Anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylcholine

TREM2 macrophages mediate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery against MASH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

For patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome, bariatric procedures such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) have a clear benefit in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). While the effects of bariatric surgeries have been mainly attributed to nutrient restriction and malabsorption, whether immuno-modulatory mechanisms are involved remains unclear.

APPROACH AND RESULT

Using murine models, we report that VSG ameliorates MASH progression in a weight loss-independent manner. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that hepatic lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) expressing the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) repress inflammation and increase their lysosomal activity in response to VSG. Remarkably, TREM2 deficiency in mice ablates the reparative effects of VSG, suggesting that TREM2 is required for MASH resolution. Mechanistically, TREM2 prevents the inflammatory activation of macrophages and is required for their efferocytic function.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our findings indicate that bariatric surgery improves MASH through a reparative process driven by TREM2+ macrophages, providing insights into the mechanisms of disease reversal that may result in new therapies and improved surgical interventions.

A Study of Sex Differences in the Biological Pathways of Stress Regulation in Mice

BACKGROUND

Stress is closely related to life, and it can also cause many mental disorders. However, there are significant sex differences in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with stress, particularly in depression, where the lifetime risk of depression in women is approximately twice that of men. However, the specific mechanism of this process has not been explained in detail.

METHODS

Chronic restraint stress (CRS) + chronic and unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used to simulate social stress, and behavioral experiments, HE staining of rectal and hippocampal pathological sections, detection of depression-related biological indicators, analysis of intestinal flora diversity, and metabolomics analysis of hippocampal and intestinal contents were performed.

RESULTS

The results showed that stress induced anxiety-like behavior in female mice and depression-like behavior in male mice. Sex differences in behavior may be related to monoamine neurotransmitters, hyperactivity of HPA axis, inflammatory factors, gut microbiota, and brain-gut metabolism. It is worth noting that stress caused opposite trends in DA (dopamine) levels, abundance of f-lactobaciliaceae, and levels of metabolites (1, 2-distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and PC(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)/20:1(11Z)) in male and female mice.

CONCLUSION

The difference in neurotransmitter levels, the disorder of gut microbiota, and the abnormal brain and gut metabolism may lead to the gender difference in stress behavior.

Low lipid levels caused by bisphenol S exposure trigger neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the brain of zebrafish

Bisphenol S (BPS), as an environmental pollutant, is known to reduce brain lipid levels and induce neurotoxicity. However, whether brain lipid imbalance can induce neurotoxicity has not yet been clarified. Here, wild-type zebrafish and apoEb mutant zebrafish were used to investigate the effect of BPS on the macrophages proliferation and microglia mobilization caused by the decrease of cerebral lipids and its potential neurotoxic effects. The zebrafish exposed to BPS (1, 10, or 100 μg/L) from 2 hours after fertilization (hpf) to 3 days after fertilization (dpf) displayed microglial aggregation, as well as a decrease in brain lipid content. Lipidomic analyses of the brains and plasma of 50 dpf zebrafish exposed to BPS were used to identify key lipids, including lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine in brain and phosphatidylcholine in plasma. The apoEb mutant zebrafish as a hyperlipidemia model was used to further demonstrate that BPS-induced lipid reduction increased the number of microglia in the brain. Our data provide new insight into the mechanism by which pollutants cause neurotoxicity.

Blood metabolic biomarkers and colorectal cancer risk: results from large prospective cohort and Mendelian randomisation analyses

BACKGROUND

Emerging evidence suggests metabolic dysregulation may contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) aetiology. We aimed to identify pre-diagnostic metabolic biomarkers for CRC risk in 230,420 UK Biobank participants.

METHODS

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to quantify 249 metabolic biomarkers in plasma samples collected at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations of metabolic biomarkers with CRC risk after adjusting for potential confounders. To infer the potential causality of biomarkers that were associated with CRC independent of the others, we performed genome-wide association analyses among 199,732 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry to identify biomarker-associated genetic variants, followed by two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using summary statistics of 78,473 CRC cases and 107,143 controls of European ancestry.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up time of 9.7 years, 2,410 incident primary CRC cases were identified. Among 43 CRC-associated (P-value < 0.001) metabolic biomarkers, ten biomarkers including fatty acids (FAs), inflammation, ketone bodies, and lipoprotein lipids were associated with CRC risk after mutual adjustment. MR analyses provided strong evidence for potential causal associations of CRC risk with percentages of linolic acid [odds ratio (OR) = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83-0.96, P-value = 3 × 10-3] and saturated FAs (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.25, P-value = 9  ×  10-3) to total FAs.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified multiple CRC-associated metabolic biomarkers. Perturbed lipid and lipoprotein metabolism may promote colorectal carcinogenesis.

Active dry yeast enhances immunity through modulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolic processes in captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)

BACKGROUND

The forest musk deer (FMD, Moschus berezovskii), an endangered small ruminant, is listed as a class I protected wild animals in China. However, compared to their wild counterparts, captive FMD are more prone to gastrointestinal diseases caused by gut microbial dysbiosis, which severely limits population growth and increases the risk of mortality. Active dry yeast (ADY), as a commonly used feed additive, has been widely applied in domestic livestock to improve gut microbiota and enhance immune function. Whether dietary supplementation with ADY in captive FMD contributes to gut microbial homeostasis and physical health is still unclear. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with ADY on the immunity, gut microbial composition, and serum metabolites in FMD.

METHODS

Fourteen male FMD from the Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation (Chongqing, China), with similar initial bodyweights (7.0±0.3kg) and an average age of 4.5 years, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group was fed a standard diet, while the ADY group received the standard diet supplemented with ADY at a dosage of 10 g/kg DM.

RESULTS

ADY supplementation significantly increased the concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the serum. ADY improved the richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, increased the relative abundance of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, but decreased the relative abundance of the Proteobacteria. A widely targeted metabolomics analysis identified a total of 25 differential metabolites, with 10 being upregulated and 15 downregulated. Many differential metabolites, for example phosphatidylcholine, Glu-His, L-cysteine and other differential metabolites contributed to strengthening the immunity of the FMD by affecting arachidonic acid metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and so on.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation with ADY positively impacts the immunity of FMD by modulating the composition of the gut microbial communities and serum metabolites.

Mendelian randomization study of lipid species reveals causal relationship with syphilis

Although some studies have reported a possible association between lipid and the development and progression of syphilis, the overall causal relationship between lipid and syphilis remains unclear. Data abstracted from extensive genome-wide association studies were utilized to pinpoint genetic variations linked to 179 distinct lipid species. Subsequently, these variations served as instrumental variables in Mendelian Randomization (MR) analyses, aimed at evaluating the causal impact of these lipid species on the occurrence of syphilis. A range of methods, including Weighted Mode, Weighted Median, Simple Mode, MR Egger, and Inverse Variance Weighted, were employed to determine the causal influence. For the purpose of sensitivity analysis, techniques such as Inverse Variance Weighted, MR-Egger, the MR Steiger test, the MR-Egger Intercept Test, and MR-PRESSO were applied. Additionally, Multivariate Mendelian Randomization (MVMR) analyses were conducted to directly assess the causal effect of lipid species on the risk of syphilis. Sterol ester (SE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) could potentially impact syphilis risk. Specifically, SE (27:1/16:0), SE (27:1/18:2), SE (27:1/18:3), SE (27:1/20:3), and SE (27:1/22:6) were linked to an elevated risk of syphilis. PC (18:2_0:0) was linked to an elevated risk of syphilis. In contrast, PC (16:1_18:0) exhibited a protective role against syphilis. No heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was detected. SE (27:1/16:0), SE (27:1/18:2), SE(27:1/18:3), SE (27:1/20:3), and SE (27:1/22:6) were no longer significantly associated with syphilis in the MVMR analysis (P>0.05). In addition, the previously observed effect of PC (18:2_0:0) on syphilis in univariate MR Was no longer significant in MVMR analysis. However, genetically predicted PC (16:1_18:0) was still significantly negatively associated with syphilis, consistent with univariate MR analysis. We observed that hereditary SE and PC levels appear to be associated with syphilis susceptibility. Future research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind this supposed causation and to develop corresponding treatment strategies.

Identifying Metabolomic Mediators of the Physical Activity and Colorectal Cancer Relationship

BACKGROUND

Current evidence suggests higher physical activity (PA) levels are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. However, the mediating role of the circulating metabolome in this relationship remains unclear.

METHODS

Targeted metabolomics data from 6,055 participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort were used to identify metabolites associated with PA and derive a metabolomic signature of PA levels. PA levels were estimated using the validated Cambridge PA index based on baseline questionnaires. Mediation analyses were conducted in a nested case-control study (1,585 cases, 1,585 controls) to examine whether individual metabolites and the metabolomic signature mediated the PA-colorectal cancer association.

RESULTS

PA was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR per category change: 0.90, 95% confidence interval, 0.83-0.97; P value = 0.009). PA levels were associated with 24 circulating metabolites after FDR correction, with the strongest associations observed for phosphatidylcholine acyl-alkyl (PC ae) C34:3 (FDR-adjusted P value = 1.18 × 10-10) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyl C18:2 (FDR-adjusted P value = 1.35 × 10-6). PC ae C34:3 partially mediated the PA-colorectal cancer association (natural indirect effect: 0.991, 95% confidence interval, 0.982-0.999; P value = 0.04), explaining 7.4% of the association. No mediation effects were observed for the remaining metabolites or the overall PA metabolite signature.

