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D'Acunzo P, Argyrousi EK, Ungania JM, Kim Y, DeRosa S, Pawlik M, Goulbourne CN, Arancio O, Levy E. Mitovesicles secreted into the extracellular space of brains with mitochondrial dysfunction impair synaptic plasticity. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:34. [PMID: 38616258 PMCID: PMC11017499 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00721-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypometabolism tied to mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the aging brain and in neurodegenerative disorders, including in Alzheimer's disease, in Down syndrome, and in mouse models of these conditions. We have previously shown that mitovesicles, small extracellular vesicles (EVs) of mitochondrial origin, are altered in content and abundance in multiple brain conditions characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. However, given their recent discovery, it is yet to be explored what mitovesicles regulate and modify, both under physiological conditions and in the diseased brain. In this study, we investigated the effects of mitovesicles on synaptic function, and the molecular players involved. METHODS Hippocampal slices from wild-type mice were perfused with the three known types of EVs, mitovesicles, microvesicles, or exosomes, isolated from the brain of a mouse model of Down syndrome or of a diploid control and long-term potentiation (LTP) recorded. The role of the monoamine oxidases type B (MAO-B) and type A (MAO-A) in mitovesicle-driven LTP impairments was addressed by treatment of mitovesicles with the irreversible MAO inhibitors pargyline and clorgiline prior to perfusion of the hippocampal slices. RESULTS Mitovesicles from the brain of the Down syndrome model reduced LTP within minutes of mitovesicle addition. Mitovesicles isolated from control brains did not trigger electrophysiological effects, nor did other types of brain EVs (microvesicles and exosomes) from any genotype tested. Depleting mitovesicles of their MAO-B, but not MAO-A, activity eliminated their ability to alter LTP. CONCLUSIONS Mitovesicle impairment of LTP is a previously undescribed paracrine-like mechanism by which EVs modulate synaptic activity, demonstrating that mitovesicles are active participants in the propagation of cellular and functional homeostatic changes in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale D'Acunzo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elentina K Argyrousi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Ungania
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Yohan Kim
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven DeRosa
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 10027, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 10962, Orangeburg, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10027, New York, NY, USA.
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
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German‐Castelan L, Shanks HRC, Gros R, Saito T, Saido TC, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Prado MAM, Schmitz TW, Prado VF. Sex-dependent cholinergic effects on amyloid pathology: A translational study. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:995-1012. [PMID: 37846816 PMCID: PMC10916951 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION About two-thirds of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients are women, who exhibit more severe pathology and cognitive decline than men. Whether biological sex causally modulates the relationship between cholinergic signaling and amyloid pathology remains unknown. METHODS We quantified amyloid beta (Aβ) in male and female App-mutant mice with either decreased or increased cholinergic tone and examined the impact of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement in this relationship. We also investigated longitudinal changes in basal forebrain (cholinergic function) and Aβ in elderly individuals. RESULTS We show a causal relationship between cholinergic tone and amyloid pathology in males and ovariectomized female mice, which is decoupled in ovary-intact and ovariectomized females receiving estradiol. In elderly humans, cholinergic loss exacerbates Aβ. DISCUSSION Our findings emphasize the importance of reflecting human menopause in mouse models. They also support a role for therapies targeting estradiol and cholinergic signaling to reduce Aβ. HIGHLIGHTS Cholinergic tone regulates amyloid beta (Aβ) pathology in males and ovariectomized female mice. Estradiol uncouples the relationship between cholinergic tone and Aβ. In elderly humans, cholinergic loss correlates with increased Aβ in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana German‐Castelan
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Hayley R. C. Shanks
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Robert Gros
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineSchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive ScienceInstitute of Brain ScienceNagoya City University Graduate School of Medical SciencesNagoyaJapan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic NeuroscienceRIKEN Center for Brain ScienceWako, SaitamaJapan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic NeuroscienceRIKEN Center for Brain ScienceWako, SaitamaJapan
| | - Lisa M. Saksida
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Western Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Timothy J. Bussey
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Western Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Marco A. M. Prado
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Western Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Taylor W. Schmitz
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Western Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Lawson Health Research InstituteSt. Joseph's HospitalLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Vania F. Prado
- Robarts Research InstituteSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Neuroscience programSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Western Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine & DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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3
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Basak JM, Falk M, Mitchell DN, Coakley KA, Quillinan N, Orfila JE, Herson PS. Targeting BACE1-mediated production of amyloid beta improves hippocampal synaptic function in an experimental model of ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:66-77. [PMID: 37150606 PMCID: PMC10638992 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231159597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia (PSCID) affects many survivors of large vessel cerebral ischemia. The molecular pathways underlying PSCID are poorly defined but may overlap with neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Specifically, synaptic dysfunction after stroke may be directly mediated by alterations in the levels of amyloid beta (Aβ), the peptide that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In this study, we use the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model in young adult mice to evaluate if a large vessel stroke increases brain soluble Aβ levels. We show that soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels are increased in the ipsilateral hippocampus in MCAo mice 7 days after the injury. We also analyze the level and activity of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), an enzyme that generates Aβ in the brain, and observe that BACE1 activity is increased in the ipsilateral hippocampus of the MCAo mice. Finally, we highlight that treatment of MCAo mice with a BACE1 inhibitor during the recovery period rescues stroke-induced deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. These findings support a molecular pathway linking ischemia to alterations in BACE1-mediated production of Aβ, and encourage future studies that evaluate whether targeting BACE1 activity improves the cognitive deficits seen with PSCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Basak
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Macy Falk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Danae N Mitchell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelley A Coakley
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nidia Quillinan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Neuronal Injury and Plasticity Program, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - James E Orfila
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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4
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Sharma H, Chang KA, Hulme J, An SSA. Mammalian Models in Alzheimer's Research: An Update. Cells 2023; 12:2459. [PMID: 37887303 PMCID: PMC10605533 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A form of dementia distinct from healthy cognitive aging, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex multi-stage disease that currently afflicts over 50 million people worldwide. Unfortunately, previous therapeutic strategies developed from murine models emulating different aspects of AD pathogenesis were limited. Consequently, researchers are now developing models that express several aspects of pathogenesis that better reflect the clinical situation in humans. As such, this review seeks to provide insight regarding current applications of mammalian models in AD research by addressing recent developments and characterizations of prominent transgenic models and their contributions to pathogenesis as well as discuss the advantages, limitations, and application of emerging models that better capture genetic heterogeneity and mixed pathologies observed in the clinical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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5
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Depp C, Sun T, Sasmita AO, Spieth L, Berghoff SA, Nazarenko T, Overhoff K, Steixner-Kumar AA, Subramanian S, Arinrad S, Ruhwedel T, Möbius W, Göbbels S, Saher G, Werner HB, Damkou A, Zampar S, Wirths O, Thalmann M, Simons M, Saito T, Saido T, Krueger-Burg D, Kawaguchi R, Willem M, Haass C, Geschwind D, Ehrenreich H, Stassart R, Nave KA. Myelin dysfunction drives amyloid-β deposition in models of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2023; 618:349-357. [PMID: 37258678 PMCID: PMC10247380 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, increases rapidly with age, but why age constitutes the main risk factor is still poorly understood. Brain ageing affects oligodendrocytes and the structural integrity of myelin sheaths1, the latter of which is associated with secondary neuroinflammation2,3. As oligodendrocytes support axonal energy metabolism and neuronal health4-7, we hypothesized that loss of myelin integrity could be an upstream risk factor for neuronal amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, the central neuropathological hallmark of AD. Here we identify genetic pathways of myelin dysfunction and demyelinating injuries as potent drivers of amyloid deposition in mouse models of AD. Mechanistically, myelin dysfunction causes the accumulation of the Aβ-producing machinery within axonal swellings and increases the cleavage of cortical amyloid precursor protein. Suprisingly, AD mice with dysfunctional myelin lack plaque-corralling microglia despite an overall increase in their numbers. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomics of AD mouse models with myelin defects show that there is a concomitant induction of highly similar but distinct disease-associated microglia signatures specific to myelin damage and amyloid plaques, respectively. Despite successful induction, amyloid disease-associated microglia (DAM) that usually clear amyloid plaques are apparently distracted to nearby myelin damage. Our data suggest a working model whereby age-dependent structural defects of myelin promote Aβ plaque formation directly and indirectly and are therefore an upstream AD risk factor. Improving oligodendrocyte health and myelin integrity could be a promising target to delay development and slow progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Depp
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Octavian Sasmita
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan A Berghoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Taisiia Nazarenko
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Overhoff
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Swati Subramanian
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Göbbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alkmini Damkou
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maik Thalmann
- Department of German Philology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Dilja Krueger-Burg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Willem
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stassart
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.
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Kamikubo Y, Jin H, Zhou Y, Niisato K, Hashimoto Y, Takasugi N, Sakurai T. Ex vivo analysis platforms for monitoring amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1068990. [PMID: 36683852 PMCID: PMC9852844 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1068990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The presence of large numbers of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and cerebral atrophy is the characteristic feature of AD. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ), derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP), is the main component of senile plaques. AD has been extensively studied using methods involving cell lines, primary cultures of neural cells, and animal models; however, discrepancies have been observed between these methods. Dissociated cultures lose the brain's tissue architecture, including neural circuits, glial cells, and extracellular matrix. Experiments with animal models are lengthy and require laborious monitoring of multiple parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to combine these experimental models to understand the pathology of AD. An experimental platform amenable to continuous observation and experimental manipulation is required to analyze long-term neuronal development, plasticity, and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. In the current study, we provide a practical method to slice and cultivate rodent hippocampus to investigate the cleavage of APP and secretion of Aβ in an ex vivo model. Furthermore, we provide basic information on Aβ secretion using slice cultures. Using our optimized method, dozens to hundreds of long-term stable slice cultures can be coordinated simultaneously. Our findings are valuable for analyses of AD mouse models and senile plaque formation culture models.
