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Hoang TA, Gracia G, Cao E, Nicolazzo JA, Trevaskis NL. Quantifying the Lymphatic Transport of Model Therapeutics from the Brain in Rats. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2473-2483. [PMID: 38579335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the drainage of fluids, immune cells, antigens, fluorescent tracers, and other solutes from the brain has been demonstrated to occur along lymphatic outflow pathways to the deep cervical lymph nodes in the neck. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the lymphatic transport of therapeutics from the brain. The objective of this study was to determine the lymphatic transport of model therapeutics of different molecular weights and lipophilicity from the brain using cervical lymph cannulation and ligation models in rats. To do this, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated at the carotid artery and cannulated, ligated, or left intact at the cervical lymph duct. Rats were administered 14C-ibuprofen (206.29 g/mol, logP 3.84), 3H-halofantrine HCl (536.89 g/mol, logP 8.06), or 3H-albumin (∼65,000 g/mol) via direct injection into the brain striatum at a rate of 0.5 μL/min over 16 min. Plasma or cervical lymph samples were collected for up to 6-8 h following dosing, and brain and lymph nodes were collected at 6 or 8 h. Samples were subsequently analyzed for radioactivity levels via scintillation counting. For 14C-ibuprofen, plasma concentrations over time (plasma AUC0-6h) were >2 fold higher in lymph-ligated rats than in lymph-intact rats, suggesting that ibuprofen is cleared from the brain primarily via nonlymphatic routes (e.g., across the blood-brain barrier) but that this clearance is influenced by changes in lymphatic flow. For 3H-halofantrine, >73% of the dose was retained at the brain dosing site in lymph-intact and lymph-ligated groups, and plasma AUC0-8h values were low in both groups (<0.3% dose.h/mL), consistent with the high retention in the brain. It was therefore not possible to determine whether halofantrine undergoes lymphatic transport from the brain within the duration of the study. For 3H-albumin, plasma AUC0-8h values were not significantly different between lymph-intact, lymph-ligated, and lymph-cannulated rats. However, >4% of the dose was recovered in cervical lymph over 8 h. Lymph/plasma concentration ratios of 3H-albumin were also very high (up to 53:1). Together, these results indicate that 3H-albumin is transported from the brain not only via lymphatic routes but also via the blood. Similar to other tissues, the lymphatics may thus play a significant role in the transport of macromolecules, including therapeutic proteins, from the brain but are unlikely to be a major transport pathway from the brain for small molecule drugs that are not lipophilic. Our rat cervical lymph cannulation model can be used to quantify the lymphatic drainage of different molecules and factors from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu A Hoang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gracia Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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2
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Kozubek A, Katarzyńska-Banasik D, Kowalik K, Grzegorzewska AK, Hrabia A, Sechman A. Nitrophenols disrupt the expression and activity of biotransformation enzymes (CYP3A and COMT) in chicken ovarian follicles in vivo and in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:756-769. [PMID: 38238931 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Nitrophenols are environmental pollutants and xenobiotics, the main sources of which are diesel exhaust fumes and pesticides. The biotransformation processes that take place in the liver are defence mechanisms against xenobiotics, such as nitrophenols. Our previous study showed that the chicken ovary is an additional xenobiotic detoxification place and that nitrophenols disrupt steroidogenesis in chicken ovarian follicles. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the in vivo and in vitro effects of 4-nitrophenol (PNP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) on the expression and activity of phase I (CYP3A) and phase II (COMT) biotransformation enzymes in chicken ovary. In an in vivo study, hens were treated with a vehicle or 10 mg PNP or PNMC/kg b.wt. per day for 6 days. In an in vitro study, prehierarchical white and yellowish follicles, as well as the granulosa and theca layers of the three largest preovulatory follicles (F3, F2 and F1), were isolated and then incubated in a control medium or medium supplemented with PNP (10-6 M) or PNMC (10-6 M) for 24 or 48 h. Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that nitrophenols exert tissue- and compound-dependent (PNP or PNMC) effects on CYP3A and COMT gene (real-time PCR) protein (Western blot) expression and their activity (colorimetric methods). The inhibitory effect of nitrophenols in vivo on the activity of biotransformation enzymes suggest that the ovary has the capacity to metabolise PNP and PNMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozubek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Kinga Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Grzegorzewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Anna Hrabia
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sechman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
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Liang X, Di F, Wei H, Liu N, Chen C, Wang X, Sun M, Zhang M, Li M, Zhang J, Zhang S. Functional identification of long non-coding RNAs induced by PM 2.5 in microglia through microarray analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116136. [PMID: 38387142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
As a dominating air pollutant, atmospheric fine particulate matter within 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) has attracted increasing attention from the researchers all over the world, which will lead to various adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS), yet the potential mechanism is unclear. In this study, the microglia (BV2 cell line) were exposed to different concentrations of PM2.5 (5, 10 and 20 μg/cm2) for 24 h. It was found that PM2.5 could result in adverse effects on microglia such as decreased cell viability, structural damage and even cell death. And it was reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could participate in multitudinous neurological diseases. Therefore, the microarray analysis was conducted in order to disclose the underlying neurotoxicity mechanism of PM2.5 by ascertaining the differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs). The consequences indicated that the DElncRNAs were enriched in various biological pathways, including ferroptosis, IL-17 signaling pathway and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, the cis- and trans-regulated mRNAs by DElncRNAs as well as the corresponding transcriptional factors (TFs) were observed, such as CEBPA, MYC, MEIS1 and KLF4. In summary, our study supplies some candidate libraries and potential preventive target against PM2.5-induced toxicity through targeting lncRNAs. Furthermore, the post-transcriptional regulation will contribute to the future research on PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China; Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China.
