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Mohamed ME, Saqr A, Staley C, Onyeaghala G, Teigen L, Dorr CR, Remmel RP, Guan W, Oetting WS, Matas AJ, Israni AK, Jacobson PA. Pharmacomicrobiomics: Immunosuppressive Drugs and Microbiome Interactions in Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1895-1910. [PMID: 38361239 PMCID: PMC11327386 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The human microbiome is associated with human health and disease. Exogenous compounds, including pharmaceutical products, are also known to be affected by the microbiome, and this discovery has led to the field of pharmacomicobiomics. The microbiome can also alter drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, possibly resulting in side effects, toxicities, and unanticipated disease response. Microbiome-mediated effects are referred to as drug-microbiome interactions (DMI). Rapid advances in the field of pharmacomicrobiomics have been driven by the availability of efficient bacterial genome sequencing methods and new computational and bioinformatics tools. The success of fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile has fueled enthusiasm and research in the field. This review focuses on the pharmacomicrobiome in transplantation. Alterations in the microbiome in transplant recipients are well documented, largely because of prophylactic antibiotic use, and the potential for DMI is high. There is evidence that the gut microbiome may alter the pharmacokinetic disposition of tacrolimus and result in microbiome-specific tacrolimus metabolites. The gut microbiome also impacts the enterohepatic recirculation of mycophenolate, resulting in substantial changes in pharmacokinetic disposition and systemic exposure. The mechanisms of these DMI and the specific bacteria or communities of bacteria are under investigation. There are little or no human DMI data for cyclosporine A, corticosteroids, and sirolimus. The available evidence in transplantation is limited and driven by small studies of heterogeneous designs. Larger clinical studies are needed, but the potential for future clinical application of the pharmacomicrobiome in avoiding poor outcomes is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz E Mohamed
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Abdelrahman Saqr
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Guillaume Onyeaghala
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Levi Teigen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN
| | - Casey R Dorr
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rory P Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - William S Oetting
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Mrázek J, Mrázková L, Mekadim C, Jarošíková T, Krayem I, Sohrabi Y, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Effects of Leishmania major infection on the gut microbiome of resistant and susceptible mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:145. [PMID: 38240984 PMCID: PMC10799115 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania major, is a widely frequent form in humans. To explore the importance of the host gut microbiota and to investigate its changes during L. major infection, two different groups of mouse models were assessed. The microbiome of two parts of the host gut-ileum and colon-from infected and non-infected mice were characterised by sequencing of 16S rDNA using an Ion Torrent PGM platform. Microbiome analysis was performed to reveal changes related to the susceptibility and the genetics of mice strains in two different gut compartments and to compare the results between infected and non-infected mice. The results showed that Leishmania infection affects mainly the ileum microbiota, whereas the colon bacterial community was more stable. Different biomarkers were determined in the gut microbiota of infected resistant mice and infected susceptible mice using LEfSe analysis. Lactobacillaceae was associated with resistance in the colon microbiota of all resistant mice strains infected with L. major. Genes related to xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism and amino acid metabolism were primarily enriched in the small intestine microbiome of resistant strains, while genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism were most abundant in the gut microbiome of the infected susceptible mice. These results should improve our understanding of host-parasite interaction and provide important insights into the effect of leishmaniasis on the gut microbiota. Also, this study highlights the role of host genetic variation in shaping the diversity and composition of the gut microbiome. KEY POINTS: • Leishmaniasis may affect mainly the ileum microbiota while colon microbiota was more stable. • Biomarkers related with resistance or susceptibility were determined in the gut microbiota of mice. • Several pathways were predicted to be upregulated in the gut microbiota of resistant or susceptible mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Mrázek
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Mrázková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Namestí Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Chahrazed Mekadim
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Taťána Jarošíková
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Namestí Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Imtissal Krayem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Genetics, 3Rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic
- Department of Cardiology I-Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Demant
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Namestí Sitna 3105, 272 01, Kladno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Genetics, 3Rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic
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Schiffman SS, Scholl EH, Furey TS, Nagle HT. Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:307-341. [PMID: 37246822 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate, a structural analog of the artificial sweetener sucralose. Sucralose-6-acetate is an intermediate and impurity in the manufacture of sucralose, and recent commercial sucralose samples were found to contain up to 0.67% sucralose-6-acetate. Studies in a rodent model found that sucralose-6-acetate is also present in fecal samples with levels up to 10% relative to sucralose which suggest that sucralose is also acetylated in the intestines. A MultiFlow® assay, a high-throughput genotoxicity screening tool, and a micronucleus (MN) test that detects cytogenetic damage both indicated that sucralose-6-acetate is genotoxic. The mechanism of action was classified as clastogenic (produces DNA strand breaks) using the MultiFlow® assay. The amount of sucralose-6-acetate in a single daily sucralose-sweetened drink might far exceed the threshold of toxicological concern for genotoxicity (TTCgenotox) of 0.15 µg/person/day. The RepliGut® System was employed to expose human intestinal epithelium to sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose, and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to determine gene expression induced by these exposures. Sucralose-6-acetate significantly increased the expression of genes associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer with greatest expression for the metallothionein 1 G gene (MT1G). Measurements of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability in human transverse colon epithelium indicated that sucralose-6-acetate and sucralose both impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Sucralose-6-acetate also inhibited two members of the cytochrome P450 family (CYP1A2 and CYP2C19). Overall, the toxicological and pharmacokinetic findings for sucralose-6-acetate raise significant health concerns regarding the safety and regulatory status of sucralose itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan S Schiffman
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Terrence S Furey
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - H Troy Nagle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina/North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Zhou R, Yang H, Zhu P, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhou H, Li X, Li Q. Effect of Gut Microbiota on the Pharmacokinetics of Nifedipine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2085. [PMID: 37631299 PMCID: PMC10458652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic variability of nifedipine widely observed in the clinic cannot be fully explained by pharmacogenomics. As a new factor affecting drug metabolism, how the gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine needs to be explored. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) have been commonly used in hypertension-related research and served as the experimental groups; Wistar rats were used as control groups. In this study, the bioavailability of nifedipine decreased by 18.62% (p < 0.05) in the SHRs compared with the Wistar rats. Changes in microbiota were associated with the difference in pharmacokinetics. The relative abundance of Bacteroides dorei was negatively correlated with AUC0-t (r = -0.881, p = 0.004) and Cmax (r = -0.714, p = 0.047). Analysis of serum bile acid (BA) profiles indicated that glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were significantly increased in the SHRs. Compared with the Wistar rats, the expressions of CYP3A1 and PXR were upregulated and the enzyme activity of CYP3A1 increased in the SHRs. Spearman's rank correlation revealed that Bacteroides stercoris was negatively correlated with GUDCA (r = -0.7126, p = 0.0264) and GCDCA (r = -0.6878, p = 0.0339). Moreover, GUDCA was negatively correlated with Cmax (r = -0.556, p = 0.025). In primary rat hepatocytes, GUDCA could induce the expressions of PXR target genes CYP3A1 and Mdr1a. Furthermore, antibiotic treatments in SHRs verified the impact of microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. Generally, gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine through microbial biotransformation or by regulating the enzyme activity of CYP3A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510699, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410078, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha 410008, China
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5
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Degraeve AL, Haufroid V, Loriot A, Gatto L, Andries V, Vereecke L, Elens L, Bindels LB. Gut microbiome modulates tacrolimus pharmacokinetics through the transcriptional regulation of ABCB1. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:138. [PMID: 37408070 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following solid organ transplantation, tacrolimus (TAC) is an essential drug in the immunosuppressive strategy. Its use constitutes a challenge due to its narrow therapeutic index and its high inter- and intra-pharmacokinetic (PK) variability. As the contribution of the gut microbiota to drug metabolism is now emerging, it might be explored as one of the factors explaining TAC PK variability. Herein, we explored the consequences of TAC administration on the gut microbiota composition. Reciprocally, we studied the contribution of the gut microbiota to TAC PK, using a combination of in vivo and in vitro models. RESULTS TAC oral administration in mice resulted in compositional alterations of the gut microbiota, namely lower evenness and disturbance in the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Compared to controls, mice with a lower intestinal microbial load due to antibiotics administration exhibit a 33% reduction in TAC whole blood exposure and a lower inter-individual variability. This reduction in TAC levels was strongly correlated with higher expression of the efflux transporter ABCB1 (also known as the p-glycoprotein (P-gp) or the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)) in the small intestine. Conventionalization of germ-free mice confirmed the ability of the gut microbiota to downregulate ABCB1 expression in a site-specific fashion. The functional inhibition of ABCB1 in vivo by zosuquidar formally established the implication of this efflux transporter in the modulation of TAC PK by the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we showed that polar bacterial metabolites could recapitulate the transcriptional regulation of ABCB1 by the gut microbiota, without affecting its functionality. Finally, whole transcriptome analyses pinpointed, among others, the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) as a transcription factor likely to mediate the impact of the gut microbiota on ABCB1 transcriptional regulation. CONCLUSIONS We highlight for the first time how the modulation of ABCB1 expression by bacterial metabolites results in changes in TAC PK, affecting not only blood levels but also the inter-individual variability. More broadly, considering the high number of drugs with unexplained PK variability transported by ABCB1, our work is of clinical importance and paves the way for incorporating the gut microbiota in prediction algorithms for dosage of such drugs. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Degraeve
- Department of Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Loriot
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit (CBIO), de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit (CBIO), de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Andries
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Vereecke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Ghent Gut Inflammation Group (GGIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laure Elens
- Department of Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKinetics, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
- WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
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6