CONCLUSIONS

PC ae C34:3 mediates part of the PA-colorectal cancer inverse association, but further studies with improved PA measures and extended metabolomic panels are needed.

IMPACT

These findings provide insights into PA-related biological mechanisms influencing colorectal cancer risk and suggest potential targets for cancer prevention interventions.

Inhibition of intracellular versus extracellular cathepsin D differentially alters the liver lipidome of mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) progressing to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterized by hepatic inflammation, has significantly increased in recent years due to unhealthy dietary practices and sedentary lifestyles. Cathepsin D (CTSD), a lysosomal protease involved in lipid homeostasis, is linked to abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in MASH. Although primarily intracellular, CTSD can be secreted extracellularly. Our previous proteomics research has shown that inhibition of extracellular CTSD results in more anti-inflammatory effects and fewer potential side effects compared to intracellular CTSD inhibition. However, the correlation between reduced side effects and alterations in the hepatic lipid composition remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the correlation between intra- and extracellular CTSD inhibition and potential alterations in the hepatic lipid composition in MASH. Low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr-/-) mice were fed a high-fat diet for 10 weeks and received subcutaneous injections every 2 days of vehicle, intracellular CTSD inhibitor (GA-12), or extracellular CTSD inhibitor (CTD-002). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to visualize and compare the lipid composition in liver tissues. Hepatic phosphatidylcholine remodeling was observed with both inhibitors, suggesting their therapeutic potential in treating MASH. Treatment with an intracellular CTSD inhibitor resulted in elevated levels of cardiolipin, reactive oxygen species, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and lipids that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation, and induced more oxidative stress. The observed modifications in lipid composition demonstrate the clinical advantages of extracellular CTSD inhibition as a potentially beneficial therapeutic approach for MASH.

Plasma lipidomic alterations during pathogenic SIV infection with and without antiretroviral therapy

Introduction

Lipid profiles change in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and correlate with inflammation. Lipidomic alterations are impacted by multiple non-HIV-related behavioral risk factors; thus, use of animal models in which these behavioral factors are controlled may inform on the specific lipid changes induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection and/or antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods

Using ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy, we assessed and compared (ANOVA) longitudinal lipid changes in naïve and ART-treated SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (PTMs). Key parameters of infection (IL-6, TNFa, D-dimer, CRP and CD4+ T cell counts) were correlated (Spearman) with lipid concentrations at critical time points of infection and treatment.

Results

Sphingomyelins (SM) and lactosylceramides (LCER) increased during acute infection, returning to baseline during chronic infection; Hexosylceramides (HCER) increased throughout infection, being normalized with prolonged ART; Phosphatidylinositols (PI) and lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) decreased with SIV infection and did not return to normal with ART; Phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), lysophosphatidylethanolamines (LPE) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) were unchanged by SIV infection, yet significantly decreased throughout ART. Specific lipid species (SLS) were also substantially modified by SIV and/or ART in most lipid classes. In conclusion, using a metabolically controlled model, we identified specific lipidomics signatures of SIV infection and/or ART, some of which were similar to people living with HIV (PWH). Many SLS were identical to those involved in development of organ dysfunctions encountered in virally suppressed individuals. Lipid changes also correlated with markers of disease progression, inflammation and coagulation.

Discussion

Our data suggest that lipidomic profile alterations contribute to residual systemic inflammation and comorbidities seen in HIV/SIV infections and therefore may be used as biomarkers of SIV/HIV comorbidities. Further exploration into the benefits of interventions targeting dyslipidemia is needed for the prevention HIV-related comorbidities.

Plasma Lipid Metabolites, Clinical Glycemic Predictors, and Incident Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE

Plasma metabolite profiling has uncovered several nonglycemic markers of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated whether such biomarkers provide information about specific aspects of T2D etiology, such as impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, and whether their association with T2D risk varies by race.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Untargeted plasma metabolite profiling was performed of participants in the FINRISK 2002 cohort (n = 7,564). Cox regression modeling was conducted to identify metabolites associated with incident T2D during 14 years of follow-up. Metabolites were clustered into pathways using Gaussian graphical modeling. Clusters enriched for T2D biomarkers were further examined for covariation with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (2hPG), HbA1c, or fasting insulin. Validation analyses and tests of interaction with race were performed in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

RESULTS

Two clusters of metabolites, representing diacylglycerols (DAGs) and phosphatidylcholines (PCs), contained the largest number of metabolite associations with incident T2D. DAGs associated with increased T2D incidence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.22; 95% CI 1.14-1.30) independent of FPG, HbA1c, and fasting insulin, but not 2hPG. PCs were inversely associated with T2D risk (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.71-0.85) independent of FPG, 2hPG, HbA1c, and fasting insulin. No significant interaction between DAGs or PCs and race was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Fasting DAGs may capture information regarding T2D risk similar to that represented by 2hPG; PCs may capture aspects of T2D etiology that differ from those represented by conventional biomarkers. The direction of effect and strength of DAG and PC associations with incident T2D are similar across European and African Americans.

Metabolic Reprogramming in Response to Freund's Adjuvants: Insights from Serum Metabolomics

Freund's adjuvants have been used in vaccine and autoimmune settings, and their effects can be overlapping or unique to each. While both incomplete Freund's adjuvants (IFA) and complete Freund's adjuvants (CFA) influence antibody and T cell responses, the robust T helper 1 cytokines induced by the mycobacterial components make CFA the powerful immunostimulating adjuvant. In these studies, the adjuvant effects are investigated in a select population of cells, and the changes, if any, with the metabolic alterations in the systemic compartment are unclear. We investigated whether the effects of IFA and CFA can be influenced by the metabolic shifts in mice immunized with saline, IFA, or CFA using Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a positive control. After seven days of immunization, we analyzed the serum metabolite profiles using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to identify metabolic features between the groups. The data revealed that, in the scores space, the CFA and BCG groups were more closely aligned compared to the saline group, while the IFA group displayed an intermediate profile. Furthermore, comparisons between the CFA and BCG groups showed more significant perturbations in lipid and amino acid metabolism, particularly involving glycerophospholipids, cysteine, and aromatic amino acids. In contrast, comparisons between the BCG and IFA groups indicated a more pronounced disruption in central energy metabolism pathways, such as the citric acid cycle and pyruvate metabolism. Together, the data suggest that the serum metabolite profiles in response to IFA and CFA might play a role in modulating the immune responses.

Potential of Newly Synthesized Sea Buckthorn Phytocarriers as Anti-Inflammatory Active Agents

Background: Phytocarriers are advanced drug delivery systems that use biocompatible and biodegradable materials to enhance the efficacy, stability, and bioavailability of natural products. The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry extract is rich in essential fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its wide-ranging health benefits. In this study, we assessed the morphology, intracellular delivery, and anti-inflammatory effect of sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)-based phytocarriers loaded with ethanolic extract from sea buckthorn berries (sea buckthorn carrier nanostructures, further defined as phytocarriers). Methods: Negative and electron cryo-microscopy were used to analyze hollow and loaded nanocarriers. The cyto-compatibility of nanocarriers was assessed by endpoint (LDH and MTS) and real-time cell assays, on both human fibroblasts (HS27) and human normal monocytes (SC). The anti-inflammatory effect of hollow and loaded nanocarriers was tested by multiplexing. Results: The negative and electron cryo-microscopy analyses showed that NaC-based phytocarriers were spherical, whilst NaDC-based phytocarriers were predominantly polymorphic. Moreover, the NaDC-based phytocarriers frequently formed large lipid networks or "plaques". Although 24 h cytotoxicity testing showed both types of nanocarriers are biocompatible with human fibroblasts and monocytes, based on a long-term real-time assay, NaDC delayed fibroblast proliferation. NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers did not impair fibroblast proliferation in the long term and they were uptaken by cells, as shown by hyperspectral microscopy. NaC nanocarriers and NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers induced an anti-inflammatory effect, lowering IL-8 cytokine production in normal human monocytes as soon as 4 h of treatment lapsed. Conclusions: NaC-derived phytocarriers loaded with sea buckthorn alcoholic extract are a cell-compatible delivery system with anti-inflammatory properties.

Machine learning-driven Raman spectroscopy: A novel approach to lipid profiling in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that increasingly affects people every year. It is known that with its progression and poor management, metabolic changes can lead to organ dysfunctions, including kidneys. The study aimed to combine Raman spectroscopy and biochemical lipid profiling, complemented by machine learning (ML) techniques to evaluate chemical composition changes in kidneys induced by Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Raman spectroscopy identified significant differences in lipid content and specific molecular vibrations, with the 1777 cm-1 band emerging as a potential spectroscopic marker for diabetic kidney damage. The integration of ML algorithms improved the analysis, providing high accuracy, selectivity, and specificity in detecting these changes. Moreover, lipids metabolic profiling revealed distinct variations in the concentration of 11 phosphatydylocholines and 9 acyl-alkylphosphatidylcholines glycerophospholipids. Importantly, the correlation between Raman data and lipids metabolic profiling differed for control and T2DM groups. This study underscores the combined power of Raman spectroscopy and ML in offering a low-cost, fast, precise, and comprehensive approach to diagnosing and monitoring diabetic nephropathy, paving the way for improved clinical interventions. However, taking into account small number of data related to ethical committee approvals, the study should be verified on a larger number of cases.

