1
|
Duarte ME, Parnsen W, Zhang S, Abreu MLT, Kim SW. Low crude protein formulation with supplemental amino acids for its impacts on intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:55. [PMID: 38528636 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low crude protein (CP) formulations with supplemental amino acids (AA) are used to enhance intestinal health, reduce costs, minimize environmental impact, and maintain growth performance of pigs. However, extensive reduction of dietary CP can compromise growth performance due to limited synthesis of non-essential AA and limited availability of bioactive compounds from protein supplements even when AA requirements are met. Moreover, implementing a low CP formulation can increase the net energy (NE) content in feeds causing excessive fat deposition. Additional supplementation of functional AA, coupled with low CP formulation could further enhance intestinal health and glucose metabolism, improving nitrogen utilization, and growth performance. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low CP formulations with supplemental AA on the intestinal health and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. METHODS In Exp. 1, 90 pigs (19.7 ± 1.1 kg, 45 barrows and 45 gilts) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (18.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, and Thr), LCP (16.0% CP, supplementing Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val), and LCPT (16.1% CP, LCP + 0.05% SID Trp). In Exp. 2, 72 pigs (34.2 ± 4.2 kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments: CON (17.7% CP, meeting the requirements of Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (15.0% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and VLCP (12.8% CP, meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, Phe, His, and Leu). In Exp. 3, 72 pigs (54.1 ± 5.9 kg BW) were assigned to 3 treatments and fed experimental diets for 3 phases (grower 2, finishing 1, and finishing 2). Treatments were CON (18.0%, 13.8%, 12.7% CP for 3 phases; meeting Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp); LCP (13.5%, 11.4%, 10.4% CP for 3 phases; meeting Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Val, Ile, and Phe); and LCPG (14.1%, 12.8%, 11.1% CP for 3 phases; LCP + Glu to match SID Glu with CON). All diets had 2.6 Mcal/kg NE. RESULTS In Exp. 1, overall, the growth performance did not differ among treatments. The LCPT increased (P < 0.05) Claudin-1 expression in the duodenum and jejunum. The LCP and LCPT increased (P < 0.05) CAT-1, 4F2hc, and B0AT expressions in the jejunum. In Exp. 2, overall, the VLCP reduced (P < 0.05) G:F and BUN. The LCP and VLCP increased (P < 0.05) the backfat thickness (BFT). In Exp. 3, overall, growth performance and BFT did not differ among treatments. The LCPG reduced (P < 0.05) BUN, whereas increased the insulin in plasma. The LCP and LCPG reduced (P < 0.05) the abundance of Streptococcaceae, whereas the LCP reduced (P < 0.05) Erysipelotrichaceae, and the alpha diversity. CONCLUSIONS When implementing low CP formulation, CP can be reduced by supplementation of Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, Val, and Ile without affecting the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs when NE is adjusted to avoid increased fat deposition. Supplementation of Trp above the requirement or supplementation of Glu in low CP formulation seems to benefit intestinal health as well as improved nitrogen utilization and glucose metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Elias Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Wanpuech Parnsen
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Márvio L T Abreu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hou X, Zhang R, Yang M, Niu N, Zong W, Yang L, Li H, Hou R, Wang X, Wang L, Liu X, Shi L, Zhao F, Wang L, Zhang L. Characteristics of Transcriptome and Metabolome Concerning Intramuscular Fat Content in Beijing Black Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15874-15883. [PMID: 37847170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
To study the characteristics of genes and metabolites related to intramuscular fat (IMF) content with less influence by breed background and individual differences, the skeletal muscle samples from 40 Beijing black pigs with either high or low IMF content were used to perform transcriptome and metabolome analyses. About 99 genes (twofold-change) were differentially expressed. Up-regulated genes in the high IMF pigs were mainly related to fat metabolism. The key genes in charge of IMF deposition are ADIPOQ, CIDEC, CYP4B1, DGAT2, LEP, OPRL1, PLIN1, SCD, and THRSP. KLHL40, TRAFD1, and HSPA6 were novel candidate genes for the IMF trait due to their high abundances. In the low IMF pigs, the differentially expressed genes involved in virus resistance were up-regulated. About 16 and 18 differential metabolites (1.5 fold-change) were obtained in the positive and negative modes, respectively. Pigs with low IMF had weaker fatty acid oxidation due to the down-regulation of various carnitines. Differentially expressed genes were more important in determining IMF deposition than differential metabolites because relatively few differential metabolites were obtained, and they were merely the products under the physiological status of diverged IMF content. This study provided valuable information for further studies on IMF deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Hou
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Run Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Man Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Naiqi Niu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wencheng Zong
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huihui Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Renda Hou
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garrido N, Albuquerque A, Charneca R, Costa F, Marmelo C, Ramos A, Martin L, Martins JM. Transcriptomic Profiling of Subcutaneous Backfat in Castrated and Intact Alentejano Pigs Finished Outdoors with Commercial and Fiber-Rich Diets. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1722. [PMID: 37761862 PMCID: PMC10531178 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied the backfat transcriptome of surgically castrated (C), intact (I) and intact fed an experimental diet (IE) outdoor-reared male Alentejano (AL) pigs. The experimental diet was a high-fiber diet with locally produced legumes and by-products associated with a boar taint reduction effect. At slaughter (~160 kg), backfat samples were collected for total RNA sequencing. Intact pigs presented leaner carcasses, more total collagen, and more unsaturated intramuscular fat content than C animals. A total of 2726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, |log2 FC|> 0.58, q < 0.05) were identified between C and I with overexpressed genes related to muscular activity (MYH1, ACTA1) or collagen metabolism (COL1A1, COL1A2) in I pigs. Between C and IE, 1639 DEGs of genes involved in lipidic metabolism (LEP, ME1, FABP4, ELOVL6) were overexpressed in C. Finally, only 28 DEGs were determined between I and IE. Clustering results indicated a drastic influence of the testis in the transcriptome of subcutaneous fat of AL pigs, while the diet had a marginal effect. Diet can reduce stress by increasing satiety in animals, and could have induced an increase of skatole degradation due to the higher expression of the CYP2A19 gene in the IE group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Garrido
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - André Albuquerque
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Charneca
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- MED & CHANGE, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Filipa Costa
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Carla Marmelo
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Amélia Ramos
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Martin
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Martins
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3441-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (A.A.); (R.C.); (F.C.); (C.M.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- MED & CHANGE, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martins JM, Varino R, Charneca R, Albuquerque A, Garrido N, Neves J, Freitas A, Costa F, Marmelo C, Ramos A, Martin L. Outdoor Finishing of Intact Male Portuguese Alentejano Pigs on a Sustainable High-Fiber Diet: Impacts on Blood, Growth, Carcass, Meat Quality and Boar Taint Compounds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2221. [PMID: 37444019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This trial evaluated the effect of sex on the blood, growth, carcass, meat quality, and boar taint compounds in male Alentejano (AL) pigs (n = 30). From ~40 to 130 kg LW, castrated (C) and intact pigs (I and IExp groups) were fed commercial diets ad libitum. Between ~130 and 160 kg (slaughter), C and I pigs continued on commercial diets, while IExp were fed an experimental diet containing locally produced pulses and by-products aimed at reducing boar taint. At ~160 kg, blood urea levels were higher in IExp than C pigs, triacylglycerols were lower in both intact groups, and cortisol was lower in IExp. IExp pigs exhibited faster growth, improved feed conversion ratio, carcass higher commercial yield and leaner meat than C pigs. The loin intramuscular fat in intact pigs was lower, less saturated and more polyunsaturated, while total collagen was higher. Fat androstenone content was higher in intact pigs and skatole content was similar across treatments, although they were below threshold values for consumer detection. Finally, although boar taint compounds were low in intact AL pigs raised outdoors, adding pulses and by-products to the experimental diet did not result in a reduction in fat skatole content compared to pigs fed the commercial diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Martins
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Varino
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - André Albuquerque
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Neves
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Freitas
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Filipa Costa
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Carla Marmelo
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Amélia Ramos
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Martin