| | - Fanglin Di
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Haiyun Wei
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Natong Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China; Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China; Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
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Popova D, Sun J, Chow HM, Hart RP. A critical review of ethanol effects on neuronal firing: A metabolic perspective. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:450-458. [PMID: 38217065 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Ethanol metabolism is relatively understudied in neurons, even though changes in neuronal metabolism are known to affect their activity. Recent work demonstrates that ethanol is preferentially metabolized over glucose as a source of carbon and energy, and it reprograms neurons to a state of reduced energy potential and diminished capacity to utilize glucose once ethanol is exhausted. Ethanol intake has been associated with changes in neuronal firing and specific brain activity (EEG) patterns have been linked with risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). Furthermore, a haplotype of the inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunit, GIRK2, which plays a critical role in regulating excitability of neurons, has been linked with AUD and shown to be directly regulated by ethanol. At the same time, overexpression of GIRK2 prevents ethanol-induced metabolic changes. Based on the available evidence, we conclude that the mechanisms underlying the effects of ethanol on neuronal metabolism are a novel target for developing therapies for AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Popova
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jacquelyne Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hei-Man Chow
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Zhang M, Bai LB, Yau LF, Tong TT, Zhang W, Jiang ZH. Identification of Cannabidivarin Metabolites in Different Mouse Organs Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:386-396. [PMID: 36342908 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: As a natural analog of cannabidiol (CBD), nonpsychoactive cannabidivarin (CBDV) has therapeutic potential. However, the precise metabolism of CBDV either in vivo or in vitro has not been fully understood. Objective and Experimental Approach: Therefore, mice were intragastrically administered CBDV, and metabolite-rich and potential target organs and tissues were collected and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolic pathways of CBDV in mice were illustrated more comprehensively for the first time. Results: Twenty-one metabolites were found, all of which, except decarbonylated CBDV, were initially identified. Compared with CBD, the newly identified metabolic pathways were single dehydrogenation, combined decarbonylation and monohydroxylation, and glutathione conjugations of CBDV and its phase I metabolite. Conclusions: According to the very low response in plasma and the extremely high response in intestinal contents 1 h later after the administration, it was assumed that the oral bioavailability of CBDV was as poor as that of CBD, and the major forms to excrete were conjugates of glutathione and glucuronic acid. In contrast to CBDV, decarbonylated CBDV in the keto form and enol form had considerable responses in plasma and preferred to target fatty tissues and organs owing to their higher lipophilicity. Whether these forms can function as genuine active substances in vivo instead of CBDV is worthy of investigation. These results and supposes contribute notable information regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Long-Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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6
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Zhang W, Zhang L, Liang W, Wang H, Hu F. Neurodevelopment effects of early life bisphenol-A exposure on visual memory: Insights into recovery dynamics. Toxicology 2024; 502:153718. [PMID: 38160929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor, is implicated in the cognitive deficits observed in both children and animals. Especially, BPA-induced spatial memory deterioration during the whole development phase of rodents has been well delineated. However, whether BPA exposure on the different development phases exerts similar effects on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) dependent visual memory is still elusive. Here, we chose two exposure windows, the whole gestation and lactation phases (E0∼P21) and the whole juvenile and adolescent phases (P22∼P60), for exposing rats to BPA. The visual memory of those rats was accessed by object recognition testing in the open field after BPA exposure and a constant recovery interval. The results revealed a substantial decline of visual memory under both exposure conditions, accompanied by an increase in anxiety-like behavior in BPA-exposed rats. Notably, after a 20-day recovery period, those behavioral changes induced by BPA exposure during P22∼60, not E0∼P21, were reversed compared to the control rats. According to morphological analysis of those rats after recovery, we found that the spine density of pyramidal neurons in the PFC were significant decreased in rats with BPA exposure during E0∼P21 and there was no difference between rats with or without BPA exposure during P22∼P60. Additionally, a similar change trend in excitatory receptors expression was observed under both exposure conditions. After an additional 20 days of recovery, the behavioral changes in rats with perinatal BPA exposure reverted to the normal status. Our present findings illuminate the dynamic effects of BPA on PFC-dependent functions across two crucial early developmental stages of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentai Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Linke Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang S, Wang T, Feng Y, Li F, Qu A, Guan X, Wang H, Xu D. Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile negatively regulates hippocampal cytochrome P450 enzymes and ameliorates phenytoin-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1510-1525. [PMID: 38223454 PMCID: PMC10785155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system is susceptible to the modulation of various neurophysiological processes by the cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP), which plays a crucial role in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The antiepileptic drug phenytoin (PHT) has been observed to induce neuronal side effects in patients, which could be attributed to its induction of CYP expression and testosterone (TES) metabolism in the hippocampus. While pregnane X receptor (PXR) is widely known for its regulatory function of CYPs in the liver, we have discovered that the treatment of mice with pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile (PCN), a PXR agonist, has differential effects on CYP expression in the liver and hippocampus. Specifically, the PCN treatment resulted in the induction of cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily a, polypeptide 11 (CYP3A11), and CYP2B10 expression in the liver, while suppressing their expression in the hippocampus. Functionally, the PCN treatment protected mice from PHT-induced hippocampal nerve injury, which was accompanied by the inhibition of TES metabolism in the hippocampus. Mechanistically, we found that the inhibition of hippocampal CYP expression and attenuation of PHT-induced neurotoxicity by PCN were glucocorticoid receptor dependent, rather than PXR independent, as demonstrated by genetic and pharmacological models. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that PCN can negatively regulate hippocampal CYP expression and attenuate PHT-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity independently of PXR. Our findings suggest that glucocorticoids may be a potential therapeutic strategy for managing the neuronal side effects of PHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Aijuan Qu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xiuchen Guan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Obstetric, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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8
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Fu Q, Shen S, Sun P, Gu Z, Bai Y, Wang X, Liu Z. Bioorthogonal chemistry for prodrug activation in vivo. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7737-7772. [PMID: 37905601 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Prodrugs have emerged as a major strategy for addressing clinical challenges by improving drug pharmacokinetics, reducing toxicity, and enhancing treatment efficacy. The emergence of new bioorthogonal chemistry has greatly facilitated the development of prodrug strategies, enabling their activation through chemical and physical stimuli. This "on-demand" activation using bioorthogonal chemistry has revolutionized the research and development of prodrugs. Consequently, prodrug activation has garnered significant attention and emerged as an exciting field of translational research. This review summarizes the latest advancements in prodrug activation by utilizing bioorthogonal chemistry and mainly focuses on the activation of small-molecule prodrugs and antibody-drug conjugates. In addition, this review also discusses the opportunities and challenges of translating these advancements into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunfeng Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Siyong Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhi Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yifei Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xianglin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhibo Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research of Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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9
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Vilela J, Martiniano H, Marques AR, Santos JX, Asif M, Rasga C, Oliveira G, Vicente AM. Identification of Neurotransmission and Synaptic Biological Processes Disrupted in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Interaction Networks and Community Detection Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2971. [PMID: 38001974 PMCID: PMC10668950 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication deficits and repetitive behavioral patterns. Hundreds of candidate genes have been implicated in ASD, including neurotransmission and synaptic (NS) genes; however, the genetic architecture of this disease is far from clear. In this study, we seek to clarify the biological processes affected by NS gene variants identified in individuals with ASD and the global networks that link those processes together. For a curated list of 1216 NS candidate genes, identified in multiple databases and the literature, we searched for ultra-rare (UR) loss-of-function (LoF) variants in the whole-exome sequencing dataset from the Autism Sequencing Consortium (N = 3938 cases). Filtering for population frequency was carried out using gnomAD (N = 60,146 controls). NS genes with UR LoF variants were used to construct a network of protein-protein interactions, and the network's biological communities were identified by applying the Leiden algorithm. We further explored the expression enrichment of network genes in specific brain regions. We identified 356 variants in 208 genes, with a preponderance of UR LoF variants in the PDE11A and SYTL3 genes. Expression enrichment analysis highlighted several subcortical structures, particularly the basal ganglia. The interaction network defined seven network communities, clustering synaptic and neurotransmitter pathways with several ubiquitous processes that occur in multiple organs and systems. This approach also uncovered biological pathways that are not usually associated with ASD, such as brain cytochromes P450 and brain mitochondrial metabolism. Overall, the community analysis suggests that ASD involves the disruption of synaptic and neurotransmitter pathways but also ubiquitous, but less frequently implicated, biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Vilela
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Martiniano
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Marques
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Xavier Santos
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Célia Rasga
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Guiomar Oliveira
- Unidade de Neurodesenvolvimento e Autismo, Serviço do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Criança, Centro de Investigação e Formação Clínica, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University Clinic of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-602 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Astrid Moura Vicente
- Departamento de Promoção da Saúde e Doenças Não Transmissíveis, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.V.); (H.M.); (A.R.M.); (J.X.S.); (M.A.); (C.R.)
- BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Al-saraireh YM, Alshammari FOFO, Abu-azzam OH, Al-dalain SM, Al-sarayra YM, Haddad M, Makeen H, Al-Qtaitat A, Almermesh M, Al-sarayreh SA. Targeting Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Ovarian Cancers: New Approaches to Tumor-Selective Intervention. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2898. [PMID: 38001897 PMCID: PMC10669316 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, there have been significant developments in treatment for ovarian cancer, yet the lack of targeted therapy with few side effects still represents a major issue. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family plays a vital role in the tumorigenesis process and metabolism of drugs and has a negative impact on therapy outcomes. Gaining more insight into CYP expression is crucial to understanding the pathophysiology of ovarian cancer since many isoforms are essential to the metabolism of xenobiotics and steroid hormones, which drive the disease's development. To the best of our knowledge, no review articles have documented the intratumoral expression of CYPs and their implications in ovarian cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a clear understanding of differential CYP expression in ovarian cancer and its implications for the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients, together with the effects of CYP polymorphisms on chemotherapy metabolism. Finally, we discuss opportunities to exploit metabolic CYP expression for the development of novel therapeutic methods to treat ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef M. Al-saraireh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan;
| | - Fatemah O. F. O. Alshammari
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Shuwaikh 15432, Kuwait;
| | - Omar H. Abu-azzam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan;
| | - Sa’ed M. Al-dalain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan;
| | - Yahya M. Al-sarayra
- Al-Karak Governmental Hospital, Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 86, Al-Karak 11118, Jordan;
| | - Mansour Haddad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | - Hafiz Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan P.O. Box 114, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aiman Al-Qtaitat
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan;
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa 13110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Almermesh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sameeh A. Al-sarayreh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan;
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11
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Borkowski K, Seyfried NT, Arnold M, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Hales CM, Dammer EB, Blach C, Louie G, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Newman JW. Integration of plasma and CSF metabolomics with CSF proteomic reveals novel associations between lipid mediators and central nervous system vascular and energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13752. [PMID: 37612324 PMCID: PMC10447532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of the omics data, including metabolomics and proteomics, provides a unique opportunity to search for new associations within metabolic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Using metabolomics, we have previously profiled oxylipins, endocannabinoids, bile acids, and steroids in 293 CSF and 202 matched plasma samples from AD cases and healthy controls and identified both central and peripheral markers of AD pathology within inflammation-regulating cytochrome p450/soluble epoxide hydrolase pathway. Additionally, using proteomics, we have identified five cerebrospinal fluid protein panels, involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, vasculature, myelin/oligodendrocyte, glia/inflammation, and synapses/neurons, affected in AD, and reflective of AD-related changes in the brain. In the current manuscript, using metabolomics-proteomics data integration, we describe new associations between peripheral and central lipid mediators, with the above-described CSF protein panels. Particularly strong associations were observed between cytochrome p450/soluble epoxide hydrolase metabolites, bile acids, and proteins involved in glycolysis, blood coagulation, and vascular inflammation and the regulators of extracellular matrix. Those metabolic associations were not observed at the gene-co-expression level in the central nervous system. In summary, this manuscript provides new information regarding Alzheimer's disease, linking both central and peripheral metabolism, and illustrates the necessity for the "omics" data integration to uncover associations beyond gene co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Nicholas T Seyfried
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Colette Blach
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gregory Louie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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12
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Kao TJ, Lin CL, Yang WB, Li HY, Hsu TI. Dysregulated lipid metabolism in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma: pathways, proteins, metabolites and therapeutic opportunities. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:114. [PMID: 37537607 PMCID: PMC10398973 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal brain tumor with limited treatment options, such as the chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ). However, many GBM tumors develop resistance to TMZ, which is a major obstacle to effective therapy. Recently, dysregulated lipid metabolism has emerged as an important factor contributing to TMZ resistance in GBM. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and alterations in lipid metabolism have been linked to multiple aspects of tumor biology, including proliferation, migration, and resistance to therapy. In this review, we aimed to summarize current knowledge on lipid metabolism in TMZ-resistant GBM, including key metabolites and proteins involved in lipid synthesis, uptake, and utilization, and recent advances in the application of metabolomics to study lipid metabolism in GBM. We also discussed the potential of lipid metabolism as a target for novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we highlighted the challenges and opportunities associated with developing these interventions for clinical use, and the need for further research to fully understand the role of lipid metabolism in TMZ resistance in GBM. Our review suggests that targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism may be a promising approach to overcome TMZ resistance and improve outcomes in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jen Kao
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Bin Yang
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany
- Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- International Master Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Neuroscience, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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13
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Ajeeb R, Clegg JR. Intrathecal delivery of Macromolecules: Clinical status and emerging technologies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114949. [PMID: 37286086 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The proximity and association of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the intrathecal (IT) space with deep targets in the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma makes IT injection an attractive route of administration for brain drug delivery. However, the extent to which intrathecally administered macromolecules are effective in treating neurological diseases is a question of both clinical debate and technological interest. We present the biological, chemical, and physical properties of the intrathecal space that are relevant to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination from CSF. We then analyze the evolution of IT drug delivery in clinical trials over the last 20 years. Our analysis revealed that the percentage of clinical trials assessing IT delivery for the delivery of biologics (i.e., macromolecules, cells) for treatment of chronic conditions (e.g., neurodegeneration, cancer, and metabolic diseases) has steadily increased. Clinical trials exploring cell or macromolecular delivery within the IT space have not evaluated engineering technologies, such as depots, particles, or other delivery systems. Recent pre-clinical studies have evaluated IT macromolecule delivery in small animals, postulating that delivery efficacy can be assisted by external medical devices, micro- or nanoparticles, bulk biomaterials, and viral vectors. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the extent to which engineering technologies and IT administration improve CNS targeting and therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Ajeeb
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - John R Clegg
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States.
