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LeBoldus JM, Lynch SC, Newhouse AE, Søndreli KL, Newcombe G, Bennett PI, Muchero W, Chen JG, Busby PE, Gordon M, Liang H. Biotechnology and Genomic Approaches to Mitigating Disease Impacts on Forest Health. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:309-335. [PMID: 39251210 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-114434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of insects and diseases are part of the natural disturbance regime of all forests. However, introduced pathogens have had outsized impacts on many dominant forest tree species over the past century. Mitigating these impacts and restoring these species are dilemmas of the modern era. Here, we review the ecological and economic impact of introduced pathogens, focusing on examples in North America. We then synthesize the successes and challenges of past biotechnological approaches and discuss the integration of genomics and biotechnology to help mitigate the effects of past and future pathogen invasions. These questions are considered in the context of the transgenic American chestnut, which is the most comprehensive example to date of how biotechnological tools have been used to address the impacts of introduced pathogens on naïve forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA;
| | - Shannon C Lynch
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Andrew E Newhouse
- Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kelsey L Søndreli
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - George Newcombe
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Patrick I Bennett
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, United States Forest Service, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Haiying Liang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Çelik A, Çakar D, Derviş S, Morca AF, Akıllı Şimşek S, Romon-Ochoa P, Özer G. New Detection Methods for Cryphonectria Hypovirus 1 (CHV1) through SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Viruses 2024; 16:1203. [PMID: 39205177 PMCID: PMC11360611 DOI: 10.3390/v16081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Some mycoviruses can be considered as effective biocontrol agents, mitigating the impact of phytopathogenic fungi and consequently reducing disease outbreaks while promoting plant health. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight and a highly destructive pathogen, experienced a notable decrease in its virulence with the identification of cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), a naturally occurring biocontrol agent. In this study, two innovative diagnostic protocols designed for the accurate and efficient detection of CHV1 are introduced. The ORF A and ORF B regions of CHV1 are targeted by these techniques, which employ colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with 2 Colorimetric LAMP Master Mix and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) with SYBR Green chemistry, respectively. The LAMP assay presents a discernible color transition, changing from pink to yellow after a 35 min incubation period. Comparative analysis, when assessed against two established reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) techniques, reveals a significant enhancement in sensitivity for both the LAMP approach, which offers a tenfold increase, and the qPCR method, which showcases a remarkable 100-fold sensitivity improvement. Throughout the comparison phase, it was evident that the RT-PCR, LAMP, and qPCR procedures displayed superior performance compared to the Bavendamm test, relying on phenol oxidase activity, effectively distinguishing hypovirulent strains. Consequently, this study introduces two pioneer diagnostic assays for highly sensitive CHV1 detection, representing a substantial advancement in the realm of CHV1 surveillance techniques. These methodologies hold significant promise for enhancing research endeavors in the domain of the biological control of C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Çelik
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
| | - Deniz Çakar
- Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Türkiye
| | - Sibel Derviş
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Kızıltepe Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47000, Türkiye
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Vocational School of Kızıltepe, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47000, Türkiye
| | - Ali Ferhan Morca
- Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Gayret Mah. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bulv., Yenimahalle, Ankara 06172, Türkiye
| | - Seçil Akıllı Şimşek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı 18100, Türkiye
| | - Pedro Romon-Ochoa
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Göksel Özer
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu 14030, Türkiye
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3
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Enquist BJ, Erwin D, Savage V, Marquet PA. Scaling approaches and macroecology provide a foundation for assessing ecological resilience in the Anthropocene. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230010. [PMID: 38583479 PMCID: PMC10999275 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, intensifying ecological disturbances pose significant challenges to our predictive capabilities for ecosystem responses. Macroecology-which focuses on emergent statistical patterns in ecological systems-unveils consistent regularities in the organization of biodiversity and ecosystems. These regularities appear in terms of abundance, body size, geographical range, species interaction networks, or the flux of matter and energy. This paper argues for moving beyond qualitative resilience metaphors, such as the 'ball and cup', towards a more quantitative macroecological framework. We suggest a conceptual and theoretical basis for ecological resilience that integrates macroecology with a stochastic diffusion approximation constrained by principles of biological symmetry. This approach provides an alternative novel framework for studying ecological resilience in the Anthropocene. We demonstrate how our framework can effectively quantify the impacts of major disturbances and their extensive ecological ramifications. We further show how biological scaling insights can help quantify the consequences of major disturbances, emphasizing their cascading ecological impacts. The nature of these impacts prompts a re-evaluation of our understanding of resilience. Emphasis on regularities of ecological assemblages can help illuminate resilience dynamics and offer a novel basis to predict and manage the impacts of disturbance in the Anthropocene more efficiently. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Enquist
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Arizona, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Doug Erwin
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Van Savage
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pablo A. Marquet
- The Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
- Instituto de Sistemas Complejos de Valparaíso (ISCV), CP 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciemcias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, CP 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático (CMM), Universidad de Chile, International Research Laboratory, 2807, CNRS, CP 8370456 Santiago, Chile
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4
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Silva GA, Oliveira MES, Rêgo GMS, Wingfield BD, Wingfield MJ, Ferreira MA. Chrysoporthe brasiliensis sp. nov. pathogenic to Melastomataceae in southeast Brazil. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1790-1799. [PMID: 38796263 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Species in the Melastomataceae (Myrtales) include trees and woody shrubs that are amongst the most common hosts of Chrysoporthe and related fungi. These fungi cause stem cankers, branch death and in extreme cases, kill their hosts. Chrysoporthe-like fungi were observed on Miconia spp. and Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) plants during tree disease surveys in south-eastern Brazil including the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify the fungi utilising morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. This led to the identification of a new species of Chrysoporthe described here as Chrysoporthe brasilensis sp.nov. Inoculations were conducted on R. grandiflora and M. theaezans, showing that C. brasiliensis is an aggressive pathogen. This study adds to a growing number of reports of new and pathogenic species of Chrysoporthe that potentially threaten native Myrtales globally, including important trees such as Eucalyptus, both in natural ecosystems and in planted forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Avelar Silva
- Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maria Alves Ferreira
- Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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5
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Fan S, Georgi LL, Hebard FV, Zhebentyayeva T, Yu J, Sisco PH, Fitzsimmons SF, Staton ME, Abbott AG, Nelson CD. Mapping QTLs for blight resistance and morpho-phenological traits in inter-species hybrid families of chestnut ( Castanea spp.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365951. [PMID: 38650705 PMCID: PMC11033410 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chestnut blight (caused by Cryphonectria parasitica), together with Phytophthora root rot (caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi), has nearly extirpated American chestnut (Castanea dentata) from its native range. In contrast to the susceptibility of American chestnut, many Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima) genotypes are resistant to blight. In this research, we performed a series of genome-wide association studies for blight resistance originating from three unrelated Chinese chestnut trees (Mahogany, Nanking and M16) and a Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) study on a Mahogany-derived inter-species F2 family. We evaluated trees for resistance to blight after artificial inoculation with two fungal strains and scored nine morpho-phenological traits that are the hallmarks of species differentiation between American and Chinese chestnuts. Results support a moderately complex genetic architecture for blight resistance, as 31 QTLs were found on 12 chromosomes across all studies. Additionally, although most morpho-phenological trait QTLs overlap or are adjacent to blight resistance QTLs, they tend to aggregate in a few genomic regions. Finally, comparison between QTL intervals for blight resistance and those previously published for Phytophthora root rot resistance, revealed five common disease resistance regions on chromosomes 1, 5, and 11. Our results suggest that it will be difficult, but still possible to eliminate Chinese chestnut alleles for the morpho-phenological traits while achieving relatively high blight resistance in a backcross hybrid tree. We see potential for a breeding scheme that utilizes marker-assisted selection early for relatively large effect QTLs followed by genome selection in later generations for smaller effect genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Fan
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Laura L. Georgi
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Lexington, KY, United States
- Virginia Chapter, The American Chestnut Foundation, Meadowview, VA, United States
| | - Frederick V. Hebard
- Virginia Chapter, The American Chestnut Foundation, Meadowview, VA, United States
| | - Tetyana Zhebentyayeva
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jiali Yu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Paul H. Sisco
- Carolinas Chapter, The American Chestnut Foundation, Asheville, NC, United States
| | - Sara F. Fitzsimmons
- North Central Office, The American Chestnut Foundation, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Margaret E. Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Albert G. Abbott
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - C. Dana Nelson
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Lexington, KY, United States
- Southern Institute of Forest Genetics, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Saucier, MS, United States
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6