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu LT, Tan LM, You CY, Lan TY, Li WX, Xu YT, Ren ZX, Ding Q, Zhou CY, Tang ZR, Sun WZ, Sun ZH. Effects of dietary niacinamide and CP concentrations on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of pigs. Animal 2023; 17:100869. [PMID: 37390624 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the dietary CP concentration in the formulation of low-protein diets without adverse effects on animal growth performance and meat quality remains challenging. In this study, we investigated the effects of nicotinamide (NAM) on the nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs fed low-protein diets. To measure the nitrogen balance, we conducted two trials: in nitrogen balance trial 1, four crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with four diets and periods. The diets consisted of a basal diet + 30 mg/kg NAM (a control dose), basal diet + 90 mg/kg NAM, basal diet + 210 mg/kg NAM, and basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. In nitrogen balance trial 2, another four barrows (40 ± 0.5 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The diets consisted of a basal diet + including 30 mg/kg NAM (control), basal diet + 360 mg/kg NAM, low-protein diet + 30 mg/kg NAM, and low-protein diet + 360 mg/kg NAM. To measure growth performance, two trials were conducted. In growth performance trial 1, 40 barrows (37.0 ± 1.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments (n = 10 per group), whereas in growth performance trial 2, 300 barrows (41.4 ± 2.0 kg) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments, with each dietary treatment conducted in five repetitions with 15 pigs each. The four diets in the two growth performance trials were similar to those in nitrogen balance trial 2. Supplementing the diet with 210 or 360 mg/kg NAM reduced urinary nitrogen excretion and total nitrogen excretion and increased nitrogen retention comparted with the control diet (P < 0.05). Compared with the control diet, the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM reduced faecal, urinary, and total nitrogen excretion (P < 0.05) without affecting nitrogen retention and average daily gain (P > 0.05). Pigs fed the low-protein diet with 360 mg/kg NAM showed a decreased intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle when compared with pigs fed the control diet (P > 0.05). Our results suggest NAM as a suitable dietary additive to reduce dietary CP concentration, maximise nitrogen retention and growth performance, and decrease fat deposition in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L T Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - L M Tan
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - C Y You
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - T Y Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - W X Li
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Y T Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z X Ren
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Q Ding
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - C Y Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z R Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - W Z Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Z H Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garrido N, Izquierdo M, Hernández-García FI, Núñez Y, García-Torres S, Benítez R, Padilla JÁ, Óvilo C. Differences in Muscle Lipogenic Gene Expression, Carcass Traits and Fat Deposition among Three Iberian Pig Strains Finished in Two Different Feeding Systems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071138. [PMID: 37048394 PMCID: PMC10092979 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iberian pig breed includes several well-differentiated strains. The present study evaluated carcass traits, fat deposition and muscle expression of important lipogenic genes (SCD, ME1, ACACA, FASN, EGR1, ACOX and ACLY) using 65 male pigs of 3 Iberian strains (20 Lampiño, 23 Torbiscal, and 22 Retinto) finished either in a conventional, concentrate-based system (CF) or in montanera (MF), a traditional free-range system with acorn feeding. Torbiscal had the highest ham, Longissimus thoracis and prime cuts yields, and the thinnest subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Retinto had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and percentage of intramuscular fat (IMF), while Lampiño had the greatest content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in SAT. Conventionally finished pigs had the highest ham, L. thoracis and prime cuts yields, and SFA. Montanera-finished animals had the highest PUFA and MUFA contents, and the lowest AI, TI and n6/n3 ratio in SAT. In relation to gene expression, Retinto had the greatest SCD, FASN and ACLY levels. Most studied genes were overexpressed in CF pigs. In conclusion, MF pigs had healthier fat than CF pigs, and Retinto had the healthiest fat and the greatest lipogenic trend in muscle, supported by IMF and lipogenic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Padilla
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Gebeyew K, Yang C, Mi H, Cheng Y, Zhang T, Hu F, Yan Q, He Z, Tang S, Tan Z. Lipid metabolism and m 6A RNA methylation are altered in lambs supplemented rumen-protected methionine and lysine in a low-protein diet. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:85. [PMID: 35821163 PMCID: PMC9277831 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methionine or lysine has been reported to influence DNA methylation and fat metabolism, but their combined effects in N6-methyl-adenosine (m6A) RNA methylation remain unclarified. The combined effects of rumen-protected methionine and lysine (RML) in a low-protein (LP) diet on lipid metabolism, m6A RNA methylation, and fatty acid (FA) profiles in the liver and muscle of lambs were investigated. Sixty-three male lambs were divided into three treatment groups, three pens per group and seven lambs per pen. The lambs were fed a 14.5% crude protein (CP) diet (adequate protein [NP]), 12.5% CP diet (LP), and a LP diet plus RML (LP + RML) for 60 d. Results The results showed that the addition of RML in a LP diet tended to lower the concentrations of plasma leptin (P = 0.07), triglyceride (P = 0.05), and non-esterified FA (P = 0.08). Feeding a LP diet increased the enzyme activity or mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes and decreased lipolytic enzymes compared with the NP diet. This effect was reversed by supplementation of RML with a LP diet. The inclusion of RML in a LP diet affected the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in the liver but not in the muscle, which might be linked with altered expression of FA desaturase-1 (FADS1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). A LP diet supplemented with RML increased (P < 0.05) total m6A levels in the liver and muscle and were accompanied by decreased expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) and alkB homologue 5 (ALKBH5). The mRNA expressions of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) and methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) in the LP + RML diet group were lower than those in the other two groups. Supplementation of RML with a LP diet affected only liver YTH domain family (YTHDF2) proteins (P < 0.05) and muscle YTHDF3 (P = 0.09), which can be explained by limited m6A-binding proteins that were mediated in mRNA fate. Conclusions Our findings showed that the inclusion of RML in a LP diet could alter fat deposition through modulations of lipogenesis and lipolysis in the liver and muscle. These changes in fat metabolism may be associated with the modification of m6A RNA methylation. Graphical abstract A systematic graph illustrates the mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine influence on lipid metabolism and M6A. The green arrow with triangular heads indicates as activation and brown-wine arrows with flat heads indicates as suppression.
![]() Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-022-00733-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kefyalew Gebeyew
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Mi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianxi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiongxian Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixiong He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xie C, Teng J, Wang X, Xu B, Niu Y, Ma L, Yan X. Multi-omics analysis reveals gut microbiota-induced intramuscular fat deposition via regulating expression of lipogenesis-associated genes. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:84-99. [PMID: 35949981 PMCID: PMC9344316 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has great effects on the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of lipids. However, the microbiota composition that can alter the fat deposition and the meat quality of pigs remains unclear. Here, we used Laiwu (LW) pigs (a native Chinese breed with higher intramuscular fat) compared with commercial crossbreed Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) (DLY) pigs to investigate the effects of microbiota on meat quality, especially in intramuscular fat content. A total of 32 DLY piglets were randomly allotted to 4 groups and transplanted with fecal microbiota from healthy LW pigs. The results indicated that the high dose of fecal microbiota transplantation (HFMT) selectively enhanced fat deposition in longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05) but decreased backfat thickness (P < 0.05) compared with control group. HFMT significantly altered meat color and increased feed conversation ratio (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the multi-omics analysis revealed that Bacteroides uniformis, Sphaerochaeta globosa, Hydrogenoanaerobacterium saccharovorans, and Pyramidobacter piscolens are the core species which can regulate lipid deposition. A total of 140 male SPF C57BL/6j mice were randomly allotted into 7 groups and administrated with these 4 microbes alone or consortium to validate the relationships between microbiota and lipid deposition. Inoculating the bacterial consortium into mice increased intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05) compared with control mice. Increased expressions of lipogenesis-associated genes including cluster of differentiation 36 (Cd36), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (Dgat2), and fatty acid synthase (FASN) were observed in skeletal muscle in the mice with mixed bacteria compared with control mice. Together, our results suggest that the gut microbiota may play an important role in regulating the lipid deposition in the muscle of pigs and mice.
