1
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Gomaa AAE, Zeid AMA, Nagy IM, Zahran AM. The effect of genetic polymorphisms in STIM1 and ORAI1 on erythropoietin resistance in Egyptian patients with end-stage renal disease. Clin Chim Acta 2025; 564:119948. [PMID: 39214396 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is an incurable disease with unique challenges. Anemia is a frequent complication affecting dialysis patients. Erythropoietin (EPO) is used to treat anemia, but a poor response may result. We investigated genetic polymorphisms of store-operated calcium channel (SOC) signaling, an important erythropoietin-activated pathway that may induce EPO resistance in patients with renal failure. A total of 108 end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to their erythropoietin resistance index (ERI): 39 patients with an ERI>10 and 69 patients with an ERI<10. We selected four tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in STIM1 and five in ORAI1 in our study. A polymerase chain reaction was performed, and genotyping against EPO resistance was correlated. Patients with the AG genotype of rs1561876 in STIM1, the TC genotype of rs6486795 in ORAI1, and the TG or GG genotypes of rs12320939 in ORAI1 were associated with an increased risk of erythropoietin resistance. Overall, we reported a moderately significant relationship between genetic polymorphisms of STIM1 and EPO resistance. We also reported a highly significant relationship between genetic polymorphisms of ORAI1 and EPO resistance. The (A-A-G) haplotype of STIM1 and the (G-T-G-T-A, G-C-G-C-G, or G-T-T-C-G) haplotypes of ORAI1 were significantly associated with EPO resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A E Gomaa
- Internal Medicine Department, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt.
| | - Amany M A Zeid
- Clinical Pathology Department, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Nagy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Zahran
- Internal Medicine Department, Menofia University, Menofia, Egypt
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2
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Saint-Martin Willer A, Montani D, Capuano V, Antigny F. Orai1/STIMs modulators in pulmonary vascular diseases. Cell Calcium 2024; 121:102892. [PMID: 38735127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a secondary messenger that regulates various cellular processes. However, Ca2+ mishandling could lead to pathological conditions. Orai1 is a Ca2+channel contributing to the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and plays a critical role in Ca2+ homeostasis in several cell types. Dysregulation of Orai1 contributed to severe combined immune deficiency syndrome, some cancers, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and other cardiorespiratory diseases. During its activation process, Orai1 is mainly regulated by stromal interacting molecule (STIM) proteins, especially STIM1; however, many other regulatory partners have also been recently described. Increasing knowledge about these regulatory partners provides a better view of the downstream signalling pathways of SOCE and offers an excellent opportunity to decipher Orai1 dysregulation in these diseases. These proteins participate in other cellular functions, making them attractive therapeutic targets. This review mainly focuses on Orai1 regulatory partners in the physiological and pathological conditions of the pulmonary circulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Saint-Martin Willer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre de Référence de l'Hypertension Pulmonaire, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France; Hôptal Marie Lannelongue, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; INSERM UMR_S 999 Hypertension pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
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3
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Norman K, Hemmings KE, Shawer H, Appleby HL, Burnett AJ, Hamzah N, Gosain R, Woodhouse EM, Beech DJ, Foster R, Bailey MA. Side-by-side comparison of published small molecule inhibitors against thapsigargin-induced store-operated Ca2+ entry in HEK293 cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296065. [PMID: 38261554 PMCID: PMC10805320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a key second messenger in eukaryotes, with store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) being the main source of Ca2+ influx into non-excitable cells. ORAI1 is a highly Ca2+-selective plasma membrane channel that encodes SOCE. It is ubiquitously expressed in mammals and has been implicated in numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. A number of small molecules have been identified as inhibitors of SOCE with a variety of potential therapeutic uses proposed and validated in vitro and in vivo. These encompass both nonselective Ca2+ channel inhibitors and targeted selective inhibitors of SOCE. Inhibition of SOCE can be quantified both directly and indirectly with a variety of assay setups, making an accurate comparison of the activity of different SOCE inhibitors challenging. We have used a fluorescence based Ca2+ addback assay in native HEK293 cells to generate dose-response data for many published SOCE inhibitors. We were able to directly compare potency. Most compounds were validated with only minor and expected variations in potency, but some were not. This could be due to differences in assay setup relating to the mechanism of action of the inhibitors and highlights the value of a singular approach to compare these compounds, as well as the general need for biorthogonal validation of novel bioactive compounds. The compounds observed to be the most potent against SOCE in our study were: 7-azaindole 14d (12), JPIII (17), Synta-66 (6), Pyr 3 (5), GSK5503A (8), CM4620 (14) and RO2959 (7). These represent the most promising candidates for future development of SOCE inhibitors for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Norman
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Hemmings
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Heba Shawer
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hollie L. Appleby
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Burnett
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nurasyikin Hamzah
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rajendra Gosain
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emily M. Woodhouse
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Beech
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A. Bailey
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Zhang Y, Li K, Li G, Wang Y, He Y, Song W, Zhang Y. Investigation of nanotopography on SOCE mediated cell migration via live-cell : Imaging on opaque implant surface. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:471. [PMID: 38062466 PMCID: PMC10704632 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of cell response to nanotopography has attracted considerable attentions for years. This article focuses on the influence of nanotopography on the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, the most ubiquitous but ignored second messenger. The classic titanium nanotubes (NT) were fabricated by anodization to formulate nanoporous surfaces. Firstly, the store operative calcium entry (SOCE) in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and functional Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels were significantly enhanced on NT surfaces that revealed by live-cell Ca2+ imaging and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) identification of orai1-stim1 connection. To investigate the potential implication of Ca2+ elevation, the dynamic cell migration trajectory was monitored by a self-made holder, which could not only be suitable for the opaque implant surface but also guarantee the focus fields identical during samples shifting. The cell migration on NT surface was more vigorous and rapid, which was correlated with higher focal adhesion proteins expression, Ca2+-dependent calpain activity and stim1 level. In conclusion, this study has confirmed the novel ER Ca2+ hemostasis pathway on nanosurfaces and its crucial role in cell migration regulation, which may help for more biofavorable implant surface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of stomatology, The 986th Air Force Hospital, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Guangwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yazheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yide He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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Wasilewska I, Majewski Ł, Adamek-Urbańska D, Mondal SS, Baranykova S, Gupta RK, Bielecki D, Winata CL, Kuznicki J. Lack of Stim2 Affects Vision-Dependent Behavior and Sensitivity to Hypoxia. Zebrafish 2023; 20:146-159. [PMID: 37590563 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) are endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The different properties and functions of STIM1 and STIM2 have been described mostly based on work in vitro. STIM2 knockout mice do not survive until adulthood. Therefore, we generated and characterized stim2a and stim2b double-knockout zebrafish. The (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish did not have any apparent morphological phenotype. However, RNA sequencing revealed 1424 differentially expressed genes. One of the most upregulated genes was annexin A3a, which is a marker of activated microglia. This corresponded well to an increase in Neutral Red staining in the in vivo imaging of the (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish brain. The lack of Stim2 decreased zebrafish survival under low oxygen conditions. Behavioral tests, such as the visual-motor response test and dark-light preference test, indicated that (stim2a;stim2b)-/- larvae might have problems with vision. This was consistent with the downregulation of many genes that are related to light perception. The periodic acid-Schiff staining of retina sections from adult zebrafish revealed alterations of the stratum pigmentosum, suggesting the involvement of a Stim2-dependent process in visual perception. Altogether, these data reveal new functions for Stim2 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sofiia Baranykova