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Pfenning-Butterworth A, Buckley LB, Drake JM, Farner JE, Farrell MJ, Gehman ALM, Mordecai EA, Stephens PR, Gittleman JL, Davies TJ. Interconnecting global threats: climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious diseases. Lancet Planet Health 2024; 8:e270-e283. [PMID: 38580428 PMCID: PMC11090248 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The concurrent pressures of rising global temperatures, rates and incidence of species decline, and emergence of infectious diseases represent an unprecedented planetary crisis. Intergovernmental reports have drawn focus to the escalating climate and biodiversity crises and the connections between them, but interactions among all three pressures have been largely overlooked. Non-linearities and dampening and reinforcing interactions among pressures make considering interconnections essential to anticipating planetary challenges. In this Review, we define and exemplify the causal pathways that link the three global pressures of climate change, biodiversity loss, and infectious disease. A literature assessment and case studies show that the mechanisms between certain pairs of pressures are better understood than others and that the full triad of interactions is rarely considered. Although challenges to evaluating these interactions-including a mismatch in scales, data availability, and methods-are substantial, current approaches would benefit from expanding scientific cultures to embrace interdisciplinarity and from integrating animal, human, and environmental perspectives. Considering the full suite of connections would be transformative for planetary health by identifying potential for co-benefits and mutually beneficial scenarios, and highlighting where a narrow focus on solutions to one pressure might aggravate another.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren B Buckley
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John M Drake
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alyssa-Lois M Gehman
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Hakai Institute, Calvert, BC, Canada
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patrick R Stephens
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - John L Gittleman
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Nicholas School for the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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7
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Ahmad F, Tomada S, Poonsiri T, Baric S. Molecular genetic variability of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 associated with Cryphonectria parasitica in South Tyrol (northern Italy). Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1291542. [PMID: 38476955 PMCID: PMC10927965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1291542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) has been widely studied and used as a biocontrol agent because of its ability to infect the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, and to reduce its virulence. Knowledge about the hypovirus, its presence, and diversity is completely lacking in South Tyrol (northern Italy), which may obstruct biocontrol measures for chestnut blight based on CHV-1. This work aimed to study the occurrence of CHV-1 infecting C. parasitica in South Tyrol and to perform a genetic characterization of the hypovirus. In South Tyrol, CHV-1 was found to occur in 29.2% of the fungal isolates investigated, varying in frequency between different regions and chestnut stands. Twenty-three haplotypes based on partial cDNA (complementary DNA) sequences of open reading frame (ORF)-A and 30 haplotypes based on partial cDNA sequences of ORF-B were identified among 47 and 56 hypovirulent fungal isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the haplotypes belonged to the Italian subtype of CHV-1 and that they were closely related to the populations of Italy, Switzerland, Croatia and Slovenia. Evidence of recombination was not found in the sequences and point mutations were the main source of diversity. Overall, this study indicated that the prevalence of CHV-1 in South Tyrol is low compared to many other central and western European populations and determined a need to actively impose biocontrol measures. Using sequence analysis, we identified some variants of interest of CHV-1 that should be studied in detail for their potential use in biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Ahmad
- Laboratory for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Selena Tomada
- Laboratory for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Thanalai Poonsiri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sanja Baric
- Laboratory for Phytopathology, Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
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8
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Kovalenko V, Doser JW, Bate LJ, Six DL. Paired acoustic recordings and point count surveys reveal Clark's nutcracker and whitebark pine associations across Glacier National Park. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10867. [PMID: 38274862 PMCID: PMC10808773 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Global declines in tree populations have led to dramatic shifts in forest ecosystem composition, biodiversity, and functioning. These changes have consequences for both forest plant and wildlife communities, particularly when declining species are involved in coevolved mutualisms. Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a declining keystone species in western North American high-elevation ecosystems and an obligate mutualist of Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), an avian seed predator and disperser. By leveraging traditional point count surveys and passive acoustic monitoring, we investigated how stand characteristics of whitebark pine in a protected area (Glacier National Park, Montana, USA) influenced occupancy and vocal activity patterns in Clark's nutcracker. Using Bayesian spatial occupancy models and generalized linear mixed models, we found that habitat use of Clark's nutcracker was primarily supported by greater cone density and increasing diameter of live whitebark pine. Additionally, we demonstrated the value of performing parallel analyses with traditional point count surveys and passive acoustic monitoring to provide multiple lines of evidence for relationships between Clark's nutcracker and whitebark pine forest characteristics. Our findings allow managers to gauge the whitebark pine conditions important for retaining high nutcracker visitation and prioritize management efforts in whitebark pine ecosystems with low nutcracker visitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kovalenko
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
- Science CenterGlacier National ParkWest GlacierMontanaUSA
| | - Jeffrey W. Doser
- Department of Integrative Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Behavior ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Lisa J. Bate
- Science CenterGlacier National ParkWest GlacierMontanaUSA
| | - Diana L. Six
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontanaUSA
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Van Nuland ME, Daws SC, Bailey JK, Schweitzer JA, Busby PE, Peay KG. Above- and belowground fungal biodiversity of Populus trees on a continental scale. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2406-2419. [PMID: 37973868 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding drivers of terrestrial fungal communities over large scales is an important challenge for predicting the fate of ecosystems under climate change and providing critical ecological context for bioengineering plant-microbe interactions in model systems. We conducted an extensive molecular and microscopy field study across the contiguous United States measuring natural variation in the Populus fungal microbiome among tree species, plant niche compartments and key symbionts. Our results show clear biodiversity hotspots and regional endemism of Populus-associated fungal communities explained by a combination of climate, soil and geographic factors. Modelling climate change impacts showed a deterioration of Populus mycorrhizal associations and an increase in potentially pathogenic foliar endophyte diversity and prevalence. Geographic differences among these symbiont groups in their sensitivity to environmental change are likely to influence broader forest health and ecosystem function. This dataset provides an above- and belowground atlas of Populus fungal biodiversity at a continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Van Nuland
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Society for the Protection of Underground Networks, SPUN, Dover, DE, USA.
| | - S Caroline Daws
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph K Bailey
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Schweitzer
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Posy E Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kabir G Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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Klimov PB, Kolesnikov VB, Demard EP, Stinson CSA, Merckx J, Duarte MVA, Pedroso LGA, Khaustov AA, Myers-Hansen JL, Wäkers FL, Vangansbeke D. Going Asexual: A Survey of Mites of the Genus Thyreophagus (Acari: Acaridae) Revealing a Large Number of New Parthenogenetic Species in the Holarctic Region. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2168. [PMID: 38004308 PMCID: PMC10672012 DOI: 10.3390/life13112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mites of the genus Thyreophagus (Acari: Acaridae) are distributed worldwide; they inhabit concealed habitats and include several beneficial and economically important species. However, species identification is difficult because many species are poorly described or delimited and their phoretic stages are unknown or uncorrelated. Furthermore, Thyreophagus is interesting because it includes entirely asexual (parthenogenetic) species. However, among the 34 described species of Thyreophagus, the asexual status is confirmed through laboratory rearing for only two species. Here, we provide detailed descriptions of five new species from North America (four) and Europe (one) based on adults and phoretic heteromorphic deutonymphs. Four of these species were asexual, while one was sexual. For most of these mites, the asexual status was confirmed and phoretic deutonymphs were obtained through rearing in the lab. We show that asexual mites retain seemingly functional copulatory and sperm storage systems, indicating that these lineages have relatively short evolutionary lifespans. One North American species, Thyreophagus ojibwe, was found in association with the native American chestnut Castanea dentata, suggesting a possibility that this mite can be used to control chestnut blight in North America. We also provide a diagnostic key to females, males, and heteromorphic deutonymphs of the Thyreophagus species in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel B. Klimov
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, G-225, 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- X-Bio Institute, Tyumen State University, 25 Lenina St. Str., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (V.B.K.)
| | - Vasiliy B. Kolesnikov
- X-Bio Institute, Tyumen State University, 25 Lenina St. Str., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (V.B.K.)
- All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, 396030 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Emilie P. Demard
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Road Station, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | | | - Jonas Merckx
- Biobest Sustainable Crop Management, R&D, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium; (J.M.)
- Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation NPO (BINCO), Walmersumstraat 44, 3380 Glabbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Luiz Gustavo A. Pedroso
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil;
| | - Alexander A. Khaustov
- X-Bio Institute, Tyumen State University, 25 Lenina St. Str., 625003 Tyumen, Russia; (V.B.K.)
| | - James Leslie Myers-Hansen
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, G-225, 915 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Felix L. Wäkers
- Biobest Sustainable Crop Management, R&D, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium; (J.M.)
| | - Dominiek Vangansbeke
- Biobest Sustainable Crop Management, R&D, 2260 Westerlo, Belgium; (J.M.)