Characterisation of the phytochemical and bioactivity profiles of raw tea, stale-aroma, and betelnut-aroma type of Liupao tea through GC/LC-MS-based metabolomics

Liupao tea (LPT) is a Chinese dark tea known to possess a unique flavour. Microbial fermentation plays a crucial role in flavour development and enrichment. Currently, the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of LPT with and without fermentation are not fully known. In this study, we compared the chemical composition of raw tea (SF), stale-aroma (SA), and betelnut-aroma (BA) type LPT through the application of GC/LC-MS-based metabolomics, and experimentally investigated their bioactivities via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic assays in vitro. The results indicated that fermentation enhanced the flavour of LPT as evidenced by the sweetness-producing substances, decreased bitterness and astringency-related compounds and enriched abundance of aroma-generating compounds. Two and four volatiles were detected to be major contributors to the aroma in SA and BA, respectively. Fatty acids and phosphatidylcholines were the primary lipids, among which the lysing diacylglycerol trimethyl homoserines were found to be a new class of lipids in LPT. Notably, the fermentation resulted in the degradation of compounds, particularly glycerophospholipids and saccharolipids. SF had the highest level of bioactivity, followed by BA and SA. These findings expand the present understanding regarding the development of flavour, nutrition, and medicinal value of LPT. Moreover, they provide a theoretical basis for the identification of BA and SA and serve as a reference value for consumers in their selection of LPT products.

Current perspectives for metabolomics and lipidomics in dyslipidemia of acne vulgaris: a mini review

Acne vulgaris (AV) is a common inflammatory disorder involving the pilosebaceous unit. Many studies have reported that people with AV have higher levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) compared to healthy controls. Hence, they concluded that an unhealthy lipid profile is an independent risk factor for AV. Recent research in metabolomics and lipidomics has been propelled by rapid advancements in technologies including computational methods and mass spectrometry. Using metabolomics and lipidomics approach, a broad range of structurally diverse lipid species were detected and important lipid biomarkers were identified that are vital to the pathogenesis of AV. In this review, we will describe the recent progress in dyslipidemia of AV using metabolomics and lipidomics advances. We will begin with a literature overview of dyslipidemia of AV, followed by a short introduction of metabolomics and lipidomics. Finally, we will focus on applying metabolomics and lipidomics in dyslipidemia of AV.

Effects of fishing stress on fatty acid and amino acid composition and glycolipid metabolism in triploid rainbow trout

Triploid Oncorhynchus mykiss is an important economic fish worldwide. Fishing stress can affect its growth and meat quality. This study first explored the effects of fishing stress on fatty acid and amino acid in triploid O. mykiss. Results showed fishing stress significantly reduced the content of docosadienoic acid, Gly, Arg, and DAA (P < 0.05). Targeted lipidomics analysis furthered suggested that some lipid molecules belonging to TG, DG, PC, Cer, ChE, and So were significantly up-regulated; while some lipid molecules belonging to Cer, LPE, LPC, PS, PC, and SM were significantly down-regulated, suggesting an accelerated glycolipid metabolism. Eventually, the glycolipid metabolism-related enzyme activity and gene expressions were examined, and the results indicated that O. mykiss was anti-oxidative stress by affecting relevant glycolipid metabolism signaling pathways and participating in cellular redox homeostasis. Findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for further investigation into the mechanisms through which fishing stress affects O. mykiss.

Metabolic signatures of combined exercise and fasting: an expanded perspective on previous telomere length findings

Introduction

Aging is a complex process marked by a gradual decline in physiological function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Telomere length is frequently regarded as one of the primary biomarkers of aging. Metabolic profiles are key features in longevity and have been associated with both age and age-related diseases. We previously reported an increase in the telomere length in healthy female subjects when Ramadan fasting was combined with physical training. This study aims to characterize the metabolic signature differentiating the combined effects of exercise and fasting from exercise alone and explore the correlations with the previously reported telomere length changes.

Methods

Twenty-nine young, non-obese, and healthy female subjects were previously randomized into two groups: one group followed a 4-week exercise program, while the other group followed the same 4-week exercise program but also fasted during Ramadan. Metabolic profiles were assessed pre- and post-intervention using untargeted metabolomics.

Results and Discussion

Our results showed a significant decrease in many lipid metabolites in the exercise-while-fasting group, particularly ceramides. Our study sheds light on the dynamic changes in lipid metabolism and its potential role in inflammation and age-related diseases, and contributes to the broader understanding of how lifestyle factors can influence cellular aging and metabolic health.

Explore key genes of Crohn's disease based on glycerophospholipid metabolism: A comprehensive analysis Utilizing Mendelian Randomization, Multi-Omics integration, Machine Learning, and SHAP methodology

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, complex inflammatory condition with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. However, the causes of CD remain incompletely understood. We identified CD-related metabolites, inflammatory factors, and key genes by Mendelian randomization (MR), multi-omics integration, machine learning (ML), and SHAP.

METHODS

We first performed a mediation MR analysis on 1400 serum metabolites, 91 inflammatory factors, and CD. We found that certain phospholipids are causally related to CD. In the scRNA-seq data, monocytes were categorized into high and low metabolism groups based on their glycerophospholipid metabolism scores. The differentially expressed genes of these two groups of cells were extracted, and transcription factor prediction, cell communication analysis, and GSEA analysis were performed. After further screening of differentially expressed genes (FDR<0.05, log2FC>1), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was performed to obtain hub genes. Models for hub genes were built using the Catboost, XGboost, and NGboost methods. Further, we used the SHAP method to interpret the models and obtain the gene with the highest contribution to each model. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of these genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of CD patients and healthy subjects.

RESULT

MR results showed 1-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-gpc (16:0/18:0) levels, 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPI (18:0/20:4) levels, 1-arachidonoyl-gpc (20:4n6) levels, 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-gpc (16:0/20:4n6) levels, and 1-arachidonoyl-GPE (20:4n6) levels were significantly associated with CD risk reduction (FDR<0.05), with CXCL9 acting as a mediation between these phospholipids and CD. The analysis identified 19 hub genes, with Catboost, XGboost, and NGboost achieving AUC of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.85, respectively. The SHAP methodology obtained the three genes with the highest model contribution: G0S2, S100A8, and PLAUR. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of S100A8 (p = 0.0003), G0S2 (p < 0.0001), and PLAUR (p = 0.0141) in the PBMC of CD patients were higher than healthy subjects.

CONCLUSION

MR findings suggest that certain phospholipids may lower CD risk. G0S2, S100A8, and PLAUR may be potential pathogenic genes in CD. These phospholipids and genes could serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for CD.

Underneath the Gut-Brain Axis in IBD-Evidence of the Non-Obvious

The gut-brain axis (GBA) plays a pivotal role in human health and wellness by orchestrating complex bidirectional regulation and influencing numerous critical processes within the body. Over the past decade, research has increasingly focused on the GBA in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Beyond its well-documented effects on the GBA-enteric nervous system and vagus nerve dysregulation, and gut microbiota misbalance-IBD also leads to impairments in the metabolic and cellular functions: metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cationic transport, and cytoskeleton dysregulation. These systemic effects are currently underexplored in relation to the GBA; however, they are crucial for the nervous system cells' functioning. This review summarizes the studies on the particular mechanisms of metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cationic transport, and cytoskeleton impairments in IBD. Understanding the involvement of these processes in the GBA may help find new therapeutic targets and develop systemic approaches to improve the quality of life in IBD patients.

Time-Resolved Multiomics Illustrates Host and Gut Microbe Interactions during Salmonella Infection

Salmonella infection, also known as Salmonellosis, is one of the most common food-borne illnesses. Salmonella infection can trigger host defensive functions, including an inflammatory response. The provoked-host inflammatory response has a significant impact on the bacterial population in the gut. In addition, Salmonella competes with other gut microorganisms for survival and growth within the host. Compositional and functional alterations in gut bacteria occur because of the host immunological response and competition between Salmonella and the gut microbiome. Host variation and the inherent complexity of the gut microbial community make understanding commensal and pathogen interactions particularly difficult during a Salmonella infection. Here, we present metabolomics and lipidomics analyses along with the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, revealing a comprehensive view of the metabolic interactions between the host and gut microbiota during Salmonella infection in a CBA/J mouse model. We found that different metabolic pathways were altered over the four investigated time points of Salmonella infection (days -2, +2, +6, and +13). Furthermore, metatranscriptomics analysis integrated with metabolomics and lipidomics analysis facilitated an understanding of the heterogeneous response of mice, depending on the degree of dysbiosis.

