arrestin–ERK1/2 pathway. In conclusion, regulating intestinal epithelial permeability through PAR2-induced autophagy can help maintain mucosal barrier integrity. Therefore, these findings suggest that the regulation of PAR2 can be a suitable strategy to treat intestinal diseases caused by permeability dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuju Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Yunna Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Sihyun Jeong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Soyeong Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
| | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yunjin Jung
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (J.-W.Y.); (Y.J.)
| | - Eunok Im
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (G.H.); (S.J.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2812; Fax: +82-51-513-6754
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27
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Mice expressing fluorescent PAR 2 reveal that endocytosis mediates colonic inflammation and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112059119. [PMID: 35110404 PMCID: PMC8833192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112059119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many pathophysiological processes and are major therapeutic targets. The impact of disease on the subcellular distribution and function of GPCRs is poorly understood. We investigated trafficking and signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in colitis. To localize PAR2 and assess redistribution during disease, we generated knockin mice expressing PAR2 fused to monomeric ultrastable green fluorescent protein (muGFP). PAR2-muGFP signaled and trafficked normally. PAR2 messenger RNA was detected at similar levels in Par2-mugfp and wild-type mice. Immunostaining with a GFP antibody and RNAScope in situ hybridization using F2rl1 (PAR2) and Gfp probes revealed that PAR2-muGFP was expressed in epithelial cells of the small and large intestine and in subsets of enteric and dorsal root ganglia neurons. In healthy mice, PAR2-muGFP was prominently localized to the basolateral membrane of colonocytes. In mice with colitis, PAR2-muGFP was depleted from the plasma membrane of colonocytes and redistributed to early endosomes, consistent with generation of proinflammatory proteases that activate PAR2 PAR2 agonists stimulated endocytosis of PAR2 and recruitment of Gαq, Gαi, and β-arrestin to early endosomes of T84 colon carcinoma cells. PAR2 agonists increased paracellular permeability of colonic epithelial cells, induced colonic inflammation and hyperalgesia in mice, and stimulated proinflammatory cytokine release from segments of human colon. Knockdown of dynamin-2 (Dnm2), the major colonocyte isoform, and Dnm inhibition attenuated PAR2 endocytosis, signaling complex assembly and colonic inflammation and hyperalgesia. Thus, PAR2 endocytosis sustains protease-evoked inflammation and nociception and PAR2 in endosomes is a potential therapeutic target for colitis.
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28
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Buscail E, Deraison C. Postoperative Ileus: a Pharmacological Perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:3283-3305. [PMID: 35048360 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-operative ileus (POI) is a frequent complication after abdominal surgery. The consequences of POI can be potentially serious such as bronchial inhalation or acute functional renal failure. Numerous advances in peri-operative management, particularly early rehabilitation, have made it possible to decrease POI. Despite this, the rate of prolonged POI ileus remains high and can be as high as 25% of patients in colorectal surgery. From a pathophysiological point of view, POI has two phases, an early neurological phase and a later inflammatory phase, to which we could add a "pharmacological" phase during which analgesic drugs, particularly opiates, play a central role. The aim of this review article is to describe the phases of the pathophysiology of POI, to analyse the pharmacological treatments currently available through published clinical trials and finally to discuss the different research areas for potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Buscail
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France.,Department of digestive surgery, colorectal surgery unit, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Deraison
- IRSD, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, University of Toulouse, CHU Purpan (University Hospital Centre), Toulouse, France
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29
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Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou SY, Gao J, Zhang Y, Owyang C. High FODMAP diet causes barrier loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated mast cell activation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146529. [PMID: 34618688 PMCID: PMC8663790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are carbohydrates thought to contribute to the symptoms of IBS. A diet in high in FODMAPs (HFM) induces gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and a diet low in FODMAPs (LFM) improves symptoms in up to 60% of patients with IBS. However, the mechanism by which FODMAPs affect IBS symptoms is unclear. We showed that mice fed on a HFM diet have mast cell activation and colonic barrier loss. Using mast cell–deficient mice with and without mast cell reconstitution, we showed that HFM-mediated colonic barrier loss is dependent on TLR4-dependent mast cell activation. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that IBS fecal supernatant stimulates mast cells significantly more compared with fecal supernatant from healthy controls. This effect of IBS fecal supernatant on mast cell stimulation is ameliorated in the absence of the TLR4 receptor and after a LFM diet. We found that a LFM diet improves colonic barrier function and reduces mast cell activation while decreasing fecal LPS levels. Our findings indicate that a HFM diet causes mast cell activation via LPS, which in turn leads to colonic barrier loss, and a LFM diet reverses these pathophysiologic mucosal changes.
