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Zeneli L, Daci-Ajvazi M, Sekovanić A, Jurasović J, Bajraktari D. The Effects of Chromium and Vanadium on Biomarkers of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Workers Exposed to Coal Fly Ash. J Xenobiot 2022; 12:307-316. [PMID: 36278758 PMCID: PMC9590079 DOI: 10.3390/jox12040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) are micronutrients playing a role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism but can be toxic at high concentrations, especially in specific forms. The study documents the effect of Cr and V concentrations on glucose and lipid metabolism in workers exposed to coal fly ash. We quantified selected metals (Cr, V) in the blood and serum of workers from a thermal power plant in Kosovo and compared them with the reference biological values. We determined fasting serum glucose and lipid profiles using a biochemical analyzer Synchron CX7 (Beckman Coulter). We quantified blood and serum Cr and V by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We also evaluated the association between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism biomarkers (glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides) and co-exposure to coal fly ash. Power plant workers had significantly higher blood Cr and V levels (p < 0.0001) and significantly lower serum Cr and V levels (p < 0.0001) than the controls. We also found statistically significant (p < 0.0001) correlations between high blood Cr levels and low glucose/blood Cr ratios as well as between high serum Cr levels and low glucose/serum Cr ratios. Finally, in power plant workers, high blood V levels significantly correlated with low triglycerides/blood V and cholesterol/blood V ratios (p < 0.0001), while high serum V levels correlated with low cholesterol/serum V ratios (p = 0.005). Based on these findings, we concluded that the glucose/Cr, triglycerides/V and cholesterol/V ratios should be considered when evaluating carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders in occupationally-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulzim Zeneli
- Faculty of Education, University Fehmi Agani, 50000 Gjakova, Kosovo
| | - Majlinda Daci-Ajvazi
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Ankica Sekovanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Jurasović
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Demush Bajraktari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, UBT Higher Education Institution, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- Correspondence:
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Nasirzadeh N, Mohammadian Y, Dehgan G. Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Hexavalent Chromium in Iranian Workplaces: a Meta-analysis Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1551-1560. [PMID: 34420136 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) has reported in different industries. The Cr6+ has the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. The aim of this study was to provide a meta-analysis and health risk assessment of occupational exposure to Cr6+ in Iranian workplaces. Databases including Scopus, Web of Sciences (WOS), and Scientific Information Database (SID), as a national database, were searched from 2000 to February 2021. The related studies to occupational exposure to Cr6+ were selected by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Lung cancer and non-cancer risk (nasal mucosal irritation, atrophy, and perforation) of Cr6+ were estimated by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method, based on the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Also, the results of spirometry and biomonitoring of previous studies were reviewed. We found 14 articles based on inclusion criteria. Pooled concentration of Cr6+ was estimated 0.037 ± 0.002 mg/m3 which was higher than the recommended exposure limit by the ACGIH (0.002 mg/m3). The mean lung cancer risk was estimated to be 5.49E-2, which was considerable risk. In the Cr6+-exposed workers, all parameters of pulmonary function had decreased. The level of Cr6+ in urinary and blood samples was higher than threshold limit. Results indicated that exposure to Cr6+ and its health risk were more than recommended exposure limit. The results of present study could be helpful for health policy maker to control exposure to Cr6+ in workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Nasirzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Science, 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Golnoush Dehgan
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Science, 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran
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Urinary Malondialdehyde (MDA) Concentrations in the General Population—A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040160. [PMID: 35448421 PMCID: PMC9024833 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been associated with various inflammation-related human diseases. It is defined as an imbalance between the production and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can oxidize proteins, lipids, and DNA, and some of these oxidized products are excreted in urine, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), which is considered a biomarker for oxidative damage of lipids. To interpret changes of this biomarker as a measure of oxidative species overproduction in humans, a background range for urinary MDA concentration in the general population is needed. We sought to establish urinary MDA concentration ranges for healthy adult populations based on reported values in the available scientific literature. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using the standardized protocol registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020146623). EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library databases were searched from journal inception up to October 2020. We included 35 studies (divided into 47 subgroups for the quantitative analysis). Only studies that measured creatinine-corrected urinary MDA with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS), fluorescence detection, or UV photometry were included. The geometric mean (GM) of urinary MDA concentration was 0.10 mg/g creatinine and 95% percentile confidence interval (CI) 0.07–0.12. Age, geographical location but not sex, and smoking status had a significant effect on urinary MDA concentrations. There was a significant increasing trend of urinary MDA concentrations with age. These urinary MDA values should be considered preliminary, as they are based on mostly moderate to some low-quality evidence studies. Although urinary MDA can reliably reflect excessive oxidative stress in a population, the influence of physiological parameters that affect its meaning needs to be addressed as well as harmonizing the chemical analytical methods.