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7
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Maharjan N, Saxena S. Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurogenetics 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07793-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Shi JM, Li HY, Liu H, Zhu L, Guo YB, Pei J, An H, Li YS, Li SD, Zhang ZY, Zheng Y. N-terminal Domain of Amyloid-β Impacts Fibrillation and Neurotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38847-38855. [PMID: 36340079 PMCID: PMC9631750 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of distinct amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) assemblies with diverse sizes, shapes, and toxicity. However, the primary determinants of Aβ aggregation and neurotoxicity remain unknown. Here, the N-terminal amino acid residues of Aβ42 that distinguished between humans and rats were substituted. The effects of these modifications on the ability of Aβ to aggregate and its neurotoxicity were investigated using biochemical, biophysical, and cellular techniques. The Aβ-derived diffusible ligand, protofibrils, and fibrils formed by the N-terminal mutational peptides, including Aβ42(R5G), Aβ42(Y10F), and rat Aβ42, were indistinguishable by conventional techniques such as size-exclusion chromatography, negative-staining transmission electron microscopy and silver staining, whereas the amyloid fibrillation detected by thioflavin T assay was greatly inhibited in vitro. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we discovered that both Aβ42 and Aβ42(Y10F) generated protofibrils and fibrils with a high proportion of parallel β-sheet structures. Furthermore, protofibrils formed by other mutant Aβ peptides and N-terminally shortened peptides were incapable of inducing neuronal death, with the exception of Aβ42 and Aβ42(Y10F). Our findings indicate that the N-terminus of Aβ is important for its fibrillation and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ming Shi
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Hai-Yun Li
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Li Zhu
- School
of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi-Bo Guo
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Lanzhou
Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao An
- School
of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan-Song Li
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Sha-Di Li
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Ze-Yu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research
on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School
of Medicine, University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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9
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Ahmed MM, Wang ACJ, Elos M, Chial HJ, Sillau S, Solano DA, Coughlan C, Aghili L, Anton P, Markham N, Adame V, Gardiner KJ, Boyd TD, Potter H. The innate immune system stimulating cytokine GM-CSF improves learning/memory and interneuron and astrocyte brain pathology in Dp16 Down syndrome mice and improves learning/memory in wild-type mice. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105694. [PMID: 35307513 PMCID: PMC9045510 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, astrogliosis, imbalanced excitatory/inhibitory neuronal function, and cognitive deficits in both humans and mouse models. Suppression of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to treating DS co-morbidities, including intellectual disability (DS/ID). Conversely, we discovered previously that treatment with the innate immune system stimulating cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which has both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities, improved cognition and reduced brain pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), another inflammatory disorder, and improved cognition and reduced biomarkers of brain pathology in a phase II trial of humans with mild-to-moderate AD. To investigate the effects of GM-CSF treatment on DS/ID in the absence of AD, we assessed behavior and brain pathology in 12-14 month-old DS mice (Dp[16]1Yey) and their wild-type (WT) littermates, neither of which develop amyloid, and found that subcutaneous GM-CSF treatment (5 μg/day, five days/week, for five weeks) improved performance in the radial arm water maze in both Dp16 and WT mice compared to placebo. Dp16 mice also showed abnormal astrocyte morphology, increased percent area of GFAP staining in the hippocampus, clustering of astrocytes in the hippocampus, and reduced numbers of calretinin-positive interneurons in the entorhinal cortex and subiculum, and all of these brain pathologies were improved by GM-CSF treatment. These findings suggest that stimulating and/or modulating inflammation and the innate immune system with GM-CSF treatment may enhance cognition in both people with DS/ID and in the typical aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahiuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Athena Ching-Jung Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mihret Elos
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Heidi J Chial
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stefan Sillau
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - D Adriana Solano
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Leila Aghili
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paige Anton
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Neil Markham
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vanesa Adame
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy D Boyd
- University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huntington Potter
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; University of Colorado Alzheimer's and Cognition Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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10
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Sanchez-Varo R, Mejias-Ortega M, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Nuñez-Diaz C, Caceres-Palomo L, Vegas-Gomez L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Leon JA, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Vizuete M, Vitorica J, Baglietto-Vargas D, Gutierrez A. Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5404. [PMID: 35628216 PMCID: PMC9142061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the most prominent form of dementia among elderly individuals worldwide. Disease modeling using murine transgenic mice was first initiated thanks to the discovery of heritable mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS) genes. However, due to the repeated failure of translational applications from animal models to human patients, along with the recent advances in genetic susceptibility and our current understanding on disease biology, these models have evolved over time in an attempt to better reproduce the complexity of this devastating disease and improve their applicability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview about the major pathological elements of human AD (plaques, tauopathy, synaptic damage, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction), discussing the knowledge that available mouse models have provided about the mechanisms underlying human disease. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons of current models, and the revolution offered by the concomitant use of transgenic mice and omics technologies that may lead to a more rapid improvement of the present modeling battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Caceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Vegas-Gomez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
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11
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Nam E, Han J, Choi S, Lim MH. Distinct impact of glycation towards the aggregation and toxicity of murine and human amyloid-β. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7637-7640. [PMID: 34254069 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycation of human Aβ (hAβ) is implicated to induce the deposition of amyloid aggregates found in the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-affected brain. Murine Aβ (mAβ) differs from hAβ in three different amino acid residues (Gly5, Phe10, and Arg13) and is less likely to form amyloid aggregates. Herein, we report that the advanced glycated end products of mAβ40 over hAβ40 are distinctly generated. The different glycation between the two peptides can govern their aggregation kinetics, structural transition, and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunhee Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753, USA
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Smit T, Deshayes NAC, Borchelt DR, Kamphuis W, Middeldorp J, Hol EM. Reactive astrocytes as treatment targets in Alzheimer's disease-Systematic review of studies using the APPswePS1dE9 mouse model. Glia 2021; 69:1852-1881. [PMID: 33634529 PMCID: PMC8247905 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate synaptic communication and are essential for proper brain functioning. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) astrocytes become reactive, which is characterized by an increased expression of intermediate filament proteins and cellular hypertrophy. Reactive astrocytes are found in close association with amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits. Synaptic communication and neuronal network function could be directly modulated by reactive astrocytes, potentially contributing to cognitive decline in AD. In this review, we focus on reactive astrocytes as treatment targets in AD in the APPswePS1dE9 AD mouse model, a widely used model to study amyloidosis and gliosis. We first give an overview of the model; that is, how it was generated, which cells express the transgenes, and the effect of its genetic background on Aβ pathology. Subsequently, to determine whether modifying reactive astrocytes in AD could influence pathogenesis and cognition, we review studies using this mouse model in which interventions were directly targeted at reactive astrocytes or had an indirect effect on reactive astrocytes. Overall, studies specifically targeting astrocytes to reduce astrogliosis showed beneficial effects on cognition, which indicates that targeting astrocytes should be included in developing novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Smit
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesCenter for Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Natasja A. C. Deshayes
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life SciencesCenter for Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David R. Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of ImmunobiologyBiomedical Primate Research CentreRijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Department of Translational NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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13
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Post J, Schaffrath A, Gering I, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Shah NJ, Langen KJ, Willbold D, Kutzsche J, Willuweit A. Oral Treatment with RD2RD2 Impedes Development of Motoric Phenotype and Delays Symptom Onset in SOD1 G93A Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137066. [PMID: 34209129 PMCID: PMC8269060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It has been implicated as driver of disease progression and is observed in ALS patients, as well as in the transgenic SOD1G93A mouse model. Here, we explore and validate the therapeutic potential of the d-enantiomeric peptide RD2RD2 upon oral administration in SOD1G93A mice. Transgenic mice were treated daily with RD2RD2 or placebo for 10 weeks and phenotype progression was followed with several behavioural tests. At the end of the study, plasma cytokine levels and glia cell markers in brain and spinal cord were analysed. Treatment resulted in a significantly increased performance in behavioural and motor coordination tests and a decelerated neurodegenerative phenotype in RD2RD2-treated SOD1G93A mice. Additionally, we observed retardation of the average disease onset. Treatment of SOD1G93A mice led to significant reduction in glial cell activation and a rescue of neurons. Analysis of plasma revealed normalisation of several cytokines in samples of RD2RD2-treated SOD1G93A mice towards the levels of non-transgenic mice. In conclusion, these findings qualify RD2RD2 to be considered for further development and testing towards a disease modifying ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Post
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (A.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Anja Schaffrath
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (A.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Ian Gering
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (A.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - N. Jon Shah
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 11, INM-11, JARA, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-Brain-Translational Medicine, 52062 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Langen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (A.S.); (I.G.)
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.K.); (A.W.); Tel.: +49-2461-612100 (D.W.); +49-2461-619496 (J.K.); +49-2461-6196358 (A.W.); Fax: +49-2461-612023 (D.W.); +49-2461-619497 (J.K.); +49-2461-612302 (A.W.)
| | - Janine Kutzsche
- Institute of Biological Information Processing, Structural Biochemistry (IBI-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (J.P.); (A.S.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.K.); (A.W.); Tel.: +49-2461-612100 (D.W.); +49-2461-619496 (J.K.); +49-2461-6196358 (A.W.); Fax: +49-2461-612023 (D.W.); +49-2461-619497 (J.K.); +49-2461-612302 (A.W.)
| | - Antje Willuweit
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (N.J.S.); (K.-J.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.W.); (J.K.); (A.W.); Tel.: +49-2461-612100 (D.W.); +49-2461-619496 (J.K.); +49-2461-6196358 (A.W.); Fax: +49-2461-612023 (D.W.); +49-2461-619497 (J.K.); +49-2461-612302 (A.W.)