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30
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Khuda SE, Nguyen AV, Sharma GM, Alam MS, Balan KV, Williams KM. Effects of emulsifiers on an in vitro model of intestinal epithelial tight junctions and the transport of food allergens. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100576. [PMID: 34779572 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Certain food emulsifiers may interfere with gut barrier function in ways correlating to increased exposure to allergens. Understanding the consequences of interactions between these food ingredients and the intestinal epithelium is important for evaluating allergen dose exposure characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS Wechallenged Caco-2 cell monolayers, an in vitromodel of human intestinal epithelial tight junctions with synthetic polysorbate-80 or natural lecithin alone, or in combination with known allergens (egg proteins: ovalbumin, ovomucoid, and ovotransferrin; and a synthetic form of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), an allergen of increasing concern). For most doses of individual emulsifiers and allergens, >90% cell viability and <15% cytotoxicity wasobserved; however, toxicity increased at a 0.5% concentration of emulsifiers. At low cytotoxic concentration (0.2%), only polysorbate-80 treatment reduced monolayer integrity (∼20%) with increased lucifer yellow passage. Dose-related differences in expression of tight junction genes and occludin proteins wereobserved with emulsifier treatments. The transport of all tested allergens across the cell monolayers, excluding ovotransferrin, nearly doubled in the presence of 0.2% polysorbate-80 compared to lecithin and untreated control. CONCLUSION By modulating paracellular permeability, polysorbate-80 may enhance absorption of allergens in a size-dependent manner. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefat E Khuda
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Ann V Nguyen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Girdhari M Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Mohammad S Alam
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kannan V Balan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD, 20708, United States
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31
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Noto CN, Hoft SG, DiPaolo RJ. Mast Cells as Important Regulators in Autoimmunity and Cancer Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:752350. [PMID: 34712668 PMCID: PMC8546116 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.752350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are an essential part of the immune system and are best known as important modulators of allergic and anaphylactic immune responses. Upon activation, mast cells release a multitude of inflammatory mediators with various effector functions that can be both protective and damage-inducing. Mast cells can have an anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory immunological effect and play important roles in regulating autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Importantly, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are linked to the development of specific cancers including pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and gastric cancer. Inflammatory mediators released from activated mast cells regulate immune responses and promote vascular permeability and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of inflammation. Mast cells are present in increased numbers in tissues affected by autoimmune diseases as well as in tumor microenvironments where they co-localize with T regulatory cells and T effector cells. Mast cells can regulate immune responses by expressing immune checkpoint molecules on their surface, releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, and promoting vascularization of solid tumor sites. As a result of these immune modulating activities, mast cells have disease-modifying roles in specific autoimmune diseases and cancers. Therefore, determining how to regulate the activities of mast cells in different inflammatory and tumor microenvironments may be critical to discovering potential therapeutic targets to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Noto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Stella G Hoft
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Richard J DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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32
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Toth AE, Helms HC, Harazin A, Johnsen KB, Goldeman C, Burkhart A, Thomsen MS, Kempen PJ, Klepe A, Lipka DV, Møller PL, Andresen TL, Nyegaard M, Moos T, Brodin B, Nielsen MS. Sortilin regulates blood-brain barrier integrity. FEBS J 2021; 289:1062-1079. [PMID: 34626084 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Brain homeostasis depends on the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite decades of research, the factors and signalling pathways for modulating and maintaining BBB integrity are not fully elucidated. Here, we characterise the expression and function of the multifunctional receptor, sortilin, in the cells of the BBB, in vivo and in vitro. We show that sortilin acts as an important regulatory protein of the BBB's tightness. In rats lacking sortilin, the BBB was leaky, which correlated well with relocated distribution of the localisation of zonula occludens-1, VE-cadherin and β-catenin junctional proteins. Furthermore, the absence of sortilin in brain endothelial cells resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Akt signalling protein and increased the level of phospho-ERK1/2. As a putative result of MAPK/ERK pathway activity, the junctions between the brain endothelial cells were disintegrated and the integrity of the BBB became compromised. The identified barrier differences between wild-type and Sort1-/- brain endothelial cells can pave the way for a better understanding of sortilin's role in the healthy and diseased BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans C Helms
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andras Harazin
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Kasper B Johnsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Goldeman
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Maj S Thomsen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Paul J Kempen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Adrián Klepe
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Dora V Lipka
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Peter L Møller
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andresen
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology, Section for Biotherapeutic Engineering and Drug Targeting, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Torben Moos