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Rafiee A, Delgado-Saborit JM, Sly PD, Amiri H, Mosalaei S, Hoseini M. Health consequences of disinfection against SARS-CoV-2: Exploring oxidative stress damage using a biomonitoring approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152832. [PMID: 34986424 PMCID: PMC8720300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Individuals who get involved in the disinfection of public settings using sodium hypochlorite might suffer adverse health effects. However, scarce information is available on the potential oxidative stress damage caused at low concentrations typically used for disinfection. We aimed to assess whether exposure to sodium hypochlorite during the COVID-19 pandemic causes oxidative stress damage in workers engaged in disinfection tasks. 75 operators engaged in the disinfection of public places were recruited as the case group, and 60 individuals who were not exposed to disinfectant were chosen as the control group. Spot urine samples were collected before (BE) and after exposure (AE) to disinfectants in the case group. Likewise, controls provided two spot urine samples in the same way as the case group. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were quantified by forming thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the urine. In addition, the concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the urine was determined using an ELISA kit. Results showed significant differences in the urinary levels of oxidative stress markers, where median 8-OHdG (AE case: 3.84 ± 2.89 μg/g creatinine vs AE control 2.54 ± 1.21 μg/g creatinine) and MDA (AE case: 169 ± 89 μg/g creatinine vs AE control 121 ± 47 μg/g creatinine) levels in case group AE samples were 1.55 and 1.35-times higher than the control group AE samples (P < 0.05), respectively. Besides, urinary levels of oxidative stress markers in AE samples of the case group were significantly higher than in BE samples (8-OHdG BE 3.40 ± 1.95 μg/g creatinine, MDA BE 136 ± 51.3 μg/g creatinine, P < 0.05). Our results indicated that exposure to even low levels of sodium hypochlorite used in disinfection practices might cause oxidative stress related damage. With this in mind, implementing robust protective measures, such as specific respirators, is crucial to reduce the health burdens of exposure to disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- Universitat Jaume I, Perinatal Epidemiology, Environmental Health and Clinical Research, School of Medicine, Castellon, Spain; ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Sly
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Center, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hoda Amiri
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Shamim Mosalaei
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Ni X, Wan L, Liang P, Zheng R, Lin Z, Chen R, Pei M, Shen Y. The acute toxic effects of hexavalent chromium on the liver of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108734. [PMID: 32151776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is toxic to marine animals and can cause damage to many of their organs, including the liver. To test the toxicity of chromium on marine organisms, we exposed the liver of the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Our results show that Cr enrichment in the liver demonstrates a positive correlation to the exposure concentration. With the increase of Cr(VI) concentration, pathological changes including nuclear migration, cell vacuolization, blurred intercellular gap, nuclear condensation, become noticeable. To further study changes in gene expression in the liver after Cr(VI) exposure, we used RNA-seq to compare expression profiles before and after Cr(VI) exposure. After acute Cr(VI) exposure (2.61 mg/l) for 96 h, 5862 transcripts significantly changed. It is the first time that the PPAR pathway was found to respond sensitively to Cr(VI) exposure in fish. Finally, combined with other published study, we found that there may be some difference between Cr(VI) toxicity in seawater fish and freshwater fish, due to degree of oxidative stress, distribution patterns and detailed Cr(VI) toxicological mechanisms. Not only does our study explore the mechanisms of Cr(VI) toxicity on the livers of marine medaka, it also points out different Cr(VI) toxicity levels and potential mechanisms between seawater fish and freshwater fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ni
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lei Wan
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Bellastem Biotechnology Limited, Weifang, Shandong 261503, China
| | - Pingping Liang
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zeyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Ruichao Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengke Pei
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, China
| | - Yingjia Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems (Xiamen University), Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Coastal Pollution Prevention and Control, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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Pan CH, Jeng HA, Lai CH. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in electroplating workers exposed to hexavalent chromium. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:76-83. [PMID: 28120834 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates levels of biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in 105 male workers at 16 electroplating companies who had been exposed to hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). The study participants were 230 non-smoking male workers, comprising 105 electroplating workers who had been exposed to chromium and 125 control subjects who performed office tasks. Personal air samples, spot urine samples, hair samples, fingernail samples and questionnaires were used to quantify exposure to Cr(VI), oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and environmental pollutants. Both the geometric mean personal concentrations of Cr(VI) of the Cr-exposed workers and the total Cr concentrations in the air to which they were exposed significantly exceeded those for the control subjects. The geometric mean concentrations of Cr in urine, hair and fingernails, and the urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the Cr(VI) exposed workers exceeded those in the control subjects. Daily cumulative Cr(VI) exposure and urinary Cr were significantly correlated with urinary 8-OHdG levels following adjustments for covariates. A ten-fold increase in urinary Cr level was associated with a 1.73-fold increase in urinary 8-OHdG level. Daily cumulative Cr(VI) exposure and urinary Cr level were significantly correlated with urinary MDA level following adjustments for covariates. A ten-fold increase in urinary Cr was associated with a 1.45-fold increase in urinary MDA. Exposure to Cr(VI) increased oxidative DNA injury and the oxidative deterioration of lipids in electroplating workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hong Pan
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hueiwang Anna Jeng
- School of Community and Environmental Health, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Ching-Huang Lai
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Mozafari P, Rezazadeh Azari M, Shokoohi Y, Sayadi M. Feasibility of Biological Effective Monitoring of Chrome Electroplaters to Chromium through Analysis of Serum Malondialdehyde. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2017; 7:199-206. [PMID: 27651080 PMCID: PMC6817963 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2016.782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Great concern about occupational exposure to chromium (Cr [VI]) has been reported due to escalated risk of lung cancer in exposed workers. Consequences of occupational exposure to Cr (VI) have been reported as oxidative stress and lung tissue damage. OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of biological effect monitoring of chrome electroplaters through analysis of serum malondialdehyde (MDA). METHODS 90 workers directly involved in chrome electroplating---categorized into three equal groups based on their job as near bath workers, degreaser, and washers---and 30 workers without exposure to Cr (VI), served as the control group, were studied. Personal samples were collected and analyzed according to NIOSH method 7600. Serum MDA level was measured by HPLC using a UV detector. RESULTS Median Cr (VI) exposure level was 0.38 mg/m(3) in near bath workers, 0.20 mg/m(3) in degreasers, and 0.05 mg/m(3) in washers. The median serum MDA level of three exposed groups (2.76 μmol/L) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than that in the control group (2.00 μmol/L). There was a positive correlation between electroplaters' level of exposure to Cr (VI) and their serum MDA level (Spearman's ρ 0.806, p<0.001). CONCLUSION Serum MDA level is a good biomarker for the level of occupational exposure to Cr (VI) in electroplaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mozafari
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Prevention of Injury Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,College of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Y Shokoohi
- School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Sayadi