- Biodiversity Inventory for Conservation NPO (BINCO), Walmersumstraat 44, 3380 Glabbeek, Belgium
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Romon-Ochoa P, Samal P, Gorton C, Lewis A, Chitty R, Eacock A, Krzywinska E, Crampton M, Pérez-Sierra A, Biddle M, Jones B, Ward L. Cryphonectria parasitica Detections in England, Jersey, and Guernsey during 2020-2023 Reveal Newly Affected Areas and Infections by the CHV1 Mycovirus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1036. [PMID: 37888292 PMCID: PMC10607933 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In England, Cryphonectria parasitica was detected for the first time in 2011 in a nursery and in 2016 in the wider environment. Surveys between 2017 and 2020 identified the disease at different sites in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Derbyshire, Devon, Dorset, London, West Sussex, and the island of Jersey, while the present study comprises the results of the 2020-2023 survey with findings in Derbyshire, Devon, Kent, Nottinghamshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, London, West Sussex, and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey. A total of 226 suspected samples were collected from 72 surveyed sites, as far north as Edinburgh and as far west as Plymouth (both of which were negative), and 112 samples tested positive by real-time PCR and isolation from 35 sites. The 112 isolates were tested for the vegetative compatibility group (VCG), mating type, and Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). Twelve VCGs were identified, with two of them (EU-5 and EU-22) being the first records in the UK. Both mating types were present (37% MAT-1 and 63% MAT-2), but only one mating type was present per site and VCG, and perithecia were never observed. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1), consistently subtype-I haplotype E-5, was detected in three isolates at a low concentration (5.9, 21.1, and 33.0 ng/µL) from locations in London, Nottinghamshire, and Devon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romon-Ochoa
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (P.S.); (M.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Pankajini Samal
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (P.S.); (M.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Caroline Gorton
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Alex Lewis
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Ruth Chitty
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Amy Eacock
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Elzbieta Krzywinska
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Michael Crampton
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Ana Pérez-Sierra
- Forest Research, THDAS-Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (C.G.); (A.L.); (R.C.); (A.E.); (E.K.); (M.C.); (A.P.-S.)
| | - Mick Biddle
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (P.S.); (M.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Ben Jones
- Forestry Commission, 620 Bristol Business Park, Bristol BS16 1EJ, UK;
| | - Lisa Ward
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK; (P.S.); (M.B.); (L.W.)
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Dobry EP, Rutter MA, Campbell M. The Fungal Pathogen Gnomoniopsis castaneae Induces Damaging Cankers in Multiple Domestic Fagaceae Species. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1817-1821. [PMID: 37227197 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-22-0451-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gnomoniopsis castaneae is internationally recognized as a destructive pathogen of chestnut species. Primarily associated with nut rot, it has also been associated with branch and stem cankers of chestnut and as an endophyte of multiple additional hardwood species. The present study evaluated implications of the recently reported United States presence of the pathogen for domestic Fagaceae species. Stem inoculation assays of Castanea dentata, C. mollissima, C. dentata × C. mollissima, and Quercus rubra (red oak) seedlings were utilized to examine the cankering ability of a regional isolate of the pathogen. The pathogen induced damaging cankers in all assessed species and significant stem girdling in all chestnut species. No previous study has associated the pathogen with damaging infection in Quercus species, and its presence in the United States has the potential to compound ongoing chestnut recovery programs and oak regeneration problems within forest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Dobry
- College of Agricultural Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Michael A Rutter
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA 16563
| | - Michael Campbell
- College of Agricultural Science, Pennsylvania State University, Lake Erie Regional Grape Research and Extension Center, North East, PA 16428
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Popović M, Nuskern L, Peranić K, Vuković R, Katanić Z, Krstin L, Ćurković-Perica M, Leigh DM, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Rigling D, Ježić M. Physiological variations in hypovirus-infected wild and model long-term laboratory strains of Cryphonectria parasitica. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1192996. [PMID: 37426020 PMCID: PMC10324583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Forest ecosystems are highly threatened by the simultaneous effects of climate change and invasive pathogens. Chestnut blight, caused by the invasive phytopathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, has caused severe damage to European chestnut groves and catastrophic dieback of American chestnut in North America. Within Europe, the impacts of the fungus are widely mitigated through biological control that utilizes the RNA mycovirus: Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). Viral infections, similarly to abiotic factors, can cause oxidative stress in their hosts leading to physiological attrition through stimulating ROS (reactive oxygen species) and NOx production. Methods To fully understand the interactions leading to the biocontrol of chestnut blight, it is vital to determine oxidative stress damage arising during CHV1 infection, especially considering that other abiotic factors, like long-term cultivation of model fungal strains, can also impact oxidative stress. Our study compared CHV1-infected C. parasitica isolates from two Croatian wild populations with CHV1-infected model strains (EP713, Euro7 and CR23) that have experienced long-term laboratory cultivation. Results and Discussion We determined the level of oxidative stress in the samples by measuring stress enzymes' activity and oxidative stress biomarkers. Furthermore, for the wild populations, we studied the activity of fungal laccases, expression of the laccase gene lac1, and a possible effect of CHV1 intra-host diversity on the observed biochemical responses. Relative to the wild isolates, the long-term model strains had lower enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and higher content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total non-protein thiols. This indicated generally higher oxidative stress, likely arising from their decades-long history of subculturing and freeze-thaw cycles. When comparing the two wild populations, differences between them in stress resilience and levels of oxidative stress were also observed, as evident from the different MDA content. The intra-host genetic diversity of the CHV1 had no discernible effect on the stress levels of the virus-infected fungal cultures. Our research indicated that an important determinant modulating both lac1 expression and laccase enzyme activity is intrinsic to the fungus itself, possibly related to the vc type of the fungus, i.e., vegetative incompatibility genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Popović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karla Peranić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rosemary Vuković
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | | | - Igor Poljak
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Austin AT, Ballaré CL. Attackers gain the upper hand over plants in the face of rapid global change. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R611-R620. [PMID: 37279692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among organisms in natural ecosystems are the foundational underpinnings of nearly all ecological studies. It has never been more important to increase our awareness of how these interactions are altered by human activity, threatening biodiversity and disrupting ecosystem functioning. Much of the historic focus of species conservation has been the preservation of endangered and endemic species at risk from hunting, over-exploitation, and habitat destruction. However, there is increasing evidence that differences between plants and their attacking organisms in the speed and direction of physiological, demographic, and genetic (adaptation) responses to global change are having devastating consequences, resulting in large-scale losses of dominant or abundant plant species, particularly in forest ecosystems. From the elimination in the wild of the American chestnut to the extensive regional damage caused by insect outbreaks in temperate forest ecosystems, these losses of dominant species change the ecological landscape and functioning, and represent important threats to biodiversity at all scales. Introductions due to human activity, range shifts due to climate change, and their combination are the principal drivers behind these profound ecosystem changes. In this Review, we argue that there is an urgent need to increase our recognition and hone our predictive power for how these imbalances may occur. Moreover, we should seek to minimize the consequences of these imbalances in order to ensure the preservation of the structure, function and biodiversity of entire ecosystems, not just rare or highly endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T Austin
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, B1650HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Wang W, Chen S. Identification and pathogenicity of Aurifilum species (Cryphonectriaceae, Diaporthales) on Terminalia species in Southern China. MycoKeys 2023; 98:37-58. [PMID: 37287768 PMCID: PMC10242525 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.98.104719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) contains many important tree pathogens and the hosts are wide-ranging. Tree species of Terminalia were widely planted as ornamental trees alongside city roads and villages in southern China. Recently, stem canker and cracked bark were observed on 2-6 year old Terminalianeotaliala and T.mantaly in several nurseries in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province, China. Typical conidiomata of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissue. In this study, we used DNA sequence data (ITS, BT2/BT1, TEF-1α, rpb2) and morphological characteristics to identify the strains from Terminalia trees. Our results showed that isolates obtained in this study represent two species of Aurifilum, one previously described species, A.terminali, and an unknown species, which we described as A.cerciana sp. nov. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that both A.terminali and A.cerciana were able to infect T.neotaliala and two tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting the potential for Aurifilum fungi to become new pathogens of Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryZhanjiangChina
- Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, ChinaZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Research Institute of Fast-Growing Trees (RIFT), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), Zhanjiang 524022, ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryZhanjiangChina