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rishikesh K Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Bielecki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Bouron A. Neuronal Store-Operated Calcium Channels. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03352-5. [PMID: 37118324 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major intracellular calcium (Ca2+) storage compartment in eukaryotic cells. In most instances, the mobilization of Ca2+ from this store is followed by a delayed and sustained uptake of Ca2+ through Ca2+-permeable channels of the cell surface named store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs). This gives rise to a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) that has been thoroughly investigated in electrically non-excitable cells where it is the principal regulated Ca2+ entry pathway. The existence of this Ca2+ route in neurons has long been a matter of debate. However, a growing body of experimental evidence indicates that the recruitment of Ca2+ from neuronal ER Ca2+ stores generates a SOCE. The present review summarizes the main studies supporting the presence of a depletion-dependent Ca2+ entry in neurons. It also addresses the question of the molecular composition of neuronal SOCCs, their expression, pharmacological properties, as well as their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Inserm UA13 BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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7
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Tiffner A, Hopl V, Derler I. CRAC and SK Channels: Their Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Cancer Cell Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:101. [PMID: 36612099 PMCID: PMC9817886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents a major health burden worldwide. Several molecular targets have been discovered alongside treatments with positive clinical outcomes. However, the reoccurrence of cancer due to therapy resistance remains the primary cause of mortality. Endeavors in pinpointing new markers as molecular targets in cancer therapy are highly desired. The significance of the co-regulation of Ca2+-permeating and Ca2+-regulated ion channels in cancer cell development, proliferation, and migration make them promising molecular targets in cancer therapy. In particular, the co-regulation of the Orai1 and SK3 channels has been well-studied in breast and colon cancer cells, where it finally leads to an invasion-metastasis cascade. Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered, such as which key molecular components determine and regulate their interplay. To provide a solid foundation for a better understanding of this ion channel co-regulation in cancer, we first shed light on the physiological role of Ca2+ and how this ion is linked to carcinogenesis. Then, we highlight the structure/function relationship of Orai1 and SK3, both individually and in concert, their role in the development of different types of cancer, and aspects that are not yet known in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Tiffner
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | | | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
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8
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Yang L, Ottenheijm R, Worley P, Freichel M, Camacho Londoño JE. Reduction in SOCE and Associated Aggregation in Platelets from Mice with Platelet-Specific Deletion of Orai1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203225. [PMID: 36291093 PMCID: PMC9600098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signalling in platelets through store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) or receptor-operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE) mechanisms is crucial for platelet activation and function. Orai1 proteins have been implicated in platelet’s SOCE. In this study we evaluated the contribution of Orai1 proteins to these processes using washed platelets from adult mice from both genders with platelet-specific deletion of the Orai1 gene (Orai1flox/flox; Pf4-Cre termed as Orai1Plt-KO) since mice with ubiquitous Orai1 deficiency show early lethality. Platelet aggregation as well as Ca2+ entry and release were measured in vitro following stimulation with collagen, collagen related peptide (CRP), thromboxane A2 analogue U46619, thrombin, ADP and the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor thapsigargin, respectively. SOCE and aggregation induced by Thapsigargin up to a concentration of 0.3 µM was abrogated in Orai1-deficient platelets. Receptor-operated Ca2+-entry and/or platelet aggregation induced by CRP, U46619 or thrombin were partially affected by Orai1 deletion depending on the gender. In contrast, ADP-, collagen- and CRP-induced aggregation was comparable in Orai1Plt-KO platelets and control cells over the entire concentration range. Our results reinforce the indispensability of Orai1 proteins for SOCE in murine platelets, contribute to understand its role in agonist-dependent signalling and emphasize the importance to analyse platelets from both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roger Ottenheijm
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Worley
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marc Freichel
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.E.C.L.)
| | - Juan E. Camacho Londoño
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (J.E.C.L.)
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9
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Collins HE, Zhang D, Chatham JC. STIM and Orai Mediated Regulation of Calcium Signaling in Age-Related Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:876785. [PMID: 35821821 PMCID: PMC9261457 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.876785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tight spatiotemporal regulation of intracellular Ca2+ plays a critical role in regulating diverse cellular functions including cell survival, metabolism, and transcription. As a result, eukaryotic cells have developed a wide variety of mechanisms for controlling Ca2+ influx and efflux across the plasma membrane as well as Ca2+ release and uptake from intracellular stores. The STIM and Orai protein families comprising of STIM1, STIM2, Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3, are evolutionarily highly conserved proteins that are core components of all mammalian Ca2+ signaling systems. STIM1 and Orai1 are considered key players in the regulation of Store Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE), where release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores such as the Endoplasmic/Sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) triggers Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane. SOCE, which has been widely characterized in non-excitable cells, plays a central role in Ca2+-dependent transcriptional regulation. In addition to their role in Ca2+ signaling, STIM1 and Orai1 have been shown to contribute to the regulation of metabolism and mitochondrial function. STIM and Orai proteins are also subject to redox modifications, which influence their activities. Considering their ubiquitous expression, there has been increasing interest in the roles of STIM and Orai proteins in excitable cells such as neurons and myocytes. While controversy remains as to the importance of SOCE in excitable cells, STIM1 and Orai1 are essential for cellular homeostasis and their disruption is linked to various diseases associated with aging such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration. The recent identification of splice variants for most STIM and Orai isoforms while complicating our understanding of their function, may also provide insight into some of the current contradictions on their roles. Therefore, the goal of this review is to describe our current understanding of the molecular regulation of STIM and Orai proteins and their roles in normal physiology and diseases of aging, with a particular focus on heart disease and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Collins
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Dingguo Zhang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John C. Chatham
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Chatham,
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10
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Hunanyan L, Ghamaryan V, Makichyan A, Popugaeva E. Computer-Based Drug Design of Positive Modulators of Store-Operated Calcium Channels to Prevent Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413618. [PMID: 34948414 PMCID: PMC8707499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) constitutes a fine-tuning mechanism responsible for the replenishment of intracellular stores. Hippocampal SOCE is regulated by store-operated channels (SOC) organized in tripartite complex TRPC6/ORAI2/STIM2. It is suggested that in neurons, SOCE maintains intracellular homeostatic Ca2+ concentration at resting conditions and is needed to support the structure of dendritic spines. Recent evidence suggests that positive modulators of SOC are prospective drug candidates to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at early stages. Although STIM2 and ORAI2 are definitely involved in the regulation of nSOC amplitude and a play major role in AD pathogenesis, growing evidence suggest that it is not easy to target these proteins pharmacologically. Existing positive modulators of TRPC6 are unsuitable for drug development due to either bad pharmacokinetics or side effects. Thus, we concentrate the review on perspectives to develop specific nSOC modulators based on available 3D structures of TRPC6, ORAI2, and STIM2. We shortly describe the structural features of existing models and the methods used to prepare them. We provide commonly used steps applied for drug design based on 3D structures of target proteins that might be used to develop novel AD preventing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lernik Hunanyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan 0051, Armenia; (V.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Viktor Ghamaryan
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan 0051, Armenia; (V.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Ani Makichyan
- Laboratory of Structural Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan 0051, Armenia; (V.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Elena Popugaeva
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Masson B, Montani D, Humbert M, Capuano V, Antigny F. Role of Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry in the Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Occurring in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1781. [PMID: 34944425 PMCID: PMC8698435 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe and multifactorial disease. PAH pathogenesis mostly involves pulmonary arterial endothelial and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) dysfunction, leading to alterations in pulmonary arterial tone and distal pulmonary vessel obstruction and remodeling. Unfortunately, current PAH therapies are not curative, and therapeutic approaches mostly target endothelial dysfunction, while PASMC dysfunction is under investigation. In PAH, modifications in intracellular Ca2+ homoeostasis could partly explain PASMC dysfunction. One of the most crucial actors regulating Ca2+ homeostasis is store-operated Ca2+ channels, which mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This review focuses on the main actors of SOCE in human and experimental PASMC, their contribution to PAH pathogenesis, and their therapeutic potential in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Masson