Multiomics approach discloses lipids and metabolites profiles associated to Parkinson's disease stages and applied therapies

Profiling circulating lipids and metabolites in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients could be useful not only to highlight new pathways affected in PD condition but also to identify sensitive and effective biomarkers for early disease detection and potentially effective therapeutic interventions. In this study we adopted an untargeted omics approach in three groups of patients (No L-Dopa, L-Dopa and DBS) to disclose whether long-term levodopa treatment with or without deep brain stimulation (DBS) could reflect a characteristic lipidomic and metabolomic signature at circulating level. Our findings disclosed a wide up regulation of the majority of differentially regulated lipid species that increase with disease progression and severity. We found a relevant modulation of triacylglycerols and acyl-carnitines, together with an altered profile in adiponectin and leptin, that can differentiate the DBS treated group from the others PD patients. We found a highly significant increase of exosyl ceramides (Hex2Cer) and sphingoid bases (SPB) in PD patients mainly in DBS group (p < 0.0001), which also resulted in a highly accurate diagnostic performance. At metabolomic level, we found a wide dysregulation of pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of several amino acids. The most interesting finding was the identification of a specific modulation of L-glutamic acid in the three groups of patients. L-glutamate levels increased slightly in No L-Dopa and highly in L-Dopa patients while decreased in DBS, suggesting that DBS therapy might have a beneficial effect on the glutamatergic cascade. All together, these data provide novel insights into the molecular and metabolic alterations underlying PD therapy and might be relevant for PD prediction, diagnosis and treatment.

Plasma lipidome, circulating inflammatory proteins, and Parkinson's disease: a Mendelian randomization study

Background

Observational studies have suggested that plasma lipidome play a pivotal role in the occurrence of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains unknown which lipids among plasma lipidome affect PD and how they exert their influence. Clarity is lacking regarding the causal relationship between plasma lipidome and PD, as well as whether circulating inflammatory proteins serve as mediators.

Methods

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with 179 plasma lipidome were selected as instrumental variables to assess their causal impact on PD. PD data, serving as the outcome, were sourced from the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium, which boasts the largest sample size to date. The inverse variance weighted (IVW), Weighted median method, MR-Egger method, Simple mode method, Weighted mode method and MR-PRESSO were employed to evaluate the influence of the 179 plasma lipidome on PD. Heterogeneity, pleiotropy tests, and reverse causality analyses were conducted accordingly. Additionally, we analyzed the causal relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and PD, exploring whether these proteins serve as mediators in the pathway from plasma lipidome to PD.

Results

Among the 179 plasma lipidome, three were found to be associated with a reduced risk of PD: Phosphatidylcholine (14:0_18:2) (IVW, OR = 0.877; 95%CI, 0.787-0.978; p = 0.018), Phosphatidylcholine (16:0_16:1) levels (IVW, OR = 0.835; 95%CI, 0.717-0.973; p = 0.021), and Phosphatidylcholine (O-17:0_17:1) levels (IVW, OR = 0.854; 95%CI, 0.779-0.936; p = 0.001). Meanwhile, Sphingomyelin (d38:1) was linked to an increased risk of PD (IVW, OR = 1.095; 95%CI, 1.027-1.166; p = 0.005). Among the 91 circulating inflammatory proteins, three were associated with a lower PD risk: Fibroblast growth factor 21 levels (IVW, OR = 0.817; 95%CI, 0.674-0.990; p = 0.039), Transforming growth factor-alpha levels (IVW, OR = 0.825; 95%CI, 0.683-0.998; p = 0.048), and Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 levels (IVW, OR = 0.846; 95%CI, 0.744-0.963; p = 0.011). Two were associated with a higher risk of PD: Interleukin-17A levels (IVW, OR = 1.285; 95%CI, 1.051-1.571; p = 0.014) and TNF-beta levels (IVW, OR = 1.088; 95%CI, 1.010-1.171; p = 0.026). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between Phosphatidylcholine (14:0_18:2) levels and Fibroblast growth factor 21 levels (IVW, OR = 1.125; 95%CI, 1.006-1.257; p = 0.038), suggesting that Fibroblast growth factor 21 levels may serve as a mediating factor in the pathway between Phosphatidylcholine (14.0_18.2) levels and PD. The mediation effect was estimated to be -0.024, accounting for approximately 18% of the total effect.

Conclusion

Both plasma lipidome and circulating inflammatory proteins demonstrate a causal relationship with PD. Additionally, circulating inflammatory proteins may serve as mediators in the pathway from plasma lipidome to PD. These findings may contribute to the prediction and diagnosis of PD and potentially pave the way for targeted therapies in the future.

Role of myeloid cells in mediating the effects of lipids on ulcerative colitis

Objective

To evaluate the causal relationship between lipids and ulcerative colitis (UC) through Mendelian Randomization (MR), and to further investigate the involvement of immune cells in mediating this process.

Methods

Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of individuals with European ancestry, we analyzed the causal link between 179 lipid types and UC (2,569 UC cases and 453,779 controls) through Two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) and Bayesian-weighted MR (BWMR). Based on this, a mediation screening of 731 immune cell phenotypes was conducted to identify exposure and mediator factors. Lastly, the role and proportion of immune cells in mediating the causal effects of lipids on UC were assessed via reverse MR (RMR) and two-step MR.

Results

The results of MR showed that there was a causal relationship between the six genetically predicted lipid types and UC (P <0.05), and the four immune cell phenotypes were identified as mediators of the association between lipids and UC. Notably, Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (16:0_0:0) served as the exposure factor, and myeloid cells CD11b on CD33+ HLA DR+ CD14dim acted as the mediator. Mediation analysis showed that CD11b on CD33+ HLA DR+ CD14dim had a mediation effect of -0.0205 between PC (16:0_0:0) and UC, with the mediation effect ratio at 15.38%.

Conclusion

Our findings elucidate the causal effect of lipids on UC and identify the significant mediating role of myeloid cells CD11b on CD33+ HLA DR+ CD14dim in regulating UC through PC (16:0_0:0), offering new pathways and strategies for UC clinical treatment.

A pre-vaccination immune metabolic interplay determines the protective antibody response to a dengue virus vaccine

Protective immunity to dengue virus (DENV) requires antibody response to all four serotypes. Systems vaccinology identifies a multi-OMICs pre-vaccination signature and mechanisms predictive of broad antibody responses after immunization with a tetravalent live attenuated DENV vaccine candidate (Butantan-DV/TV003). Anti-inflammatory pathways, including TGF-β signaling expressed by CD68low monocytes, and the metabolites phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) positively correlate with broadly neutralizing antibody responses against DENV. In contrast, expression of pro-inflammatory pathways and cytokines (IFN and IL-1) in CD68hi monocytes and primary and secondary bile acids negatively correlates with broad DENV-specific antibody responses. Induction of TGF-β and IFNs is done respectively by PC/PE and bile acids in CD68low and CD68hi monocytes. The inhibition of viral sensing by PC/PE-induced TGF-β is confirmed in vitro. Our studies show that the balance between metabolites and the pro- or anti-inflammatory state of innate immune cells drives broad and protective B cell response to a live attenuated dengue vaccine.

Effect of rumen-protected choline on fat digestibility and lymph metabolome in dairy cows

Objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) from an established source with low (L, 28.8%) or a prototype with less lipid coating protection and high (H, 60.0%) concentrations of choline chloride on digestibility of fat and supra-mammary lymph metabolome in feed-restricted cows. Pregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows (n = 33; 11/treatment) at mean (±standard deviation) 231 ± 4.7 days of gestation were blocked by body condition (4.23 ± 0.47) and assigned to receive 0 (CON) or 25.8 g/d of choline ion from L (L25.8) or H (H25.8). Cows were adapted to the diet and then fed-restricted to 42% of the net energy of lactation required for maintenance and pregnancy for 9 days. Intake of metabolizable methionine was maintained at 19 g/d. On Day 9, cows were fed 450 g of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and feces and blood were sampled continuously for 24 h. Supra-mammary lymph was sampled 6 h after feeding SFA and metabolome was characterized. Feeding RPC increased digestibility of fat (CON = 80.4 vs. RPC = 86.0 ± 1.9%) and reduced the concentration of haptoglobin in serum (CON = 174 vs. RPC = 77 ± 14 µg/ml) independent of source of RPC fed. Feeding RPC increased the concentrations of triacylglycerol in serum (CON = 15.1 vs. RPC = 17.8 ± 1.9 mg/dl) in feed-restricted cows after feeding SFA, and the increment tended to be greater for cows fed H25.8 than L25.8. Supplementing RPC tended to increase the concentrations of triacylglycerol (CON = 11.4 vs. RPC = 15.8 ± 3.4 mg/dl) in supra-mammary lymph. Feeding RPC increased the concentration of choline and affected the concentrations of analytes involved in metabolic pathways associated with amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of phospholipids in lymph compared with CON. Feeding RPC, independent of source used, increased fat digestibility with some changes in lymph metabolome in cows under negative nutrient balance.

Mendelian randomization analysis identifies causal associations between serum lipidomic profile, amino acid biomarkers and sepsis

Background

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition marked by a severe systemic response to infection, leading to widespread inflammation, cellular signaling disruption, and metabolic dysregulation. The role of lipid and amino acid metabolism in sepsis is not fully understood, but aberrations in this pathway could contribute to the disease's pathophysiology.

Methods

To explore the potential of lipid and amino acid compounds as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of sepsis, a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) study was conducted, examining the relationship between sepsis and 249 serum lipid and amino acid-related markers. Key enzymes involved in synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, including choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1), choline phosphotransferase 1 (CPT1), and ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (EPT1), were also targeted for drug-target Mendelian randomization.