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Romon-Ochoa P, Smith O, Lewis A, Kupper Q, Shamsi W, Rigling D, Pérez-Sierra A, Ward L. Temperature Effects on the Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 Accumulation and Recovery within Its Fungal Host, the Chestnut Blight Pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica. Viruses 2023; 15:1260. [PMID: 37376560 DOI: 10.3390/v15061260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological control of Cryphonectria parasitica fungus, the causal agent of chestnut blight, by virus infection (hypovirulence) is an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe and some parts of North America. The most studied mycovirus is the Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) type species of the Hypoviridae family. In this study, the CHV1 virus was studied within some highly infected British isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica, gained in the past through co-culture transmissions. The effects of six temperatures (5-30 °C, in 5 °C steps) on six infected isolates (three with viral strain E-5, and other three with viral strain L-18) and their respective negative non-infected controls, three isogenic virulent fungal isolates, were examined. Experiments were performed with the nine isolate types with three replicates on potato dextrose agar (PDA) with cellophane sheets per isolate and temperature. A recently developed rapid, specific, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) screening method was used. This enabled quantifying the concentration (nanograms per microliter or copy numbers) of the virus within each isolate repetition. The presence of the virus had a significant negative effect between 20 and 25 °C on the C. parasitica growth rate, which was anyway highly influenced by and positively correlated with the temperature. The temperature clearly determined the virus accumulation and its recovery from cold or heat, and the virus optimum temperature was estimated at 15-25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Romon-Ochoa
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Surrey GU104LH, UK
| | - Olivia Smith
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Surrey GU104LH, UK
| | - Alex Lewis
- Forest Research, Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service (THDAS), Alice Holt, Surrey GU104LH, UK
| | - Quirin Kupper
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Wajeeha Shamsi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ana Pérez-Sierra
- Forest Research, Tree Health Diagnostics and Advisory Service (THDAS), Alice Holt, Surrey GU104LH, UK
| | - Lisa Ward
- Forest Research, Plant Pathology Department, Alice Holt Research Station, Surrey GU104LH, UK
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17
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Stevenson K, Pegg G, Wills J, Herbohn J, Firn J. Impacts of Myrtle Rust Induced Tree Mortality on Species and Functional Richness within Seedling Communities of a Wet Sclerophyll Forest in Eastern Australia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1970. [PMID: 37653886 PMCID: PMC10221985 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Austropuccinia psidii is an introduced plant pathogen known to have caused significant declines in populations of several Australian native Myrtaceae species. However, limited research has focused on the impacts of the pathogen on plant communities in the aftermath of its invasion. This study investigated the relationship between disease impact level, plant species diversity, and functional richness in seedling communities in a wet sclerophyll forest in southeast Queensland. A clear shift was found from early colonizer Myrtaceae species in the mid- and understory to a more diverse non-Myrtaceae seedling community indicative of secondary succession. Comparisons of key Myrtaceae species and the seedling community suggest that there may also be a shift towards species that produce drupes and larger seeds, and overall, a current reduction in fruit availability due to the dramatic loss of previously dominant species. Seedling diversity showed no significant correlation with tree mortality, possibly due to favorable rainfall conditions during the study period. The more subtle changes in forest composition, such as changes in fruit type and availability due to myrtle rust, however, could affect the visitation of local bird species in the short term and certainly reduce the store of early colonizing native shrub and tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Stevenson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Geoff Pegg
- The Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Jarrah Wills
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - John Herbohn
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia;
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Uricchio LH, Bruns EL, Hood M, Boots M, Antonovics J. Multimodal pathogen transmission as a limiting factor in host distribution. Ecology 2023; 104:e3956. [PMID: 36511901 PMCID: PMC9992245 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical models suggest that infectious diseases could play a substantial role in determining the spatial extent of host species, but few studies have collected the empirical data required to test this hypothesis. Pathogens that sterilize their hosts or spread through frequency-dependent transmission could have especially strong effects on the limits of species' distributions because diseased hosts that are sterilized but not killed may continue to produce infectious stages and frequency-dependent transmission mechanisms are effective even at very low population densities. We collected spatial pathogen prevalence data and population abundance data for alpine carnations infected by the sterilizing pathogen Microbotryum dianthorum, a parasite that is spread through both frequency-dependent (vector-borne) and density-dependent (aerial spore transmission) mechanisms. Our 13-year study reveals rapid declines in population abundance without a compensatory decrease in pathogen prevalence. We apply a stochastic, spatial model of parasite spread that accommodates spatial habitat heterogeneity to investigate how the population dynamics depend on multimodal (frequency-dependent and density-dependent) transmission. We found that the observed rate of population decline could plausibly be explained by multimodal transmission, but is unlikely to be explained by either frequency-dependent or density-dependent mechanisms alone. Multimodal pathogen transmission rates high enough to explain the observed decline predicted that eventual local extinction of the host species is highly likely. Our results add to a growing body of literature showing how multimodal transmission can constrain species distributions in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence H. Uricchio
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Emily L. Bruns
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Michael Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, MA 01002
| | - Mike Boots
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK, TR109FE
| | - Janis Antonovics
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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Nie X, Zhao S, Hao Y, Gu S, Zhang Y, Qi B, Xing Y, Qin L. Transcriptome analysis reveals key genes involved in the resistance to Cryphonectria parasitica during early disease development in Chinese chestnut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:79. [PMID: 36740701 PMCID: PMC9901152 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chestnut blight, one of the most serious branch diseases in Castanea caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, which has ravaged across American chestnut and most of European chestnut since the early twentieth century. Interestingly, the Chinese chestnut is strongly resistant to chestnut blight, shedding light on restoring the ecological status of Castanea plants severely affected by chestnut blight. To better explore the early defense of Chinese chestnut elicited in response to C. parasitica, the early stage of infection process of C. parasitica was observed and RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic profiling of responses of the chestnut blight-resistant wild resource 'HBY-1' at 0, 3 and 9 h after C. parasitica inoculation was performed. RESULTS First, we found that 9 h was a critical period for Chinese chestnut infected by C. parasitica, which was the basis of further study on transcriptional activation of Chinese chestnut in response to chestnut blight in the early stage. In the transcriptome analysis, a total of 283 differentially expressed genes were identified between T9 h and Mock9 h, and these DEGs were mainly divided into two clusters, one of which was metabolism-related pathways including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, and photosynthesis; the other was related to plant-pathogen interaction and MAPK signal transduction. Meanwhile, the two clusters of pathways could be connected through junction among phosphatidylinositol signaling system, phytohormone signaling pathway and α-Linolenic acid metabolism pathway. It is worth noting that genes associated with JA biosynthesis and metabolic pathway were significantly up-regulated, revealing that the entire JA metabolic pathway was activated in Chinese chestnut at the early stage of chestnut blight infection. CONCLUSION We identified the important infection nodes of C. parasitica and observed the morphological changes of Chinese chestnut wounds at the early stage of infection. In response to chestnut blight, the plant hormone and MAPK signal transduction pathways, plant-pathogen interaction pathways and metabolism-related pathways were activated at the early stage. JA biosynthesis and metabolic pathway may be particularly involved in the Chinese chestnut resistance to chestnut blight. These results contributes to verifying the key genes involved in the resistance of Chinese chestnut to C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Nie
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiong Hao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Si Gu
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Qin
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
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Douanla-Meli C, Moll J. Bark-inhabiting fungal communities of European chestnut undergo substantial alteration by canker formation following chestnut blight infection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1052031. [PMID: 36778875 PMCID: PMC9911167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1052031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chestnut forests are severely threatened by chestnut blight caused by the fungal pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica and the infected trees exhibit bark canker in the later stage of the disease. European chestnut (Castanea sativa) is further infected by Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi, another canker-causing fungal pathogen. We explored whether and how chestnut blight is reflected in bark-inhabiting fungal communities of European chestnut and also assessed the co-occurrence of C. parasitica and G. smithogilvyi. Materials and methods We initially investigated the fungal communities of European chestnut bark tissues and further monitored changes in these fungal communities with regard to disease progression from infection to canker formation by analyzing bark samples from asymptomatic trees, asymptomatic trees with latent C. parasitica infection, and infected trees with canker tissues, using amplicon sequencing of the ITS2 region of rDNA. Results The results showed that fungal community composition and diversity differed between the sample types. The fungal community composition was substantially reshaped by canker formation, whereas latent C. parasitica infection and more specifically pre-canker infection period per se had a weak effect. Fungal communities of canker samples was less diverse and more dissimilar to those of other sample types. C. parasitica dominated the mycobiome of canker samples, whereas G. smithogilvyi was found in only 9% of canker samples at very low abundances. However, G. smithogilvyi was a dominant fungus in the bark of healthy plants. Conclusion This study highlights that canker formation is the principal driver of decreasing diversity and altered composition of the mycobiome in bark tissues of European chestnut infected by C. parasitica infection. It additionally emphasizes the scarce co-occurrence of C. parasitica and G. smithogilvyi on European chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Douanla-Meli
