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Zielińska A, Bryk D, Paradowska K, Siudem P, Wawer I, Wrzosek M. Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Aronia melanocarpa Extracts Influenced by Their Chemical Composition Associated with the Ripening Stage of the Berries. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4145. [PMID: 38673738 PMCID: PMC11050415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The high content of bioactive compounds in Aronia melanocarpa fruit offers health benefits. In this study, the anti-atherosclerotic effect of Aronia extracts was assessed. The impact on the level of adhesion molecules and the inflammatory response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was shown in relation to the chemical composition and the stage of ripening of the fruits. Samples were collected between May (green, unripe) and October (red, overripe) on two farms in Poland, which differed in climate. The content of chlorogenic acids, anthocyanins, and carbohydrates in the extracts was determined using HPLC-DAD/RI. The surface expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in HUVECs was determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and MCP-1 were assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR method. The farms' geographical location was associated with the quantity of active compounds in berries and their anti-atherosclerotic properties. Confirmed activity for green fruits was linked to their high chlorogenic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zielińska
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Dorota Bryk
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Paradowska
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Paweł Siudem
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (K.P.)
| | - Iwona Wawer
- Department of Herbology, State University of Applied Sciences, Rynek 1, 38-400 Krosno, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Sim WJ, Lee E, Lee G, Lim W, Lim TG. Inhibition of Photoaging by Anthocyanin Metabolites Derived from Rose Petal Extract. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300611. [PMID: 38319040 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Rose petal extract (RPE) shows a significant antioxidant effect through its anthocyanin content. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-aging effects of orally administered RPE remains unclear. This study aims to describe the anti-aging effect and mechanism of action of orally administered RPE in ultraviolet (UV)B-induced skin aging. METHODS AND RESULTS This study evaluates the protein expression of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and the mRNA expression of hyaluronic synthase 2 (HAS2) in human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, the hyaluronidase and collagenase inhibitory activities of RPE are confirmed. To evaluate the anti-aging effects of RPE, SKH-1 hairless mice are administered RPE daily for 12 weeks. Wrinkle formation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin moisture loss induced by UVB irradiation are suppressed in the dorsal skin of SKH-1 hairless mice orally administered RPE. Oral administration of RPE suppresses UVB irradiation-induced collagen disruption and reduction of hyaluronic acid. To find the bioactive compound in the RPE, serum protocatechuic acid (PCA), an anthocyanin metabolite, is analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). CONCLUSION Anthocyanins in RPE are metabolized to PCA in the body and circulated through the bloodstream to exhibit anti-aging effects on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Sim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Research Group of Traditional Food, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Gakyung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Lim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ou SJL, Yang D, Pranata HP, Tai ES, Liu MH. Postprandial glycemic and lipidemic effects of black rice anthocyanin extract fortification in foods of varying macronutrient compositions and matrices. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:59. [PMID: 37914734 PMCID: PMC10620212 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanin (ACN) fortification of commonly consumed foods is significant as a dietary strategy against the development of metabolic complications by delivering ACNs at high doses. However, its bioactivity and translated metabolic effects in the presence of varying food matrices and macro-constituents is particularly unclear. This end-to-end study investigates the metabolic effects of black rice ACN extract (BRAE) fortification-from in-vitro enzyme inhibitory activities and digestibility, to downstream in vivo impacts on GI, postprandial glycemia and lipidemia. The in vivo effects were investigated in two separate crossover randomised controlled trials (RCT) of 24 healthy participants each-the first RCT determined the postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and ACN bioavailability to a starch-rich single food over 2 h, while the second RCT determined the postprandial blood glucose, insulin, lipid panel, and lipoprotein particles and subfractions to a starch- and fat-rich composite meal over 4 h. In-vitro findings confirmed the inhibitory activities of major black rice ACNs on carbohydrases (p = 0.0004), lipases (p = 0.0002), and starch digestibility (p < 0.0001). in vivo, a 27-point mean GI reduction of wheat bread was observed with BRAE fortification, despite a non-significant attenuation in postprandial glycemia. Conversely, there were no differences in postprandial glycemia when fortified bread was consumed as a composite meal, but acute lipid profiles were altered: (1) improved plasma HDL-c, ([0.0140 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00639, 0.0216)], p = 0.0028), Apo-A1 ([0.0296 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00757, 0.0515)], p = 0.0203), and Apo-B ([0.00880 mmol/L, 95% CI: (0.00243, 0.0152)], p = 0.0185), (2) modified LDL and HDL subfractions (p < 0.05), and (3) remodelled lipid distributions in HDL and LDL particles. This end-to-end study indicates the potential of ACN fortification in GI reduction and modulating postprandial lipoprotein profiles to starch- and fat-rich composite meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Jun Leong Ou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Dimeng Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Hanny Putri Pranata
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Division of Endocrinology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Mei Hui Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Ijinu TP, De Lellis LF, Shanmugarama S, Pérez-Gregorio R, Sasikumar P, Ullah H, Buccato DG, Di Minno A, Baldi A, Daglia M. Anthocyanins as Immunomodulatory Dietary Supplements: A Nutraceutical Perspective and Micro-/Nano-Strategies for Enhanced Bioavailability. Nutrients 2023; 15:4152. [PMID: 37836436 PMCID: PMC10574533 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins (ACNs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to modulate the immune system. Research has revealed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which play a crucial role in immune regulation by influencing key immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Moreover, ACNs contribute towards maintaining a balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus promoting immune health. Beyond their direct effects on immune cells, ACNs significantly impact gut health and the microbiota, essential factors in immune regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that they positively influence the composition of the gut microbiome, enhancing their immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, these compounds synergize with other bioactive substances, such as vitamins and minerals, further enhancing their potential as immune-supporting dietary supplements. However, detailed clinical studies must fully validate these findings and determine safe dosages across varied populations. Incorporating these natural compounds into functional foods or supplements could revolutionize the management of immune-related conditions. Personalized nutrition and healthcare strategies may be developed to enhance overall well-being and immune resilience by fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the actions of their components. Recent advancements in delivery methods have focused on improving the bioavailability and effectiveness of ACNs, providing promising avenues for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyan Parambil Ijinu
- Naturæ Scientific, Kerala University-Business Innovation and Incubation Centre, Kariavattom Campus, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695581, India;
- The National Society of Ethnopharmacology, VRA-179, Mannamoola, Peroorkada P.O., Thiruvananthapuram 695005, India
| | - Lorenza Francesca De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Santny Shanmugarama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Rosa Pérez-Gregorio
- Food and Health Omics Group, Institute of Agroecology and Food, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain;
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), SERGAS-UVIGO, 32002 Ourense, Spain
| | | | - Hammad Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Daniele Giuseppe Buccato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Di Minno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Baldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.F.D.L.); (D.G.B.); (A.D.M.); (A.B.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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5
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Mao T, Akshit FNU, Mohan MS. Effects of anthocyanin supplementation in diet on glycemic and related cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1199815. [PMID: 37810926 PMCID: PMC10556752 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1199815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis based on RCTs on the effects of anthocyanins on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the effect on T2DM-related cardiovascular disease. Methods RCTs published in English from five electronic databases were evaluated for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-h postprandial blood glucose, fasting insulin, model assessment for insulin resistance, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. The quality of the studies was rated (Cochrane Risk of Bias tool) and weighted mean differences were calculated (DerSimonian-Laird model with random effects). Leave-one-out sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were conducted. The strength of the evidence was rated according to the GRADE guidelines. Results In all, 13 RCTs were analyzed out of the 239 identified studies, with a duration longer than 4 weeks (703 participants with T2DM). Our findings indicate that a median dose of 320 mg/day anthocyanins, either from fruit extracts or pure supplements, for a median intervention length of 8 weeks significantly reduced HbA1c [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) -0.31, p = 0.00], FBG (WMD -0.63, p = 0.00), 2-h postprandial glucose (WMD -1.60, p = 0.00), TG (WMD -0.45, p = 0.01), and LDL (WMD -0.26 p = 0.02). However, the effects of anthocyanins on fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TC, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in patients with T2DM were not statistically significant. Anthocyanins from fruit extracts or powder exhibited a higher reduction of HbA1c compared to pure anthocyanin supplements. Conclusion The significant improvements in glycemic parameters and lipid profile, suggest the benefits of anthocyanins, especially from fruit extract or powder, in the management of T2DM, and their ability to delay the onset of lipid disorder-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease associated with T2DM. The mechanism behind this reduction in glycemic markers could be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of anthocyanins. Further research with well-designed RCTs is required to determine the optimal dosage of anthocyanins for the treatment of T2DM and to comprehend the consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maneesha S. Mohan