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - David Montani
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Capuano
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Faculté de Médecine, School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (B.M.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (V.C.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
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12
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Tiffner A, Derler I. Isoform-Specific Properties of Orai Homologues in Activation, Downstream Signaling, Physiology and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8020. [PMID: 34360783 PMCID: PMC8347056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ ion channels are critical in a variety of physiological events, including cell growth, differentiation, gene transcription and apoptosis. One such essential entry pathway for calcium into the cell is the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. It consists of the Ca2+ sensing protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a Ca2+ ion channel Orai in the plasma membrane. The Orai channel family includes three homologues Orai1, Orai2 and Orai3. While Orai1 is the "classical" Ca2+ ion channel within the CRAC channel complex and plays a universal role in the human body, there is increasing evidence that Orai2 and Orai3 are important in specific physiological and pathophysiological processes. This makes them an attractive target in drug discovery, but requires a detailed understanding of the three Orai channels and, in particular, their differences. Orai channel activation is initiated via Ca2+ store depletion, which is sensed by STIM1 proteins, and induces their conformational change and oligomerization. Upon STIM1 coupling, Orai channels activate to allow Ca2+ permeation into the cell. While this activation mechanism is comparable among the isoforms, they differ by a number of functional and structural properties due to non-conserved regions in their sequences. In this review, we summarize the knowledge as well as open questions in our current understanding of the three isoforms in terms of their structure/function relationship, downstream signaling and physiology as well as pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria;
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13
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Tiffner A, Derler I. Molecular Choreography and Structure of Ca 2+ Release-Activated Ca 2+ (CRAC) and K Ca2+ Channels and Their Relevance in Disease with Special Focus on Cancer. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E425. [PMID: 33333945 PMCID: PMC7765462 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ ions play a variety of roles in the human body as well as within a single cell. Cellular Ca2+ signal transduction processes are governed by Ca2+ sensing and Ca2+ transporting proteins. In this review, we discuss the Ca2+ and the Ca2+-sensing ion channels with particular focus on the structure-function relationship of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) ion channel, the Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa2+) ion channels, and their modulation via other cellular components. Moreover, we highlight their roles in healthy signaling processes as well as in disease with a special focus on cancer. As KCa2+ channels are activated via elevations of intracellular Ca2+ levels, we summarize the current knowledge on the action mechanisms of the interplay of CRAC and KCa2+ ion channels and their role in cancer cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria;
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14
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Zhang I, Hu H. Store-Operated Calcium Channels in Physiological and Pathological States of the Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:600758. [PMID: 33328896 PMCID: PMC7732603 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are widely expressed in excitatory and non-excitatory cells where they mediate significant store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), an important pathway for calcium signaling throughout the body. While the activity of SOCs has been well studied in non-excitable cells, attention has turned to their role in neurons and glia in recent years. In particular, the role of SOCs in the nervous system has been extensively investigated, with links to their dysregulation found in a wide variety of neurological diseases from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to pain. In this review, we provide an overview of their molecular components, expression, and physiological role in the nervous system and describe how the dysregulation of those roles could potentially lead to various neurological disorders. Although further studies are still needed to understand how SOCs are activated under physiological conditions and how they are linked to pathological states, growing evidence indicates that SOCs are important players in neurological disorders and could be potential new targets for therapies. While the role of SOCE in the nervous system continues to be multifaceted and controversial, the study of SOCs provides a potentially fruitful avenue into better understanding the nervous system and its pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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15
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Luo R, Gomez AM, Benitah JP, Sabourin J. Targeting Orai1-Mediated Store-Operated Ca 2+ Entry in Heart Failure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586109. [PMID: 33117812 PMCID: PMC7578222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The archetypal store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCs), Orai1, which are stimulated by the endo/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) upon Ca2+ store depletion is traditionally viewed as instrumental for the function of non-excitable cells. In the recent years, expression and function of Orai1 have gained recognition in excitable cardiomyocytes, albeit controversial. Even if its cardiac physiological role in adult is still elusive and needs to be clarified, Orai1 contribution in cardiac diseases such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure (HF) is increasingly recognized. The present review surveys our current arising knowledge on the new role of Orai1 channels in the heart and debates on its participation to cardiac hypertrophy and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Luo
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ana-Maria Gomez
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Benitah
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jessica Sabourin
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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16
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ORAI1 and ORAI2 modulate murine neutrophil calcium signaling, cellular activation, and host defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24403-24414. [PMID: 32929002 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals are initiated in immune cells by the process of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), where receptor activation triggers transient calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by opening of plasma-membrane calcium-release activated calcium (CRAC) channels. ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3 are known to comprise the CRAC channel; however, the contributions of individual isoforms to neutrophil function are not well understood. Here, we show that loss of ORAI1 partially decreases calcium influx, while loss of both ORAI1 and ORAI2 completely abolishes SOCE. In other immune-cell types, loss of ORAI2 enhances SOCE. In contrast, we find that ORAI2-deficient neutrophils display decreased calcium influx, which is correlated with measurable differences in the regulation of neutrophil membrane potential via KCa3.1. Decreased SOCE in ORAI1-, ORAI2-, and ORAI1/2-deficient neutrophils impairs multiple neutrophil functions, including phagocytosis, degranulation, leukotriene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, rendering ORAI1/2-deficient mice highly susceptible to staphylococcal infection. This study demonstrates that ORAI1 and ORAI2 are the primary components of the neutrophil CRAC channel and identifies subpopulations of neutrophils where cell-membrane potential functions as a rheostat to modulate the SOCE response. These findings have implications for mechanisms that modulate neutrophil function during infection, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, and cancer.
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17
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Scremin E, Agostini M, Leparulo A, Pozzan T, Greotti E, Fasolato C. ORAI2 Down-Regulation Potentiates SOCE and Decreases Aβ42 Accumulation in Human Neuroglioma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155288. [PMID: 32722509 PMCID: PMC7432374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques, the hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), are generated by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ), the proteolytic product of amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β and γ-secretase. A large body of evidence points towards a role for Ca2+ imbalances in the pathophysiology of both sporadic and familial forms of AD (FAD). A reduction in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is shared by numerous FAD-linked mutations, and SOCE is involved in Aβ accumulation in different model cells. In neurons, both the role and components of SOCE remain quite obscure, whereas in astrocytes, SOCE controls their Ca2+-based excitability and communication to neurons. Glial cells are also directly involved in Aβ production and clearance. Here, we focus on the role of ORAI2, a key SOCE component, in modulating SOCE in the human neuroglioma cell line H4. We show that ORAI2 overexpression reduces both SOCE level and stores Ca2+ content, while ORAI2 downregulation significantly increases SOCE amplitude without affecting store Ca2+ handling. In Aβ-secreting H4-APPswe cells, SOCE inhibition by BTP2 and SOCE augmentation by ORAI2 downregulation respectively increases and decreases Aβ42 accumulation. Based on these findings, we suggest ORAI2 downregulation as a potential tool to rescue defective SOCE in AD, while preventing plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scremin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Mario Agostini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Alessandro Leparulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute—Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Via G. Orus 2B, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Greotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Neuroscience Institute—Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Cristina Fasolato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.); (A.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (C.F.)