Collapse
|
10
|
Effect of Dietary Enrichment with Flaxseed, Vitamin E and Selenium, and of Market Class on the Broiler Breast Meat-Part 1: Nutritional and Functional Traits. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081666. [PMID: 35458228 PMCID: PMC9024534 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of dietary enrichment with flaxseed, selenium and vitamin E, and market class on the nutritional and functional value of breast meat was evaluated. A completely randomized block design was set up, where the experimental unit (n = 6000 birds) received conventional or enriched diet and was slaughtered at 37 (light class), 47 (medium class), or 57 (heavy class) days of life. Hence, functional and standard Pectoralis major muscles from every market class were analyzed for FA composition, inorganic elements and vitamin E. Lipid metabolism indices and health lipid indicators were assessed along with the nutritional value. A multiple linear model revealed that in breasts, the dietary treatment significantly influenced (p < 0.05) the FA profile, lipid metabolism and health lipid indices, while the slaughtering weight was related (p < 0.05) to most of elements (e.g., Na, Mg, K, Mn, and Se) and vitamin E. The interdependence of the two factors had strong relations (p < 0.05) with total PUFAs, including linolenic acid, desaturase activities, health lipid indices, trace essential elements and vitamin E. Consequently, enriched meat from heavy chickens showed the best functional and nutritional traits. Overall, the study pointed out that both market class and dietary manipulation are two relevant factors to consider for producing breast meat with higher nutritional and functional value.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zappaterra M, Catillo G, Fiego DPL, Minelli G, Padalino B, Davoli R. Genetic parameters and analysis of factors affecting variations between backfat and Semimembranosus muscle fatty acid composition in heavy pigs. Meat Sci 2022; 188:108775. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
12
|
Xu Y, Chen H, Wan K, Zhou K, Wang Y, Li J, Tang Z, Sun W, Wu L, An R, Ren Z, Ding Q, Liang K, Sun Z. Effects of supplementing low-protein diets with sodium dichloroacetate and glucose on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6449488. [PMID: 34865045 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing low-protein diets with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) growing barrows (27 ± 0.4 kg body weight) were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments during three successive 4-wk periods. There were five diets in each phase. Diet 1 was the control diet with normal protein levels (CON) where protein levels in the three phases were 18%, 16.5%, and 15.5%, respectively. The dietary protein levels of Diets 2, 3, 4, and 5 (the low-protein diets, LP) were decreased by 4.5% compared to Diet 1. Additionally, Diets 3 and 4 were supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), respectively. Diet 5 was further supplemented with an extra 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP + DCA diet increased the average daily weight gain of pigs compared to the CON and LP diet in phase 3 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). The LP diet reduced the gain:feed ratios of the pigs compared to the CON, LP + DCA, and LP + DCA + GLUC diets in phase 1 and the overall experimental period (P < 0.001). Furthermore, gain:feed ratios in LP + DCA and LP + DCA + GLUC groups did not differ from that of the CON group (P > 0.10). Pigs fed the LP + DCA diet had higher pH values of meat at 24 h post-mortem than the CON group (P < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet increased the total protein content in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of pigs, compared to the other dietary treatments (P < 0.05), and increased the Arg and Leu contents in the LD muscle compared to the LP + DCA diet (P < 0.05). Moreover, the LP + DCA diet induced a higher C18:1n9t percentage in the LD muscle of pigs compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an LP diet reduced the feed efficiency in pigs and barely affected meat quality, whereas 120 mg/kg DCA supplementation in an LP diet improved the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, showed modest effects on carcass traits, and improved the muscle protein content with the addition of glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yetong Xu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wan
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Animal Husbandry General Station, Jinan 250002, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Nutrition and Health Research Institute, COFCO, Beijing 102209, P. R. China
| | - Jigang Li
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 500153, P. R. China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Weizhong Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Rui An
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxiang Ren
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qi Ding
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyang Liang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar A, Kaur M, Ahlawat S, Sharma U, Singh MK, Singh KV, Chhabra P, Vijh RK, Yadav A, Arora R. Transcriptomic diversity in longissimus thoracis muscles of Barbari and Changthangi goat breeds of India. Genomics 2021; 113:1639-1646. [PMID: 33862183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study is an attempt to examine the differential expression of genes in longissimus thoracis muscles between meat and wool type Indian goat breeds. Barbari goat is considered the best meat breed while Changthangi is famous for its fine fibre quality. RNA sequencing data was generated from four biological replicates of longissimus thoracis muscles of Barbari and Changthangi goats. A clear demarcation could be observed between the breeds in terms of expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism (FASN, SCD, THRSP, DGAT2 and FABP3). Most significant genes with high connectivity identified by gene co-expression network analysis were associated with triacylglycerol biosynthesis pathway in Barbari goat. Highly interactive genes identified in Changthangi goat were mainly associated with muscle fibre type. This study provides an insight into the differential expression of genes in longissimus thoracis muscles between Barbari and Changthangi goats that are adapted to and reared in different agro-climatic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Upasna Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Incharge Barbari Goat Unit, Genetics and Breeding Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Farah, 281122 Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Karan Veer Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Pooja Chhabra
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar Vijh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - Anita Yadav
- Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effects of different rumen undegradable to rumen degradable protein ratios on performance, ruminal fermentation, urinary purine derivatives, and carcass characteristics of growing lambs fed a high wheat straw-based diet. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
El-Bahr SM, Shousha S, Alfattah MA, Al-Sultan S, Khattab W, Sabeq II, Ahmed-Farid O, El-Garhy O, Albusadah KA, Alhojaily S, Shehab A. Enrichment of Broiler Chickens' Meat with Dietary Linseed Oil and Lysine Mixtures: Influence on Nutritional Value, Carcass Characteristics and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030618. [PMID: 33799454 PMCID: PMC8000725 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of four combinations of dietary linseed oil and lysine mixtures on performance, fatty and amino acid profiles, oxidative stress biomarkers, cell energy and meat quality parameters of broiler chickens. One hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated into four groups. Birds of groups 1–4 were fed diets containing optimum lysine and 2% of linseed oil, optimum lysine and 4% of linseed oil, high lysine and 2% of linseed oil, and high lysine and 4% of linseed oil, respectively, for a period of 35 days. High linseed oil or lysine levels did not affect the performance of the tested birds, but the high level of dietary linseed oil decreased the concentrations of muscles’ saturated fatty acids (SFA). The highest values of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty (ω-3 PUFA) and arachidonic acids with lowest levels of monounsaturated fatty (MUFA) were detected in the muscles of birds fed diets containing high linseed oils and/or lysine levels. High linseed oil or lysine levels provided the best essential amino acid profile and improved antioxidant components as well as cell energy, and tenderness and redness of the meat. Conclusively, high dietary lysine and linseed oil combinations improved the nutritional value, antioxidant status and cell energy of broiler chickens’ meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M. El-Bahr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21523, Egypt
- Correspondence: or
| | - Saad Shousha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt
| | | | - Saad Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wasseem Khattab
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (W.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Islam I. Sabeq
- Department of Food Control and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Omar Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Osama El-Garhy
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt;
| | - Khalid A. Albusadah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Sameer Alhojaily
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.); (K.A.A.); (S.A.)
| | - Ahmed Shehab
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13736, Egypt; (W.K.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Szyndler-Nędza M, Świątkiewicz M, Migdał Ł, Migdał W. The Quality and Health-Promoting Value of Meat from Pigs of the Native Breed as the Effect of Extensive Feeding with Acorns. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030789. [PMID: 33809152 PMCID: PMC7998885 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modern society is paying more attention to the quality of meat and its production system. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the possibility of using a native pig breed—Złotnicka Spotted. This breed’s popularity has increased in Poland as it may be a good source of valuable meat. Compared to the meat frompigs of the same breed following intensive fattening, the meat from free-range pigs extensively fed on silage and small amounts of acorns is characterized by a higher content of fat, which acts as a carrier for flavor and, indirectly, juiciness. Moreover, rearing systems with traditional feeding, e.g., with the use of acorns, may have a positive effect on meat quality, dietetic value, and, therefore, consumer acceptance of the product. Abstract The popularity of meat from animals of native breeds is growing all over the world, due to consumer belief regarding its higher quality compared to meat from industrial farm animals. In addition, the living conditions (welfare) are of great importance for consumers. We observed the effect of different ways of keeping and feeding pigs of the same conservative breed on the quality of meat and its health benefits. The aim of the study was to compare the meat quality from pigs of the native Złotnicka Spotted breed, fattened intensively or extensively (with conventional farm-produced compound feed and acorns). The meat from free-range pigs extensively fed on silage and small amounts of acorns was characterized by a higher content of fat, which acts as a carrier for flavor and juiciness, as well as higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (p ≤ 0.05) and lower atherogenic, thrombogenic, and peroxidability indices (p ≤ 0.05). It may be stated that the meat quality of the native pig breed is significantly dependent on the housing and feeding method. A more beneficial effect on the quality of meat and its dietetic value, as well as its susceptibility to rancidity, can be obtained throughextensive pig feeding with roughage and the addition of acorns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szyndler-Nędza
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Migdał
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(12)-662-53-08
| | - Władysław Migdał
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Free-Range and Low-Protein Concentrated Diets in Iberian Pigs: Effect on Plasma Insulin and Leptin Concentration, Lipogenic Enzyme Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101917. [PMID: 33086592 PMCID: PMC7603104 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recently, it has been shown that reducing dietary crude-protein levels during the final fattening period prior to slaughter is a suitable strategy to increase intramuscular fat content in Iberian pig meat, without affecting pig growth. Investigating the effect of a low-protein diet on the metabolism, development, and composition of the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs, and the obese porcine breed, was the objective of this study. Three groups of pigs fed under free-range conditions and in confinement with concentrated diets with low- and standard-protein contents were studied. All three groups exhibited the same backfat thickness at the end of the fattening period. The level of hormones and activities of enzymes related to adipogenic metabolism were affected by diet, with differences between free-range and intensive feeding systems. Therefore, we suggest that feeding Iberian pigs on low-protein diets did not result in fatter carcasses, and is thus a useful strategy to improve Iberian pig meat quality. Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diets with different protein contents on carcass traits, plasma hormone concentration, lipogenic enzyme activities, and fatty acid (FA) composition in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Twenty-four castrated male Iberian pigs (eight per feeding diet) were fed under free-range conditions with acorns and grass (FR), and in confinement with concentrated diets with standard (SP) and low-protein contents (LP) from 116.0 to 174.2 kg live weight. Backfat thickness was not affected by diet. The plasma leptin concentration was higher (p < 0.001) in the FR group than in the LP and SP groups, while insulin concentration was higher in the SP group than in the LP and FR groups. The lipogenic enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were lower in the FR group compared to the LP and SP pigs. The activities of these enzymes were adipose-tissue-specific. No differences were found in FA composition of adipose tissue between the SP and LP groups, while the FR pigs had lower proportions of saturated FA and higher proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA than the SP and LP pigs. In conclusion, feeding low-protein diets in Iberian pigs does not seem to affect adipose carcass traits, strengthening previous findings that indicate that this is a good strategy to improve meat and dry-cured product quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Tejeda