- Alfred Dairy Science Laboratory, Department of Dairy and Food Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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6
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Pilipović K, Jurišić Grubešić R, Dolenec P, Kučić N, Juretić L, Mršić-Pelčić J. Plant-Based Antioxidants for Prevention and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: Phytotherapeutic Potential of Laurus nobilis, Aronia melanocarpa, and Celastrol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030746. [PMID: 36978994 PMCID: PMC10045087 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the progress of medicine, especially in the last century, life expectancy increased considerably. As a result, age-related diseases also increased, especially malignancies and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The incidence and prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases steadily increased over the years, but despite efforts to uncover the pathophysiological processes behind these conditions, they remain elusive. Among the many theories, oxidative stress was proposed to be involved in neurodegenerative processes and to play an important role in the morbidity and progression of various neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, a number of studies discovered the potential of natural plant constituents to have significant antioxidant activity. This review focused on several plant-based antioxidants that showed promising results in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Laurus nobilis, Aronia melanocarpa, and celastrol, a chemical compound isolated from the root extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii and T. regelii, are all known to be rich in antioxidant polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Pilipović
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Renata Jurišić Grubešić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Petra Dolenec
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Natalia Kučić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Lea Juretić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Alonso Torrens A, Mitchell CA, Pourshahidi LK, Murphy BÓ, Allwood W, Rizzetto L, Scholz M, Tuohy K, Pereira-Caro G, Moreno-Rojas JM, McDougall G, Gill CIR. Long-term supplementation with anthocyanin-rich or -poor Rubus idaeus berries does not influence microvascular architecture nor cognitive outcome in the APP/PS-1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:33-50. [PMID: 36450698 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2022.2141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of microvascular architecture is a common pathogenic mechanism in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given the anti-angiogenic activity of berry (poly)phenols, we investigated whether long-term feeding of Rubus idaeus (raspberries) could ameliorate cerebral microvascular pathology and improve cognition in the APP/PS-1 mouse model of AD. Male C57Bl/6J mice (50 wild type, 50 APP/PS-1) aged 4-months were fed for 24-weeks, with a normal diet enriched with either 100 mg/day glucose (control diet) or supplemented with glucose and freeze-dried anthocyanin-rich (red) or -poor (yellow) raspberries (100 mg/day) and assessed/sampled post intervention. Cerebral microvascular architecture of wild-type mice was characterised by regularly spaced capillaries with uniform diameters, unlike APP/PS-1 transgenic mice which showed dysregulated microvascular architecture. Long-term feeding of raspberries demonstrated limited modulation of microbiota and no substantive effect on microvascular architecture or cognition in either mice model although changes were evident in endogenous cerebral and plasmatic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Alonso Torrens
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Christopher A Mitchell
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Brian Óg Murphy
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - William Allwood
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Lisa Rizzetto
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Matthias Scholz
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Kieran Tuohy
- Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.,Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Alameda del Obispo, Córdoba, Spain.,Foods for Health Group, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gordon McDougall
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Chris I R Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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8
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Wang Y, Haskell-Ramsay C, Gallegos JL, Lodge JK. Effects of chronic consumption of specific fruit (berries, cherries and citrus) on cognitive health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:7-22. [PMID: 35444267 PMCID: PMC9876789 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cognitive-protective effects related to the consumption of a variety of fruits are supported by several intervention studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the magnitude of effects following chronic (≥1 week) consumption of frozen, freeze-dried powder including extracts and juices of fruits, covering berries, cherries and citrus, on cognition and mood in adults. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and psycARTICLES were searched from inception until February, 2021. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials assessing memory, executive function, psychomotor speed, mood and mini mental state examination in adult participants ≥18 years of age. Cognition was tested by global or domain specific tasks. RESULTS Out of 13,861 articles identified, 16 papers were included; 11 studies provided suitable data for meta-analysis. Fourteen studies reported improvement or trend for improvement in cognition, five studies assessed mood and one study supplementing grape juice found trend for mood improvement. From the meta-analysis, cherry juice supplementation was suggested to improve psychomotor speed by -0.37 of standardised mean difference (95% CI [-0.74, 0.01]) in reaction time (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis did not sufficiently support a role for fruits or fruit forms to improve cognition and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Wang
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Crystal Haskell-Ramsay
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jose Lara Gallegos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - John K Lodge
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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9
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Gonçalves AC, Falcão A, Alves G, Lopes JA, Silva LR. Employ of Anthocyanins in Nanocarriers for Nano Delivery: In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Approaches for Chronic Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2272. [PMID: 36365091 PMCID: PMC9695229 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are among the best-known phenolic compounds and possess remarkable biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects. Despite their therapeutic benefits, they are not widely used as health-promoting agents due to their instability, low absorption, and, thus, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism in the human body. Recent research suggests that the application of nanotechnology could increase their solubility and/or bioavailability, and thus their biological potential. Therefore, in this review, we have provided, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of in vitro and in vivo studies on nanocarriers used as delivery systems of anthocyanins, and their aglycones, i.e., anthocyanidins alone or combined with conventional drugs in the treatment or management of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Gonçalves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - João A. Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís R. Silva
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- CPIRN-UDI/IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (UDI), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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10
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Hao R, Gao J, Liu H, Zhang C, Huang J, Fan J, Wei J. Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Anthocyanins from Aronia Melanocarpa Elliot on Hepatic Fibrosis Through TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:737-745. [PMID: 36038789 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the effect and mechanism of Aornia mealnocarpa Elliot anthocyanins (AMA) at the cellular level on hepatic fibrosis (HF), molecular docking, RT-PCR and Western Blotting were used to explore the molecular mechanism and the effects of different doses AMA on HSC-T6 cells by TGF-β1 induction. The results showed that the binding energy of anthocyanins on TGF-β1 (PDB ID: 3KFD) was in the range of -9.5 to 8.6 kcal/mol, with good low energy parameters and binding positions. AMA could effectively inhibit the expressions of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total serum bilirubin (TSB), and improved the expressions of total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB). RT-PCR and Western bloting results showed that AMA could inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2, and inhibit the expression of TGF-β1, P-Smad2, α-SMA and Collagen I in TGF-β /Smad signaling pathway. This study revealed the AMA's inhibition effects and mechanism of malignant biological behavior of HSC-T6 cells, in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of HF by Aronia melanocarpa Elliot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Hao
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Liaoning Forestry Academy, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Chenjuan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Jinpeng Huang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China
| | - Jungang Fan
- Liaoning Forestry Academy, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, China.