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for National and International Plant Health, Quedlinburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Clovis Douanla-Meli, ✉
| | - Julia Moll
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Jiang X, Fang Z, Lai J, Wu Q, Wu J, Gong B, Wang Y. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Chinese Chestnut ( Castanea mollissima Blume) Cultivars Revealed by GBS Resequencing. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3524. [PMID: 36559637 PMCID: PMC9781913 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) is one of the earliest domesticated and cultivated fruit trees, and it is widely distributed in China. Because of the high quality of its nuts and its high resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, Chinese chestnut could be used to improve edible chestnut varieties worldwide. However, the unclear domestication history and highly complex genetic background of Chinese chestnut have prevented the efficiency of breeding efforts. To explore the genetic diversity and structure of Chinese chestnut populations and generate new insights that could aid chestnut breeding, heterozygosity statistics, molecular variance analysis, ADMIXTURE analysis, principal component analysis, and phylogenetic analysis were conducted to analyze single nucleotide polymorphism data from 185 Chinese chestnut landraces from five geographical regions in China via genotyping by sequencing. Results showed that the genetic diversity level of the five populations from different regions was relatively high, with an observed heterozygosity of 0.2796-0.3427. The genetic diversity level of the population in the mid-western regions was the highest, while the population north of the Yellow River was the lowest. Molecular variance analysis showed that the variation among different populations was only 2.07%, while the intra-group variation reached 97.93%. The Chinese chestnut samples could be divided into two groups: a northern and southern population, separated by the Yellow River; however, some samples from the southern population were genetically closer to samples from the northern population. We speculate that this might be related to the migration of humans during the Han dynasty due to the frequent wars that took place during this period, which might have led to the introduction of chestnut to southern regions. Some samples from Shandong Province and Beijing City were outliers that did not cluster with their respective groups, and this might be caused by the special geographical, political, and economic significance of these two regions. The findings of our study showed the complex genetic relationships among Chinese chestnut landraces and the high genetic diversity of these resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibing Jiang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Junsheng Lai
- Qingyuan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Lishui 323800, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Qingyuan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Lishui 323800, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Qingyuan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Lishui 323800, China
| | - Bangchu Gong
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
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22
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Sax DF, Schlaepfer MA, Olden JD. Valuing the contributions of non-native species to people and nature. Trends Ecol Evol 2022; 37:1058-1066. [PMID: 36210286 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While decision-making can benefit from considering positive and negative outcomes of change, over the past half-century, research on non-native species has focused predominately on their negative impacts. Here we provide a framework for considering the positive consequences of non-native species relative to relational, instrumental, and intrinsic values. We demonstrate that their beneficial outcomes are common and profoundly important for human well-being. Identified benefits include social cohesion, cultural identity, mental health, food and fuel production, regulation of clean waters, and attenuation of climate change. We argue that long-standing biases against non-native species within the literature have clouded the scientific process and hampered policy advances and sound public understanding. Future research should consider both costs and benefits of non-native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov F Sax
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society & Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Martin A Schlaepfer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Canker Development and Biocontrol Potential of CHV-1 Infected English Isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica Is Dependent on the Virus Concentration and the Compatibility of the Fungal Inoculums. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122678. [PMID: 36560682 PMCID: PMC9785502 DOI: 10.3390/v14122678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control of Cryphonectria parasitica fungus, causal agent of chestnut blight, by virus infection (hypovirulence) has been shown to be an effective control strategy against chestnut blight in Europe and some parts of North America. The most studied mycovirus is the Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1) type species of the Hypoviridae family. To efficiently provide biocontrol, the virus must be able to induce hypovirulence in its fungal host in chestnut trees. Here, two different CHV-1 subtype I virus strains (E-5 and L-18), gained by transmissions, were tested for their hypovirulence induction, biocontrol potential, and transmission between vegetatively compatible (VCG) and incompatible fungal isolate groups in sweet chestnut seedlings and branches. Both strains of CHV-1 showed great biocontrol potential and could protect trees by efficiently transmitting CHV-1 by hyphal anastomosis between fungal isolates of the same VCG and converting virulent to hypovirulent cankers. The hypovirulent effect was positively correlated with the virus concentration, tested by four different reverse-transcription PCRs, two end-point and two real-time methods, one of which represents a newly developed real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of CHV-1.
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24
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High genetic diversity in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) despite a century of decline. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Nelson CD. Tree breeding, a necessary complement to genetic engineering. NEW FORESTS 2022; 54:1-18. [PMID: 35991378 PMCID: PMC9379239 DOI: 10.1007/s11056-022-09931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fields of tree breeding and genetic engineering can be perceived as being antagonistic towards each other-genetic engineers suggesting that tree breeding is too slow and expensive and tree breeders suggesting that genetic engineering is not practical and too expensive. We argue here that both fields have much to offer forestry and the success of each is intimately tied to the other. The major purposes of genetic engineering in forestry are described as well as the importance of evaluating tree engineering initiatives in the context of tree improvement and silviculture and integrating genetic engineering with tree breeding from start to finish. A generalized approach is developed that meets these requirements and demonstrates the interrelationships between the activities and phases of each program. In addition, a case study of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) is provided to underscore the value of integrating genetic engineering and tree breeding programs to achieve a long-term conservation goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Dana Nelson
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
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26
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Wang Y, Liu C, Fang Z, Wu Q, Xu Y, Gong B, Jiang X, Lai J, Fan J. A Review of the Stress Resistance, Molecular Breeding, Health Benefits, Potential Food Products, and Ecological Value of Castanea mollissima. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2111. [PMID: 36015414 PMCID: PMC9416426 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut (Castanea spp., Fagaceae family) is an economically and ecologically valuable species. The main goals of chestnut production vary among species and countries and depend on the ecological characteristics of orchards, agronomic management, and the architecture of chestnut trees. Here, we review recent research on chestnut trees, including the effects of fungal diseases (Cryphonectria parasitica and Phytophthora cinnamomi) and insect pests (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu), molecular markers for breeding, ecological effects, endophytic fungi, and extracts with human health benefits. We also review research on chestnut in the food science field, technological improvements, the soil and fertilizer used for chestnut production, and the postharvest biology of chestnut. We noted differences in the factors affecting chestnut production among regions, including China, the Americas, and Europe, especially in the causal agents of disease and pests. For example, there is a major difference in the resistance of chestnut to C. parasitica in Asian, European, and American countries. Our review provides new insights into the integrated disease and pest management of chestnut trees in China. We hope that this review will foster collaboration among regions and help to clarify differences in the direction of breeding efforts among countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Wang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Cuiyu Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Zhou Fang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Qingyuan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Lishui 323800, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Bangchu Gong
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xibing Jiang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Junsheng Lai
- Qingyuan Bureau of Natural Resources and Planning, Lishui 323800, China
| | - Jingen Fan
- Lanxi City Nursery of Zhejiang Provence, Lanxi 321100, China
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Filgueiras CC, Willett DS. Phenology and Monitoring of the Lesser Chestnut Weevil ( Curculio sayi). INSECTS 2022; 13:713. [PMID: 36005338 PMCID: PMC9409741 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction in recent years of high-yield blight-resistant chestnut varieties, the commercial chestnut industry in the United States is expanding. Accompanying this expansion is a resurgence in a primary pest of chestnut: C. sayi, the lesser chestnut weevil. This weevil damages the nut crop and infestations can surge from 0 to close to 100% in as little as two years. Understanding the dynamics of this pest has been challenging. Most work was conducted in the 1900s and only recently has this weevil garnered renewed interest. Recent work on C. sayi phenology has been completed in Missouri but conflicted with anecdotal reports from northern growers. From 2019 to 2020, we used a combination of trapping and microcosm studies to understand both C. sayi phenology and the means of monitoring this pest. C. sayi populations were univoltine and peaked in mid-October. Pyramid traps were the most effective at capturing adult C. sayi. C. sayi larvae, pupae, eclosed adults, and emerging adults were recovered from microcosm experiments. These results suggest that C. sayi emerges later in the northern US with the potential for a single generation to emerge over multiple subsequent years. Understanding C. sayi phenology along with the means of monitoring forms the basis for effective management and control in commercial chestnut orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C. Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC 28804, USA
| | - Denis S. Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC 28801, USA
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28