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14
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Li WH, Gan LH, Ma FF, Feng RL, Wang J, Li YH, Sun YY, Wang YJ, Diao X, Qian FY, Wen TQ. Deletion of Dcf1 Reduces Amyloid-β Aggregation and Mitigates Memory Deficits. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1181-1194. [PMID: 33896839 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. One of the pathologies of AD is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) to form senile plaques, leading to a decline in cognitive ability and a lack of learning and memory. However, the cause leading to Aβ aggregation is not well understood. Dendritic cell factor 1 (Dcf1) shows a high expression in the entorhinal cortex neurons and neurofibrillary tangles in AD patients. OBJECTIVE Our goal is to investigate the effect of Dcf1 on Aβ aggregation and memory deficits in AD development. METHODS The mouse and Drosophila AD model were used to test the expression and aggregation of Aβ, senile plaque formation, and pathological changes in cognitive behavior during dcf1 knockout and expression. We finally explored possible drug target effects through intracerebroventricular delivery of Dcf1 antibodies. RESULTS Deletion of Dcf1 resulted in decreased Aβ42 level and deposition, and rescued AMPA Receptor (GluA2) levels in the hippocampus of APP-PS1-AD mice. In Aβ42 AD Drosophila, the expression of Dcf1 in Aβ42 AD flies aggravated the formation and accumulation of senile plaques, significantly reduced its climbing ability and learning-memory. Data analysis from all 20 donors with and without AD patients aged between 80 and 90 indicated a high-level expression of Dcf1 in the temporal neocortex. Dcf1 contributed to Aβ aggregation by UV spectroscopy assay. Intracerebroventricular delivery of Dcf1 antibodies in the hippocampus reduced the area of senile plaques and reversed learning and memory deficits in APP-PS1-AD mice. CONCLUSION Dcf1 causes Aβ-plaque accumulation, inhibiting dcf1 expression could potentially offer therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Hua Gan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Fang Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Li Feng
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Hui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Yang Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jiang Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Diao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei-Yang Qian
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tie-Qiao Wen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Baglietto-Vargas D, Forner S, Cai L, Martini AC, Trujillo-Estrada L, Swarup V, Nguyen MMT, Do Huynh K, Javonillo DI, Tran KM, Phan J, Jiang S, Kramár EA, Nuñez-Diaz C, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Garcia F, Childs J, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Garcia-Leon JA, Kitazawa M, Shahnawaz M, Matheos DP, Ma X, Da Cunha C, Walls KC, Ager RR, Soto C, Gutierrez A, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ, MacGregor GR, Wood M, Green KN, LaFerla FM. Generation of a humanized Aβ expressing mouse demonstrating aspects of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2421. [PMID: 33893290 PMCID: PMC8065162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are late-onset and occur sporadically, however most mouse models of the disease harbor pathogenic mutations, rendering them better representations of familial autosomal-dominant forms of the disease. Here, we generated knock-in mice that express wildtype human Aβ under control of the mouse App locus. Remarkably, changing 3 amino acids in the mouse Aβ sequence to its wild-type human counterpart leads to age-dependent impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity, brain volumetric changes, inflammatory alterations, the appearance of Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) granules and changes in gene expression. In addition, when exon 14 encoding the Aβ sequence was flanked by loxP sites we show that Cre-mediated excision of exon 14 ablates hAβ expression, rescues cognition and reduces the formation of PAS granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lena Cai
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Vivek Swarup
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marie Minh Thu Nguyen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Do Huynh
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dominic I Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Minh Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Enikö A Kramár
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | - Franklin Garcia
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Childs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine. Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH), University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahnawaz
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Celia Da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ken C Walls
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rahasson R Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo Wood
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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16
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Ngo ST, Nguyen PH, Derreumaux P. Impact of the Rat R5G, Y10F, and H13R Mutations on Tetrameric Aβ42 β-Barrel in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane Model. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3105-3113. [PMID: 33739113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three amino acid substitutions distinguish rat and human Aβ42 peptides and contribute to the difference in toxicity properties. Indeed, aged rodents rarely develop the characteristic lesions of Alzheimer's disease in contrast to humans. Both peptides form, however, amyloid fibrils in buffer solution, but their affinities to the membrane vary. In particular, there is experimental evidence that the rat Aβ42 peptide does not induce Ca2+ fluxes in cells. We recently designed a tetrameric β-barrel structure and showed that this model is severely destabilized for Aβ40 human compared to its Aβ42 human counterpart, explaining the absence of ionic currents of Aβ40 in planar lipid bilayers. In this study, we asked whether our model is destabilized for the rat Aβ42 peptide by using extensive replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation in a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid bilayer membrane. Our results show that the much lower propensity of aged rodents to develop Alzheimer's disease symptoms might be correlated to its tetrameric β-barrel stability in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Son Tung Ngo
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics & Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phuong H Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR 9080, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry and Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, 33000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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17
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Müller L, Power Guerra N, Stenzel J, Rühlmann C, Lindner T, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Teipel S, Kuhla A. Long-Term Caloric Restriction Attenuates β-Amyloid Neuropathology and Is Accompanied by Autophagy in APPswe/PS1delta9 Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030985. [PMID: 33803798 PMCID: PMC8003277 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) slows the aging process, extends lifespan, and exerts neuroprotective effects. It is widely accepted that CR attenuates β-amyloid (Aβ) neuropathology in models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by so-far unknown mechanisms. One promising process induced by CR is autophagy, which is known to degrade aggregated proteins such as amyloids. In addition, autophagy positively regulates glucose uptake and may improve cerebral hypometabolism-a hallmark of AD-and, consequently, neural activity. To evaluate this hypothesis, APPswe/PS1delta9 (tg) mice and their littermates (wild-type, wt) underwent CR for either 16 or 68 weeks. Whereas short-term CR for 16 weeks revealed no noteworthy changes of AD phenotype in tg mice, long-term CR for 68 weeks showed beneficial effects. Thus, cerebral glucose metabolism and neuronal integrity were markedly increased upon 68 weeks CR in tg mice, indicated by an elevated hippocampal fluorodeoxyglucose [18F] ([18F]FDG) uptake and increased N-acetylaspartate-to-creatine ratio using positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging and magnet resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Improved neuronal activity and integrity resulted in a better cognitive performance within the Morris Water Maze. Moreover, CR for 68 weeks caused a significant increase of LC3BII and p62 protein expression, showing enhanced autophagy. Additionally, a significant decrease of Aβ plaques in tg mice in the hippocampus was observed, accompanied by reduced microgliosis as indicated by significantly decreased numbers of iba1-positive cells. In summary, long-term CR revealed an overall neuroprotective effect in tg mice. Further, this study shows, for the first time, that CR-induced autophagy in tg mice accompanies the observed attenuation of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Müller
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Power Guerra
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Claire Rühlmann
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Bernd J. Krause
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (J.S.); (T.L.); (B.J.K.)
| | - Stefan Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany;
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)–Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock and 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Medical University Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (L.M.); (N.P.G.); (C.R.); (B.V.)