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Boşgelmez Iİ, Güvendik G. N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Protects Liver and Kidney Against Chromium(VI)-Induced Oxidative Stress in Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 178:44-53. [PMID: 27888451 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compound exposure may lead to hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects. Cr(VI) reduction may generate reactive intermediates and radicals which might be associated with damage. We investigated effects of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) pre- or post-treatment on oxidative stress and accumulation of Cr in liver and kidney of Cr(VI)-exposed mice. Intraperitoneal potassium dichromate injection (20 mg Cr/kg) caused a significant elevation of lipid peroxidation in both tissues as compared to control (p < 0.05). Significant decreases in non-protein sulfhydryl (NPSH) level, as well as enzyme activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) along with significant accumulation of Cr in the tissues (p < 0.05) were of note. NAC pre-treatment (200 mg/kg, ip) provided a noticeable alleviation of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) in both tissues, whereas post-treatment exerted significant effect only in kidney. Similarly, Cr(VI)-induced NPSH decline was restored by NAC pre-treatment in both tissues (p < 0.05); however, NAC post-treatment could only replenish NPSH in liver (p < 0.05). Regarding enzyme activities, in liver tissue NAC pre-treatment provided significant restoration on Cr(VI)-induced CAT inhibition (p < 0.05), while SOD enzyme activity was regulated to some extent. In kidney, SOD activity was efficiently restored by both treatments (p < 0.05), whereas CAT enzyme alteration could not be totally relieved. Additionally, NAC pre-treatment in both tissues and post-treatment in liver exerted significant tissue Cr level decreases (p < 0.05). Overall, especially NAC pre-treatment seems to provide beneficial effects in regulating pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance and Cr accumulation caused by Cr(VI) in liver and kidney. This finding may be due to several mechanisms including extracellular reduction or chelation of Cr(VI) by readily available NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- I İpek Boşgelmez
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gülin Güvendik
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
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Ray RR. Adverse hematological effects of hexavalent chromium: an overview. Interdiscip Toxicol 2017; 9:55-65. [PMID: 28652847 PMCID: PMC5458105 DOI: 10.1515/intox-2016-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Workers of tanneries, welding industries, factories manufacturing chromate containing paints are exposed to hexavalent chromium that increases the risk of developing serious adverse health effects. This review elucidates the mode of action of hexavalent chromium on blood and its adverse effects. Both leukocyte and erythrocyte counts of blood sharply decreased in Swiss mice after two weeks of intraperitoneal treatment with Cr (VI), with the erythrocytes transforming into echinocytes. The hexavalent chromium in the blood is readily reduced to trivalent form and the reductive capacity of erythrocytes is much greater than that of plasma. Excess Cr (VI), not reduced in plasma, may enter erythrocytes and lymphocytes and in rodents it induces microcytic anemia. The toxic effects of chromium (VI) include mitochondrial injury and DNA damage of blood cells that leads to carcinogenicity. Excess Cr (VI) increases cytosolic Ca2+ activity and ATP depletion thereby inducing eryptosis. Se, vitamin C, and quercetin are assumed to have some protective effect against hexavalent chromium induced hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Rani Ray
- Postgraduate Department of Zoology, Bethune College, 181, Bidhan Sarani, Kolkata: 700 006, India
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Campos CF, Júnior EODC, Souto HN, Sousa EDF, Pereira BB. Biomonitoring of the environmental genotoxic potential of emissions from a complex of ceramic industries in Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil, using Tradescantia pallida. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:123-128. [PMID: 26818189 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1118714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) test and analysis of heavy metal biological accumulation in Tradescantia pallida (T. pallida) were bioassays used to assess the genotoxic potential of emissions from a complex of ceramic industries into the atmosphere in a city in Brazil that is considered a national reference source for roof tile production. The ceramic industry emission-exposed T. pallida plants were biomonitored during the dry season, in June, July, and August 2013. In addition to the contaminated monitoring site, a reference site in a peri-urban area was utilized, for comparative purposes. Genotoxicity assessments were determined monthly, while heavy metal bioaccumulation was measured at the end of the total exposure period. The MN frequency was significantly greater in T. pallida plants exposed in the ceramic industry emission monitored area compared to the reference site, and highest MN rates were observed in July and August. With respect to heavy metal bioaccumulation in T. pallida leaves, cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) concentrations were significantly higher in plants at the ceramic industry emission monitoring site. Thus, in relation to the parameters assessed, T. pallida was found to be sensitive to atmospheric contamination by heavy metals attributed to ceramic products emissions generated by the ceramic industry, confirming that this plant species may be employed as a reference organism in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fernando Campos
- a Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Umuarama Campus , Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Edimar Olegário de Campos Júnior
- a Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Umuarama Campus , Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Henrique Nazareth Souto
- a Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Umuarama Campus , Avenida Pará, 1720, 38.400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Freitas Sousa
- b Fundação Carmelitana Mário Palmério , Department of Biological Sciences , Avenida Brasil Oeste, 38.500-000, Monte Carmelo, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Boscolli Barbosa Pereira
- c Federal University of Uberlândia, Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Santa Monica Campus , Avenida João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38.408-100, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Samuel JB, Stanley JA, Sekar P, Princess RA, Sebastian MS, Aruldhas MM. Persistent hexavalent chromium exposure impaired the pubertal development and ovarian histoarchitecture in wistar rat offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:814-828. [PMID: 22936640 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a highly toxic metal and a major environmental pollutant. Several studies indicate that CrVI exposure adversely affects reproductive function. We reported that maternal Cr exposure resulted in Cr accumulation in the reproductive organs of female offsprings. CrVI can cross the placental barrier and also can be passed through breastfeeding. The present investigation aimed to determine the persistent (in utero through puberal period) CrVI exposure-induced toxic effects on the reproductive functions of mother and the offspring. Induction of oxidative stress is one of the plausible mechanisms behind Cr-induced cellular deteriorations. Mother rats exposed to CrVI showed reduced reproductive outcome, while the offsprings showed higher accumulation of Cr in ovary, altered steroid, and peptide hormones. Specific activities of antioxidant enzymes were decreased and associated with increased levels of H2 O2 , and lipid peroxidation. CrVI exposure also damaged the ovarian histoarchitecture in various age groups studied. CrVI exposure also delayed the sexual maturation. Results from the present investigation suggest that CrVI exposure from in utero through puberal period significantly damaged the pubertal development through altered antioxidants, anemia, and altered hormone levels. These changes were associated with damaged ovarian histoarchitecture and extended estrous cycle in developing Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar B Samuel
- Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Thirunelveli, TN 627002, India
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12
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Tight junction proteins and oxidative stress in heavy metals-induced nephrotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:730789. [PMID: 23710457 PMCID: PMC3654622 DOI: 10.1155/2013/730789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kidney is a target organ for heavy metals. They accumulate in several segments of the nephron and cause profound alterations in morphology and function. Acute intoxication frequently causes acute renal failure. The effects of chronic exposure have not been fully disclosed. In recent years increasing awareness of the consequences of their presence in the kidney has evolved. In this review we focus on the alterations induced by heavy metals on the intercellular junctions of the kidney. We describe that in addition to the proximal tubule, which has been recognized as the main site of accumulation and injury, other segments of the nephron, such as glomeruli, vessels, and distal nephron, show also deleterious effects. We also emphasize the participation of oxidative stress as a relevant component of the renal damage induced by heavy metals and the beneficial effect that some antioxidant drugs, such as vitamin A (all-trans-retinoic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol), depict on the morphological and functional alterations induced by heavy metals.