Results

The study found that phosphatidylcholines (OR IVW: 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80-0.96, p = 0.005) and phospholipids in medium HDL (OR IVW: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.77-0.96, p = 0.007) potentially exhibit a protective effect against sepsis nominally. However, the potential drug target of CEPT1, CPT1, and EPT1 was found to be unrelated to septic outcomes.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that increasing levels of phosphatidylcholines and medium HDL phospholipids may reduce the incidence of sepsis. This highlights the potential of lipid-based biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of sepsis, opening avenues for new therapeutic strategies.

Circulating immune and plasma biomarkers of time to HIV rebound in HIV controllers treated with vesatolimod

Background

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 treatment has improved lifespan but requires lifelong adherence for people living with HIV (PLWH), highlighting the need for a cure. Evaluation of potential cure strategies requires analytic treatment interruption (ATI) with close monitoring of viral rebound. Predictive biomarkers for HIV-1 rebound and/or duration of control during ATI will facilitate these HIV cure trials while minimizing risks. Available evidence suggests that host immune, glycomic, lipid, and metabolic markers of inflammation may be associated with HIV-1 persistence in PLWH who are treated during chronic HIV-1 infection.

Methods

We conducted post-hoc analysis of HIV controllers who could maintain low levels of plasma HIV-1 without ART in a phase 1b vesatolimod trial. Baseline and pre-ATI levels of immune, glycomic, lipidomic, and metabolomic markers were tested for association with ATI outcomes (time of HIV-1 rebound to 200 copies/mL and 1,000 copies/mL, duration of HIV-1 RNA ≤400 copies/mL and change in intact proviral HIV-1 DNA during ATI) using Spearman's correlation and Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Higher levels of CD69+CD8+ T-cells were consistently associated with shorter time to HIV-1 rebound at baseline and pre-ATI. With few exceptions, baseline fucosylated, non-galactosylated, non-sialylated, bisecting IgG N-glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control as with previous studies. Baseline plasma MPA and HPA binding glycans and non-galactosylated/non-sialylated glycans were associated with longer time to HIV rebound, while baseline multiply-galactosylated glycans and sialylated glycans, GNA-binding glycans, NPA-binding glycans, WGA-binding glycans, and bisecting GlcNAc glycans were associated with shorter time to HIV rebound and duration of control. Fourteen bioactive lipids had significant baseline associations with longer time to rebound and duration of control, and larger intact proviral HIV-1 DNA changes; additionally, three baseline bioactive lipids were associated with shorter time to first rebound and duration of control.

Conclusion

Consistent with studies in HIV non-controllers, proinflammatory glycans, lipids, and metabolites were generally associated with shorter duration of HIV-1 control. Notable differences were observed between HIV controllers vs. non-controllers in some specific markers. For the first time, exploratory biomarkers of ATI viral outcomes in HIV-controllers were investigated but require further validation.

Lipids in Equine Airway Inflammation: An Overview of Current Knowledge

Mild-moderate and severe equine asthma (MEA and SEA) are prevalent inflammatory airway conditions affecting horses of numerous breeds and disciplines. Despite extensive research, detailed disease pathophysiology and the differences between MEA and SEA are still not completely understood. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, broadly used in clinical practice and in equine asthma research, has limited means to represent the inflammatory status in the lower airways. Lipidomics is a field of science that can be utilized in investigating cellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. Studies in lipidomics have a broad variety of foci, of which fatty acid and lipid mediator profile analyses and global lipidomics have been implemented in veterinary medicine. As many crucial proinflammatory and proresolving mediators are lipids, lipidomic studies offer an interesting yet largely unexplored means to investigate inflammatory reactions in equine airways. The aim of this review article is to collect and summarize the findings of recent lipidomic studies on equine airway inflammation.

Mendelian randomization study and mediation analysis about the relation of inflammatory bowel disease and diabetic retinopathy: the further exploration of gut-retina axis

Background

The concept of the gut-retinal axis proposed by previous scholars primarily focused on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and retinal diseases, and few further expanded the relationship between intestinal diseases and retinal diseases. To further substantiate the concept of the gut-retinal axis, we analyzed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) using Mendelian randomization (MR), and use mediation analysis to further explore the potential substances that influence this causal relationship.

Methods

The genome-wide association study's (GWAS) summary statistics for genetic variations were utilized in a Mendelian randomization (MR) investigation. GWAS data on IBD (including ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD) for non-Finnish Europeans (NFE) were sourced from published articles. In contrast, data on DR (including DR and diabetic maculopathy (DMP)) were obtained from FinnGen R9. The causal relationship has been investigated using inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median and sensitivity analysis was applied to verify the stability of the results. In addition, we applied mediation analysis to investigate whether circulating inflammatory proteins and plasma lipids played a mediating role, and calculated its effect ratio.

Results

The causal relationship between IBD and DR was discovered by employing the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method and weighted median method. In forward MR, UC was significantly associated with lower risk of DR (IVW: OR=0.874; 95%CI= 0.835-0.916; P value= 1.28E-08) (Weighted median: OR=0.893; 95%CI= 0.837-0.954; P value= 7.40E-04). In reverse MR, it was shown that DR (IVW: OR=0.870; 95%CI= 0.828-0.914; P value= 2.79E-08)(Weighted median: OR=0.857; 95%CI= 0.801-0.916; P value= 6.40E-06) and DMP (IVW: OR=0.900; 95%CI= 0.865-0.937; P value= 3.34E-07)(Weighted median: OR=0.882; 95%CI= 0.841-0.924; P value= 1.82E-07) could reduce the risk of CD. What's more, DR is associated with a lower risk of IBD according to genetic prediction (IVW: OR=0.922; 95%CI= 0.873-0.972; P value= 0.002) (Weighted median: OR=0.924; 95%CI= 0.861-0.992; P value= 0.029). Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and triacylglycerol (TG) serve as mediators in these relationships.

Conclusions

Our research offers novel insights and sources for investigating the gut-retina axis in the genetic relationship between IBD and DR. We discover four mediators and more about the association between the intestine and retinal disorders and provide more evidence for the gut-retinal axis theory.

Membrane Lipid Replacement for reconstituting mitochondrial function and moderating cancer-related fatigue, pain and other symptoms while counteracting the adverse effects of cancer cytotoxic therapy

Cancer-related fatigue, pain, gastrointestinal and other symptoms are among the most familiar complaints in practically every type and stage of cancer, especially metastatic cancers. Such symptoms are also related to cancer oxidative stress and the damage instigated by cancer cytotoxic therapies to cellular membranes, especially mitochondrial membranes. Cancer cytotoxic therapies (chemotherapy and radiotherapy) often cause adverse symptoms and induce patients to terminate their anti-neoplastic regimens. Cancer-related fatigue, pain and other symptoms and the adverse effects of cancer cytotoxic therapies can be safely moderated with oral Membrane Lipid Replacement (MLR) glycerolphospholipids and mitochondrial cofactors, such as coenzyme Q10. MLR provides essential membrane lipids and precursors to maintain mitochondrial and other cellular membrane functions and reduces fatigue, pain, gastrointestinal, inflammation and other symptoms. In addition, patients with a variety of chronic symptoms benefit from MLR supplements, and MLR also has the ability to enhance the bioavailability of nutrients and slowly remove toxic, hydrophobic molecules from cells and tissues.

Plant- and Animal-Derived Dietary Sources of Phosphatidylcholine Have Differential Effects on Immune Function in The Context of A High-Fat Diet in Male Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) derived from eggs has been shown to beneficially modulate T cell response and intestinal permeability under the context of a high-fat diet.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a differential effect of plant and animal-derived sources of PC on immune function.

METHODS

Four-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to consume 1 of 4 diets (n = 10/group) for 12 wk, all containing 1.5 g of total choline/kg of diet but differing in choline forms: 1-Control Low-Fat [CLF, 20% fat, 100% free choline (FC)]; 2-Control High-Fat (CHF, 50% fat, 100% FC); 3-High-Fat Egg-derived PC (EPC, 50% fat, 100% Egg-PC); 4-High-Fat Soy-derived PC (SPC, 50% fat, 100% Soy-PC). Immune cell functions and phenotypes were measured in splenocytes by ex vivo cytokine production after mitogen stimulation and flow cytometry, respectively.

RESULTS

The SPC diet increased splenocyte IL-2 production after PMA+I stimulation compared with the CHF diet. However, the SPC group had a lower proportion of splenocytes expressing the IL-2 receptor (CD25+, P < 0.05). After PMA+I stimulation, feeding EPC normalized splenocyte production of IL-10 relative to the CLF diet, whereas SPC did not (P < 0.05). In mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes, the SPC diet group produced more IL-2 and TNF-α after PMA+I stimulation than the CHF diet, whereas the EPC diet group did not.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that both egg- and soy-derived PC may attenuate high-fat diet-induced T cell dysfunction. However, egg-PC enhances, to a greater extent, IL-10, a cytokine involved in promoting the resolution phase of inflammation, whereas soy-PC appears to elicit a greater effect on gut-associated immune responses.