- Centre for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381-494-2503
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18
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Illouz T, Nicola R, Ben-Shushan L, Madar R, Biragyn A, Okun E. Maternal antibodies facilitate Amyloid-β clearance by activating Fc-receptor-Syk-mediated phagocytosis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:329. [PMID: 33712740 PMCID: PMC7955073 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal antibodies (MAbs) protect against infections in immunologically-immature neonates. Maternally transferred immunity may also be harnessed to target diseases associated with endogenous protein misfolding and aggregation, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and AD-pathology in Down syndrome (DS). While familial early-onset AD (fEOAD) is associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the APP, PSEN1,2 genes, promoting cerebral Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, DS features a life-long overexpression of the APP and DYRK1A genes, leading to a cognitive decline mediated by Aβ overproduction and tau hyperphosphorylation. Although no prenatal screening for fEOAD-related mutations is in clinical practice, DS can be diagnosed in utero. We hypothesized that anti-Aβ MAbs might promote the removal of early Aβ accumulation in the central nervous system of human APP-expressing mice. To this end, a DNA-vaccine expressing Aβ1-11 was delivered to wild-type female mice, followed by mating with 5xFAD males, which exhibit early Aβ plaque formation. MAbs reduce the offspring's cortical Aβ levels 4 months after antibodies were undetectable, along with alleviating short-term memory deficits. MAbs elicit a long-term shift in microglial phenotype in a mechanism involving activation of the FcγR1/Syk/Cofilin pathway. These data suggest that maternal immunization can alleviate cognitive decline mediated by early Aβ deposition, as occurs in EOAD and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Raneen Nicola
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Linoy Ben-Shushan
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's disease research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
- The Mina and Everard Goodman faculty of Life sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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19
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Rühlmann C, Dannehl D, Brodtrück M, Adams AC, Stenzel J, Lindner T, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Kuhla A. Neuroprotective Effects of the FGF21 Analogue LY2405319. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:357-369. [PMID: 33554901 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, there are no effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, a significant need for research of therapies remains. OBJECTIVE One promising pharmacological target is the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is thought to be neuroprotective. A clinical candidate for medical use could be the FGF21 analogue LY2405319 (LY), which has a specificity and potency comparable to FGF21. METHODS The present study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of LY via PPARγ/apoE/abca1 pathway, which is known to degrade amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques by using primary glial cells and hippocampal organotypic brain slice cultures (OBSCs) from 30- and 50-week-old transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9 (tg) mice. By LY treatment of 52-week-old tg mice with advanced Aβ deposition, we further aimed to elaborate the effect of LY on AD pathology in vivo. RESULTS LY application to primary glial cells caused an upregulation of pparγ, apoE, and abca1 mRNA expression and significantly decreased number and area of Aβ plaques in OBSCs. LY treatment in tg mice increased cerebral [18F] FDG uptake and N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio indicating enhanced neuronal activity and integrity. Although LY did not reduce the number of Aβ plaques in tg mice, the number of iba1-positive cells was significantly decreased indicating reduced microgliosis. CONCLUSION These data identified LY in vitro as an activator of Aβ degrading genes leading to cerebral Aβ load amelioration in early and late AD pathology. Although Aβ plaque reduction by LY failed in vivo, LY may be used as therapeutic agent to treat AD-related neuroinflammation and impaired neuronal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Rühlmann
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Dannehl
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marcus Brodtrück
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew C Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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20
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Barrett T, Stangis KA, Saito T, Saido T, Park KH. Neuronal Cell Cycle Re-Entry Enhances Neuropathological Features in AppNLF Knock-In Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:1683-1702. [PMID: 34219712 PMCID: PMC8461670 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant cell cycle re-entry is a well-documented process occurring early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This is an early feature of the disease and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of forced neuronal cell cycle re-entry in mice expressing humanized Aβ, we crossed our neuronal cell cycle re-entry mouse model with AppNLF knock-in (KI) mice. METHODS Our neuronal cell cycle re-entry (NCCR) mouse model is bitransgenic mice heterozygous for both Camk2a-tTA and TRE-SV40T. The NCCR mice were crossed with AppNLF KI mice to generate NCCR-AppNLF animals. Using this tet-off system, we triggered NCCR in our animals via neuronal expression of SV40T starting at 1 month of age. The animals were examined at the following time points: 9, 12, and 18 months of age. Various neuropathological features in our mice were evaluated by image analysis and stereology on brain sections stained using either immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We show that neuronal cell cycle re-entry in humanized Aβ plaque producing AppNLF KI mice results in the development of additional AD-related pathologies, namely, pathological tau, neuroinflammation, brain leukocyte infiltration, DNA damage response, and neurodegeneration. CONCLUSION Our findings show that neuronal cell cycle re-entry enhances AD-related neuropathological features in AppNLF mice and highlight our unique AD mouse model for studying the pathogenic role of aberrant cell cycle re-entry in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Barrett
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
| | | | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kevin H.J. Park
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Michigan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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21
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Current and future applications of induced pluripotent stem cell-based models to study pathological proteins in neurodegenerative disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:2685-2706. [PMID: 33495544 PMCID: PMC8505258 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders emerge from the failure of intricate cellular mechanisms, which ultimately lead to the loss of vulnerable neuronal populations. Research conducted across several laboratories has now provided compelling evidence that pathogenic proteins can also contribute to non-cell autonomous toxicity in several neurodegenerative contexts, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases as well as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Given the nearly ubiquitous nature of abnormal protein accumulation in such disorders, elucidating the mechanisms and routes underlying these processes is essential to the development of effective treatments. To this end, physiologically relevant human in vitro models are critical to understand the processes surrounding uptake, release and nucleation under physiological or pathological conditions. This review explores the use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to study prion-like protein propagation in neurodegenerative diseases, discusses advantages and limitations of this model, and presents emerging technologies that, combined with the use of iPSC-based models, will provide powerful model systems to propel fundamental research forward.
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22
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Abstract
Aβ plaques are one of the two lesions in the brain that define the neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Plaques are highly diverse structures; many of them include massed, fibrillar polymers of the Aβ protein referred to as Aβ-amyloid, but some lack the defining features of amyloid. Cellular elements in 'classical' plaques include abnormal neuronal processes and reactive glial cells, but these are not present in all plaques. Plaques have been given various names since their discovery in 1892, including senile plaques, amyloid plaques, and neuritic plaques. However, with the identification in the 1980s of Aβ as the obligatory and universal component of plaques, the term 'Aβ plaques' has become a unifying term for these heterogeneous formations. Tauopathy, the second essential lesion of the Alzheimer's disease diagnostic dyad, is downstream of Aβ-proteopathy, but it is critically important for the manifestation of dementia. The etiologic link between Aβ-proteopathy and tauopathy in Alzheimer's disease remains largely undefined. Aβ plaques develop and propagate via the misfolding, self-assembly and spread of Aβ by the prion-like mechanism of seeded protein aggregation. Partially overlapping sets of risk factors and sequelae, including inflammation, genetic variations, and various environmental triggers have been linked to plaque development and idiopathic Alzheimer's disease, but no single factor has emerged as a requisite cause. The value of Aβ plaques per se as therapeutic targets is uncertain; although some plaques are sites of focal gliosis and inflammation, the complexity of inflammatory biology presents challenges to glia-directed intervention. Small, soluble, oligomeric assemblies of Aβ are enriched in the vicinity of plaques, and these probably contribute to the toxic impact of Aβ aggregation on the brain. Measures designed to reduce the production or seeded self-assembly of Aβ can impede the formation of Aβ plaques and oligomers, along with their accompanying abnormalities; given the apparent long timecourse of the emergence, maturation and proliferation of Aβ plaques in humans, such therapies are likely to be most effective when begun early in the pathogenic process, before significant damage has been done to the brain. Since their discovery in the late 19th century, Aβ plaques have, time and again, illuminated fundamental mechanisms driving neurodegeneration, and they should remain at the forefront of efforts to understand, and therefore treat, Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lary C. Walker
- Department of Neurology and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University
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23
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Inyushin M, Zayas-Santiago A, Rojas L, Kucheryavykh L. On the Role of Platelet-Generated Amyloid Beta Peptides in Certain Amyloidosis Health Complications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571083. [PMID: 33123145 PMCID: PMC7567018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As do many other immunity-related blood cells, platelets release antimicrobial peptides that kill bacteria, fungi, and even certain viruses. Here we review the literature suggesting that there is a similarity between the antimicrobials released by other blood cells and the amyloid-related Aβ peptide released by platelets. Analyzing the literature, we also propose that platelet-generated Aβ amyloidosis may be more common than currently recognized. This systemic Aβ from a platelet source may participate in various forms of amyloidosis in pathologies ranging from brain cancer, glaucoma, skin Aβ accumulation, and preeclampsia to Alzheimer’s disease and late-stage Parkinson’s disease. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of specific animal models for studying platelet-related Aβ. This field is undergoing rapid change, as it evaluates competing ideas in the light of new experimental observations. We summarized both in order to clarify the role of platelet-generated Aβ peptides in amyloidosis-related health disorders, which may be helpful to researchers interested in this growing area of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Inyushin
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Astrid Zayas-Santiago
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Legier Rojas
- Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - Lilia Kucheryavykh
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
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Sun F, Jiang F, Zhang N, Li H, Tian W, Liu W. Upregulation of Prickle2 Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:565020. [PMID: 33015060 PMCID: PMC7509431 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.565020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that has no effective therapies. Prickle planar cell polarity protein 2 (Prickle2), is an important cytoplasmic regulator of Wnt/PCP signaling. It has been reported that Prickle2 deficiency reduced neurite outgrowth levels in mouse N2a cells and led to autism-like behaviors and hippocampal synaptic dysfunction in mice. However, much less is known about the relationship of Prickle2 to AD pathogenesis. RT-qPCR, Western blot and IHC results showed that the mRNA and protein levels of Prickle2 were reduced in APP/PS1/Tau transgenic (3xTg) mice. Intravenous injection of Prickle2-overexpressing AAV-PHP.eB vectors improved the cognitive deficits in 3xTg mice. We also demonstrated that Prickle2 could repress oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, ameliorate the amyloid β (Aβ) plaque pathology and reduce Tau hyperphosphorylation in APP/PS1 mice. Further investigation of the mechanism of Prickle2 in AD revealed that Prickle2 inhibited Wnt/PCP/JNK pathway in vivo and in vitro. Our results suggest that Prickle2 might be a potential candidate for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxian Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiping Tian
- Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiying Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Muhire G, Iulita MF, Vallerand D, Youwakim J, Gratuze M, Petry FR, Planel E, Ferland G, Girouard H. Arterial Stiffness Due to Carotid Calcification Disrupts Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation and Leads to Cognitive Deficits. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 8:e011630. [PMID: 31057061 PMCID: PMC6512142 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Arterial stiffness is associated with cognitive decline and dementia; however, the precise mechanisms by which it affects the brain remain unclear. Methods and Results Using a mouse model based on carotid calcification this study characterized mechanisms that could contribute to brain degeneration due to arterial stiffness. At 2 weeks postcalcification, carotid stiffness attenuated resting cerebral blood flow in several brain regions including the perirhinal/entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, determined by autoradiography (P<0.05). Carotid calcification impaired cerebral autoregulation and diminished cerebral blood flow responses to neuronal activity and to acetylcholine, examined by laser Doppler flowmetry (P<0.05, P<0.01). Carotid stiffness significantly affected spatial memory at 3 weeks (P<0.05), but not at 2 weeks, suggesting that cerebrovascular impairments precede cognitive dysfunction. In line with the endothelial deficits, carotid stiffness led to increased blood‐brain barrier permeability in the hippocampus (P<0.01). This region also exhibited reductions in vessel number containing collagen IV (P<0.01), as did the somatosensory cortex (P<0.05). No evidence of cerebral microhemorrhages was present. Carotid stiffness did not affect the production of mouse amyloid‐β (Aβ) or tau phosphorylation, although it led to a modest increase in the Aβ40/Aβ42 ratio in frontal cortex (P<0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that carotid stiffness alters brain microcirculation and increases blood‐brain barrier permeability associated with cognitive impairments. Therefore, arterial stiffness should be considered a relevant target to protect the brain and prevent cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Muhire
- 1 Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Québec Canada
| | - M Florencia Iulita
- 2 Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central Université de Montréal Québec Canada.,3 Département de Neurosciences Université de Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Diane Vallerand
- 1 Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Jessica Youwakim
- 1 Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Maud Gratuze
- 4 Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Université Laval Québec Québec Canada
| | - Franck R Petry
- 4 Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Université Laval Québec Québec Canada
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- 4 Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences Université Laval Québec Québec Canada.,5 Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec Québec Canada
| | - Guylaine Ferland
- 6 Département de Nutrition Université de Montréal Québec Canada.,7 Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Hélène Girouard
- 1 Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie Université de Montréal Québec Canada.,2 Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central Université de Montréal Québec Canada.,8 Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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26
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The brain consequences of systemic inflammation were not fully alleviated by ibuprofen treatment in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:130-142. [PMID: 32696348 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive data point to the immune system as an important factor underlying the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Epidemiological studies have shown that long-term treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) significantly reduces the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. The present study aimed to investigate whether ibuprofen (IBU) is able to prevent the long-lasting alterations of brain function induced by systemic inflammation. METHODS Mice received intraperitoneal injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 250 µg/kg/day) for seven consecutive days. Ibuprofen administration (40 mg/kg/day) was started three days before the LPS injections and continued until the last day of LPS injection. Within the next 2 weeks, mice performances on the behavioral tests were evaluated, and then brain tissue samples for biochemical analyses were collected. RESULTS The findings showed that ibuprofen significantly improved mice's performance in the passive avoidance test and reduced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. However, ibuprofen could not significantly improve spatial memory in the Morris water maze test and recognition ability in the novel object recognition test. TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in the hippocampal tissues of LPS-treated mice were significantly lowered by ibuprofen treatment, whereas no significant effects on IL-10 production and hippocampal BDNF levels were observed. In addition, ibuprofen did not significantly reduce amyloid-β1-40 levels in the hippocampus of LPS-treated animals. CONCLUSION Overall, the findings of the present study suggest that some, but not all, of the adverse effects of systemic inflammation are alleviated by ibuprofen treatment.