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-924-289-300
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Matamoros
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena González
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Animal Production, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kang K, Ma J, Wang H, Wang Z, Peng Q, Hu R, Zou H, Bao S, Zhang W, Sun B. High-energy diet improves growth performance, meat quality and gene expression related to intramuscular fat deposition in finishing yaks raised by barn feeding. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:755-765. [PMID: 32588563 PMCID: PMC7738745 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the effects of dietary energy concentration (combined net energy, Nemf) on growth performance and meat quality of yaks raised by barn feeding. In all, 30 male yaks (3‐year old and 114.57 ± 21.56 kg of body weight) were allocated to one of three isonitrogenous dietary treatments that had different Nemf concentrations (low 3.72 MJ/kg, middle 4.52 MJ/kg and high 5.32 MJ/kg, respectively). The yaks were fed for 120 days. The results showed that the final weight, average daily gain, dressing percentage, backfat thickness and loin muscle area were significantly improved (p < .05) with the increase in dietary energy concentration. However, an opposite trend of feed:gain ratio, cooking loss, driage, shear force and moisture content was found. A significant improvement (p < .05) of intramuscular fat content was observed in the high‐energy group. Additionally, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid was increased (p < .05) at the expense of the saturated fatty acids. The mRNA expressions of lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase, acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, lipoprotein lipase and heart fatty acid‐binding proteins increased (p < .05) in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the mRNA expressions of lipolytic genes carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 and hormone‐sensitive lipase correspondingly decreased (p < .05) with increased dietary energy level. In summary, the growth performance, meat production and meat quality improvement of finishing yaks can be achieved by increasing the dietary energy concentration. The intramuscular fat accumulation of yaks was achieved through up‐regulation of intramuscular lipogenic gene expression as well as fatty acid transport gene expression and down‐regulation of lipolytic gene expression by promoting dietary energy concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongze Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanhui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Culture and Safety Production in Cattle in Sichuan, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanke Bao
- Haibei Demonstration Zone of Plateau Modern Ecological Animal Husbandry Science and Technology, Haibei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Ningxia Xiahua Meat Product Limited Company, Zhongwei, China
| | - Baozhong Sun
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of coated cysteamine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
20
|
Jiang Y, Xie M, Tang J, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Chen G, Hou S. Effects of genetic selection and threonine on meat quality in Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2508-2518. [PMID: 32359587 PMCID: PMC7597388 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of genetic selection and threonine levels on meat quality in Pekin ducks. At 15 D of age, 192 lean ducks and 192 fatty ducks were selected and allotted to one of three treatments with 8 replicates with similar BW (8 ducks/cage), respectively. All ducks were fed the experimental diets (0.00, 0.15, and 0.30% added threonine) for 21 D from 15 to 35 D of age. The results showed that fatty ducks had higher (P < 0.001) feed intake, feed/gain ratio, abdominal fat percentage, and sebum percentage and lower (P = 0.001) breast muscle percentage compared with that of lean ducks. The fatty-type and lean-type ducks had similar weight gain and BW. Dietary threonine supplementation improved (P < 0.05) growth performance and increased breast muscle percentage in lean-type ducks, but it did not affect (P > 0.05) those indices in fatty-type ducks. Lean ducks had higher (P < 0.001) hepatic contents of total lipids, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, and dietary threonine supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) hepatic total lipid, cholesterol, and triglyceride contents in lean ducks, but it had no influence on hepatic lipids in fatty ducks (P > 0.05). Lean ducks had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and C18-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the liver, PUFA in the breast muscle, and C18:3n6 and C18:3n3 in plasma and lower C20-PUFA and C22-PUFA in the liver and MUFA in plasma, compared with fatty ducks. Threonine supplementation increased PUFA, N3-PUFA, and n6-PUFA in plasma and hepatic fatty acids profiles in lean ducks (P > 0.05) but had on influence on total MUFA and total PUFA in the liver, breast muscle, and plasma in fatty ducks (P > 0.05). In conclusion, genetic selection toward meat production and threonine supplementation increases meat production and PUFA contents, which would influence eating quality, but it is benefit for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhengkui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunshen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - ShuiSheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Song CH, Oh SM, Lee S, Choi Y, Kim JD, Jang A, Kim J. The Ratio of Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Influences the Fat Composition and Lipogenic Enzyme Activity in Adipose Tissue of Growing Pigs. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:242-253. [PMID: 32161919 PMCID: PMC7057037 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is a growing interest among consumers in selecting healthier meat with a greater proportion of essential fatty acids (FA). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different ratios of dietary n-6:n-3 on growth performance, FA profile of longissimus dorsi (LD), relative gene expression of cytokines, meat quality, and blood parameters in finishing pigs. A total of 108 finishing pigs was randomly allotted to three treatments including a control (basal diet) and low ratios (4:1 and 2:1) of n-6:n-3. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets decreased the overall stearic acid in LD. There were reductions in the content of stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, total saturated acid, and n-6:n-3 ratio of LD in pigs fed 4:1 and 2:1 diet compared with the control diet. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets increased the concentration of α-Linolenic acid and polyunsaturated FA in the LD of pigs. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme gene was down-regulated in pigs fed 2:1 diet compared with finishing pigs fed the control or 4:1 diets. The relative expression of hormone-sensitive lipase was increased in pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 ratio diets. Lower total cholesterol of plasma was observed in finishing pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 diets. The cooking loss ratio of meat was lower in pigs fed the 2:1 and 4:1 diets compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the 4:1 and 2:1 diets had greater final body weight. In conclusion, the 2:1 and 4:1 diets have the potential to increase the meat quality and growth performance of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Song
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seung Min Oh
- Gyeongbuk Livestock Research Institute, Yeongju 63052, Korea
| | - SuHyup Lee
- Department of Swine Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - YoHan Choi
- Swine Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Jeong Dae Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Aera Jang
- Department of Applied Animal Science, BK21 Plus Program, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - JinSoo Kim
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, Paniagua M, González E. Effect of Free-Range and Low-Protein Concentrated Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Meat Composition of Iberian Pig. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020273. [PMID: 32053867 PMCID: PMC7070829 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It is generally assumed in the Iberian pig sector that substitution of traditional free-range rearing, with acorns and grass, by mixed diets affects intramuscular fat content and fatty-acid composition, among others, causing a decrease in meat quality. As mixed diets are usually formulated with higher protein contents than those supplied by natural resources consumed by Iberian pig fed extensively, we hypothesized that the use of a low-protein diet in the final fattening period of pig could be a suitable strategy to improve meat and dry-cured product quality. However, it is also necessary to evaluate the effect of this strategy on performance and carcass traits of pigs. In this study, we found that Iberian pigs fed on low-protein diets had higher intramuscular fat content and different meat composition compared to pigs fed on concentrates with standard protein levels, which could be a suitable way of improving the Iberian pig meat and dry-cured product quality. Abstract The feeding system is one of the main factors influencing the Iberian pig meat quality. This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the influence of feeding diets containing different levels of protein on performance, carcass, and meat quality of Iberian pigs. To that aim, 24 castrated male Retinto Iberian pigs with an average weight of 116 kg were fed under free-range conditions with acorns and grass (FR), and on concentrated diets in confinement with standard (SP) and low protein content (LP). The crude protein content in acorns was lower than that in the grass and SP diet, but similar to that in the LP diet. FR pigs needed more time to achieve slaughter weight than LP and SP pigs. Iberian pigs fed on low-protein diet (FR and LP) had a higher intramuscular fat content in the musculus serratus ventralis than SP pigs. The influence of diet on the fatty-acid composition was reflected more markedly in subcutaneous fat than in muscles. FR pigs showed a higher level of C18:1 n-9 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower total saturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat than LP and SP. It is concluded that diets with low protein levels do not affect Iberian pig productive traits but change the meat composition, rendering them an interesting strategy to improve the quality of Iberian pig meat and dry-cured products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Tejeda
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34 924 289 300
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Matamoros
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Mercedes Paniagua
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Junta de Extremadura 06187 Guadajira, 06187 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena González
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Animal Production, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nowacka-Woszuk J. Nutrigenomics in livestock-recent advances. J Appl Genet 2019; 61:93-103. [PMID: 31673964 PMCID: PMC6968980 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-019-00522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The study of the effects of nutrients on genome functioning, in terms of gene transcription, protein levels, and epigenetic mechanisms, is referred to as nutrigenomics. Nutrigenomic studies in farm animals, as distinct from rodents, are limited by the high cost of keeping livestock, their long generational distance, and ethical aspects. Yet farm animals, and particularly pigs, can serve as valuable animal models for human gastrological diseases, since they possess similar size, physiology, and nutritional habits and can develop similar pathological states. In livestock, the effects of dietary modifications have mostly been studied with reference to effective breeding and their influence on production traits and animal health. The majority of such studies have looked at the impact of various sources and quantities of fat and protein, supplementation with microelements, and plant-derived additives. The period of life of the animal—whether prenatal, neonatal, or mature—is typically considered when a modified diet is used. This review presents a summary of recent nutrigenomic studies in livestock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nowacka-Woszuk
- Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen J, Zhang H, Gao H, Kang B, Chen F, Li Y, Fu C, Yao K. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Alpha-Ketoglutarate in a Low-Protein Diet on Fatty Acid Composition and Lipid Metabolism Related Gene Expression in Muscles of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9100838. [PMID: 31640132 PMCID: PMC6826391 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a critical intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. AKG has been reported to participate in energy production, promote protein synthesis, and improve amino acid metabolism. However, whether AKG functionally participates in the regulation of fat metabolism remains unknown. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of dietary supplementation with AKG on lipid metabolism in a pig model. The present results suggest that AKG supplementation in a reduced-protein diet could increase the intramuscular fat (IMF) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents in the biceps femoris muscles of pigs. These effects could be linked to the altered lipid metabolism related gene mRNA expression, which promotes the absorption and deposition of fatty acids in the muscle tissues. The results of this study can provide better understanding of the mechanisms by which dietary AKG modulates muscle lipid metabolism in pigs, and this could help to improve pig feeding strategies and supply high-quality pork for humans. Abstract The aim of the current study was to investigate whether dietary supplementation with alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) in a reduced crude protein (CP) diet would affect fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism related gene expression in the muscles of growing pigs. A total of 27 Large White × Landrace growing pigs at 44 ± 1 d of age (11.96 ± 0.18 kg) were randomly allocated to three treatments (n = 9). Dietary treatments included: (1) normal protein diet with 20% crude protein (CP) (NP); (2) a low crude protein diet formulated to contain approximately 17% CP (LP); and (3) a low crude protein diet with 17% CP supplemented with 1% AKG at the expense of regular corn components (ALP). The experimental trial lasted 35 d. The results showed that compared with the NP and LP diets, supplementation with AKG in a low-protein diet increased the intramuscular fat (IMF), oleic acid (C18:1n-9), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents (p < 0.05), and tended to increase the percentage of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) and stearic acid (C18:0) (p < 0.10) in the biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi muscles of growing pigs. These effects may be associated with increased relative mRNA expression levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 (ADD1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in skeletal muscle, indicating that AKG might be involved in the differential regulation of some key lipogenic genes in skeletal muscles of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Haihan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Hu Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Baoju Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Fengming Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chenxing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Kang Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of lysine deficiency on carcass composition and activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in muscles and backfat adipose tissue of fatty and lean piglets. Animal 2019; 13:2406-2418. [PMID: 31062674 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms involved in fat deposition promoted by dietary lysine deficiency, particularly intramuscular fat (IMF), and differential responses between fatty and lean pigs. Carcass traits and lipogenic enzyme activities and gene expression levels in muscles and adipose tissue were investigated in Iberian (fatty) and Landrace × Large White (LDW) pigs under identical feeding level (based on body weight (BW)) and management conditions. Twenty-eight barrows of 10 kg initial BW, 14 per breed, were fed two isoproteic (200 g CP /kg DM) and isocaloric (14.7 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) diets with identical composition except for the lysine content (1.09% for diet adequate in lysine and 0.52% for diet deficient in lysine). At a BW of 25 kg, pigs were slaughtered. Compared with pigs fed the lysine-adequate diet, in both genotypes lysine-deficient diet led to lower carcass protein concentration, lower relative proportions of leaner components (loin, ham and shoulder; P < 0.01), and higher carcass fatty components and carcass lipid concentration (P < 0.001). Irrespective of diet, the activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase (FAS), malic enzyme (ME) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)) were greater in Iberian than in LDW pigs, particularly in adipose tissue where transcriptional regulators involved in the control of adipogenesis and lipogenesis were also upregulated in Iberian animals. In backfat tissue, there was a small decrease induced by or no effects of lysine-deficient diet on the activity and gene expression of lipogenic enzymes, nor in gene expression levels of upstream regulators of lipogenesis and adipogenesis. In longissimus muscle, the activity of FAS, G6PDH and ME increased with lysine deficiency in both genotypes (P < 0.01) and an upregulation of gene expression of lipogenic enzymes was specifically observed in Iberian pigs (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In biceps femoris muscle of lysine-deficient pigs, the activity of FAS and ME enzymes increased, ME1 gene was upregulated (added to FASN gene in the case of Iberian pigs; P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) and PPARA gene was downregulated (P < 0.05). The results show that in both fatty and lean pigs, the effect of lysine deficiency on lipid metabolism was tissue-specific, with an activation of lipogenesis in longissimus and biceps femoris muscle but no apparent stimulation in backfat adipose tissue. Suitable feeding protocols including lysine-deficient diets should be designed for each pig type in order to increase intramuscular lipids without penalizing the growth of lean carcass components.
Collapse
|
26
|
Alfaia CM, Lopes PA, Madeira MS, Pestana JM, Coelho D, Toldrá F, Prates JAM. Current feeding strategies to improve pork intramuscular fat content and its nutritional quality. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:53-94. [PMID: 31351530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pork, one of the most consumed meats worldwide, has been facing major challenges regarding its low sensory quality and unhealthy image of fat. This chapter addresses current feeding strategies to ameliorate pork sensory attributes and nutritional quality by increasing intramuscular fat deposition and improving fatty acid composition, respectively. Dietary protein reduction, alone or combined with some components, contributes to satisfy consumer requirements and enhances the competitiveness of the meat industry with higher pork quality and lower production costs. In addition, feeding sources of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to pigs, mainly from marine origin (rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids), increases their content in pork, thus improving the health value of its fatty acid profile. In the near future, the inclusion of microalgae and seaweeds in feed represents a promising approach for the maintenance and development of the livestock sector, as an environmental friendly alternative to balance food and feed industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Alfaia
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P A Lopes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M S Madeira
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J M Pestana
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Coelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - J A M Prates
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gálvez F, Maggiolino A, Domínguez R, Pateiro M, Gil S, De Palo P, Carballo J, Franco D, Lorenzo JM. Nutritional and meat quality characteristics of seven primal cuts from 9-month-old female veal calves: a preliminary study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2947-2956. [PMID: 30471118 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beef is a highly nutritious and valuable food. In order to complete its nutritional information, this study determined the chemical and physicochemical parameters and fatty acid, amino acid and mineral contents in seven primal cuts from veal carcasses (shoulder clod (SC), inside round (IR), eye of round (ER), bottom round (BR), heel of round (HR), knuckle (KK) and tenderloin (TL)). RESULTS The intramuscular fat content was higher and the cholesterol content was lower in TL than in the other cuts. The colour parameters also varied in the different primal cuts. The L* and b* values were highest in ER. Cooking losses were significantly (P < 0.001) affected by the cut of meat ranging from 20.85% in HR to 29.01% in ER. Determination of the shear force values permitted us to establish more tender muscle (TL with shear force 16.45 N cm-2 ) and less tender muscle (IR with shear force 47.27 N cm-2 ). The nutritional indices and fatty acid profile indicated that HR is the healthiest cut. All cuts evaluated provide important levels of dietary amino acids, although the contents of both essential and non-essential amino acids were highest in HR. Finally, K, Zn and Fe were affected by the type of veal cut. CONCLUSIONS All primal cuts of veal provide important nutrients for human diets. The information of this research allows consumers to make healthful food choices, creating diets aimed at trying to correct deficiencies and providing objective data that differentiate between differently priced cuts of veal. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Sandra Gil
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - Pasquale De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Javier Carballo
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Daniel Franco
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhu Y, Zhou P, Zhang L, Li J, Gao F, Zhou G. Effects of dietary crude protein levels and cysteamine supplementation on meat quality and related indices of finishing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein levels and cysteamine (CS) supplementation on meat quality and related indices in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs. One hundred and twenty barrows were randomly allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with five replicates of six pigs each. The primary variations were crude protein levels (14% or 10%) and CS supplemental levels (0 or 140 mg kg−1). After 41 d, 10 pigs per treatment were slaughtered. The results showed that low-protein level diets (LPDs) decreased Warner–Bratzler shear force (P < 0.01) and increased the content of intramuscular fat (P < 0.01). The mRNA expressions of lipogenic genes were up-regulated (P < 0.01), and the mRNA expressions of lipolytic genes were down-regulated (P < 0.01) in pigs fed LPD. LPDs increased the mRNA expressions of μ-calpain, and decreased the mRNA expression of calpastatin (P < 0.01). In addition, CS supplementation increased the mRNA expression of μ-calpain (P < 0.01). In conclusion, LPD improved the meat quality probably through regulating the lipogenesis, lipolysis, and the proteolysis process in muscle. The CS supplementation did not affect the meat quality of finishing pigs. Moreover, no significant interaction between dietary protein levels and CS supplementation for the meat quality of finishing pigs was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y.P. Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - P. Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - L. Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - J.L. Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - F. Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| | - G.H. Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang H, Guan W. The response of gene expression associated with intramuscular fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Simmental × Yellow breed cattle to different energy levels of diets. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:493-503. [PMID: 30706583 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to estimate dietary energy level on intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in Simmental × Yellow breed cattle. Results showed that ultimate weight and average daily gain in high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than low-energy group, yet feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. IMF content was significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas longissimus muscle shear force significantly decreased. Serum-free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas growth hormone (GH) significantly decreased. Enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, adipocyte-fatty acid-binding proteins, ACC, LPL, and FAS gene or protein expression significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas HSL, CPT-1, and GH gene or protein expression significantly decreased. These results indicated that high dietary energy promoting IMF deposition is mainly by downregulating pituitary GH gene expression, decreasing serum GH concentration, increasing lipogenic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities and protein expression, and decreasing lipolytic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities, and protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhang