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Gomez‐Gallego M, Galiano L, Martínez‐Vilalta J, Stenlid J, Capador‐Barreto HD, Elfstrand M, Camarero JJ, Oliva J. Interaction of drought- and pathogen-induced mortality in Norway spruce and Scots pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2292-2305. [PMID: 35598958 PMCID: PMC9546048 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic diseases frequently occur in drought-stressed trees. However, their contribution to the process of drought-induced mortality is poorly understood. We combined drought and stem inoculation treatments to study the physiological processes leading to drought-induced mortality in Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) saplings infected with Heterobasidion annosum s.s. We analysed the saplings' water status, gas exchange, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and defence responses, and how they related to mortality. Saplings were followed for two growing seasons, including an artificially induced 3-month dormancy period. The combined drought and pathogen treatment significantly increased spruce mortality; however, no interaction between these stressors was observed in pine, although individually each stressor caused mortality. Our results suggest that pathogen infection decreased carbon reserves in spruce, reducing the capacity of saplings to cope with drought, resulting in increased mortality rates. Defoliation, relative water content and the starch concentration of needles were predictors of mortality in both species under drought and pathogen infection. Infection and drought stress create conflicting needs for carbon to compartmentalize the pathogen and to avoid turgor loss, respectively. Heterobasidion annosum reduces the functional sapwood area and shifts NSC allocation patterns, reducing the capacity of trees to cope with drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gomez‐Gallego
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAMNancyFrance
| | - Lucia Galiano
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
| | - Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)CataloniaSpain
| | - Jan Stenlid
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Hernán D. Capador‐Barreto
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant PathologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Jonàs Oliva
- Department of Crop and Forest SciencesUniversity of LleidaLleidaSpain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC‐AGROTECNIOLleidaSpain
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29
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Population genetics, demographic and evolutionary history of the Dudley’s lousewort (Pedicularis dudleyi), a rare redwood forest specialist. CONSERV GENET 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01433-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Manea A, Tabassum S, Fernandez Winzer L, Leishman MR. Susceptibility to the fungal plant pathogen Austropuccinia psidii is related to monoterpene production in Australian Myrtaceae species. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02721-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn 2010, the fungal plant pathogen that causes Myrtle rust, Austropuccinia psidii, which is native to South America, was first detected in Australia and has since had significant impacts on several Australian Myrtaceae species. Despite this, our understanding of the role secondary metabolites play in plant susceptibility to A. psidii is limited. This study aimed to determine: (1) whether secondary metabolite (phenolics, terpenes) production is induced after A. psidii inoculation and if so, (2) how their production relates to A. psidii susceptibility. To test these aims, we selected seven Myrtaceae species that have a wide range of within-species variability in their susceptibility to A. psidii. We found that five of the study species significantly increased either their phenolic or sesquiterpene production post-inoculation suggesting their pre-inoculation secondary metabolite levels were not sufficient to combat A. psidii infection. The two species (Angophora costata and Corymbia citriodora) that did not increase their secondary metabolite production post-inoculation tended to have the greatest pre-inoculation production levels amongst the species. Interestingly, across all species, monoterpenes were the only secondary metabolite found to reduce plant susceptibility to A. psidii. This study contributes to our limited understanding of the role that secondary metabolites play in plant susceptibility to A. psidii. In light of these findings, future research should aim to identify biomarkers (e.g. individual chemical compounds) that confer resistance to A. psidii, so that individuals with these biomarkers can be utilised in commercial and conservation projects.
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31
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Gray JE, Komatsu KJ, Smith MD. Defining codominance in plant communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1716-1730. [PMID: 33539550 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Species dominance and biodiversity in plant communities have received considerable attention and characterisation. However, species codominance, while often alleged, is seldom defined or quantified. Codominance is a common phenomenon and is likely to be an important driver of community structure, ecosystem function and the stability of both. Here we review the use of the term 'codominance' and find inconsistencies in its use, suggesting that the scientific community currently lacks a universal understanding of codominance. We address this issue by: (1) qualitatively defining codominance as mostly shared abundance that is distinctively isolated within a subset of a community, and (2) presenting a novel metric for quantifying the degree to which relative abundances are shared among a codominant subset of plant species, while also accounting for the remaining species within a plant community. Using both simulated and real-world data, we then demonstrate the process of applying the codominance metric to compare communities and to generate a quantitatively defensible subset of species to consider codominant within a community. We show that our metric effectively distinguishes the degree of codominance between four types of grassland ecosystems as well as simulated ecosystems with varying degrees of abundance sharing among community members. Overall, we make the case that increased research focusses on the conditions under which codominance occurs and the consequences for species coexistence, community structure and ecosystem function that would considerably advance the fields of community and ecosystem ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Gray
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
| | | | - Melinda D Smith
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA
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32
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Oystershell scale: an emerging invasive threat to aspen in the southwestern US. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Langen TA, Cannon CH, Blackburn DC, Morgan EL, Mera PE. Discovering and Applying the Urban Rules of Life to Design Sustainable and Healthy Cities. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1237-1252. [PMID: 33956145 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The city and its urban biome provides an extreme laboratory for studying fundamental biological questions and developing best practices for sustaining biodiverse and well-functioning ecological communities within anthropogenic built environments. We propose by studying urban organisms, urban biotic communities, the urban biome, and the interactions between the urban biome and peri-urban built and natural environments, we can (1) discover new 'rules of life' for the structure, function, interaction, and evolution of organisms;(2) use these discoveries to understand how novel emerging biotic communities affect and are affected by anthropogenic environmental changes in climate and other environmental factors; and (3) apply what we have learned to engage residents of the urban biome, and design cities that are more biologically diverse, are provided with more and better ecosystem services, and are more equitable and healthier places to live. The built environment of the urban biome is a place that reflects history, economics, technology, governance, culture, and values of the human residents; research on and applications of the rules of life in the urban biome can be used by all residents in making choices about the design of the cities where they live. Because inhabitants are directly invested in the environmental quality of their neighborhoods, research conducted in and about the urban environment provides a great opportunity to engage wide and diverse communities of people. Given the opportunity to engage a broad constituency - from basic researchers to teachers, civil engineers, landscape planners, and concerned citizens - studying the translation of the rules of life onto the urban environment will result in an integrative and cross-cutting set of questions and hypotheses, and will foster a dialogue among citizens about the focus of urban biome research and its application toward making more equitable, healthy, livable, sustainable, and biodiverse cities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric L Morgan
- Agricultural Leadership, Education, and Communications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Paola E Mera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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ÇAKAR D, AKILLI S, CAN T, KATIRCIOĞLU Y, MADEN S. Bolu ve İzmir Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü Kestane Ormanlarında Kestane Kanseri Etmeni Cryphonectria parasitica’nın Uyum Tiplerinin Tespiti ve Hipovirülenslik Değerlendirilmesi. ULUSLARARASI TARIM VE YABAN HAYATI BILIMLERI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24180/ijaws.818343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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35
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Bradshaw M, Braun U, Elliott M, Kruse J, Liu SY, Guan G, Tobin P. A global genetic analysis of herbarium specimens reveals the invasion dynamics of an introduced plant pathogen. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:585-595. [PMID: 34281652 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction, spread, and impact of fungal plant pathogens is a critical concern in ecological systems. In this study, we were motivated by the rather sudden appearance of Acermacrophyllum heavily infected with powdery mildew. We used morphological and genetic analyses to confirm the pathogen causing the epidemic was Sawadaea bicornis. In subsequent field studies, this pathogen was found in several locations in western North America, and in greenhouse studies, A. macrophyllum was found to be significantly more susceptible to S. bicornis than nine other Acer species tested. A genetic analysis of 178 specimens of powdery mildew from freshly collected and old herbarium specimens from 15 countries revealed seven different haplotypes. The high diversity of haplotypes found in Europe coupled with sequence results from a specimen from 1864 provides evidence that S. bicornis has a European origin. Furthermore, sequence data from a specimen from 1938 in Canada show that the pathogen has been present in North America for at least 82 years revealing a considerable lag time between the introduction and current epidemic. This study used old herbarium specimens to genetically hypothesize the origin, the native host, and the invasion time of a detrimental fungal plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bradshaw
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Uwe Braun
- Martin Luther University, Institute of Biology, Geobotany Division and Botanical Garden, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | | | - Julia Kruse
- Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde, Hermann-Schäfer-Straße 17, 67098, Bad Dürkheim, Germany.
| | - Shu-Yan Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Guanxiu Guan
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, PR China.