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27
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Park KHJ, Barrett T. Gliosis Precedes Amyloid-β Deposition and Pathological Tau Accumulation in the Neuronal Cell Cycle Re-Entry Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:243-253. [PMID: 32904753 PMCID: PMC7458550 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The presence of cell cycle markers in postmortem Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains suggest a potential role of cell cycle activation in AD. It was shown that cell cycle activation in postmitotic neurons in mice produces Aβ and tau pathologies from endogenous mouse proteins in the absence of AβPP or tau mutations. Objective: In this study, we examined the microglial and astrocytic responses in these mice since neuroinflammation is another key pathological feature in AD. Methods: Our neuronal cell cycle re-entry (NCCR) mouse model are bitransgenic mice heterozygous for both Camk2a-tTA and TRE-SV40T. Using this tet-off system, we triggered NCCR in our animals via neuronal expression of SV40T starting at 1 month of age. TRE-SV40T Tg mice were used as SV40T transgene controls. The animals were examined at following time points: 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months of age. The microglia and astrocyte responses in our mice were determined by image analysis and stereology on brain sections immunofluorescently labeled using the following antibodies: Iba1, CD45, CD68, MHCII, and GFAP. Cellular senescent marker p16 was also used in this study. Results: Our NCCR mice demonstrate early and persistent activation of microglia and astrocytes. Additionally, proinflammatory and senescent microglia phenotype and brain leukocyte infiltration is present at 12 months of age. Conclusion: In the absence of FAD gene mutations, our NCCR mice simultaneously display many of the pathological changes associated with AD, such as ectopic neuronal cell cycle re-entry, Aβ and tau pathologies, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. These animals represent a promising alternative AD mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H J Park
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Biochemistry, Cellular & Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA.,Michigan Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tomás Barrett
- Neuroscience Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
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28
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Schröder N, Schaffrath A, Welter JA, Putzka T, Griep A, Ziegler P, Brandt E, Samer S, Heneka MT, Kaddatz H, Zhan J, Kipp E, Pufe T, Tauber SC, Kipp M, Brandenburg LO. Inhibition of formyl peptide receptors improves the outcome in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:131. [PMID: 32331524 PMCID: PMC7181500 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the increase of Aβ1-42 burden and its accumulation to senile plaques, leading the reactive gliosis and neurodegeneration. The modulation of glia cell function represents an attractive therapeutic strategy, but is currently limited by an incomplete understanding of its relevance for AD. The chemotactic G-protein coupled formyl peptide receptor (FPR), which is known to modulate Aβ1-42 uptake and signal transduction, might be one candidate molecule regulating glia function in AD. Here, we investigate whether the modulation of FPR exerts beneficial effects in an AD preclinical model. Methods To address this question, APP/PS1 double-transgenic AD mice were treated for 20 weeks with either the pro-inflammatory FPR agonist fMLF, the FPR1/2 antagonist Boc2 or the anti-inflammatory FPR2 agonist Ac2-26. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated using a Morris water maze test. Immunohistological staining, gene expression studies, and flow cytometry analyses were performed to study neuronal loss, gliosis, and Aß-load in the hippocampus and cortex, respectively. Results FPR antagonism by Boc2-treatment significantly improved spatial memory performance, reduced neuronal pathology, induced the expression of homeostatic growth factors, and ameliorated microglia, but not astrocyte, reactivity. Furthermore, the elevated levels of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus were reduced by Boc2-treatment, presumably by an induction of amyloid degradation. Conclusions We suggest that the modulation of FPR signaling cascades might be considered as a promising therapeutic approach for alleviating the cognitive deficits associated with early AD. Additional studies are now needed to address the downstream effectors as well as the safety profile of Boc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schröder
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anja Schaffrath
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josua A Welter
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Putzka
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Griep
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisa Brandt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Samer
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Gerontopsychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Kaddatz
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jiangshan Zhan
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Eugenia Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Pufe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone C Tauber
- Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, D-18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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29
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Stenzel J, Rühlmann C, Lindner T, Polei S, Teipel S, Kurth J, Rominger A, Krause BJ, Vollmar B, Kuhla A. [ 18F]-florbetaben PET/CT Imaging in the Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model APPswe/PS1dE9. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:49-55. [PMID: 30345916 DOI: 10.2174/1567205015666181022095904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron-emission-tomography (PET) using 18F labeled florbetaben allows noninvasive in vivo-assessment of amyloid-beta (Aβ), a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In preclinical research, [18F]-florbetaben-PET has already been used to test the amyloid-lowering potential of new drugs, both in humans and in transgenic models of cerebral amyloidosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial pattern of cerebral uptake of [18F]-florbetaben in the APPswe/ PS1dE9 mouse model of AD in comparison to histologically determined number and size of cerebral Aβ plaques. METHODS Both, APPswe/PS1dE9 and wild type mice at an age of 12 months were investigated by smallanimal PET/CT after intravenous injection of [18F]-florbetaben. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging data were used for quantification of the PET data by volume of interest analysis. The standardized uptake values (SUVs) of [18F]-florbetaben in vivo as well as post mortem cerebral Aβ plaque load in cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum were analyzed. RESULTS Visual inspection and SUVs revealed an increased cerebral uptake of [18F]-florbetaben in APPswe/ PS1dE9 mice compared with wild type mice especially in the cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum. However, SUV ratios (SUVRs) relative to cerebellum revealed only significant differences in the hippocampus between the APPswe/PS1dE9 and wild type mice but not in cortex; this differential effect may reflect the lower plaque area in the cortex than in the hippocampus as found in the histological analysis. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that histopathological characteristics of Aβ plaque size and spatial distribution can be depicted in vivo using [18F]-florbetaben in the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stenzel
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Rühlmann
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - T Lindner
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Polei
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - S Teipel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) - Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - J Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Rominger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - B J Krause
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - B Vollmar
- Core Facility Multimodal Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - A Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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30
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White JD, Urbano CM, Taylor JO, Peterman JL, Cooksey M, Eimerbrink M, Eriksson MD, Cooper BG, Chumley MJ, Boehm GW. Intraventricular murine Aβ infusion elicits hippocampal inflammation and disrupts the consolidation, but not retrieval, of conditioned fear in C57BL6/J mice. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112303. [PMID: 31622640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although one of the defining characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, the early accumulation of soluble Aβ oligomers (AβOs) may disrupt synaptic function and trigger cognitive impairments long before the appearance of plaques. Furthermore, murine models aimed at understanding how AβOs alter formation and retrieval of associative memories are conducted using human Aβ species, which are more neurotoxic in the mouse brain than the native murine species. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of attention in the literature as to what the murine version of the peptide (mAβ) does to synaptic function and how it impacts the consolidation and retrieval of associative memories. In the current study, adult mice were infused with mAβ 0, 2, 6, or 46 h after contextual-fear conditioning, and were tested 2-48 h later. Interestingly, only mAβ infusions within 2 h of training reduced freezing behavior at test, indicating that mAβ disrupted the consolidation, but not retrieval of fear memory. This consolidation deficit coincided with increased IL-1β and reduced synaptophysin mRNA levels, without disrupting other synaptic signaling-related genes here examined. Despite differences between murine and human Aβ, the deleterious functional outcomes of early-stage synaptic oligomer presence are similar. Thus, models utilizing or inducing the production of mAβ in non-transgenic animals are useful in exploring the role of dysregulated synaptic plasticity and resultant learning deficits induced by Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D White
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - C M Urbano
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - J O Taylor
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - J L Peterman
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - M Cooksey
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - M Eimerbrink
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - M D Eriksson
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - B G Cooper
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - M J Chumley
- The Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - G W Boehm
- The Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, United States.