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18
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Segin S, Berlin M, Richter C, Medert R, Flockerzi V, Worley P, Freichel M, Camacho Londoño JE. Cardiomyocyte-Specific Deletion of Orai1 Reveals Its Protective Role in Angiotensin-II-Induced Pathological Cardiac Remodeling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051092. [PMID: 32354146 PMCID: PMC7290784 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac remodeling correlates with chronic neurohumoral stimulation and abnormal Ca2+ signaling in cardiomyocytes. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) has been described in adult and neonatal murine cardiomyocytes, and Orai1 proteins act as crucial ion-conducting constituents of this calcium entry pathway that can be engaged not only by passive Ca2+ store depletion but also by neurohumoral stimuli such as angiotensin-II. In this study, we, therefore, analyzed the consequences of Orai1 deletion for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes as well as for other features of pathological cardiac remodeling including cardiac contractile function in vivo. Cellular hypertrophy induced by angiotensin-II in embryonic cardiomyocytes from Orai1-deficient mice was blunted in comparison to cells from litter-matched control mice. Due to lethality of mice with ubiquitous Orai1 deficiency and to selectively analyze the role of Orai1 in adult cardiomyocytes, we generated a cardiomyocyte-specific and temporally inducible Orai1 knockout mouse line (Orai1CM–KO). Analysis of cardiac contractility by pressure-volume loops under basal conditions and of cardiac histology did not reveal differences between Orai1CM–KO mice and controls. Moreover, deletion of Orai1 in cardiomyocytes in adult mice did not protect them from angiotensin-II-induced cardiac remodeling, but cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area and cardiac fibrosis were enhanced. These alterations in the absence of Orai1 go along with blunted angiotensin-II-induced upregulation of the expression of Myoz2 and a lack of rise in angiotensin-II-induced STIM1 and Orai3 expression. In contrast to embryonic cardiomyocytes, where Orai1 contributes to the development of cellular hypertrophy, the results obtained from deletion of Orai1 in the adult myocardium reveal a protective function of Orai1 against the development of angiotensin-II-induced cardiac remodeling, possibly involving signaling via Orai3/STIM1-calcineurin-NFAT related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Segin
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Berlin
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Richter
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Rebekka Medert
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Paul Worley
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Marc Freichel
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juan E. Camacho Londoño
- Pharmakologisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.B.); (C.R.); (R.M.); (M.F.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-54-86863; Fax: +49-6221-54-8644
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19
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Angenendt A, Steiner R, Knörck A, Schwär G, Konrad M, Krause E, Lis A. Orai, STIM, and PMCA contribute to reduced calcium signal generation in CD8 + T cells of elderly mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3266-3286. [PMID: 32062611 PMCID: PMC7066920 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a crucial second messenger for proper T cell function. Considering the relevance of Ca2+ signals for T cell functionality it is surprising that no mechanistic insights into T cell Ca2+ signals from elderly individuals are reported. The main Ca2+ entry mechanism in T cells are STIM-activated Orai channels. Their role during lymphocyte aging is completely unknown. Here, we report not only reduced Ca2+ signals in untouched and stimulated, but also in central and effector memory CD8+ T cells from elderly (18-24 months) compared to adult (3-6 months) mice. Two mechanisms contribute to the overall reduction in Ca2+ signals of CD8+ T cells of elderly mice: 1) Reduced Ca2+ currents through Orai channels due to decreased expressions of STIMs and Orais. 2) A faster extrusion of Ca2+ owing to an increased expression of PMCA4. The reduced Ca2+ signals correlated with a resistance of the cytotoxic efficiency of CD8+ T cells to varying free [Ca2+]ext with age. In summary, reduced STIM/Orai expression and increased Ca2+ clearing rates following enhanced PMCA4 expression contribute to reduced Ca2+ signals in CD8+ T cells of elderly mice. These changes are apparently relevant to immune function as they reduce the Ca2+ dependency of CTL cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Angenendt
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Romy Steiner
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany.,Present address: Section of Transplantation Immunology, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Arne Knörck
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Gertrud Schwär
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Maik Konrad
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Elmar Krause
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Annette Lis
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
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20
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Angiotensin-II-Evoked Ca 2+ Entry in Murine Cardiac Fibroblasts Does Not Depend on TRPC Channels. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020322. [PMID: 32013125 PMCID: PMC7072683 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPC proteins form cation conducting channels regulated by different stimuli and are regulators of the cellular calcium homeostasis. TRPC are expressed in cardiac cells including cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and have been implicated in the development of pathological cardiac remodeling including fibrosis. Using Ca2+ imaging and several compound TRPC knockout mouse lines we analyzed the involvement of TRPC proteins for the angiotensin II (AngII)-induced changes in Ca2+ homeostasis in CFs isolated from adult mice. Using qPCR we detected transcripts of all Trpc genes in CFs; Trpc1, Trpc3 and Trpc4 being the most abundant ones. We show that the AngII-induced Ca2+ entry but also Ca2+ release from intracellular stores are critically dependent on the density of CFs in culture and are inversely correlated with the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin. Our Ca2+ measurements depict that the AngII- and thrombin-induced Ca2+ transients, and the AngII-induced Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release are not affected in CFs isolated from mice lacking all seven TRPC proteins (TRPC-hepta KO) compared to control cells. However, pre-incubation with GSK7975A (10 µM), which sufficiently inhibits CRAC channels in other cells, abolished AngII-induced Ca2+ entry. Consequently, we conclude the dispensability of the TRPC channels for the acute neurohumoral Ca2+ signaling evoked by AngII in isolated CFs and suggest the contribution of members of the Orai channel family as molecular constituents responsible for this pathophysiologically important Ca2+ entry pathway.
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21
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Yousuf MS, Maguire AD, Simmen T, Kerr BJ. Endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interplay in chronic pain: The calcium connection. Mol Pain 2020; 16:1744806920946889. [PMID: 32787562 PMCID: PMC7427143 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920946889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that affects roughly a third to a half of the world's population. Despite its substantial effect on society, treatment for chronic pain is modest, at best, notwithstanding its side effects. Hence, novel therapeutics are direly needed. Emerging evidence suggests that calcium plays an integral role in mediating neuronal plasticity that underlies sensitization observed in chronic pain states. The endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria are the largest calcium repositories in a cell. Here, we review how stressors, like accumulation of misfolded proteins and oxidative stress, influence endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria function and contribute to chronic pain. We further examine the shuttling of calcium across the mitochondrial-associated membrane as a mechanism of cross-talk between the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. In addition, we discuss how endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial impairment, and calcium dyshomeostasis are implicated in various models of neuropathic pain. We propose a novel framework of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria signaling in mediating pain hypersensitivity. These observations require further investigation in order to develop novel therapies for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Aislinn D Maguire
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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22
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Stegner D, Hofmann S, Schuhmann MK, Kraft P, Herrmann AM, Popp S, Höhn M, Popp M, Klaus V, Post A, Kleinschnitz C, Braun A, Meuth SG, Lesch KP, Stoll G, Kraft R, Nieswandt B. Loss of Orai2-Mediated Capacitative Ca
2+
Entry Is Neuroprotective in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2019; 50:3238-3245. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death. The principal goal of acute stroke treatment is the recanalization of the occluded cerebral arteries, which is, however, only effective in a very narrow time window. Therefore, neuroprotective treatments that can be combined with recanalization strategies are needed. Calcium overload is one of the major triggers of neuronal cell death. We have previously shown that capacitative Ca
2+
entry, which is triggered by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, contributes to ischemia-induced calcium influx in neurons, but the responsible Ca
2+
channel is not known.
Methods—
Here, we have generated mice lacking the calcium channel subunit Orai2 and analyzed them in experimental stroke.
Results—
Orai2-deficient mice were protected from ischemic neuronal death both during acute ischemia under vessel occlusion and during ischemia/reperfusion upon successful recanalization. Calcium signals induced by calcium store depletion or oxygen/glucose deprivation were significantly diminished in Orai2-deficient neurons demonstrating that Orai2 is a central mediator of neuronal capacitative Ca
2+
entry and is involved in calcium overload during ischemia.
Conclusions—
Our experimental data identify Orai2 as an attractive target for pharmaceutical intervention in acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stegner
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
| | - Sebastian Hofmann
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
| | - Michael K. Schuhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (M.K.S., P.K., G.S.)
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (M.K.S., P.K., G.S.)
| | - Alexander M. Herrmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (A.M.H., C.K., S.G.M.)
| | - Sandy Popp
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany (S.P., A.P., K.-P.L.)
| | - Marlen Höhn
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.H., R.K.)
| | - Michael Popp
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
| | - Vanessa Klaus
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
| | - Antonia Post
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany (S.P., A.P., K.-P.L.)
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (A.M.H., C.K., S.G.M.)
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Germany (C.K.)
| | - Attila Braun
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Germany (A.M.H., C.K., S.G.M.)
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Germany (S.P., A.P., K.-P.L.)
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia (K.-P.L.)
- Department of Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, the Netherlands (K.-P.L.)
| | - Guido Stoll
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (M.K.S., P.K., G.S.)
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, Germany (M.H., R.K.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- From the Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Germany (D.S., S.H., M.P., V.K., A.B., B.N.)