Soybean polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is beneficial in liver and extrahepatic tissue injury: An update in experimental research

Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is a purified polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine extract of soybeans. This article updates PPC's beneficial effects on various forms of liver cell injury and other tissues in experimental research. PPC downregulates hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression and associated hepatotoxicity, as well as attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipoprotein oxidation and steatosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury. PPC inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in ethanol or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells/macrophages. It promotes M2-type macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism. PPC mitigates steatosis in NAFLD through inhibiting polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-type Kupffer cells, alleviating metabolic inflammation, remodeling hepatic lipid metabolism, correcting imbalances between lipogenesis and lipolysis and enhancing lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. PPC is antifibrotic by preventing progression of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis in baboons and also prevents CCl4-induced fibrosis in rats. PPC supplementation replenishes the phosphatidylcholine content of damaged cell membranes, resulting in increased membrane fluidity and functioning. Phosphatidylcholine repletion prevents increased membrane curvature of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and decreases sterol regulatory element binding protein-1-mediated lipogenesis, reducing steatosis. PPC remodels gut microbiota and affects hepatic lipid metabolism via the gut-hepatic-axis and also alleviates brain inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment via the gut-brain-axis. Additionally, PPC protects extrahepatic tissues from injury caused by various toxic compounds by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and membrane damage. It also stimulates liver regeneration, enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy/chemotherapy, and inhibits experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. PPC's beneficial effects justify it as a supportive treatment of liver disease.

Enhancing chronic wound healing with Thai indigenous rice variety, Kaab Dum: Exploring ER stress and senescence inhibition in HaCaT keratinocyte cell line

Kaab Dum, a prominent indigenous rice variety cultivated in the Pak Phanang Basin of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand, is the focus of our study. We investigate the therapeutic potential of indigenous Kaab Dum rice extract in the context of chronic wounds. Our research encompasses an examination of the nutritional compositions and chemical profiles of Kaab Dum rice extract. Additionally, we assess how the extract affects chronic wounds in TGF-β-induced HaCaT cells. Our evaluation methods include the detection of cellular oxidative stress, the examination of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, wound healing assays, analysis of cell cycle arrest and the study of cellular senescence through senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Our research findings demonstrate that TGF-β induces oxidative stress in HaCaT cells, which subsequently triggers ER stress, confirmed by the expression of the PERK protein. This ER stress results in cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells, characterized by an increase in p21 protein, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI). Ultimately, this leads to cellular senescence, as confirmed by SA-β-gal staining. Importantly, our study reveals the effectiveness of Kaab Dum rice extract in promoting wound healing in the chronic wound model. The extract reduces ER stress and senescent cells. These beneficial effects are potentially linked to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the rice extract. The findings of our study have the potential to make significant contributions to the development of enhanced products for both the prevention and treatment of chronic wounds.

Genotype-based "virtual" metabolomics in a clinical biobank identifies novel metabolite-disease associations

Introduction: Circulating metabolites act as biomarkers of dysregulated metabolism and may inform disease pathophysiology. A portion of the inter-individual variability in circulating metabolites is influenced by common genetic variation. We evaluated whether a genetics-based "virtual" metabolomics approach can identify novel metabolite-disease associations. Methods: We examined the association between polygenic scores for 724 metabolites with 1,247 clinical phenotypes in the BioVU DNA biobank, comprising 57,735 European ancestry and 15,754 African ancestry participants. We applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to probe significant relationships and validated significant MR associations using independent GWAS of candidate phenotypes. Results and Discussion: We found significant associations between 336 metabolites and 168 phenotypes in European ancestry and 107 metabolites and 56 phenotypes in African ancestry. Of these metabolite-disease pairs, MR analyses confirmed associations between 73 metabolites and 53 phenotypes in European ancestry. Of 22 metabolitephenotype pairs evaluated for replication in independent GWAS, 16 were significant (false discovery rate p < 0.05). These included associations between bilirubin and X-21796 with cholelithiasis, phosphatidylcholine (16:0/22:5n3,18:1/20:4) and arachidonate with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease, and campesterol with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. These associations may represent biomarkers or potentially targetable mediators of disease risk.

Amelioration of metabolic disorders in H9C2 cardiomyocytes induced by PM2.5 treated with vitamin C

OBJECTIVE

Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) is a public health risk. We investigate PM2.5 on metabolites in cardiomyocytes and the influence of vitamin C on PM2.5 toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For 24 hours, H9C2 were exposed to various concentrations of PM2.5 (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 μg/ml), after which the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability were measured using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and 2',7'-dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFH2-DA), respectively. H9C2 were treated with PM2.5 (200 μg/ml) in the presence or absence of vitamin C (40 μmol/L). mRNA levels of interleukin 6(IL-6), caspase-3, fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) were investigated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Non-targeted metabolomics by LC-MS/MS was applied to evaluate the metabolic profile in the cell.

RESULTS

Results revealed a concentration-dependent reduction in cell viability, death, ROS, and increased expression of caspase-3, FABP3, and IL-6. In total, 15 metabolites exhibited significant differential expression (FC > 2, p < 0.05) between the control and PM2.5 group. In the PM2.5 group, lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC,3/3) were upregulated, whereas amino acids (5/5), amino acid analogues (3/3), and other acids and derivatives (4/4) were downregulated. PM2.5 toxicity was lessened by vitamin C. It reduced PM2.5-induced elevation of LysoPC (16:0), LysoPC (16:1), and LysoPC (18:1).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

PM2.5 induces metabolic disorders in H9C2 cardiomyocytes that can be ameliorated by treatment with vitamin C.

Exploration of circulating metabolic signature of erythrodermic psoriasis based on LC-MS metabolomics

Erythrodermic psoriasis (EP) is a rare and life-threatening disease, the pathogenesis of which remains to be largely unknown. Metabolomics analysis can provide global information on disease pathophysiology, candidate biomarkers, and potential intervention strategies. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of EP and explore the serum metabolic signature of EP, we conducted an untargeted metabolomics analysis from 20 EP patients and 20 healthy controls. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics for focused metabolites were identified in the serum samples of 30 EP patients and 30 psoriasis vulgaris (PsV) patients. In the untargeted analysis, a total of 2992 molecular features were extracted from each sample, and the peak intensity of each feature was obtained. Principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed significant difference between groups. After screening, 98 metabolites were found to be significantly dysregulated in EP, including 67 down-regulated and 31 up-regulated. EP patients had lower levels of L-tryptophan, L-isoleucine, retinol, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and higher levels of betaine and uric acid. KEGG analysis showed differential metabolites were enriched in amino acid metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The targeted metabolomics showed lower L-tryptophan in EP than PsV with significant difference and L-tryptophan levels were negatively correlated with the PASI scores. The serum metabolic signature of EP was discovered. Amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism were dysregulated in EP. The metabolite differences provide clues for pathogenesis of EP and they may provide insights for therapeutic interventions.

Modified-Release Phosphatidylcholine (LT-02) for Ulcerative Colitis: Two Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of LT-02, a novel modified-release phosphatidylcholine (PC) formulation, for induction and maintenance of remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC) and inadequate response to mesalamine.

METHODS

LT-02 was evaluated in a multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study comprising a 12-week induction trial (PCG-2), followed by a 48-week maintenance trial (PCG-4). In PCG-2, patients were randomized 1:1:1 to treatment with 0.8 g LT-02 4 times daily (QID), 1.6 g LT-02 twice daily (BID), or placebo, respectively. All patients continued to take a standard dose of oral mesalamine (≥2.4 g/day). The primary end point in PCG-2 was deep remission. Patients achieving remission at week 12 were randomly assigned 2:1:1 to 1.6 g LT-02 BID, placebo, or 500 mg mesalamine (3 times daily), respectively, in PCG-4; the primary end point was remission at 48 weeks.

RESULTS

PCG-2 was terminated early for futility after a prespecified interim analysis; 466 patients (of 762 planned) were randomized. There was no statistically significant difference in deep remission at week 12 (placebo, 13.5%; LT-02 BID, 14.2%; LT-02 QID, 9.7%). In PCG-4, 150 patients (of approximately 400 planned) were randomized. There was no statistically significant difference in remission rates at week 48 (LT-02 BID, 49.3%; mesalamine, 50.0%; placebo, 43.2%). LT-02 was safe.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite prior evidence of beneficial effects of PC in phase 2 trials, our induction study with LT-02 in patients with mild to moderate UC was terminated prematurely for futility. Signals of efficacy in maintenance therapy require confirmation in an adequately powered maintenance trial. LT-02 was safe and well-tolerated.

CLINICALTRIALS

gov: NCT02280629, NCT02142725.

Unbiased serum metabolomic analysis in cats with naturally occurring chronic enteropathies before and after medical intervention

Chronic enteropathies (CE) are common disorders in cats and the differentiation between the two main underlying diseases, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL), can be challenging. Characterization of the serum metabolome could provide further information on alterations of disease-associated metabolic pathways and may identify diagnostic or therapeutic targets. Unbiased metabolomics analysis of serum from 28 cats with CE (14 cats with IBD, 14 cats with LGITL) and 14 healthy controls identified 1,007 named metabolites, of which 129 were significantly different in cats with CE compared to healthy controls at baseline. Random Forest analysis revealed a predictive accuracy of 90% for differentiating controls from cats with chronic enteropathy. Metabolic pathways found to be significantly altered included phospholipids, amino acids, thiamine, and tryptophan metabolism. Several metabolites were found to be significantly different between cats with IBD versus LGITL, including several sphingolipids, phosphatidylcholine 40:7, uridine, pinitol, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and glucuronic acid. However, random forest analysis revealed a poor group predictive accuracy of 60% for the differentiation of IBD from LGITL. Of 129 compounds found to be significantly different between healthy cats and cats with CE at baseline, 58 remained different following treatment.