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31
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Nyarko JNK, Quartey MO, Baker GB, Mousseau DD. Can Animal Models Inform on the Relationship between Depression and Alzheimer Disease? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:18-29. [PMID: 29685068 PMCID: PMC6364140 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718772514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The focus on the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in clinical Alzheimer disease (AD) as well as in animal models of AD has perhaps biased our understanding of what contributes to the heterogeneity in disease onset and progression. Part of this heterogeneity could reflect the various neuropsychiatric risk factors that present with common symptomatology and can predispose the brain to AD-like changes. One such risk factor is depression. Animal models, particularly mouse models carrying variants of AD-related gene(s), many of which lead to an accumulation of Aβ, suggest that a fundamental shift in depression-related monoaminergic systems (including serotonin and noradrenaline) is a strong indicator of the altered cellular function associated with the earlier(est) stages of AD-related pathology. These changes in monoaminergic neurochemistry could provide for relevant targets for intervention in clinical AD and/or could support a polypharmacy strategy, which might include the targeting of Aβ, in vulnerable populations. Future studies must also include female mice as well as male mice in animal model studies on the relationship between depression and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N K Nyarko
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Maa O Quartey
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Glen B Baker
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Neurochemical Research Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- 1 Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Bundy JL, Vied C, Badger C, Nowakowski RS. Sex-biased hippocampal pathology in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: A multi-omic analysis. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:462-475. [PMID: 30291623 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common form of dementia. Like many neurological disorders, Alzheimer's disease has a sex-biased epidemiological profile, affecting approximately twice as many women as men. The cause of this sex difference has yet to be elucidated. To identify molecular correlates of this sex bias, we investigated molecular pathology in females and males using the 5XFamilial Alzheimer's disease mutations (5XFAD) genetic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. We profiled the transcriptome and proteome of the mouse hippocampus during early stages of disease development (1, 2, and 4 months of age). Our analysis reveals 42 genes that are differentially expressed between disease and wild-type animals at 2 months of age, prior to observable plaque deposition. In 4-month-old animals, we detect 1,316 differentially expressed transcripts between transgenic and control 5XFAD mice, many of which are associated with immune function. Additionally, we find that some of these transcriptional perturbations are correlated with altered protein levels in 4-month-old transgenic animals. Importantly, our data indicate that female 5XFAD mouse exhibit more profound pathology than their male counterparts as measured by differences in gene expression. We also find that the 5XFAD transgenes are more highly expressed in female 5XFAD mice than their male counterparts, which could partially account for the sex-biased molecular pathology observed in this dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Bundy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Cynthia Vied
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida.,Translational Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Crystal Badger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Richard S Nowakowski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida
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33
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Blood-derived amyloid-β protein induces Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1948-1956. [PMID: 29086767 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β protein (Aβ) protein plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed that Aβ deposited in the brain originates from the brain tissue itself. However, Aβ is generated in both brain and peripheral tissues. Whether circulating Aβ contributes to brain AD-type pathologies remains largely unknown. In this study, using a model of parabiosis between APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic AD mice and their wild-type littermates, we observed that the human Aβ originated from transgenic AD model mice entered the circulation and accumulated in the brains of wild-type mice, and formed cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Aβ plaques after a 12-month period of parabiosis. AD-type pathologies related to the Aβ accumulation including tau hyperphosphorylation, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation and microhemorrhage were found in the brains of the parabiotic wild-type mice. More importantly, hippocampal CA1 long-term potentiation was markedly impaired in parabiotic wild-type mice. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to reveal that blood-derived Aβ can enter the brain, form the Aβ-related pathologies and induce functional deficits of neurons. Our study provides novel insight into AD pathogenesis and provides evidence that supports the development of therapies for AD by targeting Aβ metabolism in both the brain and the periphery.
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Kolisnyk B, Al-Onaizi M, Soreq L, Barbash S, Bekenstein U, Haberman N, Hanin G, Kish MT, Souza da Silva J, Fahnestock M, Ule J, Soreq H, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Cholinergic Surveillance over Hippocampal RNA Metabolism and Alzheimer's-Like Pathology. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3553-3567. [PMID: 27312991 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between long-term cholinergic dysfunction and risk of developing dementia is poorly understood. Here we used mice with deletion of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in the forebrain to model cholinergic abnormalities observed in dementia. Whole-genome RNA sequencing of hippocampal samples revealed that cholinergic failure causes changes in RNA metabolism. Remarkably, key transcripts related to Alzheimer's disease are affected. BACE1, for instance, shows abnormal splicing caused by decreased expression of the splicing regulator hnRNPA2/B1. Resulting BACE1 overexpression leads to increased APP processing and accumulation of soluble Aβ1-42. This is accompanied by age-related increases in GSK3 activation, tau hyperphosphorylation, caspase-3 activation, decreased synaptic markers, increased neuronal death, and deteriorating cognition. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 hyperactivation reversed deficits in synaptic markers and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by cholinergic dysfunction, indicating a key role for GSK3 in some of these pathological changes. Interestingly, in human brains there was a high correlation between decreased levels of VAChT and hnRNPA2/B1 levels with increased tau hyperphosphorylation. These results suggest that changes in RNA processing caused by cholinergic loss can facilitate Alzheimer's-like pathology in mice, providing a mechanism by which decreased cholinergic tone may increase risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al-Onaizi
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Lilach Soreq
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Shahar Barbash
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uriya Bekenstein
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nejc Haberman
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Geula Hanin
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maxine T Kish
- Robarts Research Institute.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
| | | | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaL8S 4K1
| | - Jernej Ule
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Science and The Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Edmond J Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Vania F Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
| | - Marco A M Prado
- Robarts Research Institute.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A5K8
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Kokiko-Cochran ON, Godbout JP. The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 29686672 PMCID: PMC5900037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-injury inflammatory response is a key mediator in long-term recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Moreover, the immune response to TBI, mediated by microglia and macrophages, is influenced by existing brain pathology and by secondary immune challenges. For example, recent evidence shows that the presence of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau protein, two hallmark features of AD that increase during normal aging, substantially alter the macrophage response to TBI. Additional data demonstrate that post-injury microglia are “primed” and become hyper-reactive following a subsequent acute immune challenge thereby worsening recovery. These alterations may increase the incidence of neuropsychiatric complications after TBI and may also increase the frequency of neurodegenerative pathology. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize experimental studies examining the relationship between TBI and development of AD-like pathology with an emphasis on the acute and chronic microglial and macrophage response following injury. Furthermore, studies will be highlighted that examine the degree to which beta-amyloid and tau accumulation as well as pre- and post-injury immune stressors influence outcome after TBI. Collectively, the studies described in this review suggest that the brain’s immune response to injury is a key mediator in recovery, and if compromised by previous, coincident, or subsequent immune stressors, post-injury pathology and behavioral recovery will be altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Macdonald IR, Maxwell SP, Reid GA, Cash MK, DeBay DR, Darvesh S. Quantification of Butyrylcholinesterase Activity as a Sensitive and Specific Biomarker of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:491-505. [PMID: 28453492 PMCID: PMC5438481 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques are a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, a significant number of cognitively normal older adults can also have Aβ plaques. Thus, distinguishing AD from cognitively normal individuals with Aβ plaques (NwAβ) based on Aβ plaque detection is challenging. It has been observed that butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) accumulates in plaques preferentially in AD. Thus, detecting BChE-associated plaques has the potential as an improved AD biomarker. We present Aβ, thioflavin-S, and BChE quantification of 26 postmortem brain tissues; AD (n = 8), NwAβ (n = 6), cognitively normal without plaques (n = 8), and other common dementias including corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia with tau, dementia with Lewy bodies, and vascular dementia. Pathology burden in the orbitofrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampal formation was determined and compared. The predictive value of Aβ and BChE quantification was determined, via receiver-operating characteristic plots, to evaluate their AD diagnostic performance using sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) metrics. In general, Aβ and BChE-associated pathology were greater in AD, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex. In this region, the largest increase (9.3-fold) was in BChE-associated pathology, observed between NwAβ and AD, due to the virtual absence of BChE-associated plaques in NwAβ brains. Furthermore, BChE did not associate with pathology of the other dementias. In this sample, BChE-associated pathology provided better diagnostic performance (AUC = 1.0, sensitivity/specificity = 100% /100%) when compared to Aβ (AUC = 0.98, 100% /85.7%). These findings highlight the predictive value of BChE as a biomarker for AD that could facilitate timely disease diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Macdonald
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Selena P Maxwell
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Meghan K Cash
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Drew R DeBay
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Medicine (Neurology and Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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37
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Zuo CL, Wang CM, Liu J, Shen T, Zhou JP, Hao XR, Pan YZ, Liu HC, Lian QQ, Lin H. Isoflurane anesthesia in aged mice and effects of A1 adenosine receptors on cognitive impairment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:212-221. [PMID: 29345054 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Isoflurane may not only accelerate the process of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but increase the risk of incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether isoflurane contributed to the POCD occurrence through A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) in aged mice. METHODS We assessed cognitive function of mice with Morris water maze (MWM) and then measured expression level of two AD biomarkers (P-tau and Aβ) and a subtype of the NMDA receptor (NR2B) in aged wild-type (WT) and homozygous A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) knockout (KO) mice at baseline and after they were exposed to isoflurane (1.4% for 2 hours). RESULTS For cognitive test, WT mice with isoflurane exposure performed worse than the WT mice without isoflurane exposure. However, A1AR KO mice with isoflurane exposure performed better than WT mice with isoflurane exposure. WT mice exposed to isoflurane had increased levels of Aβ and phosphorylated tau (P-tau). Levels of Aβ and P-tau were decreased in A1AR KO mice, whereas no differences were noted between KO mice with and without isoflurane exposure. NR2B expression was inversely related to that of P-tau, with no differences found between KO mice with and without isoflurane exposure. CONCLUSIONS We found an association between isoflurane exposure, impairment of spatial memory, decreasing level of NR2B, and increasing levels of A-beta and P-tau, presumably via the activation of the A1A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Long Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chun-Man Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin-Rui Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhao Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hua-Cheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qing-Quan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Key Lab of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition is one of the hallmarks of the amyloid hypothesis in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mouse models using APP-transgene overexpression to generate amyloid plaques have shown to model only certain parts of the disease. The extent to which the data from mice can be transferred to man remains controversial. Several studies have shown convincing treatment results in reducing Aβ and enhancing cognition in mice but failed totally in human. One model-dependent factor has so far been almost completely neglected: the endogenous expression of mouse APP and its effects on the transgenic models and the readout for therapeutic approaches. Here, we report that hAPP-transgenic models of amyloidosis devoid of endogenous mouse APP expression (mAPP-knockout / mAPPko) show increased amounts and higher speed of Aβ deposition than controls with mAPP. The number of senile plaques and the level of aggregated hAβ were elevated in mAPPko mice, while the deposition in cortical blood vessels was delayed, indicating an alteration in the general aggregation propensity of hAβ together with endogenous mAβ. Furthermore, the cellular response to Aβ deposition was modulated: mAPPko mice developed a pronounced and age-dependent astrogliosis, while microglial association to amyloid plaques was diminished. The expression of human and murine aggregation-prone proteins with differing amino acid sequences within the same mouse model might not only alter the extent of deposition but also modulate the route of pathogenesis, and thus, decisively influence the study outcome, especially in translational research.