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biomedicine Group, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Research Initiative on Brain Barriers and Drug Delivery, Copenhagen, Denmark
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33
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Hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis and hereditary alpha-tryptasemia. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 20:431-437. [PMID: 32769710 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss the association between the common dominantly inherited genetic trait hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) and hymenoptera venom-induced anaphylaxis (HVA). RECENT FINDINGS Elevated BST has been correlated with more severe systemic anaphylaxis in humans in a number of settings - most notably in HVA. Clonal mast cell disease, in particular, systemic mastocytosis, is frequently associated with elevated BST, and is a major risk factor for severe HVA. However, clonal mast cell diseases are believed to be rare, whereas HVA is relatively more common. HαT affects an estimated 3-5% of Western populations and is the common cause for elevated BST in these individuals. An association between HαT and severe HVA, as well as clonal mast cell disease has recently been demonstrated wherein this trait modifies reaction severity in venom allergic individuals. A mechanism underlying this association has been proposed through the identification of naturally occurring heterotetrameric tryptases and characterization of their unique physical attributes. SUMMARY Here we discuss the long-standing association between elevated BST and HVA severity, how HαT fits into this landscape, and review the clinical and mechanistic evidence that supports HαT as a modifier of HVA.
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Jin X, Gharibani P, Yin J, Chen JDZ. Neuro-Immune Modulation Effects of Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Visceral Hypersensitivity in Rats. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:645393. [PMID: 34276280 PMCID: PMC8282909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.645393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Visceral hypersensitivity (VH) is one of the underlying pathophysiologies of irritable bowel syndrome. Mast cell overactivation has been found to be one of the main causes of VH. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of actions of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on visceral pain in a rodent model of VH. Methods: The VH was established by an intrarectal infusion of AA in 10-day-old pups. Rats were chronically implanted with electrodes for SNS and recording electromyogram (EMG) and electrocardiogram. The acute study was performed in 2-randomized sessions with SNS (14 Hz, 330 μs, 40% motor threshold or MT, 30 min) or sham-SNS. Later on, rats were randomized into SNS/sham-SNS groups and a chronic study was performed with 2 h-daily SNS or sham-SNS for 21 days. Visceromotor reflexes were assessed by abdominal EMG and withdrawal reflex (AWR). Colon tissues were collected to study colonic acetylcholine (ACh), the enteric neurons (ChAT, nNOS, and PGP9.5), mast cells activity [Tryptase, prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX2)] and pain markers [nerve growth factor (NGF) and Sub-P]. Key Results: Sacral nerve stimulation significantly improved visceromotor reflexes assessed by the EMG and AWR, compared with sham-SNS. SNS normalized the protein expressions of ChAT and nNOS and regulated mast cells activity by downregulating Tryptase, COX2, and PGE2. Neonatal AA administration upregulated NGF and Sub-P; chronic SNS significantly decreased these pain biomarkers. Concurrently, chronic SNS increased ACh in colon tissues and vagal efferent activity. Conclusions: Sacral nerve stimulation reduces VH in rats and this ameliorating effect might be attributed to the suppression of mast cell overactivation in the colon tissue via the modulation of autonomic nervous system functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jiande D Z Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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35
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Wan J, Zhang J, Xu Q, Yin H, Chen D, Yu B, He J. Alginate oligosaccharide protects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced porcine intestinal barrier injury. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118316. [PMID: 34364589 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) possesses various pharmaceutical benefits, making it an attractive candidate for biomedical applications. In the present study, we prepared AOS by depolymerising alginate; its degree of polymerisation mainly ranged from 2 to 8. We confirmed the enteroprotective potential of AOS against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)-induced intestinal barrier injury in weaned pigs. Next, we illustrated the mechanisms underlying this effect of AOS using the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2. AOS potently reduced the binding of the bacteria-deprived endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the IPEC-J2 cell surface. Moreover, it suppressed the LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 in IPEC-J2 cells. These results indicate that AOS protects the intestinal epithelium from ETEC-induced inflammatory injury by preventing the activation of NF-κB, implying that AOS could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating inflammation-related intestinal diseases in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingsong Xu
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Konnikova L, Robinson TO, Owings AH, Shirley JF, Davis E, Tang Y, Wall S, Li J, Hasan MH, Gharaibeh RZ, Mendoza Alvarez LB, Ryan LK, Doty A, Chovanec JF, O'Connell MP, Grunes DE, Daley WP, Mayer E, Chang L, Liu J, Snapper SB, Milner JD, Glover SC, Lyons JJ. Small intestinal immunopathology and GI-associated antibody formation in hereditary alpha-tryptasemia. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:813-821.e7. [PMID: 33865872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary alpha-tryptasemia (HαT) is characterized by elevated basal serum tryptase due to increased copies of the TPSAB1 gene. Individuals with HαT frequently present with multisystem complaints, including anaphylaxis and seemingly functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the prevalence of HαT in an irritable bowel syndrome cohort and associated immunologic characteristics that may distinguish patients with HαT from patients without HαT. METHODS Tryptase genotyping by droplet digital PCR, flow cytometry, cytometry by time-of-flight, immunohistochemistry, and other molecular biology techniques was used. RESULTS HαT prevalence in a large irritable bowel syndrome cohort was 5% (N = 8/158). Immunophenotyping of HαT PBMCs (N ≥ 27) revealed increased total and class-switched memory B cells. In the small bowel, expansion of tissue mast cells with expression of CD203c, HLA-DR, and FcεRI, higher intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis, and increased class-switched memory B cells were observed. IgG profiles in sera from individuals with HαT (N = 21) significantly differed from those in individuals with quiescent Crohn disease (N = 20) and non-HαT controls (N = 19), with increased antibodies directed against GI-associated proteins identified in individuals with HαT. CONCLUSIONS Increased mast cell number and intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis in the small intestine, and class-switched memory B cells in both the gut and peripheral blood associated with IgG reactive to GI-related proteins, distinguish HαT from functional GI disease. These innate and adaptive immunologic findings identified in association with HαT are suggestive of subclinical intestinal inflammation in symptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Konnikova