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11
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Guo L, Jin Y, Yang Y, Liu J, Liu C, Zeng Y, Guo Q, Liu W. Calcicoptosis induced by purple sweet potato anthocyanins through the nonosmotic regulation of the NFAT5/S100A4-S100A9 pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200447. [PMID: 35924786 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purple sweet potato is considered an abundant, inexpensive, and ideal source of anthocyanins. Purple sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPAs) have been shown to possess high antimutagenicity and antitumor effects due to the abundance of acylated anthocyanins. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of PSPA effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), especially T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), remain unclear. In this study, the antileukemic effects of PSPAs and the underlying molecular mechanisms were evaluated by in vitro and in silico assays. PSPAs extracted from ten cultivars were analyzed and quantified. Anthocyanins from Nanzi 018, which showed the best antileukemic effect, were selected to analyze the underlying mechanism. First, the PSPAs potently reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis. Additionally, the PSPAs sharply increased intracellular Ca 2+ levels, which resulted in calcium overload in T-ALL cells. Furthermore, on the basis of bioinformatics analyses, we focused on an osmotically regulated transcription factor, NFAT5. Molecular docking preliminarily indicated that PSPA molecules bound and interacted with the NFAT5 protein. Western blot analyses confirmed that PSPAs elicited calcium overload by nonosmotic regulation of NFAT5/S100A4-S100A9 pathway activation. Moreover, pretreatment with a NFAT5 inducer confirmed that PSPAs targeted NFAT5 and affected p38/NF-κB/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 axis activation. This study demonstrates that PSPAs exert their antileukemic effects through calcicoptosis induction by targeting NFAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Yanling Jin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, No.9 section 4 Renmin road south, Chengdu, CHINA
| | - You Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Jing Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Chunyan Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Yan Zeng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Qulian Guo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
| | - Wenjun Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, No.25 Taiping road, 646000, Luzhou, CHINA
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12
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Hamdan DI, Salah S, Hassan WHB, Morsi M, Khalil HMA, Ahmed-Farid OAH, El-Shiekh RA, Nael MA, Elissawy AM. Anticancer and Neuroprotective Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fractions from Morus macroura Miq. Plant Organs with Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Profiling. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16013-16027. [PMID: 35571826 PMCID: PMC9096986 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Column chromatography afforded the isolation of seven secondary metabolites (1-(2,4,6-trihydroxy phenyl)-ethanone-4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, naringenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside, rutin) from the ethyl acetate (ET) fractions of Morus macroura Miq. stems (S), leaves (L), and fruits (F). Their identification based on ultraviolet (UV), electron ionization (EI), electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and 1D and 2D NMR data. In addition, profiling of ET fractions using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) resulted in the identification of 82 compounds belonging to different classes, mainly polyphenolic constituents. Chemical profiling as well as molecular docking directed us to biological evaluation. Interestingly, the ET-L fraction exhibited a robust cytotoxic activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, and HELA cell lines. Also, it displayed a neuromodulatory activity against cisplatin neurotoxicity in rats by ameliorating the neurobehavioral dysfunction visualized in the open field and Y-maze test and modulating the neurochemical parameters such as brain amino acid levels (glutamate, aspartate, serine, and histidine), oxidative stress markers (GSH, MDA, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine), and purinergic cell energy (adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)). In conclusion, the isolated compounds (kaempferol-3-O-β-glucoside and quercetin-3-O-β-glucoside) from the ET-L fraction could serve as potent anticancer agents due to their strong antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxicity, and in vivo neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Ibrahim Hamdan
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia
University, Shibin
Elkom 32511, Egypt
| | - Samia Salah
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig
University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | | | - Mai Morsi
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig
University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba Muhammed Ali Khalil
- Department
of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Riham Adel El-Shiekh
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo
University, Kasr el Aini
Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Manal AbdElaziz Nael
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Elissawy
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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13
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Mohammed HA, Khan RA. Anthocyanins: Traditional Uses, Structural and Functional Variations, Approaches to Increase Yields and Products' Quality, Hepatoprotection, Liver Longevity, and Commercial Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042149. [PMID: 35216263 PMCID: PMC8875224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. Methods in extraction and production of anthocyanin-based products have assumed vital economic importance. Different extraction techniques in aquatic solvents mixtures, eutectic solvents, and other chemically reactive extractions including low acid concentrations-based extractions have been developed. The prophylactic and curative therapy roles of the anthocyanins, together with no reported toxicity has offered much-needed impetus and economic benefits to these classes of compounds which are commercially available. Information retrieval from various search engines, including the PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, Scopus®, and Google Scholar®, were used in the review preparation. This imparted an outlook on the anthocyanins occurrence, roles in plants, isolation-extraction, structures, biosynthetic as well as semi- and total-synthetic pathways, product quality and yields enhancements, including uses as part of traditional medicines, and uses in liver disorders, prophylactic and therapeutic applications in liver protection and longevity, liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The review also highlights the integrated approach to yields maximizations to meet the regular demands of the anthocyanins products, also as part of the extract-rich preparations together with a listing of marketed products available for human consumption as nutraceuticals/food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.A.M.); (R.A.K.)
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14
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Ćorković I, Pichler A, Ivić I, Šimunović J, Kopjar M. Microencapsulation of Chokeberry Polyphenols and Volatiles: Application of Alginate and Pectin as Wall Materials. Gels 2021; 7:231. [PMID: 34842706 PMCID: PMC8628699 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a rapidly evolving technology that allows preservation of various high-value, but unstable, compounds, such as polyphenols and volatiles. These components of chokeberry juice are reported to have various health-promoting properties. In the present study, hydrogel beads with alginate or alginate and pectin as wall materials and chokeberry juice as active agent were prepared using Encapsulator B-390. The effects of different compositions of wall material as well as the duration of complexation (30 or 90 min) with hardening solution on microencapsulation of chokeberry polyphenols and volatiles were investigated. Spectrophotometric and HPLC analyses showed that beads with pectin addition contained higher concentrations of polyphenols and anthocyanins compared to those prepared with alginate. Antioxidant activities evaluated with FRAP, CUPRAC, DPPH, and ABTS assays followed the same trend. Encapsulation of volatiles which were determined using GC-MS analysis also depended on the composition of hydrogel beads and in some cases on the time of complexation. Results of this study showed that the selection of the wall material is a relevant factor determining the preservation of polyphenols and volatiles. The incorporation of bioactive compounds in hydrogel beads opens up a wide range of possibilities for the development of functional and innovative foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Ćorković
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Faculty of Food Technology, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.Ć.); (A.P.); (I.I.)
| | - Anita Pichler
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Faculty of Food Technology, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.Ć.); (A.P.); (I.I.)
| | - Ivana Ivić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Faculty of Food Technology, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.Ć.); (A.P.); (I.I.)
| | - Josip Šimunović
- North Carolina State University, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA;
| | - Mirela Kopjar
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Faculty of Food Technology, F. Kuhača 18, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (I.Ć.); (A.P.); (I.I.)
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15
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Jokioja J, Yang B, Linderborg KM. Acylated anthocyanins: A review on their bioavailability and effects on postprandial carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:5570-5615. [PMID: 34611984 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anthocyanins, the natural red and purple colorants of berries, fruits, vegetables, and tubers, improve carbohydrate metabolism and decrease the risk factors of metabolic disorders, but their industrial use is limited by their chemical instability. Acylation of the glycosyl moieties of anthocyanins, however, changes the chemical properties of anthocyanins and provides enhanced stability. Thus, acylated anthocyanins are more usable as natural colorants and bioactive components of innovative functional foods. Acylated anthocyanins are common in pigmented vegetables and tubers, the consumption of which has the potential to increase the intake of health-promoting anthocyanins as part of the daily diet. For the first time, this review presents the current findings on bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, and health effects of acylated anthocyanins with comparison to more extensively investigated nonacylated anthocyanins. The structural differences between nonacylated and acylated anthocyanins lead to enhanced color stability, altered absorption, bioavailability, in vivo stability, and colonic degradation. The impact of phenolic metabolites and their potential health effects regardless of the low bioavailability of the parent anthocyanins as such is discussed. Here, purple-fleshed potatoes are presented as a globally available, eco-friendly model food rich in acylated anthocyanins, which further highlights the industrial possibilities and nutritional relevance of acylated anthocyanins. This work supports the academic community and industry in food research and development by reviewing the current literature and highlighting gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Jokioja
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa M Linderborg
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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16
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Bonesi M, Leporini M, Tenuta MC, Tundis R. The Role of Anthocyanins in Drug Discovery: Recent Developments. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:286-298. [PMID: 30686260 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190125152931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have always played a key role in drug discovery. Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites belonging to the flavonoids family responsible for the purple, blue, and red colour of many vegetables and fruits. These phytochemicals have attracted the interest of researchers for their important implications in human health and for their use as natural colorants. Many in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the potential effects of anthocyanins and anthocyanins-rich foods in the prevention and/or treatment of diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review reports the recent literature data and focuses on the potential role of anthocyanins in drug discovery. Their biological activity, analysis of structure-activity relationships, bioavailability, metabolism, and future prospects of their uses are critically described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonesi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Leporini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Maria C Tenuta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy
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17
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Kasprzak-Drozd K, Oniszczuk T, Soja J, Gancarz M, Wojtunik-Kulesza K, Markut-Miotła E, Oniszczuk A. The Efficacy of Black Chokeberry Fruits against Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126541. [PMID: 34207143 PMCID: PMC8235034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have emphasized the association between a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and a lower frequency of occurrence of inflammatory-related disorders. Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) is a valuable source of biologically active compounds that have been widely investigated for their role in health promotion and cardiovascular disease prevention. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that consumption of these fruits is associated with significant improvements in hypertension, LDL oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity and dyslipidemia. The mechanisms for these beneficial effects include upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, decreased oxidative stress, and inhibition of inflammatory gene expression. Collected findings support the recommendation of such berries as an essential fruit group in a heart-healthy diet. The aim of this review was to summarize the reports on the impact of black chokeberry fruits and extracts against several cardiovascular diseases, e.g., hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, as well as to provide an analysis of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of these fruits in the abovementioned disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-D.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Tomasz Oniszczuk
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (A.O.)