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14
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Lin YC, Cheung G, Zhang Z, Papadopoulos V. Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 1B1 is involved in pregnenolone synthesis in human brain cells. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105035. [PMID: 37442234 PMCID: PMC10413356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurosteroids, which are steroids synthesized by the nervous system, can exert neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects via genomic and nongenomic pathways. The neurosteroid and major steroid precursor pregnenolone has therapeutical potential in various diseases, such as psychiatric and pain disorders, and may play important roles in myelination, neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity. Although pregnenolone is synthesized by CYP11A1 in peripheral steroidogenic organs, our recent study showed that pregnenolone must be synthesized by another mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme other than CYP11A1 in human glial cells. Therefore, we sought to identify the CYP450 responsible for pregnenolone production in the human brain. Upon screening for CYP450s expressed in the human brain that have mitochondrial localization, we identified three enzyme candidates: CYP27A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1. We found that inhibition of CYP27A1 through inhibitors and siRNA knockdown did not negatively affect pregnenolone synthesis in human glial cells. Meanwhile, treatment of human glial cells with CYP1A1/CYP1B1 inhibitors significantly reduced pregnenolone production in the presence of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. We performed siRNA knockdown of CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 in human glial cells and found that only CYP1B1 knockdown significantly decreased pregnenolone production. Furthermore, overexpression of mitochondria-targeted CYP1B1 significantly increased pregnenolone production under basal conditions and in the presence of hydroxycholesterols and low-density lipoprotein. Inhibition of CYP1A1 and/or CYP1B1 via inhibitors or siRNA knockdown did not significantly reduce pregnenolone synthesis in human adrenal cortical cells, implying that CYP1B1 is not a major pregnenolone-producing enzyme in the periphery. These data suggest that mitochondrial CYP1B1 is involved in pregnenolone synthesis in human glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Christina Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Garett Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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15
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Haduch A, Bromek E, Kuban W, Daniel WA. The Engagement of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Tryptophan Metabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050629. [PMID: 37233670 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is metabolized along three main metabolic pathways, namely the kynurenine, serotonin and indole pathways. The majority of tryptophan is transformed via the kynurenine pathway, catalyzed by tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase or indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, leading to neuroprotective kynurenic acid or neurotoxic quinolinic acid. Serotonin synthesized by tryptophan hydroxylase, and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase enters the metabolic cycle: serotonin → N-acetylserotonin → melatonin → 5-methoxytryptamine→serotonin. Recent studies indicate that serotonin can also be synthesized by cytochrome P450 (CYP), via the CYP2D6-mediated 5-methoxytryptamine O-demethylation, while melatonin is catabolized by CYP1A2, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 via aromatic 6-hydroxylation and by CYP2C19 and CYP1A2 via O-demethylation. In gut microbes, tryptophan is metabolized to indole and indole derivatives. Some of those metabolites act as activators or inhibitors of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, thus regulating the expression of CYP1 family enzymes, xenobiotic metabolism and tumorigenesis. The indole formed in this way is further oxidized to indoxyl and indigoid pigments by CYP2A6, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1. The products of gut-microbial tryptophan metabolism can also inhibit the steroid-hormone-synthesizing CYP11A1. In plants, CYP79B2 and CYP79B3 were found to catalyze N-hydroxylation of tryptophan to form indole-3-acetaldoxime while CYP83B1 was reported to form indole-3-acetaldoxime N-oxide in the biosynthetic pathway of indole glucosinolates, considered to be defense compounds and intermediates in the biosynthesis of phytohormones. Thus, cytochrome P450 is engaged in the metabolism of tryptophan and its indole derivatives in humans, animals, plants and microbes, producing biologically active metabolites which exert positive or negative actions on living organisms. Some tryptophan-derived metabolites may influence cytochrome P450 expression, affecting cellular homeostasis and xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bromek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława Anna Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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16
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Li C, Saliba NB, Martin H, Losurdo NA, Kolahdouzan K, Siddiqui R, Medeiros D, Li W. Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1613. [PMID: 36959176 PMCID: PMC10036610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine has a significant role in motor and cognitive function. The dopaminergic pathways originating from the midbrain have received the most attention; however, the relevance of the cerebellar dopaminergic system is largely undiscovered. Here, we show that the major cerebellar astrocyte type Bergmann glial cells express D1 receptors. Dopamine can be synthesized in Purkinje cells by cytochrome P450 and released in an activity-dependent fashion. We demonstrate that activation of D1 receptors induces membrane depolarization and Ca2+ release from the internal store. These astrocytic activities in turn modify Purkinje cell output by altering its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input. Lastly, we show that conditional knockout of D1 receptors in Bergmann glial cells results in decreased locomotor activity and impaired social activity. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular, cellular, and circuit mechanisms underlying dopamine function in the cerebellum, revealing a critical role for the cerebellar dopaminergic system in motor and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Natalie B Saliba
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah Martin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicole A Losurdo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Neuroscience Program, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kian Kolahdouzan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Riyan Siddiqui
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Destynie Medeiros
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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17
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Liang Y, Jiang Q, Gong Y, Yu Y, Zou H, Zhao J, Zhang T, Zhang J. In vitro and in silico assessment of endocrine disrupting effects of food contaminants through pregnane X receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113711. [PMID: 36893891 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
As a promiscuous xenobiotic receptor, pregnane X receptor (PXR) has been confirmed to participate in numerous physiological process. In addition to the conventional estrogen/androgen receptor, PXR also serves as an alternative target for environmental chemical contaminants. In this work, the PXR-mediated endocrine disrupting effects of typical food contaminants were explored. Firstly, the time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assays confirmed the PXR binding affinities of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, chlorpyrifos, bisphenol A, and zearalenone, with IC50 values ranging from 1.88 to 4284.00 nM. Then their PXR agonist activities were assessed by PXR-mediated CYP3A4 reporter gene assays. Subsequently, the regulation of gene expressions of PXR and its targets CYP3A4, UGT1A1, and MDR1 by these compounds was further investigated. Intriguingly, all the tested compounds interfered with these gene expressions, confirming their endocrine disrupting effects via PXR-mediated signaling. The compound-PXR-LBD binding interactions were explored by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations to unravel the structural basis of their PXR binding capacities. The weak intermolecular interactions are key players in stabilizing these compound-PXR-LBD complexes. During the simulation process, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl remained stable while the other 5 compounds underwent relatively severe disturbances. In conclusion, these food contaminants might exhibit endocrine disrupting effects via PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jingqi Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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18
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Dutta AK, Armstrong C, Luo D, Das B, Spencer B, Rissman RA. D-685 Reverses Motor Deficits and Reduces Accumulation of Human α-Synuclein Protein in Two Different Parkinson's Disease Animal Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:885-896. [PMID: 36749600 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) protein in the periphery and central nervous system (CNS) gives rise to a group of disorders, which are labeled collectively as synucleinopathies. These clinically distinct disorders are known as pure autonomic failure, Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). In the case of PD, it has been demonstrated that toxic aggregates of α-syn protein not only cause apoptosis of dopamine neurons but its accumulation in the neocortex and limbic area principally contributes to dementia. In our multifunctional drug discovery research for PD, we converted one of our catechol-containing lead dopamine agonist molecules D-520 into its prodrug D-685. The prodrug exhibited higher in vivo anti-Parkinsonian efficacy in a reserpinized PD animal model than the parent D-520 and exhibited facile brain penetration. In our study with an α-syn transgenic animal model (D line) for PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), we have shown that 1 month of chronic treatment with the compound D-685 was sufficient to reduce the accumulation of α-syn and phospho-α-syn in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum areas significantly compared to the control tg mice. Furthermore, D-685 did not exhibit any deleterious effect in the CNS as was evident from the neuron and microglia studies. Future studies will further explore in depth the potential of D-685 to modify disease progression while addressing symptomatic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher Armstrong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Banibrata Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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19
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Wheeler AM, Eberhard CD, Mosher EP, Yuan Y, Wilkins HN, Seneviratne HK, Orsburn BC, Bumpus NN. Achieving a Deeper Understanding of Drug Metabolism and Responses Using Single-Cell Technologies. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:350-359. [PMID: 36627162 PMCID: PMC10029823 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in single-cell technologies have enabled detection of RNA, proteins, metabolites, and xenobiotics in individual cells, and the application of these technologies has the potential to transform pharmacological research. Single-cell data has already resulted in the development of human and model species cell atlases, identifying different cell types within a tissue, further facilitating the characterization of tumor heterogeneity, and providing insight into treatment resistance. Research discussed in this review demonstrates that distinct cell populations express drug metabolizing enzymes to different extents, indicating there may be variability in drug metabolism not only between organs, but within tissue types. Additionally, we put forth the concept that single-cell analyses can be used to expose underlying variability in cellular response to drugs, providing a unique examination of drug efficacy, toxicity, and metabolism. We will outline several of these techniques: single-cell RNA-sequencing and mass cytometry to characterize and distinguish different cell types, single-cell proteomics to quantify drug metabolizing enzymes and characterize cellular responses to drug, capillary electrophoresis-ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection and single-probe single-cell mass spectrometry for detection of drugs, and others. Emerging single-cell technologies such as these can comprehensively characterize heterogeneity in both cell-type-specific drug metabolism and response to treatment, enhancing progress toward personalized and precision medicine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Recent technological advances have enabled the analysis of gene expression and protein levels in single cells. These types of analyses are important to investigating mechanisms that cannot be elucidated on a bulk level, primarily due to the variability of cell populations within biological systems. Here, we summarize cell-type-specific drug metabolism and how pharmacologists can utilize single-cell approaches to obtain a comprehensive understanding of drug metabolism and cellular heterogeneity in response to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Wheeler
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Colten D Eberhard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Yuting Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Hannah N Wilkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Benjamin C Orsburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (A.M.W., C.D.E., E.P.M., Y.Y., H.N.W., H.K.S., B.C.O., N.N.B.) and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland (H.K.S.)