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pa; Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Tanya O Robinson
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - Anna H Owings
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - James F Shirley
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Elisabeth Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Ark
| | - Ying Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sarah Wall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jian Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Mohammad H Hasan
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - Raad Z Gharaibeh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Lybil B Mendoza Alvarez
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Lisa K Ryan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Andria Doty
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research Cytometry Core, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Jack F Chovanec
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Michael P O'Connell
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Dianne E Grunes
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - William P Daley
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss
| | - Emeran Mayer
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Lin Chang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Julia Liu
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sarah C Glover
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
| | - Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
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Boeri L, Perottoni S, Izzo L, Giordano C, Albani D. Microbiota-Host Immunity Communication in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Bioengineering Challenges for In Vitro Modeling. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002043. [PMID: 33661580 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human microbiota communicates with its host by secreting signaling metabolites, enzymes, or structural components. Its homeostasis strongly influences the modulation of human tissue barriers and immune system. Dysbiosis-induced peripheral immunity response can propagate bacterial and pro-inflammatory signals to the whole body, including the brain. This immune-mediated communication may contribute to several neurodegenerative disorders, as Alzheimer's disease. In fact, neurodegeneration is associated with dysbiosis and neuroinflammation. The interplay between the microbial communities and the brain is complex and bidirectional, and a great deal of interest is emerging to define the exact mechanisms. This review focuses on microbiota-immunity-central nervous system (CNS) communication and shows how gut and oral microbiota populations trigger immune cells, propagating inflammation from the periphery to the cerebral parenchyma, thus contributing to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration. Moreover, an overview of the technological challenges with in vitro modeling of the microbiota-immunity-CNS axis, offering interesting technological hints about the most advanced solutions and current technologies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Simone Perottoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Luca Izzo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 Milan 20133 Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS via Mario Negri 2 Milan 20156 Italy
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Jin C, Yuan X, Wang C, Fu Z, Jin Y. Maternal exposure to imazalil disrupts intestinal barrier and bile acids enterohepatic circulation tightly related IL-22 expression in F 0, F 1 and F 2 generations of mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123668. [PMID: 32814239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence linking maternal exposure of environmental pollutants to intestinal and metabolic diseases that can be conserved across multiple generations. Here, female C57BL/6 mice were treated imazalil (IMZ) at dietary levels of 0, 0.025‰ and 0.25‰ during the gestation and lactation periods. The results demonstrated that IMZ treatment not only induced significant changes in the mucus secretion and ionic transport, but also disrupted the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine of F0, F1 and F2 generations. In addition, IMZ exposure altered BAs metabolism and the affected the expression levels of critical genes involved in BAs synthesis, signaling, transportation and apical uptake. The immune cell-produced cytokines were displaying extraordinary changes after IMZ exposure. In particular, whether it was in F0, F1-20d, F1-7 w or F2-20d, the expression of IL-22 had the trend of markedly increasing upon IMZ exposure. Correlation analyses revealed that the expression of IL-22 was positively correlated with the change of BAs metabolites. Together, all these results indicated that IMZ exposure was perceived as a major stress by the intestinal epithelium that strongly affected the intestinal barrier function (including mucus, CFTR, AMPs, inflammation), largely in response to an alteration of BAs metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyuan Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xianling Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Losso JN. Food Processing, Dysbiosis, Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases, and Antiangiogenic Functional Foods or Beverages. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:235-258. [PMID: 33467906 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-062520-090235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Foods and beverages provide nutrients and alter the gut microbiota, resulting in eubiosis or dysbiosis. Chronic consumption of a diet that is high in saturated or trans fats, meat proteins, reducing sugars, and salt and low in fiber induces dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, loss of redox homeostasis, mast cells, hypoxia, angiogenesis, the kynurenine pathway, transglutaminase 2, and/or the Janus kinase pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis and development of inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and gastrointestinal malignancy. This review discusses the effects of oxidative, carbonyl, or glycative stress-inducing dietary ingredients or food processing-derived compounds on gut microbiota and gastrointestinal epithelial and mast cells as well as on the development of associated angiogenic diseases, including key signaling pathways. The preventive or therapeutic potential and the biochemical pathways of antiangiogenic or proangiogenic foods or beverages are also described. The outcomes of the interactions between disease pathways and components of food are critical for the design of foods and beverages for healthy lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack N Losso