Association between pre-diagnostic circulating lipid metabolites and colorectal cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

BACKGROUND

Altered lipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer development. However, the role of specific lipid metabolites in colorectal cancer development is uncertain.

METHODS

In a case-control study nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), we examined associations between pre-diagnostic circulating concentrations of 97 lipid metabolites (acylcarnitines, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids) and colorectal cancer risk. Circulating lipids were measured using targeted mass spectrometry in 1591 incident colorectal cancer cases (55% women) and 1591 matched controls. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between concentrations of individual lipid metabolites and metabolite patterns with colorectal cancer risk.

FINDINGS

Of the 97 assayed lipids, 24 were inversely associated (nominally p < 0.05) with colorectal cancer risk. Hydroxysphingomyelin (SM (OH)) C22:2 (ORper doubling 0.60, 95% CI 0.47-0.77) and acylakyl-phosphatidylcholine (PC ae) C34:3 (ORper doubling 0.71, 95% CI 0.59-0.87) remained associated after multiple comparisons correction. These associations were unaltered after excluding the first 5 years of follow-up after blood collection and were consistent according to sex, age at diagnosis, BMI, and colorectal subsite. Two lipid patterns, one including 26 phosphatidylcholines and all sphingolipids, and another 30 phosphatidylcholines, were weakly inversely associated with colorectal cancer.

INTERPRETATION

Elevated pre-diagnostic circulating levels of SM (OH) C22:2 and PC ae C34:3 and lipid patterns including phosphatidylcholines and sphingolipids were associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. This study may provide insight into potential links between specific lipids and colorectal cancer development. Additional prospective studies are needed to validate the observed associations.

FUNDING

World Cancer Research Fund (reference: 2013/1002); European Commission (FP7: BBMRI-LPC; reference: 313010).

Integrated Metabolomics and Gut Microbiome Analysis Reveals the Efficacy of a Phytochemical Constituent in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

SCOPE

Cinnamaldehyde (CAH), a phytochemical constituent isolated from cinnamon, is gaining attention due to its nutritional and medicinal benefits. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of CAH in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Integrated metabolomics and gut microbiome analysis are performed for 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced UC rats. The effect of CAH on colonic inflammation, lipid peroxidation, metabolic profiles, and gut microbiota is systematically explored. It finds that CAH improves the colitis-related symptoms, decreases disease activity index, increases the colon length and body weight, and alleviates histologic inflammation of UC rats. These therapeutic effects of CAH are due to suppression of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, multi-omics analysis reveals that CAH treatment cause changes in plasma metabolome and gut microbiome in UC rats. CAH regulates lipid metabolic processes, especially phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Meanwhile, CAH modulates the gut microbial structure by restraining pathogenic bacteria (such as Helicobacter) and increasing probiotic bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus).

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that CAH exerts a beneficial role in UC by synergistic modulating the balance in gut microbiota and the associated metabolites, and highlights the nutritional and medicinal value of CAH in UC management.

Protective effects of metformin in the pro-inflammatory cytokine induced intestinal organoids injury model

Pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) accompanies disrupted intestinal tight junctions. However, many approaches of therapeutics for IBD are focused only on anti-inflammatory effects and most cellular experiments are based on two-dimensional cell lines which have insufficient circumstances of intestine. Thus, here, we used three-dimensional structure intestinal organoids to investigate effects of metformin in the in vitro IBD condition. In this study, we focused on both tight junctions and the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Metformin enhances the intestinal barrier in injured intestine via upregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, dysfunction of which contributes to the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. We aim to investigate the effects of metformin on cytokine-induced injured intestinal organoids. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was used to induce intestinal injury in an organoid model, and the effects of metformin were assessed. Cell viability and levels of inflammatory cytokines were quantified in addition to tight junction markers. Furthermore, 4 kDa FITC-dextran was used to assess intestinal permeability. The upregulation of inflammatory cytokine levels was alleviated by metformin, which also restored the intestinal epithelium permeability in TNF-α-treated injury organoids. We confirmed that claudin-2 and claudin-7, representative tight junction markers, were also protected by metformin treatment. This study confirms the protective effects of metformin, which could be used as a therapeutic strategy for inflammatory intestinal diseases.

PPARα exacerbates Salmonella Typhimurium infection by modulating the immunometabolism and macrophage polarization

 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) is a causative pathogen for robust inflammatory gastrointestinal disease and can lead to systemic infection. Eicosanoids, bioactive lipid mediators, play a crucial role in modulating both the induction and resolution of inflammatory responses during an infection. A subset of eicosanoids activates PPARs, nuclear receptor/transcription factors that regulate fatty acid metabolism, lipid body formation, and macrophage function. In this study, we determined that mice lacking PPARα exhibited reduced inflammatory hallmarks of STm infection, including lower inflammatory gene expression, cecal inflammation, and bacterial dissemination, along with a significant increase in cecal eicosanoid metabolism compared to wildtype C57BL/6 mice. In macrophages, STm favored M2b-polarized macrophages for intracellular infection, leading to reduced arachidonic acid and ceramide production.   Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation via Etomoxir in STm-infected macrophages reduced bacterial burdens and promoted cell death. In Etomoxir-treated wildtype mice, STm infection increased ceramide production, decreased inflammatory gene expression in the cecum, and increased the number of STm-containing M1 macrophages in mesenteric lymph nodes. These findings revealed a novel role for the lipid-immune signaling axis in Salmonella infections, providing significant insights into the lipid-mediated regulation of inflammation during bacterial infections in the gut.

Lipid species profiling of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of horses housed on two different bedding materials

The lipidome of equine BALF cells has not been described. The objectives of this prospective repeated-measures study were to explore the BALF cells' lipidome in horses and to identify lipids associated with progression or resolution of airway inflammation. BALF cells from 22 horses exposed to two bedding materials (Peat 1-Wood shavings [WS]-Peat 2) were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effects of bedding on lipid class and species compositions were tested with rmANOVA. Correlations between lipids and cell counts were examined. The BALF cells' lipidome showed bedding-related differences for molar percentage (mol%) of 60 species. Whole phosphatidylcholine (PC) class and its species PC 32:0 (main molecular species 16:0_16:0) had higher mol% after Peat 2 compared with WS. Phosphatidylinositol 38:4 (main molecular species 18:0_20:4) was higher after WS compared with both peat periods. BALF cell count correlated positively with mol% of the lipid classes phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, ceramide, hexosylceramide, and triacylglycerol but negatively with PC. BALF cell count correlated positively with phosphatidylinositol 38:4 mol%. In conclusion, equine BALF cells' lipid profiles explored with MS-based lipidomics indicated subclinical inflammatory changes after WS. Inflammatory reactions in the cellular lipid species composition were detected although cytological responses indicating inflammation were weak.

Food-grade phytosome vesicles for nanoencapsulation of labile C-glucosylated xanthones and dihydrochalcones present in a plant extract matrix-Effect of process conditions and stability assessment

Phytosomes consist of a phytochemical bound to the hydrophilic choline head of a phospholipid. Their use in food products is gaining interest. However, literature on the use of food-grade solvents, crude plant extracts as opposed to pure compounds, and unrefined phospholipids to prepare phytosomes is limited. Furthermore, studies on compound stability are lacking. This study aimed to develop nano-phytosome vesicles prepared from inexpensive food-grade ingredients to improve the stability of polyphenolic compounds. Cyclopia subternata extract (CSE) was selected as a source of phenolic compounds. It contains substantial quantities of C-glucosyl xanthones, benzophenones, and dihydrochalcones, compounds largely neglected to date. The effect of process conditions on the complexation of CSE polyphenols with minimally refined food-grade fat-free soybean lecithin (PC) was studied. The PC:CSE ratio, sonication time, and reaction temperature were varied. This resulted in phytosomes ranging in vesicle size (113.7-312.7 nm), polydispersity index (0.31-0.48), and zeta potential (-55.0 to -38.9 mV). Variation was also observed in the yield (93.5%-96.0%), encapsulation efficiency (3.7%-79.0%), and loading capacity (LC, 1.3%-14.7%). Vesicle size and LC could be tailored by adjusting the sonication time and PC:CSE ratio, respectively. Chemical interaction between the lipid and the phenolic compounds was confirmed with nuclear magnetic resonance. Phytosomal formulation protected the compounds against degradation when freeze-dried samples were stored at 25 and 40°C for 6 months at low relative humidity. The study provided valuable information on the importance of specific process parameters in producing food-grade phytosomes with improved phenolic stability.

Revealing the developmental characterization of rumen microbiome and its host in newly received cattle during receiving period contributes to formulating precise nutritional strategies

BACKGROUND

Minimizing mortality losses due to multiple stress and obtaining maximum performance are the production goals for newly received cattle. In recent years, vaccination and metaphylaxis treatment significantly decreased the mortality rate of newly received cattle, while the growth block induced by treatment is still obvious. Assessment of blood metabolites and behavior monitoring offer potential for early identification of morbid animals. Moreover, the ruminal microorganisms' homeostasis is a guarantee of beef steers' growth and health. The most critical period for newly received cattle is the first-month post-transport. Therefore, analyzing rumen metagenomics, rumen metabolomics, host metabolomics, and their interaction during receiving period (1 day before transport and at days 1/4, 16, and 30 after transport) is key to revealing the mechanism of growth retardation, and then to formulating management and nutritional practices for newly received cattle.