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Zhou R, Wu T, Zhu P, Liu Y, Zhou J, Xiong Y, Xiong Y, Zhou H, Zhang W, Shu Y, Li X, Li Q. Antibiotics-Induced Depletion of Rat Microbiota Induces Changes in the Expression of Host Drug-Processing Genes and Pharmacokinetic Behaviors of CYPs Probe Drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:509-520. [PMID: 36623881 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of exogenous substances is affected by the gut microbiota, and the relationship between them has become a hot topic. However, the mechanisms by which the microbiota regulates drug metabolism have not been clearly defined. This study characterizes the expression profiles of host drug-processing genes (DPGs) in antibiotics-treated rats by using an unbias quantitative RNA-sequencing method and investigates the effects of antibiotics-induced depletion of rat microbiota on the pharmacokinetic behaviors of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) probe drugs, and bile acids metabolism by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our results show that antibiotics treatments altered the mRNA expressions of 112 DPGs in the liver and jejunum of rats. The mRNA levels of CYP2A1, CYP2C11, CYP2C13, CYP2D, CYP2E1, and CYP3A of CYP family members were significantly downregulated in antibiotics-treated rats. Furthermore, antibiotics treatments also resulted in a significant decrease in the protein expressions and enzyme activities of CYP3A1 and CYP2E1 in rat liver. Pharmacokinetic results showed that, except for tolbutamide, antibiotics treatments significantly altered the pharmacokinetic behaviors of phenacetin, omeprazole, metoprolol, chlorzoxazone, and midazolam. In conclusion, the presence of stable, complex, and diverse gut microbiota plays a significant role in regulating the expression of host DPGs, which could contribute to some individual differences in pharmacokinetics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study investigated how the depletion of rat microbiota by antibiotics treatments influences the expression profiles of host DPGs and the pharmacokinetic behaviors of CYPs probe drugs. Combined with previous studies in germ-free mice, this study will improve the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in drug metabolism and contribute to the understanding of individual differences in the pharmacokinetics of some drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Tianyuan Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Yalan Xiong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Yanling Xiong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., X.L., Q.L.); National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China (H.Y., Y.Z., R.Z., T.W., P.Z., Y.L., J.Z., Yalan X., Yanling X., H.Z., W.Z., Q.L.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Maryland (Y.S.); and Key Specialty of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China (X.L.)
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7
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Yagi T, Mannheimer B, Reutfors J, Ursing J, Giunta DH, Kieler H, Linder M. Bleeding events among patients concomitantly treated with direct oral anticoagulants and macrolide or fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 89:887-897. [PMID: 36098510 PMCID: PMC10092847 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones and macrolides may, due to a potential drug-drug interaction, increase the concentration of any concomitantly administered direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) and thereby increase the risk of severe bleeding. However, clinical evidence for such an effect is scarce. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between the use of fluoroquinolones or macrolides and bleeding events in patients with concomitant DOAC use. This was a nationwide cohort study including 19 288 users of DOACs in 2008-2018 using information from Swedish national health registers. We compared the incidence of bleeding events associated with use of fluoroquinolones or macrolides using doxycycline as a negative control. Cox regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) in time windows of various length of follow-up after the start of antibiotic use. The incidence rates for fluoroquinolones and macrolides ranged from 12 to 24 and from 12 to 53 bleeding events per 100 000 patients in the investigated time windows. The aHRs (95% confidence interval) for use of fluoroquinolones and macrolides were 1.29 (0.69-2.44) and 2.60 (0.74-9.08) at the concomitant window, 1.31 (0.84-2.03) and 1.79 (0.75-4.29) at 30 days, and 1.34 (0.99-1.82) and 1.28 (0.62-2.65) at 150 days, respectively. With regard to fluoroquinolones, the present study suggests that the risk of bleeding when combined with DOACs, if any, is small. Codispensation of macrolides in patients on DOACs was not associated with an increased risk of bleeding. However, due to the small number of macrolide users, the results must be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Yagi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Buster Mannheimer
- Department of Clinical Science and Education at Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Reutfors
- Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ursing
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diego Hernan Giunta
- Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helle Kieler
- Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Linder
- Department of Medicine Solna, Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gulnaz A, Chang JE, Maeng HJ, Shin KH, Lee KR, Chae YJ. A mechanism-based understanding of altered drug pharmacokinetics by gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Kyoung J, Atluri RR, Yang T. Resistance to Antihypertensive Drugs: Is Gut Microbiota the Missing Link? Hypertension 2022; 79:2138-2147. [PMID: 35862173 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microbiota colonization begins at birth and continuously reshapes throughout the course of our lives, resulting in tremendous interindividual heterogeneity. Given that the gut microbiome, similar to the liver, houses many categories of catalytic enzymes, there is significant value in understanding drug-bacteria interactions. The discovery of this link could enhance the therapeutic value of drugs that would otherwise have a limited or perhaps detrimental effect on patients. Resistant hypertension is one such subset of the hypertensive population that poorly responds to antihypertensive medications, resulting in an increased risk for chronic cardiovascular illnesses and its debilitating effects that ultimately have a detrimental impact on patient quality of life. We recently demonstrated that the gut microbiota is involved in the metabolism of antihypertensive drugs and thus contributes to the pathophysiology of resistant hypertension. Due to a lack of knowledge of the mechanisms, novel therapeutic approaches that account for the gut microbiota may allow for better therapeutic outcomes in resistant hypertension. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize our current, albeit limited, understanding of how the gut microbiota may possess particular enzymatic activities that influence the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kyoung
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
| | - Rohit R Atluri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, UT Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, OH
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10
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Jourova L, Anzenbacherova E, Dostal Z, Anzenbacher P, Briolotti P, Rigal E, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S. Butyrate, a typical product of gut microbiome, affects function of the AhR gene, being a possible agent of crosstalk between gut microbiome and hepatic drug metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109042. [PMID: 35533897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of gut microbiome composition seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy for a wide range of pathological states. However, these microbiota-targeted interventions may affect production of microbial metabolites, circulating factors in the gut-liver axis influencing hepatic drug metabolism with possible clinical relevance. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid produced through microbial fermentation of dietary fibers in the colon, has well established anti-inflammatory role in the intestine, while the effect of butyrate on the liver is unknown. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of butyrate on hepatic AhR activity and AhR-regulated gene expression. We have showed that AhR and its target genes were upregulated by butyrate in dose dependent manner in HepG2-C3 as well as in primary human hepatocytes. The involvement of AhR has been proved using specific AhR antagonist and siRNA-mediated AhR silencing. Experiments with AhR reporter cells have shown that butyrate regulates the expression of AhR target genes by modulating the AhR activity. Our results suggest also epigenetic action by butyrate on AhR and its repressor (AHRR) presumably through mechanisms based on HDAC inhibition in the liver. Our results demonstrate that butyrate may influence the drug metabolizing ability of liver enzymes e.g. through the interaction with AhR dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Jourova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Anzenbacherova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dostal
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc 775 15, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Briolotti
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Rigal
- IRMB, University Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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11
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Dutta M, Lim JJ, Cui JY. Pregnane X Receptor and the Gut-Liver Axis: A Recent Update. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:478-491. [PMID: 34862253 PMCID: PMC11022899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that the pregnane X receptor (PXR)/Nr1i2 is a critical xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor enriched in liver and intestine and is responsible for drug-drug interactions, due to its versatile ligand binding domain (LBD) and target genes involved in xenobiotic biotransformation. PXR can be modulated by various xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, dietary factors, and environmental chemicals. Microbial metabolites such as certain secondary bile acids (BAs) and the tryptophan metabolite indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) are endogenous PXR activators. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important regulator for host xenobiotic biotransformation and intermediary metabolism. PXR regulates and is regulated by the gut-liver axis. This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging pharmaco- and toxico-metagenomic approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of PXR. Key topics covered in this review include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-target genes, novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns, and novel PXR-targeted intestinal bacteria; (2) key PXR-modulating activators and suppressors of exogenous and endogenous sources; (3) novel bidirectional interactions between PXR and gut microbiome under physiologic, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (4) modifying factors of PXR-signaling including species and sex differences and time (age, critical windows of exposure, and circadian rhythm). The review also discusses critical knowledge gaps and important future research topics centering around PXR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes recent research advancements leveraging O'mics approaches that have redefined the previous understanding of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor pregnane X receptor (PXR). Key topics include: (1) genome-wide investigations on novel PXR-targeted host genes and intestinal bacteria as well as novel PXR-DNA interaction patterns; (2) key PXR modulators including microbial metabolites under physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, and toxicological conditions; and (3) modifying factors including species, sex, and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe Jongpyo Lim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Little M, Dutta M, Li H, Matson A, Shi X, Mascarinas G, Molla B, Weigel K, Gu H, Mani S, Cui JY. Understanding the physiological functions of the host xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome using genetically modified mice. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:801-820. [PMID: 35256948 PMCID: PMC8897037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of the xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is well-known to increase drug metabolism and reduce inflammation. Little is known regarding their physiological functions on the gut microbiome. In this study, we discovered bivalent hormetic functions of PXR/CAR modulating the richness of the gut microbiome using genetically engineered mice. The absence of PXR or CAR increased microbial richness, and absence of both receptors synergistically increased microbial richness. PXR and CAR deficiency increased the pro-inflammatory bacteria Helicobacteraceae and Helicobacter. Deficiency in both PXR and CAR increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, which has bile salt hydrolase activity, corresponding to decreased primary taurine-conjugated bile acids (BAs) in feces, which may lead to higher internal burden of taurine and unconjugated BAs, both of which are linked to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. The basal effect of PXR/CAR on the gut microbiome was distinct from pharmacological and toxicological activation of these receptors. Common PXR/CAR-targeted bacteria were identified, the majority of which were suppressed by these receptors. hPXR-TG mice had a distinct microbial profile as compared to wild-type mice. This study is the first to unveil the basal functions of PXR and CAR on the gut microbiome.