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Liu G, Bai X, Yang J, Duan Y, Zhu J, Xiangyang L. Relationship between blood-brain barrier changes and drug metabolism under high-altitude hypoxia: obstacle or opportunity for drug transport? Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:107-125. [PMID: 36823775 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is essential for maintaining the stability of the central nervous system and is also crucial for regulating drug metabolism, changes of blood-brain barrier's structure and function can influence how drugs are delivered to the brain. In high-altitude hypoxia, the central nervous system's function is drastically altered, which can cause disease and modify the metabolism of drugs in vivo. Changes in the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier and the transport of the drug across the blood-brain barrier under high-altitude hypoxia, are regulated by changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes, either regulated by drug metabolism factors such as drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes. This article aims to review the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier as well as the effects of changes in the blood-brain barrier on drug metabolism. We also hypothesized and explore the regulation and potential mechanisms of the blood-brain barrier and associated pathways, such as transcription factors, inflammatory factors, and nuclear receptors, in regulating drug transport under high-altitude hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Li Xiangyang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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21
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Bahado-Singh RO, Vishweswaraiah S, Turkoglu O, Graham SF, Radhakrishna U. Alzheimer's Precision Neurology: Epigenetics of Cytochrome P450 Genes in Circulating Cell-Free DNA for Disease Prediction and Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032876. [PMID: 36769199 PMCID: PMC9917756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision neurology combines high-throughput technologies and statistical modeling to identify novel disease pathways and predictive biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes are major regulators of cholesterol, sex hormone, and xenobiotic metabolism, and they could play important roles in neurodegenerative disorders. Increasing evidence suggests that epigenetic factors contribute to AD development. We evaluated cytosine ('CpG')-based DNA methylation changes in AD using circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), to which neuronal cells are known to contribute. We investigated CYP-based mechanisms for AD pathogenesis and epigenetic biomarkers for disease detection. We performed a case-control study using 25 patients with AD and 23 cognitively healthy controls using the cfDNA of CYP genes. We performed a logistic regression analysis using the MetaboAnalyst software computer program and a molecular pathway analysis based on epigenetically altered CYP genes using the Cytoscape program. We identified 130 significantly (false discovery rate correction q-value < 0.05) differentially methylated CpG sites within the CYP genes. The top two differentially methylated genes identified were CYP51A1 and CYP2S1. The significant molecular pathways that were perturbed in AD cfDNA were (i) androgen and estrogen biosynthesis and metabolism, (ii) C21 steroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, and (iii) arachidonic acid metabolism. Existing evidence suggests a potential role of each of these biochemical pathways in AD pathogenesis. Next, we randomly divided the study group into discovery and validation sub-sets, each consisting of patients with AD and control patients. Regression models for AD prediction based on CYP CpG methylation markers were developed in the discovery or training group and tested in the independent validation group. The CYP biomarkers achieved a high predictive accuracy. After a 10-fold cross-validation, the combination of cg17852385/cg23101118 + cg14355428/cg22536554 achieved an AUC (95% CI) of 0.928 (0.787~1.00), with 100% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity for AD detection in the discovery group. The performance remained high in the independent validation or test group, achieving an AUC (95% CI) of 0.942 (0.905~0.979) with a 90% sensitivity and specificity. Our findings suggest that the epigenetic modification of CYP genes may play an important role in AD pathogenesis and that circulating CYP-based cfDNA biomarkers have the potential to accurately and non-invasively detect AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray O. Bahado-Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Sangeetha Vishweswaraiah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Onur Turkoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Stewart F. Graham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA
- Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
- Correspondence: (S.F.G.); (U.R.)
| | - Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University-William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309, USA
- Correspondence: (S.F.G.); (U.R.)
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22
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Huang HY, Tsai ST. Network pharmacology implicates traditional Chinese medicine in regulating systemic homeostasis to benefit Alzheimer's disease. Tzu Chi Med J 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_125_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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23
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Pretti C, Aretini P, Lessi F, Freitas R, Barata C, De Marchi L, Cuccaro A, Oliva M, Meucci V, Baratti M. Gene expression and biochemical patterns in the digestive gland of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 254:106376. [PMID: 36566548 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are a class of chemicals that can spread throughout the environment and may cause adverse biological and ecological effects. While there are many different classes of CECs, one of the most well documented in the aquatic environment are pharmaceutical drugs, such as natural and synthetic estrogens. In particular, the widespread presence of the synthetic estrogen 17 α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water may lead to bioaccumulation in sediment and biota. EE2 is the primary component in contraceptive pills, and is a derivative of the natural hormone estradiol (E2). In this study, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was exposed to EE2 in a semi-static and time-dependent experiment, for a total exposure period of 28 days. Biochemical and transcriptomics analyses were performed on mussel digestive glands after exposure for 14 (T14) and 28 (T28) days. Metabolic and DNA impairments, as well as activation of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes activation, were detected in T28 exposed mussels. RNA-Seq analysis showed significant differential expression of 160 (T14 compared to controls), 33 (T28 compared to controls) and 79 (T14 compared to T28) genes. Signs of stress after EE2 treatment included up-regulation of gene/proteins involved with immune function, lipid transport, and metabolic and antibacterial properties. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms of EE2 in a filter feeding organisms to elucidate the effects of this human pharmaceutical on aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa (Italy); Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N.Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno (Italy).
| | - Paolo Aretini
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa (Italy)
| | - Francesca Lessi
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza ONLUS, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, 56017 San Giuliano Terme, Pisa (Italy)
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal)
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry IDAEA-CSIC Jordi Girona 18 08034 Barcelona (Spain)
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N.Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno (Italy)
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro (Portugal)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N.Sauro 4, 57128 Livorno (Italy)
| | - Valentina Meucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Via Livornese (lato monte), 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa (Italy)
| | - Mariella Baratti
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, IBBR-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy)
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Pharmacokinetic considerations to optimize clinical outcomes for COVID-19 drugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1041-1054. [PMID: 36374805 PMCID: PMC9510059 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of clinically effective drugs that could complement existing vaccines is urgently needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Drug-metabolizing enzymes, membrane-associated drug transporters, and inflammatory responses can partly determine the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 drugs by controlling their concentrations in both the systemic circulation and in peripheral tissues. It is still unknown how these factors affect how well COVID-19 drugs work in the clinic. We explore how drug metabolism and transport, as well as SARS-CoV-2-associated inflammatory response at disease target sites, may affect the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 drugs. In addition, we provide expert opinion on potential strategies for overcoming the clinical pharmacology and pathophysiological obstacles to improve COVID-19 drug effectiveness.