RESULTS

The levels of serum hormones (COR and ACTH), and pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were highest at day 16, and lowest at day 30 after arrival. Meanwhile, the antioxidant capacity (SOD, GSH-Px, and T-AOC) was significantly decreased at day 16 and increased at day 30 after arrival. Metagenomics analysis revealed that rumen microbes, bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota had different trends among the four different time points. At day 16 post-transport, cattle had a higher abundance of ruminal bacteria and archaea than those before transport, but the eukaryote abundance was highest at day 30 post-transport. Before transport, most bacteria were mainly involved in polysaccharides digestion. At day 4 post-transport, the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were nucleotide metabolism (pyrimidine metabolism and purine metabolism). At day 16 post-transport, the energy metabolism (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism) and ruminal contents of MCP and VFAs were significantly increased, but at the same time, energy loss induced by methane yields (Methanobrevibacter) together with pathogenic bacteria (Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula) were also significantly increased. At this time, the most upregulated ruminal L-ornithine produces more catabolite polyamines, which cause oxidative stress to rumen microbes and their host; the most downregulated ruminal 2',3'-cAMP provided favorable growth conditions for pathogenic bacteria, and the downregulated ruminal vitamin B6 metabolism and serum PC/LysoPC disrupt immune function and inflammation reaction. At day 30 post-transport, the ruminal L-ornithine and its catabolites (mainly spermidine and 1,3-propanediamine) were decreased, and the serum PC/LysoPC and 2',3'-cNMPs pools were increased. This is also consistent with the changes in redox, inflammation, and immune status of the host.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides new ideas for regulating the health and performance of newly received cattle during the receiving period. The key point is to manage the newly received cattle about day 16 post-transport, specifically to inhibit the production of methane and polyamines, and the reproduction of harmful bacteria in the rumen, therefore improving the immunity and performance of newly received cattle. Video Abstract.

Hepatic lipid-associated macrophages mediate the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery against MASH

For patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome, bariatric procedures such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) have a clear benefit in ameliorating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). While the effects of bariatric surgeries have been mainly attributed to nutrient restriction and malabsorption, whether immuno-modulatory mechanisms are involved remains unclear. Here we report that VSG ameliorates MASH progression in a weight loss-independent manner. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that hepatic lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs) expressing the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) increase their lysosomal activity and repress inflammation in response to VSG. Remarkably, TREM2 deficiency in mice ablates the reparative effects of VSG, suggesting that TREM2 is required for MASH resolution. Mechanistically, TREM2 prevents the inflammatory activation of macrophages and is required for their efferocytotic function. Overall, our findings indicate that bariatric surgery improves MASH through a reparative process driven by hepatic LAMs, providing insights into the mechanisms of disease reversal that may result in new therapies and improved surgical interventions.

Identification of Lipids and Cytokines in Plasma and Follicular Fluid before and after Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation as Potential Markers for Follicular Maturation in Cattle

The process of follicle maturation leading to ovulation is a key milestone in female fertility. It is known that circulating lipids and cytokines play a role in the follicle's ability to go through follicular maturation and the ovulatory processes. However, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. We posit that dysregulation of granulosa cells influences the ovarian environment, which tries to adapt by changing released lipids and cytokines to achieve follicular maturation. Eleven non-lactating adult females underwent estrus synchronization with two injections of PGF2α 14 days apart. Daily blood samples were collected for 28 days to monitor steroid hormone production after the second injection. To understand the potential impacts of lipids and cytokines during ovulation, a low-dose FSH stimulation (FSHLow) was performed after resynchronization of cows, and daily blood samples were collected for 14 days to monitor steroid hormone production until ovariectomies. The lipidomic analysis demonstrated increased circulating diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides during the mid-luteal phase and after FSHLow treatment. Cholesteryl esters decreased in circulation but increased in follicular fluid (FF) after FSHLow. Increased circulating concentrations of TNFα and reduced CXCL9 were observed in response to FSHLow. Therefore, specific circulating lipids and cytokines may serve as markers of normal follicle maturation.

Genotype-based "virtual" metabolomics in a clinical biobank identifies novel metabolite-disease associations

Circulating metabolites act as biomarkers of dysregulated metabolism, and may inform disease pathophysiology. A portion of the inter-individual variability in circulating metabolites is influenced by common genetic variation. We evaluated whether a genetics-based "virtual" metabolomics approach can identify novel metabolite-disease associations. We examined the association between polygenic scores for 726 metabolites (derived from OMICSPRED) with 1,247 clinical phenotypes in 57,735 European ancestry and 15,754 African ancestry participants from the BioVU DNA Biobank. We probed significant relationships through Mendelian randomization (MR) using genetic instruments constructed from the METSIM Study, and validated significant MR associations using independent GWAS of candidate phenotypes. We found significant associations between 336 metabolites and 168 phenotypes in European ancestry and 107 metabolites and 56 phenotypes among African ancestry. Of these metabolite-disease pairs, MR analyses confirmed associations between 73 metabolites and 53 phenotypes in European ancestry. Of 22 metabolite-phenotype pairs evaluated for replication in independent GWAS, 16 were significant (false discovery rate p<0.05). Validated findings included the metabolites bilirubin and X-21796 with cholelithiasis, phosphatidylcholine(16:0/22:5n3,18:1/20:4) and arachidonate(20:4n6) with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease, and campesterol with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. These associations may represent biomarkers or potentially targetable mediators of disease risk.

Genotype-based "virtual" metabolomics in a clinical biobank identifies novel metabolite-disease associations

Circulating metabolites act as biomarkers of dysregulated metabolism, and may inform disease pathophysiology. A portion of the inter-individual variability in circulating metabolites is influenced by common genetic variation. We evaluated whether a genetics-based "virtual" metabolomics approach can identify novel metabolite-disease associations. We examined the association between polygenic scores for 726 metabolites (derived from OMICSPRED) with 1,247 clinical phenotypes in 57,735 European ancestry and 15,754 African ancestry participants from the BioVU DNA Biobank. We probed significant relationships through Mendelian randomization (MR) using genetic instruments constructed from the METSIM Study, and validated significant MR associations using independent GWAS of candidate phenotypes. We found significant associations between 336 metabolites and 168 phenotypes in European ancestry and 107 metabolites and 56 phenotypes among African ancestry. Of these metabolite-disease pairs, MR analyses confirmed associations between 73 metabolites and 53 phenotypes in European ancestry. Of 22 metabolite-phenotype pairs evaluated for replication in independent GWAS, 16 were significant (false discovery rate p<0.05). Validated findings included the metabolites bilirubin and X-21796 with cholelithiasis, phosphatidylcholine(16:0/22:5n3,18:1/20:4) and arachidonate(20:4n6) with inflammatory bowel disease and Crohn's disease, and campesterol with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. These associations may represent biomarkers or potentially targetable mediators of disease risk.

Dose-dependent effects of rumen-protected choline on hepatic metabolism during induction of fatty liver in dry pregnant dairy cows

Objectives were to determine the effects of supplementing increasing amounts of choline ion on hepatic composition and mRNA abundance in pregnant dry cows subjected to a fatty liver induction protocol. Holstein cows (35 primiparous and 41 multiparous) at mean (± standard deviation) of 211 ± 9.9 days of gestation were blocked by body condition (3.59 ± 0.33) and assigned to receive 0, 6.45, 12.90, 19.35, and 25.80 g/day of choline ion as rumen-protected choline (RPC) as a top-dress for 14 days. Cows were fed for ad libitum intake on days 1 to 5 and restricted to 30% of the required net energy for lactation from days 6 to 14 of the experiment. Hepatic tissue was sampled on days 5 and 14 and analyzed for concentrations of triacylglycerol and glycogen, and mRNA abundance was investigated. Orthogonal contrasts evaluated the effects of supplementing RPC (0 g/day vs. rest), and the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of increasing intake of choline ion from 6.45 to 25.80 g/day. Results are depicted in sequence of treatments from 0 to 25.8. During feed restriction, RPC reduced the concentration of hepatic triacylglycerol by 28.5% and increased that of glycogen by 26.1%, and the effect of increasing RPC intake on triacylglycerol was linear (6.67 vs. 5.45 vs. 4.68 vs. 5.13 vs. 3.81 ± 0.92% wet-basis). Feeding RPC during feed restriction increased abundance of transcripts involved in choline metabolism (CHKA, PLD1), synthesis of apolipoprotein-B100 (APOB100), and antioxidant activity (GPX3), and decreased the abundance of transcripts involved in hepatic lipogenesis (DGAT2, SREBF1) and acute phase response (SAA3). Most effects were linear with amount of choline fed. Changes in hepatic mRNA abundance followed a pattern of reduced lipogenesis and enhanced lipids export, which help explain the reduced hepatic triacylglycerol content in cows fed RPC. Choline exerts lipotropic effects in dairy cows by altering transcript pathways linked to hepatic lipids metabolism.