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Key Words
- BA, bile acid
- BSH, bile salt hydrolase
- Bile acids
- CA, cholic acid
- CAR
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CV, conventional
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Feces
- GF, germ free
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- Gut microbiome
- HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFNγ, interferon-gamma
- IL, interleukin
- IS, internal standards
- Inflammation
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- MCA, muricholic acid
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- Mice
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- Nuclear receptor
- OH, hydroxylated
- OTUs, operational taxonomy units
- PA, indole-3 propionic acid
- PBDEs, polybrominated diphenyl ethers
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PCoA, Principle Coordinate Analysis
- PXR
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- PiCRUSt, Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Observed States
- QIIME, Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology
- SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- SPF, specific-pathogen-free
- T, wild type
- T-, taurine conjugated
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, 3,3′,5,5′-Tetrachloro-1,4-bis(pyridyloxy)benzene
- TGR-5, Takeda G-protein-coupled receptor 5
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- hPXR-TG, humanized PXR transgenic
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Little
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Moumita Dutta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Adam Matson
- University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Gabby Mascarinas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Bruk Molla
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kris Weigel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Pharmacology and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Keely SJ, Urso A, Ilyaskin AV, Korbmacher C, Bunnett NW, Poole DP, Carbone SE. Contributions of bile acids to gastrointestinal physiology as receptor agonists and modifiers of ion channels. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G201-G222. [PMID: 34755536 PMCID: PMC8782647 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00125.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are known to be important regulators of intestinal motility and epithelial fluid and electrolyte transport. Over the past two decades, significant advances in identifying and characterizing the receptors, transporters, and ion channels targeted by BAs have led to exciting new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Our appreciation of BAs, their receptors, and BA-modulated ion channels as potential targets for the development of new approaches to treat intestinal motility and transport disorders is increasing. In the current review, we aim to summarize recent advances in our knowledge of the different BA receptors and BA-modulated ion channels present in the gastrointestinal system. We discuss how they regulate motility and epithelial transport, their roles in pathogenesis, and their therapeutic potential in a range of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreacarola Urso
- Department of Surgery, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Bai X, Liu G, Yang J, Zhu J, Li X. Gut Microbiota as the Potential Mechanism to Mediate Drug Metabolism Under High-Altitude Hypoxia. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:8-20. [PMID: 35088664 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220128141038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of pharmacokinetics and the activity and expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters significantly change under a high-altitude hypoxic environment. Gut microbiota is an important factor affecting the metabolism of drugs through direct or indirect effects, changing the bioavailability, biological activity, or toxicity of drugs and further affecting the efficacy and safety of drugs in vivo. A high-altitude hypoxic environment significantly changes the structure and diversity of gut microbiota, which may play a key role in drug metabolism under a high-altitude hypoxic environment. METHODS An investigation was carried out by reviewing published studies to determine the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Data and information on expression change in gut microbiota, drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under a high-altitude hypoxic environment were explored and proposed. RESULTS High-altitude hypoxia is an important environmental factor that can adjust the structure of the gut microbiota and change the diversity of intestinal microbes. It was speculated that the gut microbiota could regulate drug-metabolizing enzymes through two potential mechanisms, the first being through direct regulation of the metabolism of drugs in vivo and the second being indirect, i.e., through the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, thereby affecting the activity of drugs. CONCLUSION This article reviews the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the gut microbiota and the effects of these changes on drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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15
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Fu ZD, Selwyn FP, Cui JY, Klaassen CD. RNA-Seq unveiled section-specific host response to lack of gut microbiota in mouse intestine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 433:115775. [PMID: 34715074 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify host responses induced by commensal microbiota in intestine, transcriptomes of four sections of the intestine were compared between germ-free (GF) mice and conventional (CV) controls using RNA-Seq. Cuffdiff revealed that jejunum had the highest number of differentially expressed genes (over 2000) between CV and GF mice, followed by large intestine (LI), duodenum, and ileum. Gene set association analysis identified section-specific alterations in pathways associated with the absence of commensal microbiota. For example, in GF mice, cytochrome P450 (Cyp)-mediated xenobiotic metabolism was preferably down-regulated in duodenum and ileum, whereas intermediary metabolism pathways such as protein digestion and amino acid metabolism were preferably up-regulated in duodenum, jejunum, and LI. In GF mice, carboxypeptidase A1 (Cpa1), which is important for protein digestion, was the top most up-regulated gene within the entire transcriptome in duodenum (53-fold) and LI (142-fold). Conversely, fatty acid binding protein 6 (Fabp6/Ibabp), which is important for bile acid intestinal reabsorption, was the top most down-regulated gene in jejunum (358-fold), and the drug-metabolizing enzyme Cyp1a1 was the top most down-regulated gene in ileum (40-fold). Section-specific host transcriptomic response to the absence of intestinal microbiota was also observed for other important physiological pathways such as cell junction, the absorption of small molecules, bile acid homeostasis, and immune response. In conclusion, the present study has revealed section-specific host gene transcriptional alterations in GF mice, highlighting the importance of intestinal microbiota in facilitating the physiological and drug responses of the host intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Donna Fu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Felcy Pavithra Selwyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States of America.
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16
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Role of the microbiota in hypertension and antihypertensive drug metabolism. Hypertens Res 2021; 45:246-253. [PMID: 34887530 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the development and pathogenesis of hypertension. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the composition and function of the gut microbiota, was shown to be associated with hypertension in both animal models and humans. In this review, we provide insights into host-microbiota interactions and summarize the evidence supporting the importance of the microbiota in blood pressure (BP) regulation. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), modulate BP and vascular responses. Harmful gut-derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide and several uremic toxins, exert proatherosclerotic, prothrombotic, and proinflammatory effects. High-salt intake alters the composition of the microbiota, and this microbial alteration contributes to the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension. In addition, the microbiota may impact the metabolism of drugs and steroid hormones in the host. The drug-metabolizing activities of the microbiota affect the pharmacokinetic parameters of antihypertensive drugs and contribute to the pathogenesis of licorice-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism. Furthermore, the oral microbiota plays a role in BP regulation by producing nitric oxide, which lowers BP via its vasodilatory effects. Thus, antihypertensive intervention strategies targeting the microbiota, such as the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics (e.g., SCFAs), are considered new therapeutic options for the treatment of hypertension.