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23
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Morin G, Biancalana V, Echaniz-Laguna A, Noury JB, Lornage X, Moggio M, Ripolone M, Violano R, Marcorelles P, Maréchal D, Renaud F, Maurage CA, Tard C, Cuisset JM, Laporte J, Böhm J. Tubular aggregate myopathy and Stormorken syndrome: Mutation spectrum and genotype/phenotype correlation. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:17-37. [PMID: 31448844 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+ ) acts as a ubiquitous second messenger, and normal cell and tissue physiology strictly depends on the precise regulation of Ca2+ entry, storage, and release. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a major mechanism controlling extracellular Ca2+ entry, and mainly relies on the accurate interplay between the Ca2+ sensor STIM1 and the Ca2+ channel ORAI1. Mutations in STIM1 or ORAI1 result in abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis and are associated with severe human disorders. Recessive loss-of-function mutations impair SOCE and cause combined immunodeficiency, while dominant gain-of-function mutations induce excessive extracellular Ca2+ entry and cause tubular aggregate myopathy (TAM) and Stormorken syndrome (STRMK). TAM and STRMK are spectra of the same multisystemic disease characterized by muscle weakness, miosis, thrombocytopenia, hyposplenism, ichthyosis, dyslexia, and short stature. To date, 42 TAM/STRMK families have been described, and here we report five additional families for which we provide clinical, histological, ultrastructural, and genetic data. In this study, we list and review all new and previously reported STIM1 and ORAI1 cases, discuss the pathomechanisms of the mutations based on the known functions and the protein structure of STIM1 and ORAI1, draw a genotype/phenotype correlation, and delineate an efficient screening strategy for the molecular diagnosis of TAM/STRMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Morin
- Clinical Genetics, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France.,University of Picardy Jules Verne, EA 4666, Amiens, France.,Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Biancalana
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France.,Laboratoire Diagnostic Génétique, CHRU, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Department of Neurology, APHP, CHU de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.,Inserm U1195 & Paris-Sud University, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Xavière Lornage
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Ripolone
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Violano
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Denis Maréchal
- Department of Neurology, CHRU Cavale Blanche, Brest, France
| | - Florence Renaud
- Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Céline Tard
- CHU Lille, Inserm U1171, Service de neurologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires Nord Est Ile-de-France, Lille University, Lille, France
| | | | - Jocelyn Laporte
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
| | - Johann Böhm
- Department of translational medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Inserm U1258, Illkirch, France.,CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France.,Strasbourg University, Illkirch, France
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24
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Clemens RA, Lowell CA. CRAC channel regulation of innate immune cells in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2019; 78:56-65. [PMID: 30641250 PMCID: PMC8055042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Calcium is a major intracellular signaling messenger in innate immune cells. Similar to other immune cell subsets, the majority of calcium entry into innate immune cells is induced by cell surface receptors that stimulate store-operated calcium entry through calcium-release activated calcium (CRAC) channels. Since the molecular description of the STIM family of calcium sensors and the ORAI family of CRAC channel proteins, the majority of studies support a dominant role for these proteins in calcium signaling in innate cells. In reviewing the literature on CRAC channel function in innate cells, several general themes emerge. All innate cells express multiple members of the STIM and ORAI family members, however the ratio and relative contribution of individual isoforms changes depending on the cell type and activation state of the cell. It is evident that study of functional roles for STIM molecules is clearly ahead of studies of specific ORAI family members in all innate cell types, and that studies of CRAC channels in innate cells are not nearly as advanced as studies in lymphocytes. However, taken together, evidence from both STIM calcium sensors and ORAI channels in innate cells indicates that deficiency of STIM and ORAI proteins tends not to affect the development of any innate cell lineage, but certainly affects their function, in particular activation of the neutrophil oxidase and mast cell activation via IgE receptors. Furthermore, there are clearly hints that therapeutic targeting of CRAC channels in innate cells offers a new approach to various inflammatory and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina A Clemens
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
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25
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Maciąg F, Majewski Ł, Boguszewski PM, Gupta RK, Wasilewska I, Wojtaś B, Kuznicki J. Behavioral and electrophysiological changes in female mice overexpressing ORAI1 in neurons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1137-1150. [PMID: 30659848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orai proteins form highly selective Ca2+ release-activated channels (CRACs). They play a critical role in store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE; i.e., the influx of external Ca2+ that is induced by the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores). Of the three Orai homologs that are present in mammals (Orai1-3), the physiological function of Orai1 is the best described. CRACs are formed by both homomeric assemblies and heteromultimers of Orais. Orai1 and Orai2 can form heteromeric channels that differ in conductivity during SOCE, depending on their Orai1-to-Orai2 ratio. The present study explored the potential consequences of ORAI1 overexpression in neurons where the dominant isoform is Orai2. We established the Tg(ORAI1)Ibd transgenic mouse line that overexpresses ORAI1 in brain neurons. We observed seizure-like symptoms in aged (≥15-month-old) female mice but not in males of the same age. The application of kainic acid and bicuculline to slices that were isolated from 8-month-old (±1 month) female Tg(ORAI1)Ibd mice revealed a significantly lower frequency of interictal bursts compared with samples that were isolated from wildtype mice. No differences were observed in male mice of a similar age. A battery of behavioral tests showed that context recognition decreased only in female transgenic mice. The phenotype that was observed in female mice suggests that ORAI1 overexpression may affect neuronal activity in a sex-dependent manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Maciąg
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland.
| | - Paweł M Boguszewski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Rishikesh Kumar Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., Warsaw 02-109, Poland
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26
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Tsvilovskyy V, Solís-López A, Schumacher D, Medert R, Roers A, Kriebs U, Freichel M. Deletion of Orai2 augments endogenous CRAC currents and degranulation in mast cells leading to enhanced anaphylaxis. Cell Calcium 2018; 71:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling plays a critical role in regulating plethora of cellular functions including cell survival, proliferation and migration. The perturbations in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis can lead to cell death either by activating autophagic pathways or through induction of apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major storehouse of Ca2+ within cells and a number of physiological agonists mediate ER Ca2+ release by activating IP3 receptors (IP3R). This decrease in ER Ca2+ levels is sensed by STIM, which physically interacts and activates plasma membrane Ca2+ selective Orai channels. Emerging literature implicates a key role for STIM1, STIM2, Orai1 and Orai3 in regulating both cell survival and death pathways. In this review, we will retrospect the work highlighting the role of STIM and Orai homologs in regulating cell death signaling. We will further discuss the rationales that could explain the dual role of STIM and Orai proteins in regulating cell fate decisions.