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The Effect of the Selective N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor GluN2B Subunit Antagonist CP-101,606 on Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Expression and Activity in the Rat Liver and Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213746. [PMID: 36430225 PMCID: PMC9691159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2D enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily play an important role in psychopharmacology, since they are engaged in the metabolism of psychotropic drugs and endogenous neuroactive substrates, which mediate brain neurotransmission and the therapeutic action of those drugs. The aim of this work was to study the effect of short- and long-term treatment with the selective antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDA receptor, the compound CP-101,606, which possesses antidepressant properties, on CYP2D expression and activity in the liver and brain of male rats. The presented work shows time-, organ- and brain-structure-dependent effects of 5-day and 3-week treatment with CP-101,606 on CYP2D. Five-day treatment with CP-101,606 increased the activity and protein level of CYP2D in the hippocampus. That effect was maintained after the 3-week treatment and was accompanied by enhancement in the CYP2D activity/protein level in the cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, a 3-week treatment with CP-101,606 diminished the CYP2D activity/protein level in the hypothalamus and striatum. In the liver, CP-101,606 decreased CYP2D activity, but not the protein or mRNA level, after 5-day or 3-week treatment. When added in vitro to liver microsomes, CP-101,606 diminished the CYP2D activity during prolonged incubation. While in the brain, the observed decrease in the CYP2D activity after short- and long-term treatment with CP-101,606 seems to be a consequence of the drug effect on enzyme regulation. In the liver, the direct inhibitory effect of reactive metabolites formed from CP-101,606 on the CYP2D activity may be considered. Since CYP2Ds are engaged in the metabolism of endogenous neuroactive substances, it can be assumed that apart from antagonizing the NMDA receptor, CP-101,606 may modify its own pharmacological effect by affecting brain cytochrome P450. On the other hand, an inhibition of the activity of liver CYP2D may slow down the metabolism of co-administered substrates and lead to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions.
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Danek PJ, Daniel WA. The Atypical Antipsychotic Lurasidone Affects Brain but Not Liver Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Activity. A Comparison with Other Novel Neuroleptics and Significance for Drug Treatment of Schizophrenia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213513. [PMID: 36359909 PMCID: PMC9658917 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of prolonged lurasidone administration on the cytochrome 2D (CYP2D) expression and activity in the rat liver and selected brain structures involved in the therapeutic or side effects of this neuroleptic. Male Wistar rats received lurasidone (1 mg/kg ip.) for two weeks. The activity of CYP2D was measured in brain and liver microsomes as the rate of bufuralol 1′-hydroxylation. The CYP2D protein level was determined in microsomes by Western blot analysis. The CYP2D gene expression was estimated in liver tissue by a qRT-PCR method. Lurasidone decreased the activity and protein level of CYP2D in the frontal cortex but increased them in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, brain stem, substantia nigra, and the remainder of the brain. The neuroleptic did not affect CYP2D in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum. In the liver, lurasidone did not affect the CYP2D activity and protein level, though it enhanced the mRNA of CYP2D1 without affecting that of CYP2D2, CYP2D3, CYP2D4, and CYP2D5. In conclusion, lurasidone regulates brain (but not liver) CYP2D activity/protein level in a region-dependent manner, which is similar to that of other atypical neuroleptics (iloperidone and asenapine) as concerns the frontal cortex (down-regulation) and nigrostriatal pathway (up-regulation) and may be of pharmacological significance. However, further molecular studies with selective receptor agonists are necessary to find out which individual monoaminergic receptors/signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of the rat CYP2D4 and human CYP2D6 enzyme in particular brain structures.
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CYP35 family in Caenorhabditis elegans biological processes: fatty acid synthesis, xenobiotic metabolism, and stress responses. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3163-3174. [PMID: 36175686 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With more than 80 cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes found in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), the cyp35 genes are one of the important genes involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and storage, xenobiotic stress response, dauer and eggshell formation, and xenobiotic metabolism. The C. elegans CYP35 subfamily consisted of A, B, C, and D, which have the closest homolog to human CYP2 family. C. elegans homologs could answer part of the hunt for human disease genes. This review aims to provide an overview of CYP35 in C. elegans and their human homologs, to explore the roles of CYP35 in various C. elegans biological processes, and how the genes of cyp35 upregulation or downregulation are influenced by biological processes, upon exposure to xenobiotics or changes in diet and environment. The C. elegans CYP35 gene expression could be upregulated by heavy metals, pesticides, anti-parasitic and anti-chemotherapeutic agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nanoparticles, drugs, and organic chemical compounds. Among the cyp35 genes, cyp-35A2 is involved in most of the C. elegans biological processes regulation. Further venture of cyp35 genes, the closest homolog of CYP2 which is the largest family of human CYPs, may have the power to locate cyps gene targets, discovery of novel therapeutic strategies, and possibly a successful medical regime to combat obesity, cancers, and cyps gene-related diseases.
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Hepatic, Extrahepatic and Extracellular Vesicle Cytochrome P450 2E1 in Alcohol and Acetaminophen-Mediated Adverse Interactions and Potential Treatment Options. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172620. [PMID: 36078027 PMCID: PMC9454765 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol and several therapeutic drugs, including acetaminophen, are metabolized by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) into toxic compounds. At low levels, these compounds are not detrimental, but higher sustained levels of these compounds can lead to life-long problems such as cytotoxicity, organ damage, and cancer. Furthermore, CYP2E1 can facilitate or enhance the effects of alcohol-drug and drug-drug interactions. In this review, we discuss the role of CYP2E1 in the metabolism of alcohol and drugs (with emphasis on acetaminophen), mediating injury/toxicities, and drug-drug/alcohol-drug interactions. Next, we discuss various compounds and various nutraceuticals that can reduce or prevent alcohol/drug-induced toxicity. Additionally, we highlight experimental outcomes of alcohol/drug-induced toxicity and potential treatment strategies. Finally, we cover the role and implications of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing CYP2E1 in hepatic and extrahepatic cells and provide perspectives on the clinical relevance of EVs containing CYP2E1 in intracellular and intercellular communications leading to drug-drug and alcohol-drug interactions. Furthermore, we provide our perspectives on CYP2E1 as a druggable target using nutraceuticals and the use of EVs for targeted drug delivery in extrahepatic and hepatic cells, especially to treat cellular toxicity.
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Altered genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiles following early life lead exposure and their potential for reversal by environmental enrichment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11937. [PMID: 35879375 PMCID: PMC9314447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life lead (Pb) exposure is detrimental to neurobehavioral development. The quality of the environment can modify negative influences from Pb exposure, impacting the developmental trajectory following Pb exposure. Little is known about the molecular underpinnings in the brain of the interaction between Pb and the quality of the environment. We examined relationships between early life Pb exposure and living in an enriched versus a non-enriched postnatal environment on genome-wide transcription profiles in hippocampus CA1. RNA-seq identified differences in the transcriptome of enriched vs. non-enriched Pb-exposed animals. Most of the gene expression changes associated with Pb exposure were reversed by enrichment. This was also true for changes in upstream regulators, splicing events and long noncoding RNAs. Non-enriched rats also had memory impairments; enriched rats had no deficits. The results demonstrate that an enriched environment has a profound impact on behavior and the Pb-modified CA1 transcriptome. These findings show the potential for interactions between Pb exposure and the environment to result in significant transcriptional changes in the brain and, to the extent that this may occur in Pb-exposed children, could influence neuropsychological/educational outcomes, underscoring the importance for early intervention and environmental enrichment for Pb-exposed children.