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17
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Saiman Y, David Shen TC, Lund PJ, Gershuni VM, Jang C, Patel S, Jung S, Furth EE, Friedman ES, Chau L, Garcia BA, Wu GD. Global Microbiota-Dependent Histone Acetylation Patterns Are Irreversible and Independent of Short Chain Fatty Acids. Hepatology 2021; 74:3427-3440. [PMID: 34233020 PMCID: PMC9867598 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although germ-free mice are an indispensable tool in studying the gut microbiome and its effects on host physiology, they are phenotypically different than their conventional counterparts. While antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion in conventional mice leads to physiologic alterations that often mimic the germ-free state, the degree to which the effects of microbial colonization on the host are reversible is unclear. The gut microbiota produce abundant short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and previous studies have demonstrated a link between microbial-derived SCFAs and global hepatic histone acetylation in germ-free mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrate that global hepatic histone acetylation states measured by mass spectrometry remained largely unchanged despite loss of luminal and portal vein SCFAs after antibiotic-mediated microbiota depletion. In contrast to stable hepatic histone acetylation states, we see robust hepatic transcriptomic alterations after microbiota depletion. Additionally, neither dietary supplementation with supraphysiologic levels of SCFA nor the induction of hepatocyte proliferation in the absence of microbiota-derived SCFAs led to alterations in global hepatic histone acetylation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that microbiota-dependent landscaping of the hepatic epigenome through global histone acetylation is static in nature, while the hepatic transcriptome is responsive to alterations in the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedidya Saiman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ting-Chin David Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peder J. Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Victoria M. Gershuni
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Shivali Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Emma E. Furth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Elliot S. Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lillian Chau
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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18
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Togao M, Tajima S, Kurakawa T, Wagai G, Otsuka J, Kado S, Kawakami K. Normal variation of the gut microbiota affects hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in mice. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00893. [PMID: 34747570 PMCID: PMC8573722 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies revealed that substantial artificial changes in the gut microbiota resulted in modification of hepatic cytochrome P450 3a (Cyp3a) in mice. Consequently, we hypothesized that "normal" variation of the gut microbiota might also alter hepatic Cyp activity and lead to individual differences in drug metabolism. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of normal gut microbiota variation on hepatic Cyp activity under the same genetic and environmental conditions using ex-germ-free mice. Using the feces of three breeder BALB/c mice (Jcl, Slc, and Crj), germ-free BALB/cYit mice were conventionalized (Yit-Jcl, Yit-Slc, and Yit-Crj). The gut microbiota composition and hepatic Cyp activity of these donors and recipients were evaluated. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed clear differences of the gut microbiota among donors and among recipients. Cyp3a activity was significantly higher in Slc mice than in Jcl and Crj mice. Notably, among recipients, Cyp3a activity was significantly higher in Yit-Slc and Yit-Crj mice than in Yit-Jcl mice. Cyp2b activity was significantly higher in Slc mice than in Jcl and Crj mice. Cyp2b activity was significantly higher in Yit-Slc mice than in Yit-Jcl mice. Additionally, in correlation analysis, some genera displayed significant positive or negative correlations with Cyp activity, particular the strong positive correlation between Clostridium sensu stricto 1 with Cyp3a activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that normal variation of the gut microbiota affected hepatic Cyp3a and Cyp2b activity, which might result in individual differences of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Togao
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Shinnosuke Tajima
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Kurakawa
- Basic Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Gaku Wagai
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Jun Otsuka
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Shoichi Kado
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Safety Research DepartmentYakult Central InstituteKunitachi‐shiTokyoJapan
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19
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Commensal-Related Changes in the Epidermal Barrier Function Lead to Alterations in the Benzo[ a]Pyrene Metabolite Profile and Its Distribution in 3D Skin. mBio 2021; 12:e0122321. [PMID: 34579573 PMCID: PMC8546866 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01223-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are among the most abundant environmental pollutants, resulting in continuous exposure of human skin and its microbiota. However, effects of the latter on B[a]P toxicity, absorption, metabolism, and distribution in humans remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the skin microbiota does metabolize B[a]P on and in human skin in situ, using a recently developed commensal skin model. In this model, microbial metabolism leads to high concentrations of known microbial B[a]P metabolites on the surface as well as in the epidermal layers. In contrast to what was observed for uncolonized skin, B[a]P and its metabolites were subject to altered rates of skin penetration and diffusion, resulting in up to 58% reduction of metabolites recovered from basal culture medium. The results indicate the reason for this altered behavior to be a microbially induced strengthening of the epidermal barrier. Concomitantly, colonized models showed decreased formation and penetration of the ultimate carcinogen B[a]P-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), leading, in consequence, to fewer BPDE-DNA adducts being formed. Befittingly, transcript and expression levels of key proteins for repairing environmentally induced DNA damage such as xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) were also found to be reduced in the commensal models, as was expression of B[a]P-associated cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs). The results show that the microbiome can have significant effects on the toxicology of external chemical impacts. The respective effects rely on a complex interplay between microbial and host metabolism and microbe-host interactions, all of which cannot be adequately assessed using single-system studies.
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20
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Średnicka P, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Wójcicki M, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ. Probiotics as a biological detoxification tool of food chemical contamination: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 153:112306. [PMID: 34058235 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, people are exposed to diverse environmental and chemical pollutants produced by industry and agriculture. Food contaminations such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, and mycotoxins are a serious concern for global food safety with economic and public health implications especially in the newly industrialized countries (NIC). Mounting evidence indicates that chronic exposure to food contaminants referred to as xenobiotics exert a negative effect on human health such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and intestinal disorders linked with perturbation of the composition and metabolic profile of the gut microflora. Although the physicochemical technologies for food decontamination are utilized in many cases but require adequate conditions which are often not feasible to be met in many industrial sectors. At present, one promising approach to reduce the risk related to the presence of xenobiotics in foodstuffs is a biological detoxification done by probiotic strains and their enzymes. Many studies confirmed that probiotics are an effective, feasible, and inexpensive tool for preventing xenobiotic-induced dysbiosis and alleviating their toxicity. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the direct mechanisms by which probiotics can influence the detoxification of xenobiotics. Moreover, probiotic-xenobiotic interactions with the gut microbiota and the host response were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Akimowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ł Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, Warsaw, Poland.
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21
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Tsunoda SM, Gonzales C, Jarmusch AK, Momper JD, Ma JD. Contribution of the Gut Microbiome to Drug Disposition, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Variability. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:971-984. [PMID: 33959897 PMCID: PMC8332605 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The trillions of microbes that make up the gut microbiome are an important contributor to health and disease. With respect to xenobiotics, particularly orally administered compounds, the gut microbiome interacts directly with drugs to break them down into metabolic products. In addition, microbial products such as bile acids interact with nuclear receptors on host drug-metabolizing enzyme machinery, thus indirectly influencing drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Gut microbes also influence drugs that undergo enterohepatic recycling by reversing host enzyme metabolic processes and increasing exposure to toxic metabolites as exemplified by the chemotherapy agent irinotecan and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent data with immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate the impact of the gut microbiome on drug pharmacodynamics. We summarize the clinical importance of gut microbe interaction with digoxin, irinotecan, immune checkpoint inhibitors, levodopa, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Understanding the complex interactions of the gut microbiome with xenobiotics is challenging; and highly sensitive methods such as untargeted metabolomics with molecular networking along with other in silico methods and animal and human in vivo studies will uncover mechanisms and pathways. Incorporating the contribution of the gut microbiome to drug disposition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics is vital in this era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley M Tsunoda
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 90293-0657, USA.
| | - Christopher Gonzales
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 90293-0657, USA
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 90293-0657, USA.,Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 90293-0657, USA
| | - Joseph D Ma
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0657, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 90293-0657, USA
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22
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Luo Y, Zhou T. Connecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:83-111. [PMID: 33856076 DOI: 10.1002/med.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a vast influence on human health and its role in initiating, aggravating, or ameliorating diseases is beginning to emerge. Recently, its contribution to heterogeneous toxicological responses is also gaining attention, especially in drug-induced toxicity. Whether they are orally administered or not, drugs may interact with the gut microbiota directly or indirectly, which leads to altered toxicity. Present studies focus more on the unidirectional influence of how xenobiotics disturb intestinal microbial composition and functions, and thus induce altered homeostasis. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and xenobiotics are bidirectional and the impact of the gut microbiota on xenobiotics, especially on drugs, should not be neglected. Thus, in this review, we focus on how the gut microbiota modulates drug toxicity by highlighting the microbiome, microbial enzyme, and microbial metabolites. We connect the dots between drugs, the microbiome, microbial enzymes or metabolites, drug metabolites, and host toxicological responses to facilitate the discovery of microbial targets and mechanisms associated with drug toxicity. Besides this, current mainstream strategies to manipulate drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome are summarized and discussed. The review provides technical reference for the evaluation of medicinal properties in the research and development of innovative drugs, and for the future exploitation of strategies to reduce drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Gong S, Feng Y, Zeng Y, Zhang H, Pan M, He F, Wu R, Chen J, Lu J, Zhang S, Yuan S, Chen X. Gut microbiota accelerates cisplatin-induced acute liver injury associated with robust inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. J Transl Med 2021; 19:147. [PMID: 33849559 PMCID: PMC8045234 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-02814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota has been reported to be disrupted by cisplatin, as well as to modulate chemotherapy toxicity. However, the precise role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of cisplatin hepatotoxicity remains unknown. Methods We compared the composition and function of gut microbiota between mice treated with and without cisplatin using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and via metabolomic analysis. For understanding the causative relationship between gut dysbiosis and cisplatin hepatotoxicity, antibiotics were administered to deplete gut microbiota and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed before cisplatin treatment. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis showed that cisplatin administration caused gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice. Gut microbiota ablation by antibiotic exposure protected against the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Interestingly, mice treated with antibiotics dampened the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation and promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 nuclear translocation, resulting in decreased levels of both inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver. FMT also confirmed the role of microbiota in individual susceptibility to cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusions This study elucidated the mechanism by which gut microbiota mediates cisplatin hepatotoxicity through enhanced inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This knowledge may help develop novel therapeutic approaches that involve targeting the composition and metabolites of microbiota. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-02814-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenhai Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinglin Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunong Zeng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanrui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangjie He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jingrui Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jiuling Lu