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28
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Vaeth M, Yang J, Yamashita M, Zee I, Eckstein M, Knosp C, Kaufmann U, Karoly Jani P, Lacruz RS, Flockerzi V, Kacskovics I, Prakriya M, Feske S. ORAI2 modulates store-operated calcium entry and T cell-mediated immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14714. [PMID: 28294127 PMCID: PMC5355949 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels is critical for lymphocyte function and immune responses. CRAC channels are hexamers of ORAI proteins that form the channel pore, but the contributions of individual ORAI homologues to CRAC channel function are not well understood. Here we show that deletion of Orai1 reduces, whereas deletion of Orai2 increases, SOCE in mouse T cells. These distinct effects are due to the ability of ORAI2 to form heteromeric channels with ORAI1 and to attenuate CRAC channel function. The combined deletion of Orai1 and Orai2 abolishes SOCE and strongly impairs T cell function. In vivo, Orai1/Orai2 double-deficient mice have impaired T cell-dependent antiviral immune responses, and are protected from T cell-mediated autoimmunity and alloimmunity in models of colitis and graft-versus-host disease. Our study demonstrates that ORAI1 and ORAI2 form heteromeric CRAC channels, in which ORAI2 fine-tunes the magnitude of SOCE to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Megumi Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Zee
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- NYU College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Camille Knosp
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Ulrike Kaufmann
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo S. Lacruz
- NYU College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | | | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Experimental Pathology Program, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, Smilow 316, New York, New York 10016, USA
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29
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Niemeyer BA. The STIM-Orai Pathway: Regulation of STIM and Orai by Thiol Modifications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 993:99-116. [PMID: 28900911 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57732-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteines are among the least abundant amino acids found in proteins. Due to their unique nucleophilic thiol group, they are able to undergo a broad range of chemical modifications besides their known role in disulfide formation, such as S-sulfenylation (-SOH), S-sulfinylation (-SO(2)H), S-sufonylation (-SO(3)H), S-glutathionylation (-SSG), and S-sulfhydration (-SSH), among others. These posttranslational modifications can be irreversible and act as transitional modifiers or as reversible on-off switches for the function of proteins. Disturbances of the redox homeostasis, for example, in situations of increased oxidative stress, can contribute to a range of diseases. Because Ca2+ signaling mediated by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is involved in a plethora of cellular responses, the cross-talk between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ is critical for homeostatic control. Identification of calcium regulatory protein targets of thiol redox modifications is needed to understand their role in biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Niemeyer
- Molecular Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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30
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Majewski Ł, Maciąg F, Boguszewski PM, Wasilewska I, Wiera G, Wójtowicz T, Mozrzymas J, Kuznicki J. Overexpression of STIM1 in neurons in mouse brain improves contextual learning and impairs long-term depression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:1071-1087. [PMID: 27913207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
STIM1 is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor that is involved in several processes in neurons, including store-operated calcium entry. STIM1 also inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, such as Cav1.2 and Cav3.1, and is thus considered a multifunctional protein. The aim of this work was to investigate the ways in which transgenic neuronal overexpression of STIM1 in FVB/NJ mice affects animal behavior and the electrophysiological properties of neurons in acute hippocampal slices. We overexpressed STIM1 from the Thy1.2 promoter and verified neuronal expression by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Mature primary hippocampal cultures expressed STIM1 but exhibited no changes in calcium homeostasis. Basal synaptic transmission efficiency and short-term plasticity were comparable in slices that were isolated from transgenic mice, similarly as the magnitude of long-term potentiation. However, long-term depression that was induced by the glutamate receptor 1/5 agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine was impaired in STIM1 slices. Interestingly, transgenic mice exhibited a decrease in anxiety-like behavior and improvements in contextual learning. In summary, our data indicate that STIM1 overexpression in neurons in the brain perturbs metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling, leading to impairments in long-term depression and alterations in animal behavior. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: ECS Meeting edited by Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs and Jacques Haiech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Maciąg
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł M Boguszewski
- Laboratory of Animal Models, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wiera
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 3a Chalubinskiego Str., 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, 30 Cybulskiego Str., 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wójtowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 3a Chalubinskiego Str., 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mozrzymas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Dept. Biophysics, Wroclaw Medical University, 3a Chalubinskiego Str., 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, 30 Cybulskiego Str., 50-205 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, 4 Ks. Trojdena Str., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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31
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Poteser M, Leitinger G, Pritz E, Platzer D, Frischauf I, Romanin C, Groschner K. Live-cell imaging of ER-PM contact architecture by a novel TIRFM approach reveals extension of junctions in response to store-operated Ca 2+-entry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35656. [PMID: 27759093 PMCID: PMC5069484 DOI: 10.1038/srep35656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanometer-spaced appositions between endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane (ER-PM junctions) stabilized by membrane-joining protein complexes are critically involved in cellular Ca2+-handling and lipid trafficking. ER-PM junctional architecture and plasticity associated with inter-membrane communication are as yet barely understood. Here, we introduce a method to precisely characterize ER-PM junction morphology and dynamics with high temporal resolution and minimal disturbance of junctional intermembrane communication. We show that expression of soluble cytosolic fluorophores in combination with TIRFM enables to delineate ER and PM distance in the range of 10-150 nm. Live-cell imaging of sub-plasmalemmal structures in RBL-2H3 mast cells by this method, designated as fluorescence density mapping (FDM), revealed profound dynamics of ER-PM contact sites in response to store-depletion. We report the existence of a Ca2+-dependent process that expands the junctional ER to enlarge its contact surface with the PM, thereby promoting and stabilizing STIM1-Orai1 competent ER-PM junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Poteser
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology Research Unit "Electron Microscopic Techniques", Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/7, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology Research Unit "Electron Microscopic Techniques", Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/7, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dieter Platzer
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Irene Frischauf
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Romanin
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Austria, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Klaus Groschner
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21/4, 8010 Graz, Austria
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32
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Fiorio Pla A, Kondratska K, Prevarskaya N. STIM and ORAI proteins: crucial roles in hallmarks of cancer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C509-19. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ signals play a central role in several cellular processes; therefore it is not surprising that altered Ca2+ homeostasis regulatory mechanisms lead to a variety of severe pathologies, including cancer. Stromal interaction molecules (STIM) and ORAI proteins have been identified as critical components of Ca2+ entry in both store-dependent (SOCE mechanism) and independent by intracellular store depletion and have been implicated in several cellular functions. In recent years, both STIMs and ORAIs have emerged as possible molecular targets for cancer therapeutics. In this review we focus on the role of STIM and ORAI proteins in cancer progression. In particular we analyze their role in the different hallmarks of cancer, which represent the organizing principle that describes the complex multistep process of neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Fiorio Pla
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCELL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France; and
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - K. Kondratska
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCELL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France; and
| | - N. Prevarskaya
- Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Inserm, U1003 - PHYCELL - Physiologie Cellulaire, Lille, France; and
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33
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Toth AB, Shum AK, Prakriya M. Regulation of neurogenesis by calcium signaling. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:124-34. [PMID: 27020657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling has essential roles in the development of the nervous system from neural induction to the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of neural cells. Ca(2+) signaling pathways are shaped by interactions among metabotropic signaling cascades, intracellular Ca(2+) stores, ion channels, and a multitude of downstream effector proteins that activate specific genetic programs. The temporal and spatial dynamics of Ca(2+) signals are widely presumed to control the highly diverse yet specific genetic programs that establish the complex structures of the adult nervous system. Progress in the last two decades has led to significant advances in our understanding of the functional architecture of Ca(2+) signaling networks involved in neurogenesis. In this review, we assess the literature on the molecular and functional organization of Ca(2+) signaling networks in the developing nervous system and its impact on neural induction, gene expression, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Particular emphasis is placed on the growing evidence for the involvement of store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Toth
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Andrew K Shum
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.