- College of Life Science and Environmetal Resource, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Weikun Guan
- College of Life Science and Environmetal Resource, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar F, Tyagi PK, Mir NA, Tyagi PK, Dev K, Bera I, Biswas AK, Sharma D, Mandal AB, Deo C. Role of Flaxseed Meal Feeding for Different Durations in the Lipid Deposition and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faneshwar Kumar
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Praveen K. Tyagi
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Nasir Akbar Mir
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Pramod K. Tyagi
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Kapil Dev
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Indrajit Bera
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Ashim K. Biswas
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Asit Baran Mandal
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| | - Chandra Deo
- Avian Nutrition & Feed Technology Division, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute; Izatnagar, Bareilly Uttar Pradesh, 243122 India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Zhou J, Wang G, Cai S, Zeng X, Qiao S. Advances in low-protein diets for swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2018; 9:60. [PMID: 30034802 PMCID: PMC6052556 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-018-0276-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the great advantages of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) with free amino acids (AA) supplementation for sustainable swine industry, including saving protein ingredients, reducing nitrogen excretion, feed costs and the risk of gut disorders without impairing growth performance compared to traditional diets. However, a tendency toward increased fatness is a matter of concern when pigs are fed low-protein (LP) diets. In response, the use of the net energy system and balanced AA for formulation of LP diets has been proposed as a solution. Moreover, the extent to which dietary CP can be reduced is complicated. Meanwhile, the requirements for the first five limiting AA (lysine, threonine, sulfur-containing AA, tryptophan, and valine) that growing-finishing pigs fed LP diets were higher than pigs fed traditional diets, because the need for nitrogen for endogenous synthesis of non-essential AA to support protein synthesis may be increased when dietary CP is lowered. Overall, to address these concerns and give a better understanding of this nutritional strategy, this paper reviews recent advances in the study of LP diets for swine and provides some insights into future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Junyan Zhou
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuang Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,2Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Apple JK, Maxwell CV, Bass BE, Yancey JWS, Payne RL, Thomson J. Effects of reducing dietary crude protein levels and replacement with crystalline amino acids on growth performance, carcass composition, and fresh pork quality of finishing pigs fed ractopamine hydrochloride. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4971-4985. [PMID: 29293731 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny of GPK-35 females mated to PIC 380 boars were blocked by initial BW, and within the 9 blocks, pens of pigs (3 gilts and 3 barrows/pen) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments where CP of finisher-I, -II, and -III diets was 1) 16.04, 14.55, and 16.23%, respectively (Ctrl); 2) 14.76, 13.48, and 15.27%, respectively (ILE); 3) 14.26, 12.78, and 14.28%, respectively (VAL); or 4) 12.65, 12.38, and 13.32%, respectively (NoSBM). All finisher-III diets included 10 mg/kg of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and a Lys:ME ratio of 2.79 g/Mcal. At slaughter, HCW and Fat-O-Meat'er data were recorded before carcasses were subjected to a rapid chilling process. A subsample of whole hams (2/pen) and whole loins (2/pen) were transported under refrigeration to the University of Arkansas. Hams were dissected with a knife into lean, fat, and bone, and 2.5-cm-thick chops from the semimembranosus (SM) and the LM were used to measure fresh pork quality characteristics. Both ADG and G:F decreased (linear, = 0.05) as CP decreased in finisher-I diets, whereas ADFI was reduced (linear, = 0.01) in response to decreasing CP in finisher-II diets. When RAC was included in the finisher-III diets, ADFI and BW decreased (linear, ≤ 0.03) with decreasing CP, and pigs fed the ILE diet had greater (cubic, < 0.01) G:F than pigs fed the Ctrl and VAL diets. Across the entire finishing period, ADG and ADFI decreased (linear, = 0.01) in response to reductions in dietary CP. Conversely, reducing CP in finisher diets did not ( ≥ 0.13) affect carcass yield, fat depth, LM depth, or calculated fat-free lean yield, and dietary CP content did not ( ≥ 0.09) alter the lean, fat, or bone composition of fresh hams. Moreover, there was no effect of dietary CP on the visual and instrumental color or firmness of the LM ( ≥ 0.06) or SM ( ≥ 0.12). However, there were linear increases in LM marbling scores ( = 0.02) and intramuscular fat content ( = 0.03) as CP was reduced in the finisher diets. Although reducing dietary CP decreased overall ADG and ADFI by approximately 6.1 and 4.9%, respectively, carcass composition was not impacted by dietary CP level. More importantly, reducing dietary CP, although meeting the standard ileal digestible requirements for Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Ile, and Val with crystalline AA, did not impact pork color or water-holding capacity and actually increased the intramuscular fat content of the LM.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang T, Crenshaw MA, Regmi N, Rude BJ, Shamimul Hasan M, Sukumaran AT, Dinh T, Liao SF. Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows [94.4 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn- and soybean-meal-based diets were formulated to meet the National Research Council (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 wk of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing dietary lysine level from 0.98% to 0.43%. Dietary lysine level altered the composition of FA, especially the unsaturated FA, in the muscle. Particularly, the percentages of C18:1 n-9 and total monounsaturated FA were higher, whereas the percentages of C18:2 n-6 and total polyunsaturated FA were lower, in the muscle of the pigs fed Diet 1. Collectively, dietary lysine deficiency increased the proportion of monounsaturated FA and decreased the proportion of polyunsaturated FA, which may benefit pork palatability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Wang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Mark A. Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Naresh Regmi
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Brian J. Rude
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - M. Shamimul Hasan
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Thu Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| | - Shengfa F. Liao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS 39759, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Renaville B, Bacciu N, Lanzoni M, Mossa F, Piasentier E. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in fat metabolism candidate genes with fatty acid profiles of muscle and subcutaneous fat in heavy pigs. Meat Sci 2018; 139:220-227. [PMID: 29459298 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary and organoleptic qualities of pork products are largely influenced by the profiles of fatty acids (FAs) of meat and fat. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential associations between FA profile in subcutaneous adipose (back fat and leg fat) and muscular (longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris) tissues in heavy pigs (n = 129, 9-month-old) with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes involved in fat metabolism: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (DGAT1 &DGAT2), Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTTP), Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) and Heart- fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP). Preliminary results suggest a putative association between MTTP, DGAT2 and FASN and the FA content in both fat and meat, whereas between DGAT1, SCD and H-FABP the association was found in adipose tissue only. However, the effect of the analyzed genes, needs to be verified in a larger and better characterized pig population to support the hypothesized associations with FA content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Renaville
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - N Bacciu
- Zoetis, VMRD Genetics, 333 Portage street, 49007 Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - M Lanzoni
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - F Mossa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - E Piasentier
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2A, 33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Madeira MS, Rolo EA, Lopes PA, Ramos DA, Alfaia CM, Pires VM, Martins SV, Pinto RM, Prates JA. Betaine and arginine supplementation of low protein diets improves plasma lipids but does not affect hepatic fatty acid composition and related gene expression profiling in pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:598-608. [PMID: 28664986 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The individual and combined effects of betaine and arginine supplemented to reduced protein diets were investigated on plasma metabolites, hepatic fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of lipid-sensitive factors in commercial pigs. Betaine has previously been shown to reduce carcass fat deposition and arginine improves meat quality of finishing pigs. Forty male crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to one of five diets (n = 8): 160 g kg-1 of crude protein (NPD), 130 g kg-1 of crude protein (RPD), RPD with 3.3 g kg-1 of betaine, RPD with 15 g kg-1 of arginine, and RPD with 3.3 g kg-1 of betaine and 15 g kg-1 of arginine. RESULTS The restriction of dietary protein increased total lipids (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.001). Betaine and arginine, individually or combined, reduced the majority of plasma lipids (P < 0.05) without affecting total fatty acids in the liver and the overall gene expression pattern. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a positive effect of betaine and arginine, singly or combined, by reversing plasma lipids increase promoted by dietary protein restriction. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Madeira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva A Rolo
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula A Lopes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Denis A Ramos
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M Alfaia
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Mr Pires
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana V Martins
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Ma Pinto
- iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Am Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Palma-Granados P, Haro A, Seiquer I, Lara L, Aguilera JF, Nieto R. Similar effects of lysine deficiency in muscle biochemical characteristics of fatty and lean piglets. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:3025-3036. [PMID: 28727124 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding Lys-deficient diets on muscle biochemical characteristics, particularly intramuscular fat concentration and fatty acid profile, in a fatty (Iberian) and a conventional pig genotype (Landrace × Large White [LDW]) maintained in identical experimental conditions. Performance and plasma metabolite changes were also monitored. Twenty-eight barrows of 10 kg initial BW, 14 of Iberian and 14 of LDW breed, were randomly assigned to each of 2 experimental diets in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (2 breeds × 2 diets). Seven pigs were allocated to each treatment combination. Diets (isonitrogenous and isoenergetic; 200 g CP/kg DM and 14.7 MJ ME) based on barley, corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal, with identical composition, except for their Lys content (10.9 g/kg for the diet adequate in Lys and 5.2 g/kg for the diet deficient in Lys), were assayed. Pigs were housed in individual 2 m pens and fed at 85% of ad libitum intake of the Iberian genotype, of greater intake capacity. Daily feed allowance was based on BW individually measured each week. At 25 kg BW, pigs were slaughtered by exsanguination after electrical stunning. Blood samples were taken and longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris muscles were rapidly dissected and stored frozen prior to analysis. Performance was reduced in both pig breeds when fed Lys-deficient diets, particularly in LDW pigs (breed × diet interaction, < 0.05). Intramuscular fat content increased in longissimus dorsi of Iberian ( < 0.05) and in biceps femoris of both pig genotypes ( < 0.01) when fed Lys-deficient diets. Oleic acid increased ( < 0.05) and PUFA acid decreased ( < 0.01) in longissiumus dorsi and biceps femoris of pigs of both genotypes fed Lys-deficient diets. The proportion of oxidative fibers ( < 0.001) and free carnitine content ( < 0.05) increased in longissimus dorsi of both pigs types fed Lys-deficient diets. Plasma creatinine was greater in LDW pigs compared with Iberian pigs ( < 0.01). Urea and total cholesterol increased in pigs consuming Lys-deficient diets ( < 0.01). The plasma free carnitine concentration was higher in Iberian pigs than in LDW pigs ( < 0.059). No changes in plasma carnitine status due to dietary Lys supply were detected. Feeding Lys-deficient diets could be a suitable strategy for increasing intramuscular fat content in fatty and lean pigs.