| | - Patrick Tobin
- University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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36
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Sims LL, Garbelotto M. Phytophthora species repeatedly introduced in Northern California through restoration projects can spread into adjacent sites. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Cipollini ML, Moss JP, Walker W, Bailey N, Foster C, Reece H, Jennings C. Evaluation of an Alternative Small Stem Assay for Blight Resistance in American, Chinese, and Hybrid Chestnuts ( Castanea spp.). PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:576-584. [PMID: 32865481 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-20-1272-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested an alternative small stem assay (SSA) for blight resistance in chestnuts (Castanea spp.). Whereas standard SSAs are done by inoculating small incisions in stems, we cut off stems (4 to 5 mm diameter), inoculated the cut ends with discs of Cryphonectria parasitica inoculum, and covered them with plastic sleeves. This method was designed to be simple to implement, to consistently induce cankering, and to better enable seedlings to recover by developing shoots from the lower stem (standard SSAs delay removal of blighted stems until late in the growing season, if at all). We conducted six experiments with seedlings and orchard trees of Castanea dentata (susceptible), Castanea mollissima (resistant), and hybrids expected to vary in resistance. Experiments with seedlings and two of the three orchard experiments showed clear differentiation between susceptible and resistant types, especially >90 days postinoculation and when the orange-colored zone of the canker was measured. One orchard experiment failed to give clear results but was ended earlier (60 days) than the other experiments. We observed only two failed inoculations out of >200 performed. Comparisons with other studies suggest that this SSA method performs at least as well as the standard SSA method in distinguishing resistant and susceptible types, at least in seedlings. Survivorship after 1 year for seedlings inoculated in 2018 ranged from 70% for C. dentata to 100% for C. mollissima, and in 2019 they ranged from 40% in hybrids to 100% for C. mollissima. Deaths of seedlings after SSAs were mostly unrelated to the inoculations (e.g., root rot).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Walker
- United States Coast Guard Atlantic Sector, Jacksonville, FL 32210
| | - Natalie Bailey
- Berry College, Department of Biology, Mount Berry, GA 30149
| | - Cooper Foster
- Berry College, Department of Biology, Mount Berry, GA 30149
| | - Hali Reece
- Berry College, Department of Biology, Mount Berry, GA 30149
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Jiang N, Fan X, Tian C. Identification and Characterization of Leaf-Inhabiting Fungi from Castanea Plantations in China. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010064. [PMID: 33477575 PMCID: PMC7831338 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Castanea plant species, C. henryi and C. mollissima, are cultivated in China to produce chestnut crops. Leaf spot diseases commonly occur in Castanea plantations, however, little is known about the fungal species associated with chestnut leaf spots. In this study, leaf samples of C. henryi and C. mollissima were collected from Beijing, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, and leaf-inhabiting fungi were identified based on morphology and phylogeny. As a result, twenty-six fungal species were confirmed, including one new family, one new genus, and five new species. The new taxa are Pyrisporaceae fam. nov., Pyrispora gen. nov., Aureobasidium castaneae sp. nov., Discosia castaneae sp. nov., Monochaetia castaneae sp. nov., Neopestalotiopsis sichuanensis sp. nov. and Pyrispora castaneae sp. nov.
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Farner JE, Spear ER, Mordecai EA. Habitat type and interannual variation shape unique fungal pathogen communities on a California native bunchgrass. FUNGAL ECOL 2021; 48. [PMID: 33408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of infectious disease in regulating host populations is increasingly recognized, but how environmental conditions affect pathogen communities and infection levels remains poorly understood. Over 3 y, we compared foliar disease burden, fungal pathogen community composition, and foliar chemistry in the perennial bunchgrass Stipa pulchra occurring in adjacent serpentine and nonserpentine grassland habitats with distinct soil types and plant communities. We found that serpentine and nonserpentine S. pulchra experienced consistent, low disease pressure associated with distinct fungal pathogen communities with high interannual species turnover. Additionally, plant chemistry differed with habitat type. The results indicate that this species experiences minimal foliar disease associated with diverse fungal communities that are structured across landscapes by spatially and temporally variable conditions. Distinct fungal communities associated with different growing conditions may shield S. pulchra from large disease outbreaks, contributing to the low disease burden observed on this and other Mediterranean grassland species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannah E Farner
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
| | - Erin R Spear
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 USA
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Newhouse AE, Powell WA. Intentional introgression of a blight tolerance transgene to rescue the remnant population of American chestnut. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Newhouse
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
| | - William A. Powell
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse New York USA
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Roux J, Kamgan Nkuekam G, Marincowitz S, van der Merwe NA, Uchida J, Wingfield MJ, Chen S. Cryphonectriaceae associated with rust-infected Syzygium jambos in Hawaii. MycoKeys 2020; 76:49-79. [PMID: 33505197 PMCID: PMC7790811 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.76.58406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Syzygium jambos (Myrtales, Myrtaceae) trees in Hawaii are severely affected by a rust disease caused by Austropuccinia psidii (Pucciniales, Sphaerophragmiaceae), but they are commonly co-infected with species of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales). In this study, S. jambos and other trees in the Myrtales were examined on three Hawaiian Islands for the presence of Cryphonectriaceae. Bark samples with fruiting bodies were collected from infected trees and fungi were isolated directly from these structures. Pure cultures were produced and the fungi were identified using DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, part of the β-tubulin (BT1) gene and the transcription elongation factor-1α (TEF1) gene. Five species in three genera of Cryphonectriaceae were identified from Myrtaceae tree samples. These included Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis, Microthia havanensis and three previously-unknown taxa described here as Celoporthe hauoliensis sp. nov., Cel. hawaiiensis sp. nov. and Cel. paradisiaca sp. nov. Representative isolates of Cel. hauoliensis, Cel. hawaiiensis, Cel. paradisiaca, Chr. deuterocubensis and Mic. havanensis were used in artificial inoculation studies to consider their pathogenicity on S. jambos. Celoporthe hawaiiensis, Cel. paradisiaca and Chr. deuterocubensis produced lesions on young S. jambos trees in inoculation trials, suggesting that, together with A. psidii, they may contribute to the death of trees. Microsatellite markers were subsequently used to consider the diversity of Chr. deuterocubensis on the Islands and thus to gain insights into its possible origin in Hawaii. Isolates of this important Myrtaceae and particularly Eucalyptus pathogen were found to be clonal. This provides evidence that Chr. deuterocubensis was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands as a single introduction, from a currently unknown source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Roux
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Gilbert Kamgan Nkuekam
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Seonju Marincowitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - Janice Uchida
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, Tropical Plant Pathology Program, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USAUniversity of PretoriaZhanjiangChina
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South AfricaUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluUnited States of America
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang, 524022, GuangDong Province, ChinaChina Eucalypt Research Centre, Chinese Academy of ForestryZhanJiangChina
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Mastin AJ, Gottwald TR, van den Bosch F, Cunniffe NJ, Parnell S. Optimising risk-based surveillance for early detection of invasive plant pathogens. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000863. [PMID: 33044954 PMCID: PMC7581011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) of plants continue to devastate ecosystems and livelihoods worldwide. Effective management requires surveillance to detect epidemics at an early stage. However, despite the increasing use of risk-based surveillance programs in plant health, it remains unclear how best to target surveillance resources to achieve this. We combine a spatially explicit model of pathogen entry and spread with a statistical model of detection and use a stochastic optimisation routine to identify which arrangement of surveillance sites maximises the probability of detecting an invading epidemic. Our approach reveals that it is not always optimal to target the highest-risk sites and that the optimal strategy differs depending on not only patterns of pathogen entry and spread but also the choice of detection method. That is, we find that spatial correlation in risk can make it suboptimal to focus solely on the highest-risk sites, meaning that it is best to avoid ‘putting all your eggs in one basket’. However, this depends on an interplay with other factors, such as the sensitivity of available detection methods. Using the economically important arboreal disease huanglongbing (HLB), we demonstrate how our approach leads to a significant performance gain and cost saving in comparison with conventional methods to targeted surveillance. Emerging infectious diseases of plants continue to devastate ecosystems and livelihoods worldwide. By linking a mathematical model of pest spread with a computational optimisation routine, this study identifies where to look for invasive pests if we wish to detect them at an early stage; this method improves upon conventional methods of risk-based surveillance and is robust to model misspecification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Mastin
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Timothy R. Gottwald
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frank van den Bosch
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, Australia
| | - Nik J. Cunniffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Parnell
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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Gomez DF, Adams DC, Cossio RE, de Grammont PC, Messina WA, Royce FS, Galindo-Gonzalez S, Hulcr J, Muiño BL, Vázquez LL. Peering into the Cuba phytosanitary black box: An institutional and policy analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239808. [PMID: 32986778 PMCID: PMC7521714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the movement of non-native organisms with trade, phytosanitary systems have been implemented within and between countries. In some countries such as Cuba, little is known about the within-state plant health system. To facilitate the development of future trade partnership between Cuba and the United States, agencies need to understand the organizational structure and diagnostic capacity of the Cuban Plant Protection System, identify potential synergies between the United States and Cuban systems, and identify steps towards cooperation. This paper fills this critical void by presenting a descriptive analysis of the plant health system in Cuba. Information was integrated from available literature, informal interviews with Cuban experts, and workshops focused on Cuban policies, risk, and potential collaboration attended by Cuban and American experts. We identify the next practical steps in improving cooperation, including building trust and capacity. Mutual understanding of phytosanitary systems will be crucial for the regional economic and environmental stability of a post-embargo United States-Cuban relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demian F. Gomez