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Oxidative damage induced by chromium (VI) in rat erythrocytes: protective effect of selenium. J Physiol Biochem 2011; 67:577-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-011-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Rondinone B, D'Agata V, Iavicoli S. Direct-oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induction in different human respiratory cells exposed to low concentrations of sodium chromate. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:218-25. [PMID: 19839025 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of Cr(VI) genotoxicity has still not been elucidated. We used Fpg-modified comet assay to assess direct-oxidative DNA damage on human lung (A549) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10 microm sodium chromate for 0.5, 1 and 4 h. Moreover we evaluated apoptosis by morphological analysis and caspase-3 activity, also after 24 h. On A549 cells a time-dependent DNA damage, expressed as tail DNA%, beginning from 0.5 microm was found. For oxidative DNA damage an induction after 30 min to 0.5 microm decreasing with time, and a time-dependent increase at 10 microm was found, indicating for low Cr(VI) concentration the oxidative stress as the first event followed by direct DNA damage and for the highest concentration a time-dependent increase in oxidative DNA damage. On BEAS-2B cells DNA damage was induced within 1 h at 0.5-10 microm, without changes with time, showing that BEAS-2B cells are able to resist to Cr(VI) genotoxicity. Early oxidative DNA damage at 0.1 microm decreasing with time was also found. Significant apoptosis was observed by morphological analysis in A549 cells and to a lower extent in BEAS-2B at 10 microm. The exposure to 10 microm induced caspase-3 activity after 4 h in BEAS-2B and after 24 h in A549 cells. The findings show a higher responsiveness of A549 cells to genotoxic effect of Cr(VI) and early transient oxidative DNA damage in BEAS-2B. The results emphasize the suitability of this experimental model to evaluate the early genotoxic response of different cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations of Cr(VI) on target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, ISPESL - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Soudani N, Sefi M, Ben Amara I, Boudawara T, Zeghal N. Protective effects of Selenium (Se) on Chromium (VI) induced nephrotoxicity in adult rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:671-678. [PMID: 19913299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromium is a toxic metal implicated in human diseases. This study was focused on investigating the possible protective effect of Se against K(2)Cr(2)O(7). Female Wistar rats, used in this study, were divided into four groups of six animals each: group I served as control which received standard diet; group II received orally only K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (700 ppm equivalent to 67 mg/kgbw); group III received both K(2)Cr(2)O(7) and Se (0.5 mg/kg of diet); group IV received Se (0.5mg Na(2)SeO(3)/kg of diet). The exposure of rats to K(2)Cr(2)O(7) for 21 days provoked renal damages with a significant increase in kidney malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, plasma creatinine, and uric acid levels, while catalase, glutathione peroxidase, non-protein thiol, Metallothionein and plasma urea levels decreased. Coadministration of Se in the diet of chromium-treated group improved malondialdehyde, renal biomarkers levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. Kidney histological studies confirmed biochemical parameters and the beneficial role of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Soudani
- Animal Physiology Laboratory, Life Sciences Department, UR/08-73 Sfax Faculty of Sciences, BP 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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16
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Samuel JB, Stanley JA, Roopha DP, Vengatesh G, Anbalagan J, Banu SK, Aruldhas MM. Lactational hexavalent chromium exposure-induced oxidative stress in rat uterus is associated with delayed puberty and impaired gonadotropin levels. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:91-101. [PMID: 20203132 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110364638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a transition element utilized in many fields of modern industries. CrVI is a reproductive metal toxicant that can traverse the placental barrier and cause a wide range of fetal effects. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the CrVI-induced utero-toxicity. In the present study, lactating rats received drinking water containing CrVI (50 mg/L and 200 mg/L) from postnatal days (PND) 1-21. During PND 1-21, the pups received CrVI via the mother's milk. Pups from both control and treatment groups were continued on regular diet and water from PND-21 onwards and euthanized on PND-45 and -65. Specific activities antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were estimated. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and serum gonadotropins viz. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were also assayed. Specific activities of SOD, CAT, GPX, GR and GST and serum testosterone and progesterone were significantly decreased, while H₂O₂, LPO and serum FSH was increased in 50-parts per million (ppm) and 200 ppm-treated rats in an age-dependent manner. These results suggest that lactational CrVI exposure induces oxidative stress in rat uterus by decreasing antioxidant enzymes, which were associated with delayed puberty and altered steroids and gonadotrophin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar B Samuel
- Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Thirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India.