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The Role of microRNAs in Multidrug Resistance of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133217. [PMID: 35804989 PMCID: PMC9265057 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most malignant types of central nervous system tumor which accounts for more than 60% of all brain tumors in adults. Owing to poor prognosis and drug resistance of most GBM, it is urged to further develop the diagnosis and treatment strategies. The aim of this article is to highlight the roles of some functional microRNAs in the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant GBM. Besides, we suggest effective treatment strategies based on the expression profiles of these effective miRNAs to provide an alternative solution to deal with this cancer. Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that develops from neuroglial stem cells and represents a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms. These tumors are predominantly correlated with a dismal prognosis and poor quality of life. In spite of major advances in developing novel and effective therapeutic strategies for patients with glioblastoma, multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered to be the major reason for treatment failure. Several mechanisms contribute to MDR in GBM, including upregulation of MDR transporters, alterations in the metabolism of drugs, dysregulation of apoptosis, defects in DNA repair, cancer stem cells, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of endogenous RNAs that participate in various cell events, including the mechanisms causing MDR in glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss the role of miRNAs in the regulation of the underlying mechanisms in MDR glioblastoma which will open up new avenues of inquiry for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Stocco MR, Tyndale RF. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins within the mammalian brain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:73-106. [PMID: 35953164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that metabolize xenobiotics are expressed and active in the brain. These CYPs contribute to the metabolism of many centrally acting compounds, including clinically used drugs, drugs of abuse, and neurotoxins. Although CYP levels are lower in the brain than in the liver, they may influence central substrate and metabolite concentrations, which could alter resulting centrally-mediated responses to these compounds. Additionally, xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs are highly variable due to genetic polymorphisms and regulation by endogenous and xenobiotic molecules. In the brain, these CYPs are sensitive to xenobiotic induction. As a result, CYPs in the brain vary widely, including among humans, and this CYP variation may influence central metabolism and resulting response to centrally acting compounds. It has been demonstrated, using experimental manipulation of CYP activity in vivo selectively within the brain, that CYP metabolism in the brain alters central substrate and metabolite concentrations, as well as drug response and neurotoxic effects. This suggests that variability in xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs in the human brain may meaningfully contribute to individual differences in response to, and effects of, centrally acting drugs and neurotoxins. This chapter will provide an overview of CYP expression in the brain, endogenous- and xenobiotic-mediated CYP regulation, and the functional impact of CYP-mediated metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins in the brain, with a focus on experimental approaches in mice, rats, and non-human primates, and a discussion regarding the potential role of xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlaina R Stocco
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Age- and Diet-Dependent Changes in Hepatic Lipidomic Profiles of Phospholipids in Male Mice: Age Acceleration in Cyp2b-Null Mice. J Lipids 2022; 2022:7122738. [PMID: 35391786 PMCID: PMC8983274 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7122738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in traditional serum lipid profiles are associated with obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Recent lipidomic analysis has indicated changes in serum lipidome profiles, especially in regard to specific phosphatidylcholines, associated with obesity. However, little work has evaluated murine hepatic liver lipidomic profiles nor compared these profiles across age, high-fat diet, or specific genotypes, in this case the lack of hepatic Cyp2b enzymes. In this study, the effects of age (9 months old), high-fat diet (4.5 months old), and the loss of three primarily hepatic xeno- and endobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 (Cyp) enzymes, Cyp2b9, Cyp2b10, and Cyp2b13 (Cyp2b-null mice), on the male murine hepatic lipidome were compared. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis show that age perturbs hepatic phospholipid profiles and serum lipid markers the most compared to young mice, followed by a high-fat diet and then loss of Cyp2b. Several lipid biomarkers such as PC/PE ratios, PE 38 : 6, and LPC concentrations indicate greater potential for NAFLD and hypertension with mixed effects in Cyp2b-null mice(less NAFLD and greater hypertension-associated markers). Lipid profiles from older mice contain greater total and n-6 fatty acids than normal diet (ND)-fed young mice; however, surprisingly, young Cyp2b-null mice contain high n-6 : n-3 ratios. Overall, the lack of Cyp2b typically enhanced adverse physiological parameters observed in the older (9 mo) mice with increased weight gain combined with a deteriorating cholesterol profile, but not necessarily all phospholipid profiles were adversely perturbed.
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Daniel WA, Bromek E, Danek PJ, Haduch A. The mechanisms of interactions of psychotropic drugs with liver and brain cytochrome P450 and their significance for drug effect and drug-drug interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115006. [PMID: 35314167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) plays an important role in psychopharmacology. While liver CYP enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of psychotropic drugs, brain CYP enzymes are involved in the local metabolism of these drugs and endogenous neuroactive substances, such as neurosteroids, and in alternative pathways of neurotransmitter biosynthesis including dopamine and serotonin. Recent studies have revealed a relation between the brain nervous system and cytochrome P450, indicating that CYP enzymes metabolize endogenous neuroactive substances in the brain, while the brain nervous system is engaged in the central neuroendocrine and neuroimmune regulation of cytochrome P450 in the liver. Therefore, the effect of neuroactive drugs on cytochrome P450 should be investigated not only in vitro, but also at in vivo conditions, since only in vivo all mechanisms of drug-enzyme interaction can be observed, including neuroendocrine and neuroimmune modulation. Psychotropic drugs can potentially affect cytochrome P450 via a number of mechanisms operating at the level of the nervous, hormonal and immune systems, and the liver. Their effect on cytochrome P450 in the brain is often different than in the liver and region-dependent. Since psychotropic drugs can affect cytochrome P450 both in the liver and brain, they can modify their own pharmacological effect at both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic level. The article describes the mechanisms by which psychotropic drugs can change the expression/activity of cytochrome P450 in the liver and brain, and discusses the significance of those mechanisms for drug action and drug-drug interactions. Moreover, the brain CYP2D6 is considered as a potential target for psychotropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bromek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław J Danek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Kutuk MO, Tufan AE, Topal Z, Acikbas U, Guler G, Karakas B, Basaga H, Kilicaslan F, Altintas E, Aka Y, Kutuk O. CYP450 2D6 and 2C19 genotypes in ADHD: not related with treatment resistance but with over-representation of 2C19 ultra-metabolizers. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2022; 37:261-269. [PMID: 35218180 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) is a major enzyme system involved in drug metabolism as well as regulation of brain function. Although individual variability in CYP enzymes have been studied in terms of personality traits and treatment effects, no study up to now evaluated CYP polymorphisms in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to define the genetic profiles of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 relevant alleles in children with ADHD according to treatment status and compare the frequencies according to past results. METHODS Three hundred and seventeen patients with ADHD-Combined Presentation were enrolled; symptom severity was evaluated by parents and clinicians while adverse effects of previous treatments were evaluated with parent and child reports. Reverse blotting on strip assays was used for genotyping and descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted. A p-value was set at 0.05 (two-tailed). RESULTS Children were divided into treatment-naïve (n=194, 61.2%) and treatment-resistant (n=123, 38.8%) groups. Within the whole sample PM, EM and UM status according to 2D6 were 3.8% (n=12), 94.3% (n=299) and 21.9% (n=6); respectively. PM, IM, EM and UM status according to 2C19 were 2.5% (n=8), 19.8% (n=63), 48.6% (n=154) and 29.0% (n=92), respectively. No relationship with treatment resistance, comorbidity or gender could be found. Importantly, CYP2C19 UMs were significantly more frequent in ADHD patients compared to previous studies in the general population. CONCLUSIONS CYPs may be a rewarding avenue of research to elucidate the etiology and treatment of patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Ozlem Kutuk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Abant Izzet Baysal University, School of Medicine, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Zehra Topal