Collapse
|
37
|
van Leeuwen KA, Camin F, Jerónimo E, Vasta V, Prenzler PD, Ryan D, Bessa RJB. Dietary Effects on Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of Fatty Acids in Polar and Neutral Fractions of Intramuscular Fat of Lambs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9404-9411. [PMID: 28972778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study we measured δ13C values of the main fatty acids (FA) present in neutral and polar intramuscular lipids of meat samples from 24 lambs, fed with four different diets supplemented with sunflower and linseed oil and the tanniferous shrub Cistus ladanifer L. The objective was to understand if the increase in intramuscular fat observed in lambs fed simultaneously C. ladanifer and oil was explained mostly by incorporation of diet derived FA or by increased de novo FA synthesis. De novo FA synthesis was evaluated by 13C enrichment (‰) of 16:0 in intramuscular lipids compared to bulk diet or compared to dietary 16:0. Oil reduced 13C enrichment of 16:0 in muscle lipid but had no effect when the diet included C. ladanifer (P value <0.01). Thus, dietary C. ladanifer blocked the inhibitory effects of lipid supplementation on de novo FA synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katryna A van Leeuwen
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Federica Camin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) , Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Eliana Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja) , 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
- ICAAM-Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora , Évora, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vasta
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A) , via Valdisavoia 5, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Paul D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Danielle Ryan
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Rui J B Bessa
- CIISA, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fernández AI, Óvilo C, Barragán C, Carmen Rodríguez M, Silió L, Folch JM, Fernández A. Validating porcine SCD haplotype effects on fatty acid desaturation and fat deposition in different genetic backgrounds. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
39
|
Martins JM, Albuquerque A, Neves JA, Freitas AB, Charneca R, Tirapicos JL. Influence of outdoor rearing and oleic acid supplementation on lipid characteristics of muscle and adipose tissues from obese Alentejano pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e578-e590. [PMID: 28990228 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Data evaluating the effect of oleic-acid-enriched diets and outdoor rearing (with access to pasture) on the quality of Alentejano (AL) pork and fat are limited. The aim of this work was to study the effects of feeding low (LO) or high oleic acid (HO) diets to AL pigs reared in individual pens (IND) or outdoors (OUT) with access to pasture. Biceps femoris and dorsal subcutaneous fat (DSF) samples were collected to analyse chemical composition and lipids fatty acid (FA) profile. The expression of seven genes involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis and FA transport, as well as two transcription factors were also evaluated in the muscle. B. femoris and DSF presented lower lipid content in OUT-reared than in IND-reared pigs. Two genes involved in lipogenesis, ACACA and FASN, were under-expressed in B. femoris from OUT-reared pigs, while two involved in lipolysis, LPL and HSL were over-expressed. HO diet also significantly reduced FASN expression. Both rearing system and diet affected the FA profile of tissues, particularly DSF. Overall, OUT-reared pigs presented lower n6 to n3 FA ratios in all tissues, and lower monounsaturated (MUFA) and higher polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content in DSF. When compared to LO-fed ones, HO-fed pigs presented higher oleic acid proportions in all tissues, and lower SFA, higher MUFA and PUFA levels, as well as lower saturation, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes in DSF. This study shows that rearing system and oleic acid supplementation have complementary effects and influence the nutritional quality of pork and DSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Martins
- Departamento de Zootecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - A Albuquerque
- ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - J A Neves
- Departamento de Zootecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - A B Freitas
- Departamento de Zootecnia, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - R Charneca
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - J L Tirapicos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cheng C, Zhang X, Xia M, Liu Z, Wei H, Deng Z, Wang C, Jiang S, Peng J. Effect of oregano essential oil and benzoic acid supplementation to a low-protein diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and lipid stability of longissimus thoracis muscle in pigs. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:164. [PMID: 28859691 PMCID: PMC5577677 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food containing appropriately high concentration of intramuscular fat (IMF) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The supplementation of feed with antioxidants decreases degradation of lipids in muscles thereby enhances nutritional and sensory properties of meat. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding oregano essential oil (OEO) and benzoic acid (BA) to low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on meat quality, sensory profile, fatty acid composition, and lipid oxidation of longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in pigs. METHODS In Exp. 1, 21 barrows were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 diets. The three diets were normal protein diet (NPD), medium protein diet (MPD) and low protein diet (LPD) with 1% and 2% less than NPD, respectively. In Exp. 2, 36 barrows were randomly divided into three experimental groups, namely, NPD, LPD, and identical LPD supplemented with blends of OEO (250 mg/kg feed) and BA (1000 mg/kg feed) (LPOB) groups. RESULTS No significant effects of diets on meat quality were observed in Exp. 1. The b*45min, tenderness, and IMF content in LPD muscle were higher than those in NPD and LPOB muscle. The LT muscle in LPD group contained a higher percentage of oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and a lower percentage of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) than those in NPD group. Dietary LPOB improved oxidative stability, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase but decreased drip loss in LT muscle. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that growing-finishing pigs fed with a low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet show a high content of intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis muscle. Dietary LPOB enhances the anti-oxidative status by improving antioxidative capacity but deteriorates the sensory attributes by decreasing IMF content of meat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaming Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuhong Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ropka-Molik K, Knapik J, Pieszka M, Szmatoła T, Piórkowska K. Nutritional modification of <i>SCD</i>, <i>ACACA</i> and <i>LPL</i> gene expressions in different ovine tissues. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-243-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Fatty acid composition is one of the main factors affecting health benefits of food. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD), acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) have been considered as the rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of different fatty acids critical in lipid metabolism. The aim of our study was the analysis of differences in expression profiles of three ovine genes related to lipid metabolism (LPL, ACACA, SCD) depending on feeding system and tissue type. The gene expression measurement was performed using a real-time PCR method on 60 old-type Polish Merino Sheep, which were divided into three feeding groups (I – complete pellet mixture, n = 12; II – complete mixture with addition of fresh grass, n = 24; III – complete mixture with addition of fresh red clover, n = 24). From all lambs, tissue samples – subcutaneous fat, perirenal fat and liver – were collected immediately after slaughter and LPL, ACACA and SCD expression was estimated based on two endogenous controls (RPS2 – ribosomal protein S2; ATP5G2 – H(+)-transporting ATP synthase). Our research indicated that supplementation of diet with an addition of fresh grass or red clover significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the expression of SCD, ACACA and LPL genes in fat tissue compared to standard complete pelleted mixture. On the other hand, the highest expression of ACACA was detected in liver tissue collected from sheep fed a diet with an addition of fresh red clover (P < 0.05). In turn, the highest expression of the SCD gene was detected in animals fed with grass supplementation (P < 0.05). Regardless of diet supplementation, the highest SCD transcript abundance was detected in perirenal fat, while LPL and ACACA expression was the highest in both perirenal and subcutaneous fat. The ability of nutrigenomic regulation of transcription of analyzed genes confirmed that these genes play a critical role in regulation of lipid metabolism processes in sheep and could be associated with fatty acid profiles in milk and meat.