- Department of Outpatient, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Siyou Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
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24
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Abstract
The field of pharmacogenetic testing was hailed as one of the early successful clinical applications arising from the personalized (or precision) medicine revolution. Substantial progress has been made to identify genes and genetic variants involved in drug response and establish clinical implementation programs. Yet, drug response is a complex trait and recent work has highlighted the key role played by the gut microbiome. As the study of the gut microbiome and pharmacogenetics converge, it may be possible to generate more precise predictions of drug response and improve health outcomes to treatments. Substantial effort will be needed to understand the dynamic impact of the microbiome and the interplay with host genetics and how to implement expanded pharmacogenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 101 Science Drive, Box 3382, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Li AP, Ho MD, Alam N, Mitchell W, Wong S, Yan Z, Kenny JR, E. C. A. Hop C. Inter-individual and inter-regional variations in enteric drug metabolizing enzyme activities: Results with cryopreserved human intestinal mucosal epithelia (CHIM) from the small intestines of 14 donors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00645. [PMID: 32851819 PMCID: PMC7449955 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported successful isolation and cryopreservation of human intestinal mucosa (CHIM) with retention of viability and drug metabolizing enzyme activities. Here we report the results of the quantification of drug metabolizing enzyme activities in CHIM from different regions of the small intestines from 14 individual donors. CHIM were isolated from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 10 individuals, and from 10 consecutive 12-inch segments starting from the pyloric sphincter of human small intestines from four additional individuals. P450 and non-P450 drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, FMO, MAO, AO, NAT1, and NAT2) were quantified via incubation with pathway-selective substrates. Quantifiable activities were observed for all pathways except for CYP2A6. Comparison of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in 10 donors shows jejunum had higher activities for CYP2C9, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, MAO, and NAT1. Further definition of regional variations with CHIM from ten 12-inch segments of the proximal small intestine shows that the segments immediately after the first 12-inch segment (duodenum) had the highest activity for most of the drug metabolizing enzymes but with substantial differences among the four donors. Our overall results demonstrate that there are substantial individual differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and that jejunum, especially the regions immediately after the duodenum, had the highest drug metabolizing enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Novera Alam
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Inc.ColumbiaMDUSA
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Masuda T, Mori A, Ito S, Ohtsuki S. Quantitative and targeted proteomics-based identification and validation of drug efficacy biomarkers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 36:100361. [PMID: 33097418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics refers to the large-scale study of proteins, providing comprehensive and quantitative information on proteins in tissue, blood, and cell samples. In many studies, proteomics utilizes liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Proteomics has developed from a qualitative methodology of protein identification to a quantitative methodology for comparing protein expression, and it is currently classified into two distinct methodologies: quantitative and targeted proteomics. Quantitative proteomics comprehensively identifies proteins in samples, providing quantitative information on large-scale comparative profiles of protein expression. Targeted proteomics simultaneously quantifies only target proteins with high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, in biomarker research, quantitative proteomics is used for the identification of biomarker candidates, and targeted proteomics is used for the validation of biomarkers. Understanding the specific characteristics of each method is important for conducting appropriate proteomics studies. In this review, we introduced the different characteristics and applications of quantitative and targeted proteomics, and then discussed the results of our recent proteomics studies that focused on the identification and validation of biomarkers of drug efficacy. These findings may enable us to predict the outcomes of cancer therapy and drug-drug interactions with antibiotics through changes in the intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Masuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Ayano Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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Germ-Free Conditions Modulate Host Purine Metabolism, Exacerbating Adenine-Induced Kidney Damage. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090547. [PMID: 32859011 PMCID: PMC7551802 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in microbiota are known to affect kidney disease conditions. We have previously shown that germ-free conditions exacerbated adenine-induced kidney damage in mice; however, the mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated. To explore this mechanism, we examined the influence of germ-free conditions on purine metabolism and renal immune responses involved in the kidney damage. Germ-free mice showed higher expression levels of purine-metabolizing enzymes such as xanthine dehydrogenase, which converts adenine to a nephrotoxic byproduct 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA). The germ-free mice also showed increased urinary excretion of allantoin, indicating enhanced purine metabolism. Metabolome analysis demonstrated marked differences in the purine metabolite levels in the feces of germ-free mice and mice with microbiota. Furthermore, unlike the germ-free condition, antibiotic treatment did not increase the expression of purine-metabolizing enzymes or exacerbate adenine-induced kidney damage. Considering renal immune responses, the germ-free mice displayed an absence of renal IL-17A expression. However, the adenine-induced kidney damage in wild-type mice was comparable to that in IL-17A-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-17A does not play a major role in the disease condition. Our results suggest that the enhanced host purine metabolism in the germ-free mice potentially promotes the conversion of the administered adenine into 2,8-DHA, resulting in exacerbated kidney damage. This further suggests a role of the microbiota in regulating host purine metabolism.
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Walsh J, Gheorghe CE, Lyte JM, van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Griffin BT, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Gut microbiome-mediated modulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein: impact of butyrate and fructo-oligosaccharide-inulin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1072-1081. [PMID: 32337713 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objective was to demonstrate microbial regulation of hepatic genes implicated in drug metabolism and transport using germ-free (GF) mice and to explore the impact of a microbial metabolite, butyrate, and a prebiotic dietary intervention on hepatic gene expression in mice. METHODS Using reverse-transcriptase PCR, we investigated cytochrome P450 (CYP) and multidrug-resistance protein 1 (MDR1) expression in conventional, GF and colonised GF mice. To investigate the effects of butyrate, sodium butyrate (3 g/l) was administered for 21 days to conventional or GF mice. In the prebiotic study, young adult and middle-aged mice received diet enriched with 10% fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)-inulin for 14 weeks. KEY FINDINGS Colonisation of GF animals normalised expression of Cyp3a11 and Mdr1b to conventional levels. Butyrate upregulated Cyp2b10 in conventional mice (P < 0.05) but overall did not induce widespread changes in hepatic genes. FOS-inulin increased Cyp3a13 expression and had the opposite effect on Mdr1a expression in young adult mice (P < 0.05). Age, on the other hand, influenced the prebiotic effect on Cyp2a4 expression (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The expression of hepatic genes implicated in drug metabolism and transport displays sensitivity to the microbiome, microbiome-derived metabolites and a microbial-targeted intervention. Our study may provide the impetus to explore microbiota-targeted interventions in normalising host metabolic activity and reducing inter-individual variability in drug pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cassandra E Gheorghe
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joshua M Lyte
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Togao M, Kawakami K, Otsuka J, Wagai G, Ohta-Takada Y, Kado S. Effects of gut microbiota on in vivo metabolism and tissue accumulation of cytochrome P450 3A metabolized drug: Midazolam. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:275-282. [PMID: 32562497 PMCID: PMC7497050 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The link between drug‐metabolizing enzymes and gut microbiota is well established. In particular, hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A activities are presumed to be affected by gut microbiota. However, there is no direct evidence that the gut microbiota affects CYP3A metabolism or the clearance of clinically relevant drugs in vivo. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of gut microbiota on in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and on the clearance of midazolam, which is a standard CYP3A metabolized drug. Hepatic Cyp3a activity and in vitro midazolam hydroxylase activity were compared using specific pathogen‐free (SPF) and germ‐free (GF) mice. In a pharmacokinetics (PK) study, SPF and GF mice were intraperitoneally injected with 60 mg/kg of midazolam, and plasma and tissue concentrations were measured. Hepatic Cyp3a activity and midazolam hydroxylase activity were significantly lower in GF mice than in SPF mice. Notably, in the PK study, the area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity and the elimination half‐life were approximately four‐fold higher in GF mice compared with SPF mice. Furthermore, the concentration of midazolam in the brain 180 min after administration was about 14‐fold higher in GF mice compared with SPF mice. Together, our results demonstrated that the gut microbiota altered the metabolic ability of Cyp3a and the tissue accumulation of midazolam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Togao
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Kawakami
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Otsuka
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gaku Wagai
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta-Takada
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kado