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Grandclément C, Pick H, Vogel H, Held W. NK Cells Respond to Haptens by the Activation of Calcium Permeable Plasma Membrane Channels. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151031. [PMID: 26963818 PMCID: PMC4786276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells mediate innate immunity to infected and transformed cells. Yet, NK cells can also mount hapten-specific recall responses thereby contributing to contact hypersensitivity (CHS). However, since NK cells lack antigen receptors that are used by the adaptive immune system to recognize haptens, it is not clear if NK cells respond directly to haptens and, if so, what mediates these responses. Here we show that among four haptens the two that are known to induce NK cell-dependent CHS trigger the rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+ into NK cells and lymphocyte cell lines. Thus lymphocytes can respond to haptens independent of antigen presentation and antigen receptors. We identify the Ca2+-permeable cation channel TRPC3 as a component of the lymphocyte response to one of these haptens. These data suggest that the response to the second hapten is based on a distinct mechanism, consistent with the capacity of NK cells to discriminate haptens. These findings raise the possibility that antigen-receptor independent activation of immune cells contributes to CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclément
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Vogel
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Werner Held
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Ohya S, Kito H, Hatano N, Muraki K. Recent advances in therapeutic strategies that focus on the regulation of ion channel expression. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:11-43. [PMID: 26896566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of different ion channel types are involved in cell signaling networks, and homeostatic regulatory mechanisms contribute to the control of ion channel expression. Profiling of global gene expression using microarray technology has recently provided novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the homeostatic and pathological control of ion channel expression. It has demonstrated that the dysregulation of ion channel expression is associated with the pathogenesis of neural, cardiovascular, and immune diseases as well as cancers. In addition to the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation of ion channels, potentially important evidence on the mechanisms controlling ion channel expression has recently been accumulated. The regulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing is therefore a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of dominant-negative splicing disorders. Epigenetic modification plays a key role in various pathological conditions through the regulation of pluripotency genes. Inhibitors of pre-mRNA splicing and histone deacetyalase/methyltransferase have potential as potent therapeutic drugs for cancers and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Moreover, membrane-anchoring proteins, lysosomal and proteasomal degradation-related molecules, auxiliary subunits, and pharmacological agents alter the protein folding, membrane trafficking, and post-translational modifications of ion channels, and are linked to expression-defect channelopathies. In this review, we focused on recent insights into the transcriptional, spliceosomal, epigenetic, and proteasomal regulation of ion channel expression: Ca(2+) channels (TRPC/TRPV/TRPM/TRPA/Orai), K(+) channels (voltage-gated, KV/Ca(2+)-activated, KCa/two-pore domain, K2P/inward-rectifier, Kir), and Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (TMEM16A/TMEM16B). Furthermore, this review highlights expression of these ion channels in expression-defect channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohya
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kito
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Hatano
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Muraki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
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Munoz F, Hu H. The Role of Store-operated Calcium Channels in Pain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 75:139-51. [PMID: 26920011 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs) are calcium-selective cation channels. Recently, there has been explosive growth in establishing the molecular mechanisms that mediate store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and the role of this process in normal cellular function and disease states. SOCCs and its components appear to play an important role in many Ca(2+)-dependent processes in nonexcitable cells and are implicated in several possible disorders including allergies, multiple sclerosis, cancer, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent studies have shown that SOCCs are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and involved in neuronal functions and pathological conditions, including chronic pain. In this chapter, we discuss SOCE and its physiological and pathological roles in the CNS. More specifically, we discuss the expression and function of SOCCs and their downstream signaling mechanisms under chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Abstract
Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are a major pathway for calcium signaling in virtually all metozoan cells and serve a wide variety of functions ranging from gene expression, motility, and secretion to tissue and organ development and the immune response. SOCs are activated by the depletion of Ca(2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), triggered physiologically through stimulation of a diverse set of surface receptors. Over 15 years after the first characterization of SOCs through electrophysiology, the identification of the STIM proteins as ER Ca(2+) sensors and the Orai proteins as store-operated channels has enabled rapid progress in understanding the unique mechanism of store-operate calcium entry (SOCE). Depletion of Ca(2+) from the ER causes STIM to accumulate at ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions where it traps and activates Orai channels diffusing in the closely apposed PM. Mutagenesis studies combined with recent structural insights about STIM and Orai proteins are now beginning to reveal the molecular underpinnings of these choreographic events. This review describes the major experimental advances underlying our current understanding of how ER Ca(2+) depletion is coupled to the activation of SOCs. Particular emphasis is placed on the molecular mechanisms of STIM and Orai activation, Orai channel properties, modulation of STIM and Orai function, pharmacological inhibitors of SOCE, and the functions of STIM and Orai in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Richard S Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Majewski L, Kuznicki J. SOCE in neurons: Signaling or just refilling? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1940-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Light generation of intracellular Ca(2+) signals by a genetically encoded protein BACCS. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8021. [PMID: 26282514 PMCID: PMC4557345 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signals are highly regulated in a spatiotemporal manner in numerous cellular physiological events. Here we report a genetically engineered blue light-activated Ca2+ channel switch (BACCS), as an optogenetic tool for generating Ca2+ signals. BACCS opens Ca2+-selective ORAI ion channels in response to light. A BACCS variant, dmBACCS2, combined with Drosophila Orai, elevates the Ca2+ concentration more rapidly, such that Ca2+ elevation in mammalian cells is observed within 1 s on light exposure. Using BACCSs, we successfully control cellular events including NFAT-mediated gene expression. In the mouse olfactory system, BACCS mediates light-dependent electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we generate BACCS mutants, which exhibit fast and slow recovery of intracellular Ca2+. Thus, BACCSs are a useful optogenetic tool for generating temporally various intracellular Ca2+ signals with a large dynamic range, and will be applicable to both in vitro and in vivo studies. Current tools for optogenetic control of intracellular calcium signals currently suffer from slow response time or low dynamic range. Here the authors develop blue light-activated Ca2+ channel switch (BACCS) that modulates the activity of Ca2+-sensitive Orai channels with high temporal resolution and large dynamic range.
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Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2 are sensors of the calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores activates STIM proteins which, in turn, bind and open calcium channels in the plasma membrane formed by the proteins ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3. The resulting store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), mostly controlled by the principal components STIM1 and ORAI1, has been particularly characterized in immune cells. In the nervous system, all STIM and ORAI homologs are expressed. This review summarizes current knowledge on distribution and function of STIM and ORAI proteins in central neurons and glial cells, i.e. astrocytes and microglia. STIM2 is required for SOCE in hippocampal synapses and cortical neurons, whereas STIM1 controls calcium store replenishment in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In microglia, STIM1, STIM2, and ORAI1 regulate migration and phagocytosis. The isoforms ORAI2 and ORAI3 are candidates for SOCE channels in neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Due to the role of SOCE in neuronal and glial calcium homeostasis, dysfunction of STIM and ORAI proteins may have consequences for the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kraft
- a Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
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Moccia F, Zuccolo E, Soda T, Tanzi F, Guerra G, Mapelli L, Lodola F, D'Angelo E. Stim and Orai proteins in neuronal Ca(2+) signaling and excitability. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:153. [PMID: 25964739 PMCID: PMC4408853 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stim1 and Orai1 are ubiquitous proteins that have long been known to mediate Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) current (ICRAC) and store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) only in non-excitable cells. SOCE is activated following the depletion of the endogenous Ca2+ stores, which are mainly located within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to replete the intracellular Ca2+ reservoir and engage specific Ca2+-dependent processes, such as proliferation, migration, cytoskeletal remodeling, and gene expression. Their paralogs, Stim2, Orai2 and Orai3, support SOCE in heterologous expression systems, but their physiological role is still obscure. Ca2+ inflow in neurons has long been exclusively ascribed to voltage-operated and receptor-operated channels. Nevertheless, recent work has unveiled that Stim1–2 and Orai1-2, but not Orai3, proteins are also expressed and mediate SOCE in neurons. Herein, we survey current knowledge about the neuronal distribution of Stim and Orai proteins in rodent and human brains; we further discuss that Orai2 is the main pore-forming subunit of CRAC channels in central neurons, in which it may be activated by either Stim1 or Stim2 depending on species, brain region and physiological stimuli. We examine the functions regulated by SOCE in neurons, where this pathway is activated under resting conditions to refill the ER, control spinogenesis and regulate gene transcription. Besides, we highlighted the possibility that SOCE also controls neuronal excitation and regulate synaptic plasticity. Finally, we evaluate the involvement of Stim and Orai proteins in severe neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moccia
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Estella Zuccolo
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Teresa Soda
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Franco Tanzi
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise Campobasso, Italy