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Finnie G, Gunnarsson R, Manavis J, Blumbergs P, Mander K, Edwards S, Van den Heuvel C, Finnie J. Characterization of an ‘Amyloid Only’ Transgenic (B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/Mmjax) Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:389-399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Manocha GD, Floden AM, Rausch K, Kulas JA, McGregor BA, Rojanathammanee L, Puig KR, Puig KL, Karki S, Nichols MR, Darland DC, Porter JE, Combs CK. APP Regulates Microglial Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:8471-86. [PMID: 27511018 PMCID: PMC4978805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4654-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Prior work suggests that amyloid precursor protein (APP) can function as a proinflammatory receptor on immune cells, such as monocytes and microglia. Therefore, we hypothesized that APP serves this function in microglia during Alzheimer's disease. Although fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ)-stimulated cytokine secretion from both wild-type and APP knock-out (mAPP(-/-)) microglial cultures, oligomeric Aβ was unable to stimulate increased secretion from mAPP(-/-) cells. This was consistent with an ability of oligomeric Aβ to bind APP. Similarly, intracerebroventricular infusions of oligomeric Aβ produced less microgliosis in mAPP(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. The mAPP(-/-) mice crossed to an APP/PS1 transgenic mouse line demonstrated reduced microgliosis and cytokine levels and improved memory compared with wild-type mice despite robust fibrillar Aβ plaque deposition. These data define a novel function for microglial APP in regulating their ability to acquire a proinflammatory phenotype during disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide within plaques robustly invested with reactive microglia. This supports the notion that Aβ stimulation of microglial activation is one source of brain inflammatory changes during disease. Aβ is a cleavage product of the ubiquitously expressed amyloid precursor protein (APP) and is able to self-associate into a wide variety of differently sized and structurally distinct multimers. In this study, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that nonfibrillar, oligomeric forms of Aβ are able to interact with the parent APP protein to stimulate microglial activation. This provides a mechanism by which metabolism of APP results in possible autocrine or paracrine Aβ production to drive the microgliosis associated with AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan D Manocha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Angela M Floden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Keiko Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Joshua A Kulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Brett A McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Lalida Rojanathammanee
- Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Kelley R Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Kendra L Puig
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Sanjib Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Michael R Nichols
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4400, and
| | - Diane C Darland
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - James E Porter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203
| | - Colin K Combs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58203,
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Belichenko PV, Madani R, Rey-Bellet L, Pihlgren M, Becker A, Plassard A, Vuillermot S, Giriens V, Nosheny RL, Kleschevnikov AM, Valletta JS, Bengtsson SKS, Linke GR, Maloney MT, Hickman DT, Reis P, Granet A, Mlaki D, Lopez-Deber MP, Do L, Singhal N, Masliah E, Pearn ML, Pfeifer A, Muhs A, Mobley WC. An Anti-β-Amyloid Vaccine for Treating Cognitive Deficits in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152471. [PMID: 27023444 PMCID: PMC4811554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy of chromosome 21, the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide product of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is present in excess. Evidence points to increased APP gene dose and Aβ as playing a critical role in cognitive difficulties experienced by people with DS. Particularly, Aβ is linked to the late-life emergence of dementia as associated with neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). At present, no treatment targets Aβ-related pathogenesis in people with DS. Herein we used a vaccine containing the Aβ 1-15 peptide embedded into liposomes together with the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). Ts65Dn mice, a model of DS, were immunized with the anti-Aβ vaccine at 5 months of age and were examined for cognitive measures at 8 months of age. The status of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and brain levels of APP and its proteolytic products were measured. Immunization of Ts65Dn mice resulted in robust anti-Aβ IgG titers, demonstrating the ability of the vaccine to break self-tolerance. The vaccine-induced antibodies reacted with Aβ without detectable binding to either APP or its C-terminal fragments. Vaccination of Ts65Dn mice resulted in a modest, but non-significant reduction in brain Aβ levels relative to vehicle-treated Ts65Dn mice, resulting in similar levels of Aβ as diploid (2N) mice. Importantly, vaccinated Ts65Dn mice showed resolution of memory deficits in the novel object recognition and contextual fear conditioning tests, as well as reduction of cholinergic neuron atrophy. No treatment adverse effects were observed; vaccine did not result in inflammation, cellular infiltration, or hemorrhage. These data are the first to show that an anti-Aβ immunotherapeutic approach may act to target Aβ-related pathology in a mouse model of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Rachel L. Nosheny
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Janice S. Valletta
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sara K. S. Bengtsson
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gordon R. Linke
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Maloney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Long Do
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nishant Singhal
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Pearn
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Xu G, Ran Y, Fromholt SE, Fu C, Yachnis AT, Golde TE, Borchelt DR. Murine Aβ over-production produces diffuse and compact Alzheimer-type amyloid deposits. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:72. [PMID: 26566997 PMCID: PMC4644287 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transgenic overexpression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes that are either entirely human in sequence or have humanized Aβ sequences can produce Alzheimer-type amyloidosis in mice, provided the transgenes also encode mutations linked to familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD). Although transgenic mice have been produced that overexpress wild-type mouse APP, no mice have been generated that express mouse APP with FAD mutations. Here we describe two different versions of such mice that produce amyloid deposits consisting of entirely of mouse Aβ peptides. One line of mice co-expresses mouse APP-Swedish (moAPPswe) with a human presenilin exon-9 deleted variant (PS1dE9) and another line expresses mouse APP-Swedish/Indiana (APPsi) using tetracycline-regulated vectors (tet.moAPPsi). RESULTS Both lines of mice that produce mouse Aβ develop amyloid deposits, with the moAPPswe/PS1dE9 mice developing extracellular compact, cored, neuritic deposits that primarily localize to white matter tracts and meningial layers, whereas the tet.moAPPsi mice developed extracellular diffuse cortical/hippocampal deposits distributed throughout the parenchyma. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that murine Aβ peptides have the capacity to produce amyloid deposits that are morphologically similar to deposits found in human AD provided the murine APP gene harbors mutations linked to human FAD.