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA;
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40
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Motta JP, Rolland C, Edir A, Florence AC, Sagnat D, Bonnart C, Rousset P, Guiraud L, Quaranta-Nicaise M, Mas E, Bonnet D, Verdu EF, McKay DM, Buscail E, Alric L, Vergnolle N, Deraison C. Epithelial production of elastase is increased in inflammatory bowel disease and causes mucosal inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:667-678. [PMID: 33674762 PMCID: PMC8075934 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors plays a crucial role in the development of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Increased elastolytic activity is observed in the colon of patients suffering from IBD. Here, we aimed at identifying the players involved in elastolytic hyperactivity associated with IBD and their contribution to the disease. We revealed that epithelial cells are a major source of elastolytic activity in healthy human colonic tissues and this activity is greatly increased in IBD patients, both in diseased and distant sites of inflammation. This study identified a previously unrevealed production of elastase 2A (ELA2A) by colonic epithelial cells, which was enhanced in IBD patients. We demonstrated that ELA2A hyperactivity is sufficient to lead to a leaky epithelial barrier. Epithelial ELA2A hyperactivity also modified the cytokine gene expression profile with an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokine transcripts, while reducing the expression of pro-resolving and repair factor genes. ELA2A thus appears as a novel actor produced by intestinal epithelial cells, which can drive inflammation and loss of barrier function, two essentials pathophysiological hallmarks of IBD. Targeting ELA2A hyperactivity should thus be considered as a potential target for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Motta
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Rolland
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anissa Edir
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ana-Carolina Florence
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - David Sagnat
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Chrystelle Bonnart
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Perrine Rousset
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Laura Guiraud
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Mas
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France ,grid.414018.80000 0004 0638 325XUnité de Gastroentérologie, Hépatologie, Nutrition, Diabétologie et Maladies Héréditaires du Métabolisme, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Delphine Bonnet
- grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Elena F. Verdu
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Etienne Buscail
- grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Alric
- grid.411175.70000 0001 1457 2980Pole Digestif, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France ,grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Céline Deraison
- grid.503230.7IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Yamani A, Wu D, Ahrens R, Waggoner L, Noah TK, Garcia-Hernandez V, Ptaschinski C, Parkos CA, Lukacs NW, Nusrat A, Hogan SP. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial CFTR-dependent Cl - ion transport and paracellular barrier function drives gastrointestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:135-143. [PMID: 32576925 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-triggered anaphylaxis can encompass a variety of systemic and intestinal symptoms. Murine-based and clinical studies have revealed a role for histamine and H1R and H2R-pathway in the systemic response; however, the molecular processes that regulate the gastrointestinal (GI) response are not as well defined. In the present study, by utilizing an IgE-mast cell (MC)-dependent experimental model of oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis, we define the intestinal epithelial response during a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. We show that oral allergen-challenge stimulates a rapid dysregulation of intestinal epithelial transcellular and paracellular transport that was associated with the development of secretory diarrhea. Allergen-challenge induced (1) a rapid intestinal epithelial Cftr-dependent Cl- secretory response and (2) paracellular macromolecular leak that was associated with modification in epithelial intercellular junction proteins claudin-1, 2, 3 and 5, E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherins. OVA-induced Cftr-dependent Cl- secretion and junctional protein degradation was rapid occurring and was sustained for 72 h following allergen-challenge. Blockade of both the proteolytic activity and Cl- secretory response was required to alleviate intestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis. Collectively, these data suggest that the GI symptom of food-induced anaphylactic reaction, secretory diarrhea, is a consequence of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vicky Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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42
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Lagomarsino VN, Kostic AD, Chiu IM. Mechanisms of microbial-neuronal interactions in pain and nociception. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2020; 9:100056. [PMID: 33392418 PMCID: PMC7772816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2020.100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms of how microorganisms communicate with sensory afferent neurons. How pathogenic microorganisms directly communicate with nociceptor neurons to inflict pain on the host. Symbiotic bacterial communication with gut-extrinsic sensory afferent neurons. Plausible roles on how gut symbionts directly mediate pain and nociception.