| | - Jakub Soja
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marek Gancarz
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Karolina Wojtunik-Kulesza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-D.); (K.W.-K.)
| | - Ewa Markut-Miotła
- Department of Lung Diseases & Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Oniszczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.-D.); (K.W.-K.)
- Correspondence: (T.O.); (A.O.)
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18
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Ahles S, Joris PJ, Plat J. Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Cognitive Performance, Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126482. [PMID: 34204250 PMCID: PMC8234025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of developing cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary intervention trials describing effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance in humans, while also addressing potential underlying mechanisms. A total of 1197 articles were identified through a systematic search, and 49 studies reporting effects on cognitive performance (n = 18), vascular function (n = 22), or cardiometabolic risk markers (n = 32) were included. Significant improvements were observed on memory, while some of the studies also reported effects on attention and psychomotor speed or executive function. Vascular function markers such as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation were also affected and consistent evidence was provided for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on endothelial function. Finally, studies reported improvements in blood pressure, but effects on metabolic risk markers (e.g. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) were less consistent. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance as memory improved. Whether observed anthocyanin-induced improvements in vascular function and blood pressure underlie beneficial effects on cognitive performance warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Ahles
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (P.J.J.)
- BioActor BV, Gaetano Martinolaan 85, 6229 GS Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.A.); (P.J.J.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Metabolomics Technologies for the Identification and Quantification of Dietary Phenolic Compound Metabolites: An Overview. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060846. [PMID: 34070614 PMCID: PMC8229076 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for natural products with properties that may protect against or slow down chronic and degenerative diseases (e.g., cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative conditions), phenolic compounds (PC) with benefits for human health have been identified. The biological effects of PC in vivo depend on their bioavailability, intestinal absorption, metabolism, and interaction with target tissues. The identification of phenolic compounds metabolites (PCM), in biological samples, after food ingestion rich in PC is a first step to understand the overall effect on human health. However, their wide range of physicochemical properties, levels of abundance, and lack of reference standards, renders its identification and quantification a challenging task for existing analytical platforms. The most frequent approaches to metabolomics analysis combine mass spectrometry and NMR, parallel technologies that provide an overview of the metabolome and high-power compound elucidation. In this scenario, the aim of this review is to summarize the pre-analytical separation processes for plasma and urine samples and the technologies applied in quantitative and qualitative analysis of PCM. Additionally, a comparison of targeted and non-targeted approaches is presented, not available in previous reviews, which may be useful for future metabolomics studies of PCM.
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20
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Boer DE, Mirzaian M, Ferraz MJ, Zwiers KC, Baks MV, Hazeu MD, Ottenhoff R, Marques ARA, Meijer R, Roos JCP, Cox TM, Boot RG, Pannu N, Overkleeft HS, Artola M, Aerts JM. Human glucocerebrosidase mediates formation of xylosyl-cholesterol by β-xylosidase and transxylosidase reactions. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100018. [PMID: 33361282 PMCID: PMC7903134 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of glucocerebrosidase (GBA), a lysosomal β-glucosidase, causes Gaucher disease. The enzyme hydrolyzes β-glucosidic substrates and transglucosylates cholesterol to cholesterol-β-glucoside. Here we show that recombinant human GBA also cleaves β-xylosides and transxylosylates cholesterol. The xylosyl-cholesterol formed acts as an acceptor for the subsequent formation of di-xylosyl-cholesterol. Common mutant forms of GBA from patients with Gaucher disease with reduced β-glucosidase activity were similarly impaired in β-xylosidase, transglucosidase, and transxylosidase activities, except for a slightly reduced xylosidase/glucosidase activity ratio of N370S GBA and a slightly reduced transglucosylation/glucosidase activity ratio of D409H GBA. XylChol was found to be reduced in spleen from patients with Gaucher disease. The origin of newly identified XylChol in mouse and human tissues was investigated. Cultured human cells exposed to exogenous β-xylosides generated XylChol in a manner dependent on active lysosomal GBA but not the cytosol-facing β-glucosidase GBA2. We later sought an endogenous β-xyloside acting as donor in transxylosylation reactions, identifying xylosylated ceramide (XylCer) in cells and tissues that serve as donor in the formation of XylChol. UDP-glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) was unable to synthesize XylChol but could catalyze the formation of XylCer. Thus, food-derived β-D-xyloside and XylCer are potential donors for the GBA-mediated formation of XylChol in cells. The enzyme GCS produces XylCer at a low rate. Our findings point to further catalytic versatility of GBA and prompt a systematic exploration of the distribution and role of xylosylated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne E Boer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Ferraz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley C Zwiers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Merel V Baks
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Marc D Hazeu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André R A Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Meijer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan C P Roos
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Navraj Pannu
- Department of Biophysical Structural Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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21
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Oliveira H, Fernandes A, F. Brás N, Mateus N, de Freitas V, Fernandes I. Anthocyanins as Antidiabetic Agents-In Vitro and In Silico Approaches of Preventive and Therapeutic Effects. Molecules 2020; 25:E3813. [PMID: 32825758 PMCID: PMC7504281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been made in the past two decades into the search for novel natural and less-toxic anti-diabetic agents. Some clinical trials have assigned this ability to anthocyanins, although different factors like the food source, the amount ingested, the matrix effect and the time of consumption (before or after a meal) seem to result in contradictory conclusions. The possible mechanisms involved in these preventive or therapeutic effects will be discussed-giving emphasis to the latest in vitro and in silico approaches. Therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic alterations related to hyperglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) may include: (a) Inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes; (b) reduction of glucose transporters expression or activity; (c) inhibition of glycogenolysis and (d) modulation of gut microbiota by anthocyanin breakdown products. These strategies may be achieved through administration of individual anthocyanins or by functional foods containing complexes of anthocyanin:carbohydrate:protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Iva Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (H.O.); (A.F.); (N.F.B.); (N.M.); (V.d.F.)