- Safety Research Department, Yakult Central Institute, Kunitachi-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Wu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Chen Y, Hu F, Zheng H. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) gut microbiota promotes host endogenous detoxification capability via regulation of P450 gene expression in the digestive tract. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1201-1212. [PMID: 32338446 PMCID: PMC7264748 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing number of studies demonstrating a close relationship between insect gut microbiota and insecticide resistance. However, the contribution of the honey bee gut microbiota to host detoxification ability has yet to be investigated. In order to address this question, we compared the expression of cytochrome P450s (P450s) genes between gut microbiota deficient (GD) workers and conventional gut community (CV) workers and compared the mortality rates and the pesticide residue levels of GD and CV workers treated with thiacloprid or tau-fluvalinate. Our results showed that gut microbiota promotes the expression of P450 enzymes in the midgut, and the mortality rate and pesticide residue levels of GD workers are significantly higher than those of CV workers. Further comparisons between tetracycline-treated workers and untreated workers demonstrated that antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis leads to attenuated expression of P450s in the midgut. The co-treatment of antibiotics and pesticides leads to reduced survival rate and a significantly higher amount of pesticide residues in honey bees. Taken together, our results demonstrated that honey bee gut symbiont could contribute to bee health through the modification of the host xenobiotics detoxification pathways and revealed a potential negative impact of antibiotics to honey bee detoxification ability and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wu
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yufei Zheng
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yanan Chen
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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31
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Flowers SA, Bhat S, Lee JC. Potential Implications of Gut Microbiota in Drug Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability. Pharmacotherapy 2020; 40:704-712. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Flowers
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - Shubha Bhat
- Department of Pharmacy Practice Boston Medical Center Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Pharmacy Practice University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
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32
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiome encodes vast metabolic potential, and multidisciplinary approaches are enabling a mechanistic understanding of how bacterial enzymes impact the metabolism of diverse pharmaceutical compounds, including chemotherapeutics. Microbiota alter the activity of many drugs and chemotherapeutics via direct and indirect mechanisms; some of these alterations result in changes to the drug's bioactivity and bioavailability, causing toxic gastrointestinal side effects. Gastrointestinal toxicity is one of the leading complications of systemic chemotherapy, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Patients undergo dose reductions or drug holidays to manage these adverse events, which can significantly harm prognosis, and can result in mortality. Selective and precise targeting of the gut microbiota may alleviate these toxicities. Understanding the composition and function of the microbiota may serve as a biomarker for prognosis, and predict treatment efficacy and potential adverse effects, thereby facilitating personalized medicine strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Ervin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 250 Bell Tower Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Aadra P. Bhatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Corresponding author:
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34
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Collins SL, Patterson AD. The gut microbiome: an orchestrator of xenobiotic metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:19-32. [PMID: 31998605 PMCID: PMC6984741 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes inhabiting the intestinal tract of humans represent a site for xenobiotic metabolism. The gut microbiome, the collection of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, can alter the metabolic outcome of pharmaceuticals, environmental toxicants, and heavy metals, thereby changing their pharmacokinetics. Direct chemical modification of xenobiotics by the gut microbiome, either through the intestinal tract or re-entering the gut via enterohepatic circulation, can lead to increased metabolism or bioactivation, depending on the enzymatic activity within the microbial niche. Unique enzymes encoded within the microbiome include those that reverse the modifications imparted by host detoxification pathways. Additionally, the microbiome can limit xenobiotic absorption in the small intestine by increasing the expression of cell-cell adhesion proteins, supporting the protective mucosal layer, and/or directly sequestering chemicals. Lastly, host gene expression is regulated by the microbiome, including CYP450s, multi-drug resistance proteins, and the transcription factors that regulate them. While the microbiome affects the host and pharmacokinetics of the xenobiotic, xenobiotics can also influence the viability and metabolism of the microbiome. Our understanding of the complex interconnectedness between host, microbiome, and metabolism will advance with new modeling systems, technology development and refinement, and mechanistic studies focused on the contribution of human and microbial metabolism.
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Key Words
- 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid
- 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil
- AHR, aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor
- ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Absorption
- BDE, bromodiphenyl ether
- BRV, brivudine
- BVU, bromovinyluracil
- Bioactivation
- CAR, constitutive androgen receptor
- CV, conventional
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Enterohepatic circulation
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GF, germ-free
- GUDCA, glycoursodeoxycholic acid
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Gut microbiome
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- PABA, p-aminobenzenesulphonamide
- PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
- PXR, pregnane X receptor
- Pharmacokinetics
- SCFA, short chain fatty acid
- SN-38G, SN-38 glucuronide
- SULT, sulfotransferase
- TCDF, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran
- TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid
- UGT, uracil diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase
- Xenobiotic metabolism
- cgr, cytochrome glycoside reductase
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Collins
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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35
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Dempsey JL, Cui JY. Microbiome is a functional modifier of P450 drug metabolism. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 5:481-490. [PMID: 33312848 PMCID: PMC7731899 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-019-00200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Host cytochrome P450s (P450s) play important roles in the bioactivation and detoxification of numerous therapeutic drugs, environmental toxicants, dietary factors, as well as endogenous compounds. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as our "second genome" that contributes to the xenobiotic biotransformation of the host, and the first pass metabolism of many orally exposed chemicals is a joint effort between host drug metabolizing enzymes including P450s and gut microbiome. Gut microbiome contributes to the drug metabolism via two distinct mechanisms: direct mechanism refers to the metabolism of drugs by microbial enzymes, among which reduction and hydrolysis (or deconjugation) are among the most important reactions; whereas indirect mechanism refers to the influence of host receptors and signaling pathways by microbial metabolites. Many types of microbial metabolites, such as secondary bile acids (BAs), short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and tryptophan metabolites, are known regulators of human diseases through modulating host xenobiotic-sensing receptors. To study the roles of gut microbiome in regulating host drug metabolism including P450s, several models including germ free mice, antibiotics or probiotics treatments, have been widely used. The present review summarized the current information regarding the interactions between microbiome and the host P450s in xenobiotic biotransformation organs such as liver, intestine, and kidney, highlighting the remote sensing mechanisms underlying gut microbiome mediated regulation of host xenobiotic biotransformation. In addition, the roles of bacterial, fungal, and other microbiome kingdom P450s, which is an understudied area of research in pharmacology and toxicology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington
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36
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Liu JJ, Cheng Y, Shao YY, Chang ZP, Guo YT, Feng XJ, Xu D, Zhang JP, Song Y, Hou RG. Comparative pharmacokinetics and metabolites study of seven major bioactive components of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in normal and polycystic ovary syndrome rats by ultra high pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2534-2549. [PMID: 31144455 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous quantification of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, glycyrrhetinic acid, and glycyrrhizin in rat plasma after oral administration of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction, which is traditionally used in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The plasma samples were pretreated with methanol as precipitant. The method exhibited good linearity (correlation coefficient (R2 ) > 0.99) with lower quantification limits of 0.595-4.69 ng/mL for all analytes. Intra- and interbatch precision, accuracy, recovery, and stability of the method were all within accepted criteria. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the seven compounds were altered in the pathological status of polycystic ovary syndrome. Furthermore, a total of 36 metabolites were structurally identified based on their accurate masses and fragment ions. The major metabolic pathway involves phase I metabolic reactions (such as hydroxylation), phase II metabolic reactions (such as sulfation and glucuronidation conjugation) as well as the combined multiple-step metabolism. This study is the first report on the pharmacokinetic and metabolic information of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction in both normal and model rats, which would provide scientific evidences for the bioactive chemical basis of herbal medicines and also promote the clinical application of Shaoyao-Gancao decoction for treating polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Yun Shao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang-Peng Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ting Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ding Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Gang Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, P. R. China
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37
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Clarke G, Sandhu KV, Griffin BT, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Hyland NP. Gut Reactions: Breaking Down Xenobiotic–Microbiome Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:198-224. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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38
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Tang J, Xu J, Zhang Y, Liu R, Liu M, Hu Y, Shao M, Zhu L, Cao S, Xin H, Feng G, Shang W, Meng X, Zhang L, Ming Y, Zhang W, Zhou G. Incorporation of Gene‐Environment Interaction Terms Improved the Predictive Accuracy of Tacrolimus Stable Dose Algorithms in Chinese Adult Renal Transplant Recipients. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 59:890-899. [PMID: 30861159 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Yue‐Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
- The Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Mou‐Ze Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Yong‐Fang Hu
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgeng Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ming‐Jie Shao
- Research Center of Chinese Health Ministry of Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Third Affiliated HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
| | - Li‐Jun Zhu
- Research Center of Chinese Health Ministry of Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Third Affiliated HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
| | - Shan Cao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Hua‐Wen Xin
- Department of Clinical PharmacologyWuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command Hubei China
| | - Gui‐Wen Feng
- Department of Renal TransplantationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan China
| | - Wen‐Jun Shang
- Department of Renal TransplantationThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Henan China
| | - Xiang‐Guang Meng
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou University Henan China
| | - Li‐Rong Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhengzhou University Henan China
| | - Ying‐Zi Ming
- Research Center of Chinese Health Ministry of Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, Third Affiliated HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Hunan China
- Institute of Clinical PharmacologyCentral South UniversityHunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics Hunan China
| | - Gan Zhou
- National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya HospitalCentral South University Changsha China