| | - Lisa Mapelli
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy ; Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro di Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy ; Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Pavia Pavia, Italy
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Kito H, Yamamura H, Suzuki Y, Yamamura H, Ohya S, Asai K, Imaizumi Y. Regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry activity by cell cycle dependent up-regulation of Orai2 in brain capillary endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:457-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Inayama M, Suzuki Y, Yamada S, Kurita T, Yamamura H, Ohya S, Giles WR, Imaizumi Y. Orai1-Orai2 complex is involved in store-operated calcium entry in chondrocyte cell lines. Cell Calcium 2015; 57:337-47. [PMID: 25769459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) influx via store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) plays critical roles in many essential cellular functions. The Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel complex, consisting of Orai and STIM, is one of the major components of store-operated Ca(2+) (SOC) channels. Our previous study demonstrated that histamine can cause sustained Ca(2+) entry through SOC channels in OUMS-27 cells derived from human chondrosarcoma. This SOCE was increased by low- and decreased by high-concentrations of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and Western blot analyses revealed abundant expressions of Orai1, Orai2 and STIM1. Introduction of dominant negative mutant of Orai1, or siOrai1 knockdown significantly attenuated SOCE. Following histamine application, single molecule imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy demonstrated punctate Orai1-STIM1 complex formation in plasma membrane. In contrast, knockdown or over-expression of Orai2 resulted in an increase or a decrease in SOCE, respectively. Finally, TIRF imaging revealed direct coupling between Orai1 and Orai2, and suggested that Orai2 reduces Orai1 function by formation of a hetero-tetramer. These results provide substantial evidence that Orai1, Orai2 and STIM1 form functional CRAC channels in OUMS-27 cells and that these complexes are responsible for sustained Ca(2+) entry in response to agonist stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Inayama
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamada
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurita
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Susumu Ohya
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Wayne R Giles
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yuji Imaizumi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Liu S, Kiyoi T, Takemasa E, Maeyama K. Systemic Lentivirus-Mediated Delivery of Short Hairpin RNA Targeting Calcium Release–Activated Calcium Channel 3 as Gene Therapy for Collagen-Induced Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:76-83. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Guzman R, Valente EG, Pretorius J, Pacheco E, Qi M, Bennett BD, Fong DH, Lin FF, Bi V, McBride HJ. Expression of ORAII, a plasma membrane resident subunit of the CRAC channel, in rodent and non-rodent species. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 62:864-78. [PMID: 25249026 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414554926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the expression of ORAI1 protein in rodent and non-rodent tissues using a monoclonal antibody directed against an extracellular loop of the protein. Previous reports using antibodies directed at the C-terminus of ORAI1 have not detected central nervous system (CNS) expression. Our results demonstrate broad tissue expression that includes the CNS using a unique monoclonal antibody specific to an extracellular loop of ORAI1. In addition, we present in situ hybridization (ISH) results using a probe within the middle of the mouse coding region showing CNS expression of Orai1 RNA. We contrast the patterns of rodent and human tissue expression and conclude that rodents have similar expression of ORAI1 in most tissue types when compared to primates, with an important exception being the male reproductive system, where human-specific expression is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Guzman
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Eliane G Valente
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Jim Pretorius
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Efrain Pacheco
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Meiying Qi
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Brian D Bennett
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - David H Fong
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Fen-Fen Lin
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Vivian Bi
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Helen J McBride
- Departments of Pathology (RG, EGV, JP, EP, MQ), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaTherapeutic Discovery (FFL, VB), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaDiscovery Toxicology (HJM), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaInflammation Research (BDB, DHF), Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, California
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Store-operated CRAC channels regulate gene expression and proliferation in neural progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9107-23. [PMID: 24990931 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0263-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signals regulate many critical processes during vertebrate brain development including neurogenesis, neurotransmitter specification, and axonal outgrowth. However, the identity of the ion channels mediating Ca(2+) signaling in the developing nervous system is not well defined. Here, we report that embryonic and adult mouse neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs) exhibit store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) mediated by Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. SOCE in NPCs was blocked by the CRAC channel inhibitors La(3+), BTP2, and 2-APB and Western blots revealed the presence of the canonical CRAC channel proteins STIM1 and Orai1. Knock down of STIM1 or Orai1 significantly diminished SOCE in NPCs, and SOCE was lost in NPCs from transgenic mice lacking Orai1 or STIM1 and in knock-in mice expressing the loss-of-function Orai1 mutant, R93W. Therefore, STIM1 and Orai1 make essential contributions to SOCE in NPCs. SOCE in NPCs was activated by epidermal growth factor and acetylcholine, the latter occurring through muscarinic receptors. Activation of SOCE stimulated gene transcription through calcineurin/NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) signaling through a mechanism consistent with local Ca(2+) signaling by Ca(2+) microdomains near CRAC channels. Importantly, suppression or deletion of STIM1 and Orai1 expression significantly attenuated proliferation of embryonic and adult NPCs cultured as neurospheres and, in vivo, in the subventricular zone of adult mice. These findings show that CRAC channels serve as a major route of Ca(2+) entry in NPCs and regulate key effector functions including gene expression and proliferation, indicating that CRAC channels are important regulators of mammalian neurogenesis.
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Hoth M, Niemeyer BA. The neglected CRAC proteins: Orai2, Orai3, and STIM2. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 71:237-71. [PMID: 23890118 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407870-3.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasma-membrane-localized Orai1 ion channel subunits interacting with ER-localized STIM1 molecules comprise the major subunit composition responsible for calcium release-activated calcium channels. STIM1 "translates" the Ca(2+) store content into Orai1 activity, making it a store-operated channel. Surprisingly, in addition to being the physical activator, STIM1 also modulates Orai1 properties, including its inactivation and permeation (see Chapter 1). STIM1 is thus more than a pure Orai1 activator. Within the past 7 years following the discovery of STIM and Orai proteins, the molecular mechanisms of STIM1/Orai1 activity and their functional importance have been studied in great detail. Much less is currently known about the other isoforms STIM2, Orai2, and Orai3. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about STIM2, Orai2, and Orai3 properties and function. Are these homologues mainly modulators of predominantly STIM1/Orai1-mediated complexes or do store-dependent or -independent functions such as regulation of basal Ca(2+) concentration and activation of Orai3-containing complexes by arachidonic acid or by estrogen receptors point toward their "true" physiological function? Is Orai2 the Orai1 of neurons? A major focus of the review is on the functional relevance of STIM2, Orai2, and Orai3, some of which still remains speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoth
- Department of Biophysics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Harper MT, Londono JEC, Quick K, Londono JC, Flockerzi V, Philipp SE, Birnbaumer L, Freichel M, Poole AW. Transient Receptor Potential Channels Function as a Coincidence Signal Detector Mediating Phosphatidylserine Exposure. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra50. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Derler I, Fritsch R, Schindl R, Romanin C. CRAC inhibitors: identification and potential. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 3:787-800. [PMID: 23496221 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.7.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels, a subfamily of store-operated channels, play an essential role in various diseases such as immune disorders and allergic responses. OBJECTIVE The successful treatment of these diseases requires the identification of specific inhibitors. So far, a variety of chemical compounds blocking CRAC have been identified; however, they have all turned out to be less specific. Recently two proteins, STIM1 and ORAI1, have been identified as the essential components that fully reconstitute CRAC currents with a similar biophysical fingerprint. METHOD These two proteins and their activation process represent direct targets for the application of specific CRAC inhibitors. RESULTS/CONCLUSION For drug development, fluorescence microscopy adaptable for high-throughput screening will provide a powerful assay to mechanistically identify potential CRAC inhibitors that act on various stages within the STIM1/ORAI1 activation pathway visualized by fluorescent-tagged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Derler
- University of Linz, Institute of Biophysics, A-4040 Linz, Austria +43 732 2468 9272 ; +43 732 2468 9280 ; ;
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Abstract
In many animal cells, store-operated Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels function as an essential route for Ca(2+) entry. CRAC channels control many fundamental cellular functions including gene expression, motility, and cell proliferation, are involved in the etiology of several disease processes including a severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, and have emerged as major targets for drug development. Although little was known of the molecular mechanisms of CRAC channel operation for several decades, the discovery of Orai1 as a prototypic CRAC channel protein and STIM1 as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) sensor has led to rapid progress in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of CRAC channels. It is now known that activation of CRAC channels following ER Ca(2+) store depletion is governed by several events, which include the redistributions and accumulations of STIM1 and Orai1 into overlapping puncta at peripheral cellular sites, resulting in direct protein-protein interactions between the two proteins. In this chapter, I review the molecular features of the STIM and Orai proteins that regulate the gating and ion conduction mechanisms of CRAC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Prakriya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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