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22
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Song XL, Li MJ, Liu Q, Hu ZX, Xu ZY, Li JH, Zheng WL, Huang XM, Xiao F, Cui YH, Pan HW. Cyanidin-3- O-glucoside Protects Lens Epithelial Cells against High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis and Prevents Cataract Formation via Suppressing NF-κB Activation and Cox-2 Expression. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8286-8294. [PMID: 32640796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cataract is one of the most important causes of blindness worldwide. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is found to exert beneficial effects on many diabetic complications. However, its effect on diabetic cataract is not well known. Herein, we investigated the effect of C3G on high glucose-induced lens epithelial cell (SRA01/04) apoptosis and cataract formation as well as the involved mechanisms. We found C3G (20 μM) could preserve cell viability in SRA01/04 cells exposed to high glucose (100 μM). Meanwhile, C3G inhibited SRA01/04 cell apoptosis and regulated the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Additionally, C3G suppressed NF-κB activation and subsequent cyclooxygenases-2 (Cox-2) expression, which are associated with the protection against apoptosis. Moreover, C3G attenuated lens opacity and protein aggregation in lens culture exposed to high glucose. In conclusion, C3G protected against high glucose-induced SRA01/04 cell apoptosis and cataract formation, which indicated the potential protection of anthocyanins on diabetic cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ling Song
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Hu
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- West Campus, University of Chinese Acadamy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhi-Yi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jia-Hui Li
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Lin Zheng
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yu-Hong Cui
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Hong-Wei Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Institute of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 West Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Han F, Oliveira H, Brás NF, Fernandes I, Cruz L, De Freitas V, Mateus N. In vitro gastrointestinal absorption of red wine anthocyanins – Impact of structural complexity and phase II metabolization. Food Chem 2020; 317:126398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Valdez JC, Cho J, Bolling BW. Aronia berry inhibits disruption of Caco-2 intestinal barrier function. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 688:108409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Sorrenti V, Ali S, Mancin L, Davinelli S, Paoli A, Scapagnini G. Cocoa Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Interplay: Bioavailability, Prebiotic Effect, and Impact on Human Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071908. [PMID: 32605083 PMCID: PMC7400387 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa and its products are rich sources of polyphenols such as flavanols. These compounds exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, accountable for cocoa health-promoting effects. However, cocoa polyphenols are poorly absorbed in the intestine, and most of them cannot reach the systemic circulation in their natural forms. Instead, their secondary bioactive metabolites are bioavailable, enter the circulation, reach the target organs, and exhibit their activities. In fact, once reaching the intestine, cocoa polyphenols interact bidirectionally with the gut microbiota. These compounds can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota exerting prebiotic mechanisms. They enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the number of pathogenic ones, such as Clostridium perfringens. On the other hand, bioactive cocoa metabolites can enhance gut health, displaying anti-inflammatory activities, positively affecting immunity, and reducing the risk of various diseases. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge of the bidirectional interaction between cocoa polyphenols and gut microbiota with their various health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3880944215
| | - Sawan Ali
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Laura Mancin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (A.P.)
- Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Via de Sanctis s.n.c, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; (S.A.); (S.D.); (G.S.)
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Fakhri S, Khodamorady M, Naseri M, Farzaei MH, Khan H. The ameliorating effects of anthocyanins on the cross-linked signaling pathways of cancer dysregulated metabolism. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104895. [PMID: 32422342 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells underlie the dysregulated metabolism of carbohydrate, lipid and protein and thereby, employ interconnected cross-linked signaling pathways to supply adequate energy for growth and related biosynthetic procedures. In the present study, a comprehensive review of cancer metabolism and anthocyanin's effect was conducted using the existing electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as related articles in the field. Such keywords as "cancer", and "cancer metabolism" in the title/abstract/keyword and all the "anthocyanins" in the whole text were used. Data were collected without time restriction until February 2020. The results indicated the involvement of several signaling pathways, including inflammatory PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, Bax/Bcl-2/caspases as apoptosis modulators, and NF-κB/Nrf2 as oxidative stress mediators in the cancer dysregulated metabolism. Compelling studies have shown that targeting these pathways, as critical hallmarks of cancer, plays a critical role in combating cancer dysregulated metabolism. The complexity of cancer metabolism signaling pathways, along with toxicity, high costs, and resistance to conventional drugs urge the need to investigate novel multi-target agents. Increasing evidence has introduced plant-derived secondary metabolites as hopeful anticancer candidates which target multiple dysregulated cross-linked pathways of cancer metabolism. Amongst these metabolites, anthocyanins have demonstrated positive anticancer effects by targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic signaling pathways. The current study revealed the cross-linked signaling pathways of cancer metabolism, as well as the promising pharmacological mechanisms of anthocyanins in targeting the aforementioned signaling mediators. To overcome the pharmacokinetic limitations of anthocyanins in cancer treatment, their interactions with gut microbiota and the need to develop related nano-formulations were also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Minoo Khodamorady
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, 67149-67346, Iran.
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Sorrenti V, Fortinguerra S, Caudullo G, Buriani A. Deciphering the Role of Polyphenols in Sports Performance: From Nutritional Genomics to the Gut Microbiota toward Phytonutritional Epigenomics. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051265. [PMID: 32365576 PMCID: PMC7281972 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The individual response to nutrients and non-nutrient molecules can be largely affected by three important biological layers. The gut microbiome can alter the bioavailability of nutrients and other substances, the genome can influence molecule kinetics and dynamics, while the epigenome can modulate or amplify the properties of the genome. Today the use of omic techniques and bioinformatics, allow the construction of individual multilayer networks and thus the identification of personalized strategies that have recently been considered in all medical fields, including sports medicine. The composition of each athlete’s microbiome influences sports performance both directly by acting on energy metabolism and indirectly through the modulation of nutrient or non-nutrient molecule availability that ultimately affects the individual epigenome and the genome. Among non-nutrient molecules polyphenols can potentiate physical performances through different epigenetic mechanisms. Polyphenols interact with the gut microbiota, undergoing extensive metabolism to produce bioactive molecules, which act on transcription factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, antioxidant systems, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and DNA repair. This review focuses on polyphenols effects in sports performance considering the individual microbiota, epigenomic asset, and the genomic characteristics of athletes to understand how their supplementation could potentially help to modulate muscle inflammation and improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefano Fortinguerra
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - Giada Caudullo
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Buriani
- Bendessere™ Study Center, Solgar Italia Multinutrient S.p.A., 35131 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (G.C.); (A.B.)
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group (Synlab Limited), 35100 Padova, Italy
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28
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Matute A, Tabart J, Cheramy-Bien JP, Pirotte B, Kevers C, Auger C, Schini-Kerth V, Dommes J, Defraigne JO, Pincemail J. Compared Phenolic Compound Contents of 22 Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Juices: Relationship to ex-vivo Vascular Reactivity and Potential in vivo Projection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020092. [PMID: 31978956 PMCID: PMC7070690 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The real impact of polyphenol-rich vegetable and fruit juice intake on cardiovascular health remains a matter of controversy. In the present study, rat aorta segments immersed in an organ bath (OB) were used to explore whether the total polyphenol content and/or individual phenolic compound contents of 22 commercial vegetable (n = 3) and fruit juices [(citrus (n = 5), berries (n = 10), apple (n = 2), pineapple (n = 2)] might be associated with vascular tone. Red juices (particularly blackcurrant) and lemon juice caused the most marked vasorelaxation, its amplitude being endothelium dependent or not according to the volume ratio of juice to initial OB solution Vjuice/VOBS). At volume ratios 5% and 10%, both the juice and OB total polyphenol for all juices and total anthocyanin contents for berry juices significantly correlated with aorta vasorelaxation intensity. This was not the case for total or individual flavonols (except kaempferol) or for total or individual flavanols (except epigallocatechin gallate). If one relates our measured concentrations of individual phenolic compounds in OB to what is known about their physiological concentrations, and given our evidenced correlations between compound concentrations and vasorelaxation intensity, kaempferol, epigallocatechin gallate and peonidin-3-O-glucoside seem to emerge as the interesting phenolic compounds likely to be responsible for the potent vasorelaxation observed with fruit juices, and more particularly blackcurrant ones. Clinical investigation is required, however, to confirm our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Matute
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UR InBios-Phytosystems, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.M.); (J.T.); (C.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Jessica Tabart
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UR InBios-Phytosystems, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.M.); (J.T.); (C.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Jean-Paul Cheramy-Bien
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CREDEC and Plateform Nutrition Antioxydante et Santé, CHU and University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (J.-O.D.)
| | - Bernard Pirotte
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium;
| | - Claire Kevers
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UR InBios-Phytosystems, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.M.); (J.T.); (C.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Cyril Auger
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (C.A.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Valérie Schini-Kerth
- Laboratory of Biophotonic and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg, 67401 Illkirch, France; (C.A.); (V.S.-K.)