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17
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Parveen K, Khan MR, Siddiqui WA. Pycnogenol prevents potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 181:343-50. [PMID: 19665454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to chromium compounds, especially hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], is widely recognized as a potential nephrotoxic in humans and animals. Its toxicity is associated with overproduction of free radicals, which induces oxidative damage. Recent evidence indicates that Pycnogenol (PYC), French maritime pine bark extract, exhibits antioxidant potential and protects against various oxidative stressors. The aim of the present study was to examine the modulating impacts of PYC on potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group was control, the second group was control plus pre-treated with PYC (10 mg/kg, body weight; in saline; intraperitoneally; once daily for 3 weeks) as drug control and the third group was saline pre-treated plus treated with a single injection of K2Cr2O7 (15 mg/kg, body weight; in saline; intraperitoneally) as toxicant group. The fourth group was PYC pre-treated plus K2Cr2O7 injected. Forty-eight hours after K2Cr2O7-treatment, blood was drawn for estimation of renal injury markers in serum. Rats were then sacrificed, and their kidneys were dissected for biochemical and histopathological assays. K2Cr2O7-treated rats showed significant increases in markers of renal injury in serum, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by PYC pre-treatment. Moreover, prophylactic pre-treatment of rats with PYC significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated increased thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS), malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC), and decreased levels of glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in the kidney homogenate of K2Cr2O7-treated rats. These results were also supported and confirmed with histopathological findings. The study suggests that PYC is effective in preventing K2Cr2O7-induced oxidative mediated nephrotoxicity, but more studies are needed to confirm the effects of PYC as a nephroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkashan Parveen
- Department of Biochemistry, Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Becerra-Torres SL, Rodríguez-Vázquez ML, Medina-Ramírez IE, Jaramillo-Juárez F. Potassium dichromate-induced changes on urinary-specific activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase enzymes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2009; 32:21-5. [PMID: 19514935 DOI: 10.1080/01480540802416190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that potassium dichromate-induced nephrotoxicity is evidenced by diminution in creatinine clearance, increase in urinary protein, and structural damage to the proximal tubules. Damage to tissue often leads to the release of enzymes from the injured cells into the extracellular fluids. The aim of this study was to establish whether potassium dichromate induces changes in the urinary-specific activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alanine aminopeptidase enzymes. Our results show that the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of potassium dichromate decreased the activity of such enzymes in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lucio Becerra-Torres
- Departamentos de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México.
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19
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Boşgelmez II, Söylemezoğlu T, Güvendik G. The protective and antidotal effects of taurine on hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative stress in mice liver tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2008; 125:46-58. [PMID: 18528645 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compounds can cause hepatotoxicity. Reactive intermediates and free radicals generated during reduction process may be responsible for Cr(VI) toxicity. In this study, the effects of pretreatment or posttreatment of taurine on Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress and chromium accumulation in liver tissue of Swiss Albino mice were investigated. Single intraperitoneal (ip) potassium dichromate treatment (20 mgCr/kg), as Cr(VI) compound, significantly elevated the level of lipid peroxidation as compared with control group (p < 0.05). This was accompanied by significant decreases in nonprotein sulfhydryls (NPSHs) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities as well as a significant chromium accumulation in the tissue (p < 0.05). Taurine administration (1 g/kg, ip) before or after Cr(VI) exposure resulted in reduction of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05) showed rebalancing effect on tissue NPSH levels either in pretreatment or in posttreatment (p < 0.05). Enzyme activities of SOD and CAT were restored by taurine pretreatment (p < 0.05), whereas posttreatment had less pronounced effects on these parameters. On the other hand, taurine treatment, before or after exposure, could exert only slight decreases in tissue Cr levels (p > 0.05). In view of the results, taurine seems to exert some beneficial effects against Cr(VI)-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ipek Boşgelmez
- Department of Toxicology, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Pedraza-Chaverri J. PJ34, a Poly Adenosine Diphosphate-Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor, Attenuates Chromate-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:483-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Villanueva C, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuates potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1089-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Staruchova M, Collins AR, Volkovova K, Mislanová C, Kovacikova Z, Tulinska J, Kocan A, Staruch L, Wsolova L, Dusinska M. Occupational exposure to mineral fibres. Biomarkers of oxidative damage and antioxidant defence and associations with DNA damage and repair. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:249-60. [PMID: 18281292 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the effect of mineral wool exposure on oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, an epidemiological study was conducted in a mineral wool factory in Slovakia. Altogether 141 subjects were investigated (21-58 years old), 43 controls (20 men and 23 women: 27 non-smokers, 16 smokers) and 98 exposed (75 men and 23 women: 61 non-smokers, 37 smokers). We found higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the group of all exposed workers (P = 0.025) and in exposed non-smokers (P = 0.003) and a significantly suppressed activity of ceruloplasmin oxidase (P = 0.02, P < 0.02, respectively) and catalase (CAT) (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, respectively) in these groups. The activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was affected by exposure to mineral wool; levels were significantly lower in all exposed subjects (P = 0.04), in the exposed non-smokers (P = 0.03) and in exposed men (P < 0.01). Concentrations of vitamin C in plasma and the ferric-reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) were not affected by the mineral wool exposure. There was a significant negative correlation between the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and MDA in the whole group (P < 0.01) and in the exposed group and between CAT activity and MDA in all subjects (P < 0.01). GST activity correlated inversely with oxidized pyrimidines in lymphocyte DNA, in almost all subgroups. We found significant negative correlations between DNA repair and GPX in all subjects (P = 0.03) as well as in control men (P < 0.03) and between DNA repair and CAT in all control subjects (P < 0.02) and in control men (P < 0.01). Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between DNA repair and MDA in all subjects (P < 0.01) and in all exposed subjects (P < 0.03). The presented results indicate that mineral wool exposure induces an increase in oxidative damage to biomolecules especially in the group of male non-smokers. However, optimal levels of antioxidants could have a protective effect. Biomarkers such as MDA, antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant vitamins measured in blood may be useful biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant protection. We do not recommend FRAP as a marker of antioxidant status as interference from other constituents can provide false or confusing results. Our study supports the idea that there might also be other mechanisms by which antioxidant enzymes (especially GST) protect cells against oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Staruchova
- Research Base of Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Pedraza-Chaverri J, Yam-Canul P, Chirino YI, Sánchez-González DJ, Martínez-Martínez CM, Cruz C, Medina-Campos ON. Protective effects of garlic powder against potassium dichromate-induced oxidative stress and nephrotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:619-27. [PMID: 17950512 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7))-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress. In the present work the effect of garlic powder, a recognized antioxidant, on K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress was studied. Rats were fed a 2% garlic powder diet for 1 month. A single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7) (15 mg/kg) to rats induced tubule interstitial damage and an increase in the following markers of renal injury 2 days later: blood urea nitrogen (4.6-fold), serum creatinine (9.7-fold), proteinuria (35.9-fold), urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (12.9-fold) and glutathione-S-transferase (2.3-fold) and a decrease of 65% in serum glutathione peroxidase activity. In addition, K(2)Cr(2)O(7) injection increased the following nitrosative and oxidative stress markers in kidney: 3-nitrotyrosine (1.9-fold), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (2.1-fold), malondialdehyde (1.8-fold) and protein carbonyl content (1.7-fold). It was found that garlic powder feeding was able to prevent by 44-71% the alterations in the markers of renal injury studied, by 55% the histological damage, and by 47-100% the increase in markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress. It is concluded that the ability of garlic powder to ameliorate K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-induced renal injury is associated with its antioxidant properties. Our data support the use of garlic powder as a renoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio F, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., Mexico.