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Damian C. Adams
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rosa E. Cossio
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | - William A. Messina
- Florida Agricultural Market Research Center University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Frederick S. Royce
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering Dept, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Galindo-Gonzalez
- Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Luis L. Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, Havana, Cuba
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Drake-Schultheis L, Oono R, D'Antonio CM. Mechanisms of severe dieback and mortality in a classically drought-tolerant shrubland species (Arctostaphylos glauca). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1136-1147. [PMID: 32864741 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Mortality events involving drought and pathogens in natural plant systems are on the rise due to global climate change. In Santa Barbara, California, United States, big berry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) has experienced canopy dieback related to a multi-year drought and infection from fungal pathogens in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using Neofusicoccum australe to test the specific influences of drought and fungal infection on A. glauca. METHODS A full factorial design was used to compare four treatment groups (drought + inoculation; drought - inoculation; watering + inoculation; and control: watering - inoculation). Data were collected for 10 weeks on stress symptoms, changes in leaf fluorescence and photosynthesis, and mortality. RESULTS Results indicated significant effects of watering and inoculation treatments on net photosynthesis, dark-adapted fluorescence, and disease symptom severity (P < 0.05), and a strong correlation was found between physiological decline and visible stress (P < 0.0001). Mortality differed between treatments, with all groups except for the control experiencing mortality (43% mortality in drought - inoculation, 83% in watering - inoculation, and 100% in drought + inoculation). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed drought + inoculation to have the least estimated survivorship compared to all other treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS In addition to a possible synergistic interaction between drought and fungal infection in disease onset and mortality rates in A. glauca, these results indicate that young, non-drought-stressed plants are susceptible to mortality from N. australe infection, with important implications for the future of wildland shrub communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drake-Schultheis
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Carla M D'Antonio
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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Possible control of acute outbreaks of a marine fungal pathogen by nominally herbivorous tropical reef fish. Oecologia 2020; 193:603-617. [PMID: 32656606 PMCID: PMC7406524 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Primary producers in terrestrial and marine systems can be affected by fungal pathogens threatening the provision of critical ecosystem services. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are ecologically important members of tropical reef systems and are impacted by coralline fungal disease (CFD) which manifests as overgrowth of the CCA crust by fungal lesions causing partial to complete mortality of the CCA host. No natural controls for CFD have been identified, but nominally herbivorous fish could play a role by consuming pathogenic fungi. We documented preferential grazing on fungal lesions by adults of six common reef-dwelling species of herbivorous Acanthuridae and Labridae, (surgeonfish and parrotfish) which collectively demonstrated an ~ 80-fold higher grazing rate on fungal lesions relative to their proportionate benthic coverage, and a preference for lesions over other palatable substrata (e.g. live scleractinian coral, CCA, or algae). Furthermore, we recorded a ~ 600% increase in live CFD lesion size over an approximately 2-week period when grazing by herbivorous fish was experimentally excluded suggesting that herbivorous reef fish could control CFD progression by directly reducing biomass of the fungal pathogen. Removal rates may be sufficient to allow CCA to recover from infection and explain historically observed natural waning behaviour after an outbreak. Thus, in addition to their well-known role as determinants of macroalgal overgrowth of reefs, herbivorous fish could thus also be important in control of diseases affecting crustose coralline algae that stabilize the foundation of coral reef substrata.
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Kolp M, Double ML, Fulbright DW, MacDonald WL, Jarosz AM. Spatial and temporal dynamics of the fungal community of chestnut blight cankers on American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in Michigan and Wisconsin. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Jiang N, Liang LY, Tian CM. Gnomoniopsis chinensis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales), a new fungus causing canker of Chinese chestnut in Hebei Province, China. MycoKeys 2020; 67:19-32. [PMID: 32476980 PMCID: PMC7242485 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.67.51133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castaneamollissima) is an important crop tree species in China. However, branch canker and fruit rot are two kinds of severe diseases, which weaken the host and decrease chestnut production. During our investigations into chestnut diseases in China, several fungi have been confirmed as casual agents in previous studies, namely Aurantiosacculuscastaneae, Cryphonectrianeoparasitica, Cry.parasitica, Endothiachinensis and Gnomoniopsisdaii. In this study, a new canker pathogen is introduced based on morphology, phylogeny and pathogenicity. Typical Gnomoniopsis canker sign of wide, orange tendrils emerging from hosts’ glaucous lenticels were obvious on the diseased trees in the field. Symptomatic branches or bark on stems from different chestnut plantations were sampled and isolated, then strains were identified by comparisons of DNA sequence data for the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), partial translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) gene regions as well as morphological features. As a result, these strains appeared different from any known Gnomoniopsis species. Hence, we propose a novel species named Gnomoniopsischinensis. Pathogenicity was further tested using the ex-type strain (CFCC 52286) and another strain (CFCC 52288) on both detached branches and 3-year-old chestnut seedlings. The inoculation results showed that Gnomoniopsischinensis is mildly pathogenic to Chinese chestnut. However, further studies are required to confirm its pathogenicity to the other cultivated Castanea species in America, Europe and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Ling-Yu Liang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Cheng-Ming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
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Gomez-Gallego M, Williams N, Leuzinger S, Scott PM, Bader MKF. No carbon limitation after lower crown loss in Pinus radiata. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:955-967. [PMID: 31990290 PMCID: PMC7218809 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biotic and abiotic stressors can cause different defoliation patterns within trees. Foliar pathogens of conifers commonly prefer older needles and infection with defoliation that progresses from the bottom crown to the top. The functional role of the lower crown of trees is a key question to address the impact of defoliation caused by foliar pathogens. METHODS A 2 year artificial defoliation experiment was performed using two genotypes of grafted Pinus radiata to investigate the effects of lower-crown defoliation on carbon (C) assimilation and allocation. Grafts received one of the following treatments in consecutive years: control-control, control-defoliated, defoliated-control and defoliated-defoliated. RESULTS No upregulation of photosynthesis either biochemically or through stomatal control was observed in response to defoliation. The root:shoot ratio and leaf mass were not affected by any treatment, suggesting prioritization of crown regrowth following defoliation. In genotype B, defoliation appeared to impose C shortage and caused reduced above-ground growth and sugar storage in roots, while in genotype A, neither growth nor storage was altered. Root C storage in genotype B decreased only transiently and recovered over the second growing season. CONCLUSIONS In genotype A, the contribution of the lower crown to the whole-tree C uptake appears to be negligible, presumably conferring resilience to foliar pathogens affecting the lower crown. Our results suggest that there is no C limitation after lower-crown defoliation in P. radiata grafts. Further, our findings imply genotype-specific defoliation tolerance in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Gomez-Gallego
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nari Williams
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute (Scion), 49 Sala Street, Te Papa Tipu Innovation Park, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Matthew Scott
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 1401, Havelock North, New Zealand
| | - Martin Karl-Friedrich Bader
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, 31–33 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cannon CH, Petit RJ. The oak syngameon: more than the sum of its parts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:978-983. [PMID: 31378946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
One of Anthropocene's most daunting challenges for conservation biology is habitat extinction, caused by rapid global change. Tree diversity has persisted through previous episodes of rapid change, even global extinctions. Given the pace of current change, our management of extant diversity needs to facilitate and even enhance the natural ability of trees to adapt and diversify. Numerous processes contribute to this evolutionary flexibility, including introgression, a widespread yet under-studied process. Reproductive networks, in which species remain distinct despite interspecific gene flow, are called syngameons, a concept largely inspired from work focusing on Quercus. Delineating and analyzing such species groups, empirically and theoretically, will provide insights into the nonadditive effects on evolution of numerous partially interfertile species exchanging genetic material episodically under changing environmental conditions. To conserve tree diversity, crossing experiments designed with an empirical and theoretical understanding of the constituent syngameon should be set up to assist diversification and adaptation in the Anthropocene. Our increasingly detailed knowledge of the oak genome and of oak interspecific and intraspecific phenotypic variation will improve our ability to sustain the diversity of this tree through an unpredictable and unprecedented future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Cannon
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Rémy J Petit
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université Bordeaux, F-33610, Cestas, France
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Long-Term Impacts of Invasive Insects and Pathogens on Composition, Biomass, and Diversity of Forests in Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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