| | - Jacques Dommes
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UR InBios-Phytosystems, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (A.M.); (J.T.); (C.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CREDEC and Plateform Nutrition Antioxydante et Santé, CHU and University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (J.-O.D.)
| | - Joël Pincemail
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, CREDEC and Plateform Nutrition Antioxydante et Santé, CHU and University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (J.-P.C.-B.); (J.-O.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-47-483-8071; Fax: +32-43-667-164
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Kaewmool C, Kongtawelert P, Phitak T, Pothacharoen P, Udomruk S. Protocatechuic acid inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-activated BV2 microglia via regulating SIRT1/NF-κB pathway contributed to the suppression of microglial activation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577164. [PMID: 32007785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIRT1 exhibits inhibitory effects on microglial activation-induced neurodegeneration. Regulating SIRT1 may become a novel approach for curing neurodegenerative diseases. Protocatechuic acid (PA), a phenolic acid, has anti-neuroinflammatory effects. The effect of PA on SIRT1 in activated microglia remains unknown. Here, we examined whether PA has anti-inflammatory effects against microglial activation-induced neuronal cell death via regulating SIRT1 in microglia. We found that PA inhibited the release of inflammatory mediators in LPS-activated BV2 microglia via the SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and thereby attenuated microglial activation-induced PC12 cell apoptosis. This suggests that SIRT1 mediates the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of PA to ameliorate microglial activation-induced neuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanut Kaewmool
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Thanyaluck Phitak
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sasimol Udomruk
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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30
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An Nd 3+-Sensitized Upconversion Fluorescent Sensor for Epirubicin Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121700. [PMID: 31795129 PMCID: PMC6955805 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe here an Nd3+-sensitized upconversion fluorescent sensor for epirubicin (EPI) detection in aqueous solutions under 808 nm laser excitation. The upconversion fluorescence of nanoparticles is effectively quenched in the presence of EPI via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism. The dynamic quenching constant was 2.10 × 104 M−1. Normalized fluorescence intensity increased linearly as the EPI concentration was raised from 0.09 μM to 189.66 μM and the fluorometric detection limit was 0.05 μM. The sensing method was simple, fast, and low-cost and was able to be applied to determine the levels of EPI in urine with spike recoveries from 97.5% to 102.6%. Another important feature of the proposed fluorescent sensor is that it holds a promising potential for in vivo imaging and detection due to its distinctive properties such as weak autofluorescence, low heating effect, and high light penetration depth.
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Mohammadi Pour P, Fakhri S, Asgary S, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. The Signaling Pathways, and Therapeutic Targets of Antiviral Agents: Focusing on the Antiviral Approaches and Clinical Perspectives of Anthocyanins in the Management of Viral Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1207. [PMID: 31787892 PMCID: PMC6856223 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As the leading cause of death worldwide, viruses significantly affect global health. Despite the rapid progress in human healthcare, there are few viricidal and antiviral therapies that are efficient enough. The rapid emergence of resistance, and high costs, as well as the related side effects of synthetic antiviral drugs, raise the need to identify novel, effective, and safe alternatives against viral diseases. Nature has been of the most exceptional help and source of inspiration for developing novel multi-target antiviral compounds, affecting several steps of the viral life cycle and host proteins. For that matter and due to safety and efficacy limitations, as well as high resistance rate of conventional therapies, hundreds of natural molecules are preferred over the synthetic drugs. Besides, natural antiviral agents have shown acceptable antiviral value in both preclinical and clinical trials.This is the first review regarding molecular and cellular pathways of the virus life cycle, treatment strategies, and therapeutic targets of several viral diseases with a particular focus on anthocyanins as promising natural compounds for significant antiviral enhancements. Clinical applications and the need to develop nano-formulation of anthocyanins in drug delivery systems are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Mohammadi Pour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Meng L, Zhu J, Ma Y, Sun X, Li D, Li L, Bai H, Xin G, Meng X. Composition and antioxidant activity of anthocyanins from Aronia melanocarpa cultivated in Haicheng, Liaoning, China. FOOD BIOSCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Vendrame S, Klimis-Zacas D. Potential Factors Influencing the Effects of Anthocyanins on Blood Pressure Regulation in Humans: A Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061431. [PMID: 31242638 PMCID: PMC6628116 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of anthocyanins (ACNs) is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease. While the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering effects of ACN consumption have been consistently reported, their effect(s) on blood pressure regulation is less consistent and results from human studies are mixed. The objective of this review is attempting to identify potential patterns which may explain the variability in results related to blood pressure. To do so, we review 66 human intervention trials testing the effects on blood pressure of purified ACN or ACN-rich extracts, or whole berries, berry juices, powders, purees and whole phenolic extracts, from berries that are rich in ACN and have ACNs as predominant bioactives. Several factors appear to be involved on the mixed results reported. In particular, the baseline characteristics of the population in terms of blood pressure and total flavonoid intake, the dose and duration of the intervention, the differential effects of individual ACN and their synergistic effects with other phytochemicals, the ACN content and bioavailability from the food matrix, and individual differences in ACN absorption and metabolism related to genotype and microbiota enterotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Vendrame
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Oracz J, Nebesny E, Zyzelewicz D, Budryn G, Luzak B. Bioavailability and metabolism of selected cocoa bioactive compounds: A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1947-1985. [PMID: 31124371 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1619160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa beans and their co-products are a rich source of beneficial compounds for health promotion, including polyphenols and methylxanthines. Knowledge of bioavailability and in vivo bioactivity of these phytochemicals is crucial to understand their role and function in human health. Therefore, many studies concerning bioavailability and bioactivity of cocoa bioactive compound have been done in both in vivo animal models and in humans. This critical review comprehensively summarizes the existing knowledge about the bioavailability and the major metabolic pathways of selected cocoa bioactive compounds (i.e. monomeric flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, anthocyanins, flavonols, phenolic acids, N-phenylpropenoyl-L-amino acids, stilbenes, and methylxanthines). The compiled results indicated that many of these compounds undergo extensive metabolism prior to absorption. Different factors have been suggested to influence the bioavailability of polyphenols and methylxanthines among them the role of gut microbiota, structure of these compounds, food matrix and occurrence of other substances were the most often considered. Aforementioned factors decided about the site where these bioactive compounds are digested and absorbed from the alimentary tract, as well as the pathway by which they are metabolized. These factors also determine of the type of transport through the intestine barrier (passive, involving specific enzymes or mediated by specific transporters) and their metabolic path and profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Nebesny
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dorota Zyzelewicz
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Grazyna Budryn
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Boguslawa Luzak
- Department of Haemostasis and Haemostatic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Singh A, Kitts DD. In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Tart Cherry Anthocyanins in a Health Supplement Mix Containing Mineral Clay. J Food Sci 2019; 84:475-480. [PMID: 30706481 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study reports on the in vitro bioaccessibility of anthocyanins present in tart cherry extracts formulated with a mineral clay to produce a novel natural health product. Results show that tart cherry anthocyanins are stable and bioaccessible after gastric digestion but were largely transformed or degraded (>70%) after duodenal digestion. This contrasted the fact that total antioxidant capacity of tart cherry extract using oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay increased almost two-fold after GI digestion. There was no significant difference between anthocyanin recovery when present the mineral clay formulation, compared to control, thus the presence of the cationic-based mineral clay was not a factor in reducing anthocyanin bioaccessibility, or increasing antioxidant capacity. In vitro digestion of foods or natural health products should be included in protocols that aim to assess overall bioaccessibility and bioactivity of those anthocyanins present in tart cherry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research investigates the impact of having a mineral clay-based matrix on bioaccessiblity of tart cherry anthocyanins. This study describes the anthocyanin composition of tart cherry and the effect of cations present in mineral clay on final total bioavailability following in vitro simulation of human gastrointestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Singh
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land & Food Systems, Univ. of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Land & Food Systems, Univ. of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Kawabata K, Yoshioka Y, Terao J. Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules 2019; 24:E370. [PMID: 30669635 PMCID: PMC6359708 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are categorized as plant secondary metabolites, and they have attracted much attention in relation to human health and the prevention of chronic diseases. In recent years, a considerable number of studies have been published concerning their physiological function in the digestive tract, such as their prebiotic properties and their modification of intestinal microbiota. It has also been suggested that several hydrolyzed and/or fission products, derived from the catabolism of polyphenols by intestinal bacteria, exert their physiological functions in target sites after transportation into the body. Thus, this review article focuses on the role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological function of dietary polyphenols. Monomeric polyphenols, such as flavonoids and oligomeric polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, are usually catabolized to chain fission products by intestinal bacteria in the colon. Gallic acid and ellagic acid derived from the hydrolysis of gallotannin, and ellagitannin are also subjected to intestinal catabolism. These catabolites may play a large role in the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. They may also affect the microbiome, resulting in health promotion by the activation of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion and intestinal immune function. The intestinal microbiota is a key factor in mediating the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuichi Kawabata
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women's University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan.