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Dempsey JL, Wang D, Siginir G, Fei Q, Raftery D, Gu H, Yue Cui J. Pharmacological Activation of PXR and CAR Downregulates Distinct Bile Acid-Metabolizing Intestinal Bacteria and Alters Bile Acid Homeostasis. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:40-60. [PMID: 30407581 PMCID: PMC6821357 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome regulates important host metabolic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism and intermediary metabolism, such as the conversion of primary bile acids (BAs) into secondary BAs. The nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are well-known regulators for xenobiotic biotransformation in liver. However, little is known regarding the potential effects of PXR and CAR on the composition and function of the gut microbiome. To test our hypothesis that activation of PXR and CAR regulates gut microbiota and secondary BA synthesis, 9-week-old male conventional and germ-free mice were orally gavaged with corn oil, PXR agonist PCN (75 mg/kg), or CAR agonist TCPOBOP (3 mg/kg) once daily for 4 days. PCN and TCPOBOP decreased two taxa in the Bifidobacterium genus, which corresponded with decreased gene abundance of the BA-deconjugating enzyme bile salt hydrolase. In liver and small intestinal content of germ-free mice, there was a TCPOBOP-mediated increase in total, primary, and conjugated BAs corresponding with increased Cyp7a1 mRNA. Bifidobacterium, Dorea, Peptociccaceae, Anaeroplasma, and Ruminococcus positively correlated with T-UDCA in LIC, but negatively correlated with T-CDCA in serum. In conclusion, PXR and CAR activation downregulates BA-metabolizing bacteria in the intestine and modulates BA homeostasis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Chongqing Blood Center, Chongqing 400015, P.R. China
| | - Gunseli Siginir
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
| | - Qiang Fei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130061, P.R. China
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, Center for Metabolic and Vascular Biology, School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105
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Xue Y, Ma C, Hanna I, Pan G. Intestinal Transporter-Associated Drug Absorption and Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:361-405. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dempsey J, Zhang A, Cui JY. Coordinate regulation of long non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes in germ-free mice. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:834. [PMID: 30463508 PMCID: PMC6249886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as regulators of tissue-specific cellular functions and have been shown to regulate transcriptional and translational processes, acting as signals, decoys, guides, and scaffolds. It has been suggested that some lncRNAs act in cis to regulate the expression of neighboring protein-coding genes (PCGs) in a mechanism that fine-tunes gene expression. Gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a regulator of development, inflammation, host metabolic processes, and xenobiotic metabolism. However, there is little known regarding whether the gut microbiome modulates lncRNA gene expression in various host metabolic organs. The goals of this study were to 1) characterize the tissue-specific expression of lncRNAs and 2) identify and annotate lncRNAs differentially regulated in the absence of gut microbiome. RESULTS Total RNA was isolated from various tissues (liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, brown adipose tissue, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle) from adult male conventional and germ-free mice (n = 3 per group). RNA-Seq was conducted and reads were mapped to the mouse reference genome (mm10) using HISAT. Transcript abundance and differential expression was determined with Cufflinks using the reference databases NONCODE 2016 for lncRNAs and UCSC mm10 for PCGs. Although the constitutive expression of lncRNAs was ubiquitous within the enterohepatic (liver and intestine) and the peripheral metabolic tissues (fat and muscle) in conventional mice, differential expression of lncRNAs by lack of gut microbiota was highly tissue specific. Interestingly, the majority of gut microbiota-regulated lncRNAs were in jejunum. Most lncRNAs were co-regulated with neighboring PCGs. STRING analysis showed that differentially expressed PCGs in proximity to lncRNAs form tissue-specific networks, suggesting that lncRNAs may interact with gut microbiota/microbial metabolites to regulate tissue-specific functions. CONCLUSIONS This study is among the first to demonstrate that gut microbiota critically regulates the expression of lncRNAs not only locally in intestine but also remotely in other metabolic organs, suggesting that common transcriptional machinery may be shared to transcribe lncRNA-PCG pairs, and lncRNAs may interact with PCGs to regulate tissue-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Dempsey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.
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Khojasteh SC, Miller GP, Mitra K, Rietjens IMCM. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions - 2017 literature highlights *. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:221-255. [PMID: 29954222 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1473875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This annual review is the third one to highlight recent advances in the study and assessment of biotransformations and bioactivations ( Table 1 ). We followed the same format as the previous years with selection and authoring each section (see Baillie et al. 2016 ; Khojasteh et al. 2017 ). We acknowledge that many universities no longer train students in mechanistic biotransformation studies reflecting a decline in the investment for those efforts by public funded granting institutions. We hope this work serves as a resource to appreciate the knowledge gained each year to understand and hopefully anticipate toxicological outcomes dependent on biotransformations and bioactivations. This effort itself also continues to evolve. I am pleased that Drs. Rietjens and Miller have again contributed to this annual review. We would like to welcome Kaushik Mitra as an author for this year's issue, and we thank Deepak Dalvie for his contributions to last year's edition. We have intentionally maintained a balance of authors such that two come from an academic setting and two come from industry. As always, please drop us a note if you find this review helpful. We would be pleased to hear your opinions of our commentary, and we extend an invitation to anyone who would like to contribute to a future edition of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Genentech, Inc , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kaushik Mitra
- c Department of Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources , Merck Research Laboratories (MRL), Merck & Co., Inc , West Point , PA , USA
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Ostrov BE, Amsterdam D. Immunomodulatory interplay of the microbiome and therapy of rheumatic diseases. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:769-792. [PMID: 29058546 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1373828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of the immune system by microbes, especially from the gastrointestinal tract, is increasingly considered a key factor in the onset, course and outcome of rheumatic diseases. The interplay of the microbiome, along with genetic predisposition and environmental exposure, is thought to be an important trigger for rheumatic diseases. Improved identification of the relationship of disease-specific genetic alterations and rheumatic diseases has potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Treatment of rheumatic disorders is influenced by microbial actions but this interplay can be challenging due to variable and unpredictable responses to therapies. Expanded knowledge of the microbiome now allows clinicians to more precisely select ideal medication regimens and to predict response to and toxicity from drugs. Rheumatic diseases and associated therapies were among the earliest microbiome interactions investigated, yet it is notable that current research is focused on clinical and immunological associations but, in comparison, a limited number of studies regarding the microbiome's impact on treatment for rheumatic diseases have been published. In the coming years, further knowledge of immunomodulating interactions between the microbiome and the immune system will aid our understanding of autoimmunity and will be increasingly important in selection of therapeutic agents for patients with autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. In this review, recent literature regarding the bidirectional immunomodulatory effects of the microbiome with rheumatic diseases and current understanding and gaps regarding the drug-microbiome interface in the management of these disorders is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Ostrov
- a Pediatrics and Medicine, Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Daniel Amsterdam
- b Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology and Medicine , Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Chief of Service, Laboratory Medicine, Erie County Medical Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Nobutani K, Miyoshi J, Musch MW, Nishiyama M, Watanabe J, Kaneko A, Yamamoto M, Yoshida M, Kono T, Jeong H, Chang EB. Daikenchuto (TU-100) alters murine hepatic and intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes in an in vivo dietary model: effects of gender and withdrawal. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2018; 5. [PMID: 28971602 PMCID: PMC5625165 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicines and natural products used for maintenance of health or treatment of diseases have many biological effects, including altering the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of other medications. Daikenchuto (TU‐100), an aqueous extract of ginger, ginseng, and Japanese green pepper fruit, is a commonly prescribed Kampo (Japanese herbal medicine) for postoperative ileus or bloating. The effects of TU‐100 on drug metabolism have not been investigated. In this study, we analyzed the effect of TU‐100 on expression of key drug‐metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters (DTs) in murine liver and gastrointestinal tract using a dietary model. Liver, jejunum, and proximal colon were analyzed for phase I and II DMEs and DT mRNA expression by reverse transcription (RT) first by nonquantitative and followed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and protein expression. Liver, jejunum, and proximal colon expressed some identical but also unique DMEs and DTs. TU‐100 increased the greatest changes in cytochrome (Cyp) 2b10 and Cyp3a11 and Mdr1a. Basal and TU‐100 stimulated levels of DME and DT expression were gender‐dependent, dose‐dependent and reversible after cessation of TU‐100 supplementation, except for some changes in the intestine. Quantitative Western blot analysis of protein extracts confirmed the quantitative PCR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Nobutani
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Miyoshi
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mitsue Nishiyama
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Watanabe
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaneko
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ami, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Yoshida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toru Kono
- Center for Clinical and Biomedical Research, Sapporo Higashi Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterologic and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Departments of Pharmacy Practice and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Morgan ET, Dempsey JL, Mimche SM, Lamb TJ, Kulkarni S, Cui JY, Jeong H, Slitt AL. Physiological Regulation of Drug Metabolism and Transport: Pregnancy, Microbiome, Inflammation, Infection, and Fasting. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29514828 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article is a report on a symposium entitled "Physiological Regulation of Drug Metabolism and Transport" sponsored by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and held at the Experimental Biology 2017 meeting in Chicago, IL. The contributions of physiologic and pathophysiological regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters to interindividual variability in drug metabolism are increasingly recognized but in many cases are not well understood. The presentations herein discuss the phenomenology, consequences, and mechanism of such regulation. CYP2D6 transgenic mice were used to provide insights into the mechanism of regulation of this enzyme in pregnancy, via hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, small heterodimer partner, and retinoids. Regulation of intestinal and hepatic drug-processing enzymes by the intestinal microbiota via tryptophan and its metabolites was investigated. The potential impact of parasitic infections on human drug metabolism and clearance was assessed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni or Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS, both of which produced widespread and profound effects on murine hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Finally, the induction of Abcc drug efflux transporters by fasting was investigated. This was demonstrated to occur via a cAMP, protein kinase A/nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2/Sirtuin 1 pathway via antioxidant response elements on the Abcc genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Joseph L Dempsey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Sylvie M Mimche
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Supriya Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
| | - Angela L Slitt
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (E.T.M., S.M.M.); Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (T.J.L.); Department of Pharmacy Practice and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois (H.J., J.L.D.); Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.L.D., J.Y.C.); and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island (A.L.S., S.K.)