Nociceptor sensory neurons innervate barrier tissues that are constantly exposed to microbial stimuli. During infection, pathogenic microorganisms can breach barrier surfaces and produce pain by directly activating nociceptors. Microorganisms that live in symbiotic relationships with their hosts, commensals and mutualists, have also been associated with pain, but the molecular mechanisms of how symbionts act on nociceptor neurons to modulate pain remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the known molecular mechanisms of how microbes directly interact with sensory afferent neurons affecting nociception in the gut, skin and lungs. We will touch on how bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens signal to the host to inflict or suppress pain. We will also discuss recent studies examining how gut symbionts affect pain. Specifically, we will discuss how gut symbionts may interact with sensory afferent neurons either directly, through secretion of metabolites or neurotransmitters, or indirectly,through first signaling to epithelial cells or immune cells, to regulate visceral, neuropathic and inflammatory pain. While this area of research is still in its infancy, more mechanistic studies to examine microbial-sensory neuron crosstalk in nociception may allow us to develop new therapies for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina N Lagomarsino
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleksandar D Kostic
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Pastwińska J, Żelechowska P, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Dastych J. The Art of Mast Cell Adhesion. Cells 2020; 9:E2664. [PMID: 33322506 PMCID: PMC7764012 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is one of the basic phenomena occurring in a living organism, affecting many other processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, or cell viability. Mast cells (MCs) are important elements involved in defending the host against various pathogens and regulating inflammatory processes. Due to numerous mediators, they are contributing to the modulation of many basic cellular processes in a variety of cells, including the expression and functioning of different adhesive molecules. They also express themselves many adhesive proteins, including ICAM-1, ICAM-3, VCAM-1, integrins, L-selectin, E-cadherin, and N-cadherin. These molecules enable MCs to interact with other cells and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), creating structures such as adherens junctions and focal adhesion sites, and triggering a signaling cascade. A thorough understanding of these cellular mechanisms can create a better understanding of MC biology and reveal new goals for MC targeted therapy. This review will focus on the current knowledge of adhesion mechanisms with the involvement of MCs. It also provides insight into the influence of MCs or MC-derived mediators on the adhesion molecule expression in different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pastwińska
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (J.P.); (A.W.-D.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.Ż.); (E.B.-B.)
| | - Paulina Żelechowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.Ż.); (E.B.-B.)
| | - Aurelia Walczak-Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (J.P.); (A.W.-D.)
| | - Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland; (P.Ż.); (E.B.-B.)
| | - Jarosław Dastych
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland; (J.P.); (A.W.-D.)