| | - Yasukiyo Yoshioka
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women's University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan.
| | - Junji Terao
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Konan Women's University, 6-2-23 Morikita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo 658-0001, Japan.
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Hoornstra D, Vesterlin J, Pärnänen P, Al-Samadi A, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Vered M, Salo T. Fermented Lingonberry Juice Inhibits Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion In Vitro Similarly to Curcumin. In Vivo 2018; 32:1089-1095. [PMID: 30150430 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) cells are highly proliferative and invasive. Lingonberry contains several polyphenolic compounds similar to curcumin. We hypothesize that fermented lingonberry juice (FLJ) has an anti-invasive and anti-proliferative effect on OTSCC cells similarly to curcumin, which is known to be anti-carcinogenic. MATERIALS AND METHODS FLJ, curcumin dissolved in ethanol, or curcumin loaded in Candida extracellular vesicles (EVs) were added to more (HSC-3) and less aggressive (SCC-25) OTSCC cells. Cell proliferation was measured with a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine kit and invasion in the three-dimensional Myogel spheroid assay. Statistical analyses were completed with one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc testing. RESULTS Both FLJ and curcumin significantly reduced the proliferation and invasion of HSC-3 and SCC-25 cells. The effects of curcumin were not improved when cells were treated with curcumin loaded within EVs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that FLJ, like curcumin, has an anti-carcinogenic effect on aggressive OTSCC cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douwe Hoornstra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Vesterlin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirjo Pärnänen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Al-Samadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Tuula Salo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland .,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Therapeutic potential of rice-derived polyphenols on obesity-related oxidative stress and inflammation. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Zhang X, Sandhu A, Edirisinghe I, Burton-Freeman B. An exploratory study of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) (poly)phenols/metabolites in human biological samples. Food Funct 2018; 9:806-818. [PMID: 29344587 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00893g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) contains a variety of polyphenols including anthocyanins and ellagitannins. Red raspberry polyphenols absorbed in different forms (parent compounds, degradants or microbial metabolites) are subject to xenobiotic metabolism in the intestine, liver, and/or kidney, forming methylate, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugated metabolites. Upon acute exposure, (poly)phenol/metabolite presence in the blood depends mainly on intestinal absorption, enterohepatic circulation, and metabolism by resident microbiota. However, chronic exposure to red raspberry polyphenols may alter metabolite patterns depending on adaptions in the xenobiotic machinery and/or microbiota composition. Understanding the metabolic fate of these compounds and their composition in different biological specimens relative to the exposure time/dose will aid in designing future health benefit studies, including the mechanism of action studies. The present exploratory study applied ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) and triple quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometries to characterize red raspberry polyphenols in fruit and then their appearance, including metabolites in human biological samples (plasma, urine and breast milk) after the chronic intake of red raspberries. The results suggested that the most abundant polyphenols in red raspberries included cyanidin 3-O-sophoroside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, sanguiin H6 and lambertianin C. Sixty-two (poly)phenolic compounds were tentatively identified in the plasma, urine and breast milk samples after the intake of red raspberries. In general, urine contained the highest content of phenolic metabolites; phase II metabolites, particularly sulfated conjugates, were mainly present in urine and breast milk, and breast milk contained fewer parent anthocyanins compared to urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhuiqun Zhang
- Center for Nutrition Research, Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, IL, USA.
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Williamson G, Kay CD, Crozier A. The Bioavailability, Transport, and Bioactivity of Dietary Flavonoids: A Review from a Historical Perspective. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1054-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin D. Kay
- Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Plants for Human Health Inst. North Carolina State Univ. North Carolina Research Campus Kannapolis NC 28081 U.S.A
| | - Alan Crozier
- Dept. of Nutrition Univ. of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing, Univ. Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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The influence of juicing on the appearance of blueberry metabolites 2 h after consumption: a metabolite profiling approach. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:1233-1244. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe consumption of berries has been linked to decreased risk of degenerative disease. Berries are regularly processed into juices. It is largely unknown how the juicing process affects the bioavailability of metabolites. As metabolomics has shown to be a valuable nutritional tool to study global metabolite differences, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of juicing on the relative appearance of blueberry metabolites in humans using metabolomics. Nine healthy subjects consumed 250 g of fresh blueberries either as the whole fruit or after juicing, and provided blood and urine samples before and 2 h after intake in a cross-over design. Samples underwent metabolite profiling using LCMS, and data were mined with multivariate analysis. Overall, <12 % of all ions detected were significantly influenced by blueberry treatment (P<0·05). Partial least-squared discriminant analysis models of post-treatment samples revealed good discrimination. In urinary samples, whole blueberry treatment resulted in 108 ions that were significantly higher compared with juiced treatment (positive and negative mode combined), whereas only eight were significantly higher after juiced treatment. Examples of putative annotations included metabolites of ferulic and caffeic acids, several phenolic metabolites conjugated to sulphate, glycoside or glucuronide and fatty acyl derivatives, which were of higher intensity after whole blueberry treatment. In conclusion, consumption of whole blueberries resulted in a higher range of phenolic and other metabolites in plasma and urine samples 2 h after consumption. Both whole and juiced blueberries resulted in very similar metabolite profiles at 2 h, although this was the only time point measured.