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Fu ZD, Selwyn FP, Cui JY, Klaassen CD. RNA-Seq Profiling of Intestinal Expression of Xenobiotic Processing Genes in Germ-Free Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1225-1238. [PMID: 28939687 PMCID: PMC5676297 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria can affect xenobiotic metabolism through both direct bacterial enzyme-catalyzed modification of the xenobiotics and indirect alterations of the expression of host genes. To determine how intestinal bacteria affect the expression of host xenobiotic-processing genes (XPGs), the mRNA profiles of 303 XPGs were characterized by RNA sequencing in four intestinal sections and compared with that in the liver from adult male conventional (CV) and germ-free (GF) mice. Fifty-four XPGs were not expressed in the intestine of either CV or GF mice. The GF condition altered the expression of 116 XPGs in at least one intestinal section but had no effect on 133 XPGs. Many cytochrome P450 family members such as Cyp1a, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c, and most Cyp3a members, as well as carboxylesterase (Ces) 2a were expressed lower in the intestine of GF than CV mice. In contrast, GF mice had higher intestinal expression of some phase I oxidases (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, aldehyde dehydrogenase a1l1 and 4a1, as well as flavin monooxygenase 5) and phase II conjugation enzymes (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1, and sulfotransferase 1c2, 1d1, and 2b1). Several transporters in the intestine, such as bile acid transporters (apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, organic solute transporter α and β), peptide transporter 1, and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1, exhibited higher expression in GF mice. In conclusion, lack of intestinal bacteria alters the expression of a large number of XPGs in the host intestine, some of which are section specific. Cyp3a is downregulated in both the liver and intestine of GF mice, which probably contributes to altered xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Donna Fu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Felcy P Selwyn
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Prokopienko AJ, Nolin TD. Microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes: perpetrators of altered nonrenal drug clearance in kidney disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2017; 11:71-82. [PMID: 28905671 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2018.1378095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scientific interest in the gut microbiota is increasing due to improved understanding of its implications in human health and disease. In patients with kidney disease, gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins directly contribute to altered nonrenal drug clearance. Microbial imbalances, known as dysbiosis, potentially increase formation of microbiota-derived toxins, and diminished renal clearance leads to toxin accumulation. High concentrations of microbiota-derived toxins such as indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate perpetrate interactions with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, which provides a mechanistic link between increases in drug-related adverse events and dysbiosis in kidney disease. Areas covered: This review summarizes the effects of microbiota-derived uremic toxins on hepatic phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Research articles that tested individual toxins were included. Therapeutic strategies to target microbial toxins are also discussed. Expert commentary: Large interindividual variability in toxin concentrations may explain some differences in nonrenal clearance of medications. Advances in human microbiome research provide unique opportunities to systematically evaluate the impact of individual and combined microbial toxins on drug metabolism and transport, and to explore microbiota-derived uremic toxins as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Prokopienko
- a Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh , USA
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- a Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy , Pittsburgh , USA.,b University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division , Pittsburgh , USA
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48
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Li CY, Lee S, Cade S, Kuo LJ, Schultz IR, Bhatt DK, Prasad B, Bammler TK, Cui JY. Novel Interactions between Gut Microbiome and Host Drug-Processing Genes Modify the Hepatic Metabolism of the Environmental Chemicals Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1197-1214. [PMID: 28864748 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a novel frontier in xenobiotic metabolism. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), especially BDE-47 (2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether) and BDE-99 (2, 2', 4, 4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether), are among the most abundant and persistent environmental contaminants that produce a variety of toxicities. Little is known about how the gut microbiome affects the hepatic metabolism of PBDEs and the PBDE-mediated regulation of drug-processing genes (DPGs) in vivo. The goal of this study was to determine the role of gut microbiome in modulating the hepatic biotransformation of PBDEs. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6J conventional (CV) or germ-free (GF) mice were treated with vehicle, BDE-47 or BDE-99 (100 μmol/kg) for 4 days. Following BDE-47 treatment, GF mice had higher levels of 5-OH-BDE-47 but lower levels of four other metabolites in liver than CV mice; whereas following BDE-99 treatment GF mice had lower levels of four minor metabolites in liver than CV mice. RNA sequencing demonstrated that the hepatic expression of DPGs was regulated by both PBDEs and enterotypes. Under basal conditions, the lack of gut microbiome upregulated the Cyp2c subfamily but downregulated the Cyp3a subfamily. Following PBDE exposure, certain DPGs were differentially regulated by PBDEs in a gut microbiome-dependent manner. Interestingly, the lack of gut microbiome augmented PBDE-mediated upregulation of many DPGs, such as Cyp1a2 and Cyp3a11 in mouse liver, which was further confirmed by targeted metabolomics. The lack of gut microbiome also augmented the Cyp3a enzyme activity in liver. In conclusion, our study has unveiled a novel interaction between gut microbiome and the hepatic biotransformation of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Soowan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Sara Cade
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Li-Jung Kuo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Irvin R Schultz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Deepak K Bhatt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (C.Y.L., S.L., T.K.B., J.Y.C.), and Department of Pharmaceutics (D.K.B., B.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington (S.C., L.-J.K., I.R.S.)
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Hata T, Asano Y, Yoshihara K, Kimura-Todani T, Miyata N, Zhang XT, Takakura S, Aiba Y, Koga Y, Sudo N. Regulation of gut luminal serotonin by commensal microbiota in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180745. [PMID: 28683093 PMCID: PMC5500371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut lumen serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine: 5-HT) contributes to several gastrointestinal functions such as peristaltic reflexes. 5-HT is released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells in response to a number of stimuli, including signals from the gut microbiota. However, the specific mechanism by which the gut microbiota regulates 5-HT levels in the gut lumen has not yet been clarified. Our previous work with gnotobiotic mice showed that free catecholamines can be produced by the deconjugation of conjugated catecholamines; hence, we speculated that deconjugation by bacterial enzymes may be one of the mechanisms whereby gut microbes can produce free 5-HT in the gut lumen. In this study, we tested this hypothesis using germ-free (GF) mice and gnotobiotic mice recolonized with specific pathogen-free (SPF) fecal flora (EX-GF). The 5-HT levels in the lumens of the cecum and colon were significantly lower in the GF mice than in the EX-GF mice. Moreover, these levels were rapidly increased, within only 3 days after exposure to SPF microbiota. The majority of 5-HT was in an unconjugated, free form in the EX-GF mice, whereas approximately 50% of the 5-HT was found in the conjugated form in the GF mice. These results further support the current view that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in promoting the production of biologically active, free 5-HT. The deconjugation of glucuronide-conjugated 5-HT by bacterial enzymes is likely one of the mechanisms contributing to free 5-HT production in the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Hata
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Asano
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yoshihara
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tae Kimura-Todani
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyata
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xue-Ting Zhang
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shu Takakura
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Aiba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koga
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tokai University of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sudo
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Jourová L, Anzenbacher P, Lišková B, Matušková Z, Hermanová P, Hudcovic T, Kozáková H, Hrnčířová L, Anzenbacherová E. Colonization by non-pathogenic bacteria alters mRNA expression of cytochromes P450 in originally germ-free mice. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2017; 62:463-469. [PMID: 28337589 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-017-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota provides a wide range of beneficial function for the host and has an immense effect on the host's health state. It has also been shown that gut microbiome is often involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics; however, the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between the gut bacteria and the metabolism of drugs by the host are still unclear. To investigate the effect of microbial colonization on messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of liver cytochromes P450 (CYPs), the main drug-metabolizing enzymes, we used germ-free (GF) mice, lacking the intestinal flora and mice monocolonized by non-pathogenic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum NIZO2877 or probiotic bacteria Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 compared to specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Our results show that the mRNA expression of Cyp1a2 and Cyp2e1 was significantly increased, while the expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA was decreased under GF conditions compared to the SPF mice. The both bacteria L. plantarum NIZO2877 and E. coli Nissle 1917 given to the GF mice decreased the level of Cyp1a2 mRNA and normalized it to the control level. On the other hand, the colonization by these bacteria had no effect on the expression of Cyp3a11 mRNA in the liver of the GF mice (which remained decreased). Surprisingly, monocolonization with chosen bacterial strains has shown a different effect on the expression of Cyp2e1 mRNA in GF mice. Increased level of Cyp2e1 expression observed in the GF mice was found also in mice colonized by L. plantarum NIZO2877; however, the colonization with probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 caused a decrease in Cyp2e1 expression and partially restored the SPF mice conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jourová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - P Anzenbacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - B Lišková
- Department of Pharmacology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Z Matušková
- Department of Pharmacology, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - P Hermanová
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - T Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - H Kozáková
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - L Hrnčířová
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - E Anzenbacherová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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