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D’Amico R, Siracusa R, Fusco R, Cordaro M, Genovese T, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Crupi R, Impellizzeri D, Cuzzocrea S, Paola RD. Protective effects of Colomast ®, A New Formulation of Adelmidrol and Sodium Hyaluronate, in A Mouse Model of Acute Restraint Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8136. [PMID: 33143356 PMCID: PMC7662642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is generally defined as a homeostatic disruption from actual or implied threats and alters the homeostatic balance of different body organs, such as gastrointestinal function and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), inducing the release of glucocorticoid hormones. Stress is also known to be a risk factor for the development of depression and anxiety. However, until today there are no suitable therapies for treating of stress. The aim of this study was to explore the protective effect of Colomast®, a new preparation containing Adelmidrol, an enhancer of physiological of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and sodium hyaluronate in an animal model of immobilization stress. Acute restraint stress (ARS) was induced in mice by fixation for 2 h of the four extremities with an adhesive tape and Colomast® (20 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage 30 min before the immobilization. Colomast® pre-treatment was able to decrease histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, cytokines expression, neutrophil infiltration, mast cell activation, oxidative stress, as well as modulate nuclear factor NF-kB and apoptosis pathways after ARS induction. Moreover, Colomast® was able to restore tight junction in both ileum and hippocampus and cortex. Additionally, we demonstrated that Colomast® ameliorated depression and anxiety-related behaviours, and modulate inflammatory and apoptosis pathways also in brain after ARS induction. In conclusion, our results suggest Colomast® to be a potential approach to ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona D’Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Roberta Fusco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (R.D.); (R.S.); (R.F.); (T.G.); (A.F.P.); (E.G.); (R.D.P.)
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Viridicatol Isolated from Deep-Sea Penicillium Griseofulvum Alleviates Anaphylaxis and Repairs the Intestinal Barrier in Mice by Suppressing Mast Cell Activation. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100517. [PMID: 33081290 PMCID: PMC7590054 DOI: 10.3390/md18100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viridicatol is a quinoline alkaloid isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus Penicillium griseofulvum. The structure of viridicatol was unambiguously established by X-ray diffraction analysis. In this study, a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced food allergy and the rat basophil leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell model were established to explore the anti-allergic properties of viridicatol. On the basis of the mouse model, we found viridicatol to alleviate the allergy symptoms; decrease the levels of specific immunoglobulin E, mast cell protease-1, histamine, and tumor necrosis factor-α; and promote the production of interleukin-10 in the serum. The treatment of viridicatol also downregulated the population of B cells and mast cells (MCs), as well as upregulated the population of regulatory T cells in the spleen. Moreover, viridicatol alleviated intestinal villi injury and inhibited the degranulation of intestinal MCs to promote intestinal barrier repair in mice. Furthermore, the accumulation of Ca2+ in RBL-2H3 cells was significantly suppressed by viridicatol, which could block the activation of MCs. Taken together, these data indicated that deep-sea viridicatol may represent a novel therapeutic for allergic diseases.
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Duodenal acidification induces gastric relaxation and alters epithelial barrier function by a mast cell independent mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17448. [PMID: 33060783 PMCID: PMC7562901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Duodenal hyperpermeability and low-grade inflammation in functional dyspepsia is potentially related to duodenal acid exposure. We aimed to evaluate in healthy volunteers the involvement of mast cell activation on the duodenogastric reflex and epithelial integrity during duodenal acidification. This study consisted of 2 parts: (1) Duodenal infusion of acid or saline during thirty minutes in a randomized, double-blind cross-over manner with measurement of intragastric pressure (IGP) using high resolution manometry and collection of duodenal biopsies to measure epithelial barrier function and the expression of cell-to-cell adhesion proteins. Mast cells and eosinophils were counted and activation and degranulation status were assessed. (2) Oral treatment with placebo or mast cell stabilizer disodiumcromoglycate (DSCG) prior to duodenal perfusion with acid, followed by the procedures described above. Compared with saline, acidification resulted in lower IGP (P < 0.01), increased duodenal permeability (P < 0.01) and lower protein expression of claudin-3 (P < 0.001). Protein expression of tryptase (P < 0.001) was increased after acid perfusion. Nevertheless, an ultrastructural examination did not reveal degranulation of mast cells. DSCG did not modify the drop in IGP and barrier dysfunction induced by acid. Duodenal acidification activates an inhibitory duodenogastric motor reflex and, impairs epithelial integrity in healthy volunteers. However, these acid mediated effects occur independently from mast cell activation.