Collapse
|
42
|
Henriquez-Rodriguez E, Pena RN, Seradj AR, Fraile L, Christou P, Tor M, Estany J. Carotenoid intake and SCD genotype exert complementary effects over fat content and fatty acid composition in Duroc pigs. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:2547-2557. [PMID: 28727051 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional and genetic strategies are needed to enhance intramuscular fat (IMF) and MUFA content without altering carcass leanness. Dietary vitamin A restriction has been suggested to specifically promote IMF, whereas a polymorphism of the () gene has shown to specifically increase MUFA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of provitamin A (PVA) carotenoid intake and genotype (>) on hepatic retinoid content and on the liver, muscle (LM and gluteus medius [GM]), and subcutaneous fat (SF) content and fatty acid composition. Following a split-plot design, 32 castrated Duroc pigs, half of each of the 2 homozygous genotypes (CC and TT), were subjected from 165 to 195 d of age to 2 finishing diets differing in the PVA carotenoid content (an enriched-carotene diet [C+] and a control diet [C-]). Both diets were identical except for the corn line used in the feed. The C+ was formulated with 20% of a carotenoid-fortified corn (M37W-Ph3) whereas the C- instead used 20% of its near isogenic M37W line, which did not contain PVA carotenoids. No vitamin A was added to the diets. The C- was estimated to provide, at most, 1,300 IU of vitamin A/kg and the C+ to supply an extra amount of at least 800 IU vitamin A/kg. Compared with the pigs fed the C-, pigs fed with C+ had 3-fold more retinoic acid ( < 0.01) and 4-fold more gene expression in the liver ( = 0.06). The diet did not affect performance traits and backfat thickness, but pigs fed the C+ had less fat (4.0 vs. 5.0%; = 0.07) and MUFA (18.3 vs. 22.5%; = 0.01) in the liver, less IMF (5.4 vs. 8.3%; = 0.04) in the GM, and more fat content (90.4 vs. 87.9%; = 0.09) and MUFA (48.0 vs. 46.6%; = 0.04) in SF. The TT genotype at the gene increased MUFA ( < 0.05) in all tissues (21.4 vs. 19.5% in the liver, 55.0 vs. 53.1% in the LM, 53.9 vs. 51.7% in the GM, and 48.0 vs. 46.7% in SF for TT and CC genotypes, respectively). Liver fat and MUFA content nonlinearly declined with liver all- retinoic acid, indicating a saturation point at relatively low all- retinoic acid content. The results obtained provide evidence for a complementary role between dietary PVA and genotype, in the sense that the TT pigs fed with a low-PVA diet are expected to show higher and more monounsaturated IMF without increasing total fat content.
Collapse
|
43
|
Cheng C, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Wei H, Zhang X, Xia M, Deng Z, Zou Y, Jiang S, Peng J. Effect of oregano essential oil supplementation to a reduced-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet on meat quality, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of Longissimus thoracis muscle in growing-finishing pigs. Meat Sci 2017; 133:103-109. [PMID: 28666108 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of reduced-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet supplementation with oregano essential oil (OEO) in pigs, from growing period to slaughter, on the meat quality, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. Thirty-six barrows were randomly divided into three experimental treatments, namely, normal protein diet (NPD), reduced-protein, amino acid-supplemented diet (RPD), and identical RPD supplemented (250mg/kg feed) with OEO (OEO) treatments. Dietary RPD and OEO increased the b*45min, tenderness, overall acceptance, and intramuscular fat (IMF) content of pork compared with dietary NPD. The percentage of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) and the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid in OEO muscle were higher and lower than those in RPD muscle, respectively. Dietary OEO improved oxidative stability, total antioxidative capacity, and catalase but decreased drip loss in LT muscle. Results indicated that dietary OEO enhanced the sensory attributes and anti-oxidative status of pork meat by improving IMF and n-3 PUFA proportion and antioxidative capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshang Cheng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zuhong Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaming Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mao Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhao Deng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Madeira MSMDS, Rolo ESA, Pires VMR, Alfaia CMRPM, Coelho DFM, Lopes PAAB, Martins SIV, Pinto RMA, Prates JAM. Arginine supplementation modulates pig plasma lipids, but not hepatic fatty acids, depending on dietary protein level with or without leucine. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:145. [PMID: 28558680 PMCID: PMC5450298 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, the effect of arginine and leucine supplementation, and dietary protein level, were investigated in commercial crossbred pigs to clarify their individual or combined impact on plasma metabolites, hepatic fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of lipid sensitive factors. The experiment was conducted on fifty-four entire male pigs (Duroc × Pietrain × Large White × Landrace crossbred) from 59 to 92 kg of live weight. Each pig was randomly assigned to one of six experimental treatments (n = 9). The treatments followed a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, providing two levels of arginine supplementation (0 vs. 1%) and three levels of basal diet (normal protein diet, NPD; reduced protein diet, RPD; reduced protein diet with 2% of leucine, RPDL). Results Significant interactions between arginine supplementation and protein level were observed across plasma lipids. While dietary arginine increased total lipids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols in NPD, the inverse effect was observed in RPD. Overall, dietary treatments had a minor impact on hepatic fatty acid composition. RPD increased 18:1c9 fatty acid while the combination of leucine and RPD reduced 18:0 fatty acid. Arginine supplementation increased the gene expression of FABP1, which contributes for triacylglycerols synthesis without affecting hepatic fatty acids content. RPD, with or without leucine addition, upregulated the lipogenic gene CEBPA but downregulated the fat oxidation gene LPIN1. Conclusions Arginine supplementation was responsible for a modulated effect on plasma lipids, which is dependent on dietary protein level. It consistently increased lipaemia in NPD, while reducing the correspondent metabolites in RPD. In contrast, arginine had no major impact, neither on hepatic fatty acids content nor on fatty acid composition. Likewise, leucine supplementation of RPD, regardless the presence of arginine, promoted no changes on total fatty acids in the liver. Ultimately, arginine, leucine and dietary protein reduction seem to be unrelated with fatty liver development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sofia Morgado Dos Santos Madeira
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eva Sofia Alves Rolo
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virgínia Maria Rico Pires
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Diogo Francisco Maurício Coelho
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Antunes Brás Lopes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Isabel Vargas Martins
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Amaro Pinto
- iMed.UL, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José António Mestre Prates
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Effects of diets supplemented with n –3 or n –6 PUFA on pig muscle lipid metabolites measured by non-targeted LC–MS lipidomic profiling. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
46
|
Long term betaine supplementation regulates genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism of two muscles from an obese pig breed. Meat Sci 2017; 124:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
47
|
Reduced protein diets increase intramuscular fat of psoas major, a red muscle, in lean and fatty pig genotypes. Animal 2017; 11:2094-2102. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
48
|
Li Y, Li F, Chen S, Duan Y, Guo Q, Wang W, Wen C, Yin Y. Protein-Restricted Diet Regulates Lipid and Energy Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle of Growing Pigs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9412-9420. [PMID: 27960278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the lipid metabolism and energy status of skeletal muscle of pigs as affected by dietary protein restriction. Eighteen growing pigs were distributed into three treatments, and each group was fed one of three levels (20, 17, and 14%) of crude protein (CP) diets. Our results showed that pigs fed the 20% CP had greater (P < 0.05) gain:feed and muscle weight than those fed the 14% CP, but no differences between the 20 and 17% CP treatments. Additionally, protein restriction tended to increase (P = 0.07) the content of intramuscular fat (IMF) and up-regulated (P < 0.05) expression of lipogenic-related genes. Energy status was changed and, concomitantly, AMP-activated protein kinase α pathway was inhibited by reducing the dietary protein level. These results indicate protein restriction could be useful to improve IMF content of pigs through regulating lipid metabolism and associated energy utilization in muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients , Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 10008, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Chaoyue Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture , Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, School of Biology, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan 410018, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Higher membrane fluidity mediates the increased subcutaneous fatty acid content in pigs fed reduced protein diets. Animal 2016; 11:713-719. [PMID: 27745558 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of pork with moderate amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF) without an increase in subcutaneous fat is highly desirable for the meat industry. Several studies indicate that dietary protein reduction during the growing-finishing period of pigs enhances IMF content, but its consequence on carcass fat deposition is still contradictory. In this study, we hypothesized that the effects of reduced protein diets (RPD), corrected or not with the limiting amino acid lysine, on subcutaneous fat deposition from pigs with distinct genotypes are mediated by adipose membranes biophysical properties. In total, 36 crossbred (Large White×Landrace×Pietrain - a lean genotype) and purebred (Alentejana breed - a fatty genotype) male pigs were randomly assigned to the control group, the RPD group or the reduced protein diet equilibrated for lysine (RPDL) group, allowing a 2×3 factorial arrangement (n=6). Backfat thickness and total fatty acid content were higher in Alentejana relative to crossbred pigs. Although dietary treatments did not change backfat thickness, RPD and RPDL increased total fatty acids content of subcutaneous fat. In order to understand this effect, adipose tissue membranes isolated from pig's subcutaneous fat were assayed for glycerol permeability and fluidity, using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and 1-(4-(trimethylamino)-phenyl)-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (TMA-DPH) probes. The glycerol transport across adipose membranes was not mediated by aquaglyceroporins and remained unchanged across dietary groups. Regardless of lysine correction, RPD increased membrane fluidity at the hydrocarbon region (lower DPH fluorescence anisotropy) in both genotypes of pigs. This result was associated with a lower ratio between oleic acid and linoleic acid on membrane's fatty acid composition. Adipose membrane's cholesterol content was independent from genotype and diet. Taken together, the present study shows that dietary protein reduction is successful in maintaining backfat thickness, although a negative side effect was observed on total fatty acids in subcutaneous fat, which may be due to changes in the fluidity of adipose membranes.
Collapse
|
50
|
Yan G, Li X, Cheng X, Peng Y, Long B, Fan Q, Wang Z, Zheng Z, Shi M, Yan X. Proteomic profiling reveals oxidative phosphorylation pathway is suppressed in longissimus dorsi muscle of weaned piglets fed low-protein diet supplemented with limiting amino acids. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:288-297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|