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Ormazabal P, Scazzocchio B, Varì R, Santangelo C, D'Archivio M, Silecchia G, Iacovelli A, Giovannini C, Masella R. Effect of protocatechuic acid on insulin responsiveness and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue from obese individuals: possible role for PTP1B. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:2012-2021. [PMID: 29769704 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The occurrence of chronic inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in obese subjects precipitates the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Anthocyanins and their main metabolite protocatechuic acid (PCA) have been demonstrated to stimulate insulin signaling in human adipocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PCA is able to modulate insulin responsiveness and inflammation in VAT from obese (OB) and normal weight (NW) subjects. SUBJECTS/METHODS VATs obtained from NW and OB subjects were incubated or not (control) with 100 μM PCA for 24 h. After incubation, tissues untreated and treated with PCA were acutely stimulated with insulin (20 nM, 20 min). PTP1B, p65 NF-κB, phospho-p65 NF-κB, IRS-1, IRβ, Akt, GLUT4 as well as basal and insulin-stimulated Tyr-IRS-1 and Ser-Akt phosphorylations were assessed by Western blotting in NW- and OB-VAT. Samples were assessed for PTP1B activity and adipocytokine secretion. RESULTS PCA restored insulin-induced phosphorylation in OB-VAT by increasing phospho-Tyr-IRS-1 and phospho-Ser-Akt after insulin stimulation as observed in NW-VAT (p < 0.05). PTP1B activity was lower in OB-VAT treated with PCA with respect to untreated (p < 0.05). Compared to non-treated tissues, PCA reduced phospho-p65 NF-κB and IL-6 in OB-VAT, and IL-1β in NW-VAT (p < 0.05); and increased adiponectin secretion in NW-VAT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION PCA restores the insulin responsiveness of OB-VAT by increasing IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation which could be related with the lower PTP1B activity found in PCA-treated OB-VAT. Furthermore, PCA diminishes inflammation in VAT. These results support the beneficial role of an anthocyanin-rich diet against inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Ormazabal
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.,Center of Studies of Health, Society and Chronic non-Communicable Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, University of O'Higgins, Alameda 611, Rancagua, Region of O'Higgins, Chile
| | - Beatrice Scazzocchio
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Rosaria Varì
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Carmela Santangelo
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Archivio
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Silecchia
- Department Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Giovannini
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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Liu J, Song J, Huang K, Michel D, Fang J. HPLC-MS/MS analysis of anthocyanins in human plasma and urine using protein precipitation and dilute-and-shoot sample preparation methods, respectively. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4177. [PMID: 29251356 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed to analyze anthocyanins in urine and plasma to further understand their absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The method employed a Synergi RP-Max column (250 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm) and an API 4000 mass spectrometer. A gradient elution system consisted of mobile phase A (water-1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (acetonitrile) with a flow rate of 0.60 mL/min. The gradient was initiated at 5% B, increased to 21% B at 20 min, and then increased to 40% B at 35 min. The analysis of anthocyanins presents a challenge because of the poor stability of anthocyanins during sample preparation, especially during solvent evaporation. In this method, the degradation of anthocyanins was minimized using protein precipitation and dilute-and-shoot and sample preparation methods for plasma and urine, respectively. No interferences were observed from endogenous compounds. The method has been used to analyze anthocyanin concentrations in urine and plasma samples from volunteers administered saskatoon berries. Cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-xyloside and quercetin-3-galactoside, the five major flavonoid components in saskatoon berries, were identified in plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Liu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuxue Song
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Karen Huang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Deborah Michel
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Fang
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Celli GB, Ghanem A, Brooks MSL. A theoretical physiologically based pharmacokinetic approach for modeling the fate of anthocyanins in vivo. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3197-3207. [PMID: 27002538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on the pharmacokinetics of anthocyanins (ACNs) and their metabolites have uncovered evidence for hitherto unknown physiological effects affecting the fate of these compounds in vivo. In particular, it has been shown that the stomach, in addition to the small intestine, has an important role in absorption. Most studies still use a noncompartmental or one-compartmental approach to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of ACNs, which does not represent the anatomical and physiological conditions that a compound is subject to in the organism. Thus, the objective of this study was to review the current knowledge of the different processes involved in the metabolism of ACNs once ingested and, based on this information, propose a theoretical physiologically based, multicompartmental pharmacokinetic (PBMK) model to describe their fate in vivo. This is the first study that reports a PBMK model for ACNs; the model provides a more physiologically representative approach for ANC metabolism, which could be used as a basis for experimental designs and interspecies scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Bonat Celli
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Amyl Ghanem
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
| | - Marianne Su-Ling Brooks
- a Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada
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Selected Phyto and Marine Bioactive Compounds: Alternatives for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64068-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Biochemical Properties and Neuroprotective Effects of Compounds in Various Species of Berries. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010026. [PMID: 29271934 PMCID: PMC5943949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of berries, such as blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium) and lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), have attracted much scientific attention in recent years, especially due to their reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Berries, as with other types of plants, have developed metabolic mechanisms to survive various environmental stresses, some of which involve reactive oxygen species. In addition, the fruits and leaves of berries have high amounts of polyphenols, such as flavonoids, which act as potent antioxidants. These compounds could potentially be beneficial for brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. There are now several studies documenting the beneficial effects of various berries in cell models of neurotoxicity as well as in vivo models of neurodegenerative disease. In the current review, we discuss the metabolic strategies that plants and animals have developed in order to combat reactive oxygen species. We then discuss issues of bioavailability of various compounds in mammals and provide a synopsis of studies demonstrating the neuroprotective ability of berries and polyphenols. We also summarize findings from our own research group. For example, we have detected various polyphenols in samples of blueberries and lingonberries and have found that the leaves have a much higher antioxidant capacity than the fruits. Extracts from these species have also demonstrated neuroprotective effects in cellular models of toxicity and inflammation, which are being further pursued in animal models.
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Meng LS, Li B, Li DN, Wang YH, Lin Y, Meng XJ, Sun XY, Liu N. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside attenuates amyloid-beta (1–40)-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells through a Nrf2 mechanism. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Dietary Anthocyanins and Insulin Resistance: When Food Becomes a Medicine. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101111. [PMID: 29023424 PMCID: PMC5691727 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is an abnormal physiological state that occurs when insulin from pancreatic β-cells is unable to trigger a signal transduction pathway in target organs such as the liver, muscles and adipose tissues. The loss of insulin sensitivity is generally associated with persistent hyperglycemia (diabetes), hyperinsulinemia, fatty acids and/or lipid dysregulation which are often prevalent under obesity conditions. Hence, insulin sensitizers are one class of drugs currently employed to treat diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. A number of natural products that act through multiple mechanisms have also been identified to enhance insulin sensitivity in target organs. One group of such compounds that gained interest in recent years are the dietary anthocyanins. Data from their in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies are scrutinized in this communication to show their potential health benefit through ameliorating insulin resistance. Specific mechanism of action ranging from targeting specific signal transduction receptors/enzymes to the general antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of insulin resistance are presented.
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Hassan STS, Švajdlenka E. Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking of Protocatechuic Acid from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. as a Potent Urease Inhibitor by an ESI-MS Based Method. Molecules 2017; 22:E1696. [PMID: 29019930 PMCID: PMC6151788 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on enzyme inhibition remain a crucial area in drug discovery since these studies have led to the discoveries of new lead compounds useful in the treatment of several diseases. In this study, protocatechuic acid (PCA), an active compound from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. has been evaluated for its inhibitory properties against jack bean urease (JBU) as well as its possible toxic effect on human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). Anti-urease activity was evaluated by an Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) based method, while cytotoxicity was assayed by the MTT method. PCA exerted notable anti-JBU activity compared with that of acetohydroxamic acid (AHA), with IC50 values of 1.7 and 3.2 µM, respectively. PCA did not show any significant cytotoxic effect on (GES-1) cells at concentrations ranging from 1.12 to 3.12 µM. Molecular docking study revealed high spontaneous binding ability of PCA to the active site of urease. Additionally, the anti-urease activity was found to be related to the presence of hydroxyl moieties of PCA. This study presents PCA as a natural urease inhibitor, which could be used safely in the treatment of diseases caused by urease-producing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Švajdlenka
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Novotny JA, Chen TY, Terekhov AI, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ, Ho L, Pasinetti GM, Ferruzzi MG. The effect of obesity and repeated exposure on pharmacokinetic response to grape polyphenols in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28654207 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Evidence suggests that dietary pattern may affect polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism. Further, obesity is associated with lower circulating nutrients, though the reason is unclear. We investigated the pharmacokinetic (PK) response of polyphenols in obese/overweight versus lean individuals before and after repeated dosing of grape polyphenols. METHODS AND RESULTS A pilot study was conducted in which PK challenges were administered before and after 10 days of repeated dosing with polyphenols. Volunteers (6 lean, 6 overweight/obese) consumed resveratrol, grape seed extract, and grape juice (2125 mg total polyphenols) daily. On days 1 and 11, blood samples were collected for 6 h after the polyphenol dose and analyzed for deconjugated catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, and quercetin. Area under the plasma polyphenol mass by time curves (AUCs) were greater for catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin on day 11 versus day 1 for low BMI individuals (p = 0.039) but not high BMI individuals. Further, AUCs were greater for epicatechin and resveratrol for low versus high BMI individuals (p = 0.041), with a similar trend for catechin (p = 0.065), on day 11 but not day 1. CONCLUSION These results suggest that that obesity and repeated exposure may modify polyphenol absorption and/or metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A Novotny
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Building 307B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Tzu-Ying Chen
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Anton I Terekhov
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sarah K Gebauer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Building 307B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Building 307B, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lap Ho
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giulio M Pasinetti
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
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