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Tu L, Gharibani P, Yin J, Chen JDZ. Sacral nerve stimulation ameliorates colonic barrier functions in a rodent model of colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13916. [PMID: 32537873 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucosal barrier damage is recognized as one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of colitis. While sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) was reported to have therapeutic potential for colitis, its mechanisms of actions on colonic permeability remained largely unknown. METHODS In this study, colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of TNBS in rats. Five days later, they were treated with SNS or sham-SNS for 10 days. The effects of SNS on colonic permeability were assessed by measuring the expression of tight-junction proteins involved in regulating permeability and the FITC-dextran test. The mechanism of actions of SNS was investigated by studying the function of the enteric nervous system (ENS) cells and analyzing the autonomic nervous system. KEY RESULTS SNS decreased the disease activity index, microscopic and macroscopic scores, myeloperoxidase activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6). SNS increased the expression of Zonula Occludens-1, Occludin, Claudin-1, and Junctional adhesion molecule-A in the colon tissue. The FITC-dextran test showed that the colonic permeability was lower with SCS than sham-SNS. SNS increased ChAT, pancreatic polypeptide, and GDNF and reduced norepinephrine NGF, sub-P, and mast cell overactivation in the colon tissue. Concurrently, SNS increased acetylcholine in colon tissues and elevated vagal efferent activity. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES SNS ameliorates colonic inflammation and enhances colonic barrier function with the proposed mechanisms involving the increase in parasympathetic activity and modulation of the activity of the ENS and immune system, including mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Payam Gharibani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiande D Z Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Mast Cell Regulation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Food Components with Potential Nutraceutical Use. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184314. [PMID: 32962285 PMCID: PMC7570512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are key actors in inflammatory reactions. Upon activation, they release histamine, heparin and nerve growth factor, among many other mediators that modulate immune response and neuron sensitization. One important feature of mast cells is that their population is usually increased in animal models and biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, mast cells and mast cell mediators are regarded as key components in IBS pathophysiology. IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting the quality of life of up to 20% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from constipation to diarrhea, with a mixed subtype and even an unclassified form. Nutrient intake is one of the triggering factors of IBS. In this respect, certain components of the daily food, such as fatty acids, amino acids or plant-derived substances like flavonoids, have been described to modulate mast cells' activity. In this review, we will focus on the effect of these molecules, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on mast cell degranulation, looking for a nutraceutical capable of decreasing IBS symptoms.
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The Infant-Derived Bifidobacterium bifidum Strain CNCM I-4319 Strengthens Gut Functionality. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091313. [PMID: 32872165 PMCID: PMC7565306 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are among the first colonisers of the gastrointestinal tract of breast-fed newborns due to, among other things, their ability to metabolise oligosaccharides naturally occurring in human milk. The presence of bifidobacteria in the infant gut has been shown to promote intestinal health and homeostasis as well as to preserve a functional gut barrier, thus positively influencing host health and well-being. Among human-associated gut commensals, Bifidobacterium bifidum has been described as the only species capable of the extracellular degradation of both mucin-type glycans and HMOs, thereby giving this species a special role as a commensal gut forager of both host and diet-derived glycans. In the present study, we assess the possible beneficial properties and probiotic potential of B. bifidum strain CNCM I-4319. In silico genome analysis and growth experiments confirmed the expected ability of this strain to consume HMOs and mucin. By employing various animal models, we were also able to assess the ability of B. bifidum CNCM I-4319 to preserve gut integrity and functionality from stress-induced and inflammatory damage, thereby enforcing its potential as an effective probiotic strain.
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Folcuti C, Horescu C, Barcan E, Alexandru O, Tuta C, Vatu BI, Artene SA, Dricu A. β-arrestin 1 transfection induced cell death in high grade glioma in vitro. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:1021-1032. [PMID: 32807003 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1808990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The best known functions of β-arrestins (β-arr) are to regulate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) signaling through receptor desensitization and internalization. Many reports also suggest that β-arrs play important role in immune regulation and inflammatory responses, under physiological and pathological conditions. Recent studies have shown that β-arr 1 silencing halts proliferation and increases temozolomide (TMZ) response in glioblastoma (GBM) cells. The focus of this paper is to analyze the role of β-arr 1 overexpression in the 18 high grade glioma (HGG) cell line in terms of viability and their response to TMZ treatment. For this reason, the cell line was transfected with β-arr 1 and the effect was analyzed after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h in terms of proliferation and treatment response. We observed that β-arr 1 overexpression induced a time and dose dependant inhibition in the HGG cells. Unexpectedly, β-arr transfection resulted in a very mild increase in TMZ toxicity after 24 h, becoming non-statistically significant at 72 h. In conclusion, we showed that β-arr 1 overexpression inhibits cell proliferation in the 18 cell line but only has a very modest effect on treatment response with the alkylating agent TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Folcuti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Cristina Horescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Edmond Barcan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Oana Alexandru
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Cristian Tuta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Vatu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Stefan-Alexandru Artene
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova , Craiova, Romania
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