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Liao YH, Hwang LC, Kao JS, Yiin SJ, Lin SF, Lin CH, Lin YC, Aw TC. Lipid peroxidation in workers exposed to aluminium, gallium, indium, arsenic, and antimony in the optoelectronic industry. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 48:789-93. [PMID: 16902371 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000229782.71756.8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate whether exposure to aluminum, gallium, indium, arsenic, and antimony induces lipid peroxidation in humans. METHODS Whole blood and urine levels of 103 exposed electronic industry workers and 67 referents were analyzed by use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Malondialdehyde (MDA), the product of lipid peroxidation, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The mean plasma MDA level in the 103 workers was significantly higher than that in 67 referents. The levels of MDA in the exposed workers were correlated significantly with the levels of urinary gallium and arsenic. CONCLUSIONS Malondialdehyde as an index of lipid peroxidation can be induced by gallium and arsenic exposure. By reducing exposure to these metals, biologic effects such as lipid peroxidation may also be diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiung Liao
- Kent Institute of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Kent, and School of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan [corrected]
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Kalahasthi RB, Rao RHR, Murthy RBK, Kumar MK. Effect of chromium(VI) on the status of plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in chromium plating workers. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 164:192-9. [PMID: 17098216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was carried out to determine the effect of chromium(VI) on the status of plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes in workers exposed to chromium during chromium plating process. METHODS Fifty subjects working in chromium plating process formed the study group. An equal number of age-sex matched subjects working in administrative units formed the control group. The control subjects were residing in the same city but away from the work place of study group subjects. Urinary chromium levels were determined by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The plasma lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were determined by using spectrophotmetric methods. RESULTS A significant increase of plasma lipid peroxidation and a significant decrease of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels were noted in the study group as compared with the controls. The level of plasma lipid peroxidation was positively and erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes were negatively and significantly correlated with chromium levels in urine. Multiple regression analysis was assessed the oxidative stress associated with chromium and life style confounding factors such as BMI, coffee, tea, alcohol and smoking. The multiple regression analysis showed that the urine chromium levels >10 micro g/g of creatinine, smoking, consumption of green vegetables and BMI variables were significantly associated with the levels of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION The results show that the increased plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) observed in chromium-exposed workers could be used as biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Babu Kalahasthi
- Regional Occupational Health Centre (Southern), Indian Council of Medical Research, Bangalore Medical College Campus, Bangalore, India.
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Chang FH, Wang SL, Huang YL, Tsai MH, Yu ST, Chang LW. Biomonitoring of chromium for residents of areas with a high density of electroplating factories. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2006; 16:138-46. [PMID: 16106258 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The high density of electroplating factories in the geographic middle of Taiwan has prompted concern over the potential for exposure to harmful metals. The present study aimed to determine the levels of chromium in whole blood (B-Cr) of residents living in the high vs. low factory-density areas, and to examine the relations to gender and age. A total of 660 residents who had not moved within the 5 years preceding the study were sampled according to the stratified random sampling approach, at ages 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 years, for both genders. Chromium determinations (n=641) were made using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. The geometric mean (95% C.I.) of B-Cr was 0.357 (0.34-0.38) microg/l. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) nonparametric 0.95 reference limits of B-Cr was estimated to be <0.905 microg/l. B-Cr levels decreased with increasing age. Subjects in the areas with a high density (0.38 microg/l, 95% C.I.: 0.36-0.40) of electroplating factories had significantly higher B-Cr levels, compared to residents of the low-density (0.27, 0.25-0.30) areas and to the general population from western countries. The health significance of the elevated B-Cr remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hsiang Chang
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan
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27
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Maeng SH, Chung HW, Kim KJ, Lee BM, Shin YC, Kim SJ, Yu IJ. Chromosome aberration and lipid peroxidation in chromium-exposed workers. Biomarkers 2005; 9:418-34. [PMID: 15849063 DOI: 10.1080/13547500400022200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome aberration frequency and lipid peroxidation levels were analyzed to investigate their efficacy as biological markers for monitoring the genotoxicity and oxidative damage in Korean chromium (Cr)-exposed workers. Fifty-one Cr-exposed workers and 31 age-matched controls in ten chrome-plating plants were sampled. The Cr level was measured in the workers' blood and urine, and in the ambient air at the workplaces. The conventional Giemsa staining method and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique were used for chromosome aberration analysis. Spectrum green whole chromosome paint specific for chromosome 4 was used in the FISH procedure. As for lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured in the blood plasma as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The blood Cr concentration was statistically correlated with both the frequency of chromatid exchange and the total frequency of chromosome/chromatid breaks and exchanges, as detected by the Giemsa staining. Meanwhile, the frequency of translocation, as detected by the FISH technique, was significantly higher in the Cr-exposed workers than in the controls and it correlated with the blood Cr concentration. Although the concentration of MDA, the metabolite of lipid peroxidation, in the exposed workers was higher than that of the controls, no statistically significant correlation between the MDA level and the blood or urine Cr levels was observed. Accordingly, the genotoxicity and oxidative damage (plasma lipid peroxidation) in the Korean Cr-exposed workers were consequential at quite low exposure levels, plus chromosome rearrangement, especially translocation, was clearly evident as a biological response marker for Cr exposure based on a significant positive correlation between the translocations detected by FISH and the Cr in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Maeng
- Center for Occupational Toxicology, Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency, 104-8 Munji-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea
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Goulart M, Batoréu MC, Rodrigues AS, Laires A, Rueff J. Lipoperoxidation products and thiol antioxidants in chromium exposed workers. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:311-5. [PMID: 15985443 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium is an established carcinogenic agent, which is not directly reactive with DNA. Its genotoxicity involves a reduction step, producing reactive oxygen species and radicals, and also lower valence forms which form stable complexes with intracellular macromolecules. The trivalent form of chromium may directly react with the genetic material and has also been shown to generate oxidative damage in vitro. To further evaluate the importance of in vivo oxidative DNA damage in the toxicity of each valence form, we conducted a comparative study on hexavalent and trivalent chromium-exposed workers (manual metal arc stainless steel welders and leather tanning workers), focusing on the total oxidative status by quantifying the level of lipoperoxidation products in urine. Thiol antioxidants are important in response to oxidative stress, and therefore, the concentration of glutathione and cysteine in peripheral blood lymphocytes was also determined. Chromium exposure was evaluated by quantifying total chromium in plasma and urine. Both groups had a significant increase in lipid peroxidation products expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) in urine (tanners 1.42 +/- 0.61 micromol/g creatinine, welders 1.67 +/- 1.13 micromol/g creatinine versus controls 0.81 +/- 0.26 micromol/g creatinine, P < 0.005 in both cases) but only welders had a significant decrease in glutathione concentration in lymphocytes. There was a positive correlation between chromium in plasma and urinary MDA in welders, but not in tanners. This work is part of a larger study of which major results have been published previously including cytogenetics and DNA-protein cross-links in workers exposed to the two different forms of chromium. These results are compared with the results of oxidative damage from this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goulart
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, New University of Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira 96, P 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Barrera D, Medina-Campos ON, Carvajal RC, Hernández-Pando R, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Maldonado PD, Salcedo MI, Tapia E, Saldívar L, Castilla ME, Ibarra-Rubio ME. Time course study of oxidative and nitrosative stress and antioxidant enzymes in K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity. BMC Nephrol 2005; 6:4. [PMID: 15854231 PMCID: PMC1142323 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-6-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative and nitrosative stress. In this study we investigated the relation between the time course of the oxidative and nitrosative stress with kidney damage and alterations in the following antioxidant enzymes: Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), Mn-SOD, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT). Methods Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by a single injection of K2Cr2O7. Groups of animals were sacrificed on days 1,2,3,4,6,8,10, and 12. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated by histological studies and by measuring creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) and total protein. Oxidative and nitrosative stress were measured by immunohistochemical localization of protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyrosine, respectively. Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT were studied by immunohistochemical localization. The activity of total SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR was also measured as well as serum and kidney content of chromium and urinary excretion of NO2 -/NO3-. Data were compared by two-way analysis of variance followed by a post hoc test. Results Serum and kidney chromium content increased reaching the highest value on day 1. Nephrotoxicity was made evident by the decrease in creatinine clearance (days 1–4) and by the increase in serum creatinine (days 1–4), BUN (days 1–6), urinary excretion of NAG (days 1–4), and total protein (day 1–6) and by the structural damage to the proximal tubules (days 1–6). Oxidative and nitrosative stress were clearly evident on days 1–8. Urinary excretion of NO2-/NO3- decreased on days 2–6. Mn-SOD and Cu, Zn-SOD, estimated by immunohistochemistry, and total SOD activity remained unchanged. Activity of GPx decreased on days 3–12 and those of GR and CAT on days 2–10. Similar findings were observed by immunohistochemistry of CAT. Conclusion These data show the association between oxidative and nitrosative stress with functional and structural renal damage induced by K2Cr2O7. Renal antioxidant enzymes were regulated differentially and were not closely associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress or with kidney damage. In addition, the decrease in the urinary excretion of NO2-/NO3- was associated with the renal nitrosative stress suggesting that nitric oxide was derived to the formation of reactive nitrogen species involved in protein nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedraza-Chaverrí
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Diana Barrera
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Omar N Medina-Campos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Raymundo C Carvajal
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Departamento de Patología, 14000, México, D.F., México
| | - Norma A Macías-Ruvalcaba
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Laboratorio 124, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Perla D Maldonado
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Marcos I Salcedo
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Juan Badiano #1, Col Sección XVI, 14080 Tlalpan, México, D.F., México
| | - Liliana Saldívar
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - María E Castilla
- Facultad de Química, Edificio B, Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, D.F., México
| | - María E Ibarra-Rubio
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Biología, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Laboratorio 209, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México, D.F., México
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Kakkar P, Jaffery FN. Biological markers for metal toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:335-49. [PMID: 21783494 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment is often considered the weakest link in risk assessment. It is important for investigators to continue to utilize the full potential of biomarkers for chemicals whose exposure is of global concern. This review is concerned with the biomarkers of metal toxicity, as the overall exposure to metals encountered occupationally or in the environment would continue causing indirect, delayed effects therefore ecoepidemiology, using designed molecular probes and noninvasive diagnostics will be the leading component for future management of environmental health. An attempt is made here at appraising the need for the development of more biomarkers for use in environmental epidemiology and health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kakkar