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Li X, Lei P, Tuo Q, Ayton S, Li QX, Moon S, Volitakis I, Liu R, Masters CL, Finkelstein DI, Bush AI. Enduring Elevations of Hippocampal Amyloid Precursor Protein and Iron Are Features of β-Amyloid Toxicity and Are Mediated by Tau. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:862-73. [PMID: 26260389 PMCID: PMC4604188 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) positions tau protein as a downstream mediator of β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity This is largely based on genetic cross breeding, which showed that tau ablation in young (3-7-month-old) transgenic mice overexpressing mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) abolished the phenotype of the APP AD model. This evidence is complicated by the uncertain impact of overexpressing mutant APP, rather than Aβ alone, and for potential interactions between tau and overexpressed APP. Cortical iron elevation is also implicated in AD, and tau promotes iron export by trafficking APP to the neuronal surface. Here, we utilized an alternative model of Aβ toxicity by directly injecting Aβ oligomers into the hippocampus of young and old wild-type and tau knockout mice. We found that ablation of tau protected against Aβ-induced cognitive impairment, hippocampal neuron loss, and iron accumulation. Despite injected human Aβ being eliminated after 5 weeks, enduring changes, including increased APP levels, tau reduction, tau phosphorylation, and iron accumulation, were observed. While the results from our study support the amyloid cascade hypothesis, they also suggest that downstream effectors of Aβ, which propagate toxicity after Aβ has been cleared, may be tractable therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peng Lei
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Qingzhang Tuo
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Scott Ayton
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Moon
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irene Volitakis
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Colin L Masters
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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44
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A Potent Multi-functional Neuroprotective Derivative of Tetramethylpyrazine. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 56:977-987. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Chen H, Wang M, Jiao A, Tang G, Zhu W, Zou P, Li T, Cui G, Gong P. Amyloid-β immunization enhances neurogenesis and cognitive ability in neonatal mice. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:5340-5350. [PMID: 26131110 PMCID: PMC4483988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Whether Aβ actually has a physiological as well as a pathological role is not known. In order to investigate the effect of endogenous Aβ, wild type C57BL/6 mice were immunized with human or mouse derived Aβ1-42. The anti-Aβ antibody concentrations were increased in both treated groups. Compared to the human Aβ1-42 treated group, level of serum Aβ significantly decreased in mouse Aβ1-42 treated group. Western blot results revealed that these two derived Aβ1-42 had no cross-reaction. The new dentate granule survival cells increased in Aβ1-42 immunization groups, indicated by more BrdU+/NeuN+ and BrdU+/DCX+ cells as compared to PBS-treated group, accompanied by behavioral performance improving in a hippocampus-dependent learning task. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that BrdU+/Iba1+ cells also increased, however new born astrocytes (BrdU+/GFAP+) were unaffected in all treated mice. Interestingly, according the results of ELISA analysis both vaccines up-regulated IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in the brains and sera, but the TNF-α level did not changed. Of note, human Aβ1-42 immunization in neonatal mice enhanced neurogenesis and cognitive ability, might via Aβ immune response rather than cleaning endogenous Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neurology, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Aihong Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guotai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Guangqiang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Peiyou Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
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46
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Mahler J, Morales-Corraliza J, Stolz J, Skodras A, Radde R, Duma CC, Eisele YS, Mazzella MJ, Wong H, Klunk WE, Nilsson KPR, Staufenbiel M, Mathews PM, Jucker M, Wegenast-Braun BM. Endogenous murine Aβ increases amyloid deposition in APP23 but not in APPPS1 transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2241-2247. [PMID: 25911278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous murine amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) is expressed in most Aβ precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease but its contribution to β-amyloidosis remains unclear. We demonstrate ∼ 35% increased cerebral Aβ load in APP23 transgenic mice compared with age-matched APP23 mice on an App-null background. No such difference was found for the much faster Aβ-depositing APPPS1 transgenic mouse model between animals with or without the murine App gene. Nevertheless, both APP23 and APPPS1 mice codeposited murine Aβ, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed a tight association of murine Aβ with human Aβ fibrils. Deposition of murine Aβ was considerably less efficient compared with the deposition of human Aβ indicating a lower amyloidogenic potential of murine Aβ in vivo. The amyloid dyes Pittsburgh Compound-B and pentamer formyl thiophene acetic acid did not differentiate between amyloid deposits consisting of human Aβ and deposits of mixed human-murine Aβ. Our data demonstrate a differential effect of murine Aβ on human Aβ deposition in different APP transgenic mice. The mechanistically complex interaction of human and mouse Aβ may affect pathogenesis of the models and should be considered when models are used for translational preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Mahler
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Stolz
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School for Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelos Skodras
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Radde
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carmen C Duma
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne S Eisele
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Mazzella
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Harrison Wong
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Department of Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Matthias Staufenbiel
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Jucker
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Bettina M Wegenast-Braun
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.
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47
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Macdonald IR, DeBay DR, Reid GA, O'Leary TP, Jollymore CT, Mawko G, Burrell S, Martin E, Bowen CV, Brown RE, Darvesh S. Early detection of cerebral glucose uptake changes in the 5XFAD mouse. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:450-60. [PMID: 24801216 PMCID: PMC4082185 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140505111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain glucose hypometabolism has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and is detected with 18F radiolabelled glucose, using positron emission tomography. A pathological hallmark of AD is deposition of brain β-amyloid plaques that may influence cerebral glucose metabolism. The five times familial AD (5XFAD) mouse is a model of brain amyloidosis exhibiting AD-like phenotypes. This study examines brain β-amyloid plaque deposition and 18FDG uptake, to search for an early biomarker distinguishing 5XFAD from wild-type mice. Thus, brain 18FDG uptake and plaque deposition was studied in these mice at age 2, 5 and 13 months. The 5XFAD mice demonstrated significantly reduced brain 18FDG uptake at 13 months relative to wild-type controls but not in younger mice, despite substantial β-amyloid plaque deposition. However, by comparing the ratio of uptake values for glucose in different regions in the same brain, 5XFAD mice could be distinguished from controls at age 2 months. This method of measuring altered glucose metabolism may represent an early biomarker for the progression of amyloid deposition in the brain. We conclude that brain 18FDG uptake can be a sensitive biomarker for early detection of abnormal metabolism in the 5XFAD mouse when alternative relative uptake values are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Darvesh
- Room 1308, Camp Hill Veterans' Memorial, 5955 Veterans' Memorial Lane, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2E1. Canada.
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Genetic suppression of transgenic APP rescues Hypersynchronous network activity in a mouse model of Alzeimer's disease. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3826-40. [PMID: 24623762 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5171-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with an elevated risk for seizures that may be fundamentally connected to cognitive dysfunction. Supporting this link, many mouse models for AD exhibit abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in addition to the expected neuropathology and cognitive deficits. Here, we used a controllable transgenic system to investigate how network changes develop and are maintained in a model characterized by amyloid β (Aβ) overproduction and progressive amyloid pathology. EEG recordings in tet-off mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) from birth display frequent sharp wave discharges (SWDs). Unexpectedly, we found that withholding APP overexpression until adulthood substantially delayed the appearance of epileptiform activity. Together, these findings suggest that juvenile APP overexpression altered cortical development to favor synchronized firing. Regardless of the age at which EEG abnormalities appeared, the phenotype was dependent on continued APP overexpression and abated over several weeks once transgene expression was suppressed. Abnormal EEG discharges were independent of plaque load and could be extinguished without altering deposited amyloid. Selective reduction of Aβ with a γ-secretase inhibitor has no effect on the frequency of SWDs, indicating that another APP fragment or the full-length protein was likely responsible for maintaining EEG abnormalities. Moreover, transgene suppression normalized the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory innervation in the cortex, whereas secretase inhibition did not. Our results suggest that APP overexpression, and not Aβ overproduction, is responsible for EEG abnormalities in our transgenic mice and can be rescued independently of pathology.
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49
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Mainardi M, Di Garbo A, Caleo M, Berardi N, Sale A, Maffei L. Environmental enrichment strengthens corticocortical interactions and reduces amyloid-β oligomers in aged mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:1. [PMID: 24478697 PMCID: PMC3899529 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by global changes which are thought to underlie age-related cognitive decline. These include variations in brain activity and the progressive increase in the concentration of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, directly impairing synaptic function and plasticity even in the absence of any neurodegenerative disorder. Considering the high social impact of the decline in brain performance associated to aging, there is an urgent need to better understand how it can be prevented or contrasted. Lifestyle components, such as social interaction, motor exercise and cognitive activity, are thought to modulate brain physiology and its susceptibility to age-related pathologies. However, the precise functional and molecular factors that respond to environmental stimuli and might mediate their protective action again pathological aging still need to be clearly identified. To address this issue, we exploited environmental enrichment (EE), a reliable model for studying the effect of experience on the brain based on the enhancement of cognitive, social and motor experience, in aged wild-type mice. We analyzed the functional consequences of EE on aged brain physiology by performing in vivo local field potential (LFP) recordings with chronic implants. In addition, we also investigated changes induced by EE on molecular markers of neural plasticity and on the levels of soluble Aβ oligomers. We report that EE induced profound changes in the activity of the primary visual and auditory cortices and in their functional interaction. At the molecular level, EE enhanced plasticity by an upward shift of the cortical excitation/inhibition balance. In addition, EE reduced brain Aβ oligomers and increased synthesis of the Aβ-degrading enzyme neprilysin. Our findings strengthen the potential of EE procedures as a non-invasive paradigm for counteracting brain aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mainardi
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Di Garbo
- Biophysics Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy ; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sale
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy
| | - Lamberto Maffei
- Neuroscience Institute of the National Research Council Pisa, Italy ; Accademia dei Lincei Roma, Italy
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50
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A lifespan observation of a novel mouse model: in vivo evidence supports aβ oligomer hypothesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85885. [PMID: 24465766 PMCID: PMC3897547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mouse models are powerful tools in exploring the mechanisms of AD. Most current transgenic models of AD mimic the memory impairment and the main pathologic features, among which the formation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques is considered a dominant pathologic event. Recently, Aβ oligomers have been identified as more neurotoxic than Aβ plaques. However, no ideal transgenic mouse model directly support Aβ oligomers as a neurotoxic species due to the puzzling effects of amyloid plaques in the more widely-used models. Here, we constructed a single-mutant transgenic (Tg) model harboring the PS1V97L mutation and used Non-Tg littermates as a control group. Employing the Morris water maze, electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and electron microscopy, we investigated behavioral changes and pathology progression in our single-mutant transgenic model. We discovered the pathological alteration of intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ oligomers without Aβ plaques in the PS1V97L-Tg mouse model, which might be the result of PS1 gene mutation. Following Aβ oligomers, we detected synaptic alteration, tau hyperphosphorylation and glial activation. This model supports an initial role for Aβ oligomers in the onset of AD and suggests that Aβ plaques may not be the only prerequisite. This model provides a useful tool for studying the role of Aβ oligomers in AD pathogenesis.
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