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box-80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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Barrera D, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Hernández-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverrí J. Protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: the indispensability of HO-1 preinduction and lack of association with some antioxidant enzymes. Life Sci 2003; 73:3027-41. [PMID: 14519451 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that the ameliorative effect of stannous chloride (SnCl2) pretreatment on potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7)-induced renal damage 24 h after K2Cr2O7 injection was associated with the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). In this work we evaluated: (a) if the protective effect of SnCl2 (given 12 h before K2Cr2O7) is associated with changes in the renal activity of HO-1, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase (CAT) 24 and 48 h after K2Cr2O7 injection, and (b) if HO-1 induction is indispensable before K2Cr2O7 injection. It was found that the protective effect of SnCl2 on renal function was observed both at 24 and 48 h reaching its maximum at 24 h when HO-1 expression was higher. Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and GR activities remained unchanged whereas GPx and CAT activities decreased at 48 h in K2Cr2O7-treated rats. The activity of Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, CAT, and GR was unchanged in the SnCl2-treated rats. To fulfill the objective (b) groups of rats treated with K2Cr2O7 and SnCl2 (given at the same time or 12 h after K2Cr2O7) were studied 24 h after K2Cr2O7-injection. The simultaneous injections of SnCl2 and K2Cr2O7 had no protective effect whereas the injection of SnCl2 12 h after K2Cr2O7 exacerbated renal damage. In conclusion, the protective effect of SnCl2 on K2Cr2O7-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with HO-1 induction and not with other antioxidant enzymes (Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx, GR, and CAT) and SnCl2 has a preventive and not a therapeutic effect on renal damage induced by K2Cr2O7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barrera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio B, Segundo Piso, Lab 209, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
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Amorim LCA. Os biomarcadores e sua aplicação na avaliação da exposição aos agentes químicos ambientais. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2003. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2003000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A Saúde Ambiental tem como um de seus objetivos, a prevenção dos danos à saúde causados por contaminantes químicos presentes no meio ambiente, fazendo com que os níveis desta exposição sejam mantidos em valores que não constituam um risco inaceitável. Para isso, tornam-se necessárias a identificação e quantificação deste risco através da avaliação biológica da exposição humana. Este é um artigo de revisão que busca apresentar conceitos e concepções que abrangem o uso dos parâmetros biológicos com a finalidade de avaliar a exposição às substâncias químicas e estimar o risco das populações expostas. Os biomarcadores podem ser usados para vários propósitos, dependendo da finalidade do estudo e do tipo da exposição e podem ser classificados em três tipos: de exposição, de efeito e de suscetibilidade, os quais são instrumentos que possibilitam identificar a substância tóxica ou uma condição adversa antes que sejam evidenciados danos à saúde. Novos parâmetros são apresentados, como os biomarcadores de neurotoxicidade (ou marcadores substitutos), que têm como desafio detectar ações precoces de agente químicos que agem no sistema nervoso central através da identificação de indicadores presentes no sistema periférico, que são equivalentes aos parâmetros presentes no tecido nervoso.
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Barrera D, Maldonado PD, Medina-Campos ON, Hernández-Pando R, Ibarra-Rubio ME, Pedraza-Chaverrí J, Pedraza-Chaverrrí J. HO-1 induction attenuates renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K2Cr2O7. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1390-8. [PMID: 12757849 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the degradation of heme; its inducible isozyme HO-1 protects against some types of acute tissue injury. The expression and functional role of HO-1 in rats with renal injury induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) was investigated in this work. Rats were studied 24 h after a single injection of K(2)Cr(2)O(7). To address the possible protective effect of HO-1 in this experimental model, this enzyme was induced by an injection of stannous chloride (SnCl(2)) 12 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7) administration. The functional role of HO-1 in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2)-treated animals was tested by inhibiting HO activity with an injection of zinc (II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) 18 h before K(2)Cr(2)O(7). In K(2)Cr(2)O(7)-treated rats: (i) renal HO-1 content, measured by Western blot, increased 2.6-fold; and, (ii) renal nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl content, markers of oxidative stress, increased 3.5- and 1.36-fold, respectively. Renal damage and oxidative stress were ameliorated and HO-1 content was increased in the K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) group. The attenuation of renal injury and oxidative stress was lost by the inhibition of HO activity in K(2)Cr(2)O(7) + SnCl(2) + ZnPP-treated animals. Our data suggest that HO-1 overexpression induced by SnCl(2) is responsible for the attenuation of renal damage and oxidative stress induced by K(2)Cr(2)O(7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Barrera
- Department of Biology, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
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Vanoirbeek JAJ, Hoet PHM, Nemery B, Verbeken EK, Haufroid V, Lison D, Dinsdale D. Kinetics of an intratracheally administered chromium catalyst in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:393-409. [PMID: 12554544 DOI: 10.1080/15287390306366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chromium-based catalysts are used for the synthesis of polyethylene, but little is known about the hazard and biomonitoring possibilities of this type of chromium for workers who may be occupationally exposed to such compounds. Therefore, the bioavailability and toxicokinetics of chromium were studied in male Wistar rats after a single intratracheal instillation (2 ml/kg body weight) of various doses (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg body weight) of the catalyst (approximately 1% chromium bound to an amorphous silica matrix), either before (CAT-Cr[III]) or after (CAT-Cr[VI]) heat treatment. The results were compared with those of equivalent amounts of two chromium salts (CrCl(3) and K(2) Cr(2) O (7). Each dose group was composed of three rats. The concentration of chromium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry in urine (collected daily for 7 d) and in plasma, erythrocytes, lung, and liver tissue obtained 2 d (only highest concentration) and 7 d after dosing. On d 2, a significant increase in lung weight was found in the animals treated with the highest dose of the hexavalent Cr products. On d 7, on the basis of body weights, lung weights, and lung histology, there was no overt toxicity, except after the highest dose of CAT-Cr(VI). The elimination of all forms of chromium was apparently monoexponential, with calculated half-life elimination times in urine of 4-11 h for Cr(III) (CAT-Cr[III] and CrCl3 ) and 8-21 h for Cr(VI) (CAT-Cr[VI] and K(2) Cr(2) O(7). On d 2, the erythro-cytes Cr concentrations were significantly higher for the hexavalent Cr products than for the trivalent Cr products. After 7 d, the erythrocytes Cr concentrations were significantly increased above control values (3 microg/L) only in rats treated with the 2 highest doses of Cr( VI) compounds (12 and 64 microg/L for K(2) Cr(2) O(7), and 14 and 79 microg/L for CAT-Cr[VI]). The present study shows that intratracheally instilled Cr(VI) and Cr(III) have different toxicokinetic profiles and that the Cr(VI) catalyst has the same bioavailability and excretion kinetics as a water-soluble Cr(VI) salt. Exposure to chromium compounds could be monitored by measuring Cr concen-trations in urine (shortly after exposure) and in erythrocytes (also at later time points after high Cr[VI] exposure).
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Affiliation(s)
- J A J Vanoirbeek
- Pneumology (Lung Toxicology), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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