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | | | - Gulen Guler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Bahriye Karakas
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fethiye Kilicaslan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ebru Altintas
- Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University, Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Aka
- Department of Immunology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Kutuk
- Department of Immunology, Baskent University School of Medicine, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Medical and Research Center, Adana, Turkey
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Yamamoto Y, Tago T, Toyohara J, Saito Y, Yamamoto F. Radiosynthesis and in Vivo and ex Vivo Evaluation of Isomeric [ 11C]methoxy Analogs of Nimesulide as Brain Cyclooxygenase-2-Targeted Imaging Agents. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:94-103. [PMID: 34980783 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies identified that nimesulide analogs which bear a methoxy substituent at the para-position of the phenyl ring could be potential radiotracer candidates for detecting disorders related to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and activity in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) in the brain. The present study was conducted to evaluate the in vivo characteristics of 11C-labeled para-methoxy nimesulide ([11C]1d) as a brain COX-2-targeted imaging agent compared to other isomeric methoxy analogs of nimesulide ([11C]1b and [11C]1c). [11C]1b-d were synthesized with reasonable yield and purity by the methylation of the O-desmethyl precursor with [11C]methyl triflate in the presence of NaOH at room temperature. We performed in vivo biodistribution analysis, brain PET imaging, ex vivo autoradiography, and metabolite analysis in mice. The uptake of [11C]1b-d was lower in the brain than in other tissues, including in the blood, and both [11C]1c and [11C]1d were rapidly metabolized. However, [11C]1d showed a small, but significant, specific signal and heterogeneous distribution in the brain. In vivo evaluation suggested that [11C]1d might correlate with COX-2 expression in the brain. Given its instability in vivo, [11C]1d seems unsuitable as a brain-COX-2 radioimaging agent. Further structural refinement of these radiotracers is necessary to enhance their uptake in the brain and to achieve sufficient metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University.,Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology
| | - Yohei Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Fumihiko Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Kennedy DO, Wightman EL. Mental Performance and Sport: Caffeine and Co-consumed Bioactive Ingredients. Sports Med 2022; 52:69-90. [PMID: 36447122 PMCID: PMC9734217 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01796-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The plant defence compound caffeine is widely consumed as a performance enhancer in a sporting context, with potential benefits expected in both physiological and psychological terms. However, although caffeine modestly but consistently improves alertness and fatigue, its effects on mental performance are largely restricted to improved attention or concentration. It has no consistent effect within other cognitive domains that are important to sporting performance, including working memory, executive function and long-term memory. Although caffeine's central nervous system effects are often attributed to blockade of the receptors for the inhibitory neuromodulator adenosine, it also inhibits a number of enzymes involved both in neurotransmission and in cellular homeostasis and signal propagation. Furthermore, it modulates the pharmacokinetics of other endogenous and exogenous bioactive molecules, in part via interactions with shared cytochrome P450 enzymes. Caffeine therefore enjoys interactive relationships with a wide range of bioactive medicinal and dietary compounds, potentially broadening, increasing, decreasing, or modulating the time course of their functional effects, or vice versa. This narrative review explores the mechanisms of action and efficacy of caffeine and the potential for combinations of caffeine and other dietary compounds to exert psychological effects in excess of those expected following caffeine alone. The review focusses on, and indeed restricted its untargeted search to, the most commonly consumed sources of caffeine: products derived from caffeine-synthesising plants that give us tea (Camellia sinensis), coffee (Coffea genus), cocoa (Theabroma cacao) and guaraná (Paullinia cupana), plus multi-component energy drinks and shots. This literature suggests relevant benefits to mental performance that exceed those associated with caffeine for multi-ingredient energy drinks/shots and several low-caffeine extracts, including high-flavanol cocoa and guarana. However, there is a general lack of research conducted in such a way as to disentangle the relative contributions of the component parts of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Kennedy
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Emma L. Wightman
- Brain, Performance and Nutrition Research Centre, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
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Haduch A, Danek PJ, Kuban W, Pukło R, Alenina N, Gołębiowska J, Popik P, Bader M, Daniel WA. Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzyme dysfunction associated with aging and serotonin deficiency in the brain and liver of female Dark Agouti rats. Neurochem Int 2022; 152:105223. [PMID: 34780807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Among the enzymes that support brain metabolism, cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes occupy an important place. These enzymes catalyze the biotransformation pathways of neuroactive endogenous substrates (neurosteroids, neurotransmitters) and are necessary for the detoxification processes. The aim of the present study was to assess changes in the CYP2D activity and protein level during the aging process and as a result of serotonin deficiency in the female brain. The CYP2D activity was measured in brain and liver microsomes of Dark Agouti wild type (WT) female rats (mature 15-week-old and senescent 18-month-old rats) and in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2)-deficient senescent female rats. The CYP2D activity in mature WT Dark Agouti females was independent of the changing phases of the estrous cycle. In senescent WT females rats, the CYP2D activity and protein level were decreased in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and liver, but increased in the brain stem. In the other examined structures (frontal cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, striatum), the enzyme activity did not change. In aging TPH2-deficient females, the CYP2D activity and protein levels were decreased in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus and brain stem (activity only), remaining unchanged in other brain structures and liver, relative to senescent WT females. In summary, the aging process and TPH2 deficit affect the CYP2D activity and protein level in female rats, which may have a negative impact on the compensatory capacity of CYP2D in the synthesis of serotonin and dopamine in cerebral structures involved in cognitive and emotional functions. In the liver, the CYP2D-catalyzed drug metabolism may be diminished in elderly females. The results in female rats are compared with those obtained previously in males. It is concluded that aging and serotonin deficiency exert sex-dependent effects on brain CYP2D, which seem to be less favorable in females concerning CYP2D-mediated neurotransmitter synthesis, but beneficial regarding slower neurosteroid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Przemysław J Danek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kuban
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pukło
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Joanna Gołębiowska
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Danek PJ, Daniel WA. Long-Term Treatment with Atypical Antipsychotic Iloperidone Modulates Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Expression and Activity in the Liver and Brain via Different Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123472. [PMID: 34943983 PMCID: PMC8700221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D enzymes engage in the synthesis of endogenous neuroactive substances (dopamine, serotonin) and in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The present work investigates the effect of iloperidone on CYP2D enzyme expression and activity in rat brains and livers. Iloperidone exerted a weak direct inhibitory effect on CYP2D activity in vitro in the liver and brain microsomes (Ki = 11.5 μM and Ki = 462 μM, respectively). However, a two-week treatment with iloperidone (1 mg/kg ip.) produced a significant decrease in the activity of liver CYP2D, which correlated positively with the reduced CYP2D1, CYP2D2 and CYP2D4 protein and mRNA levels. Like in the liver, iloperidone reduced CYP2D activity and protein levels in the frontal cortex and cerebellum but enhanced these levels in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and substantia nigra. Chronic iloperidone did not change the brain CYP2D4 mRNA levels, except in the striatum, where they were significantly increased. In conclusion, by affecting CYP2D activity in the brain, iloperidone may modify its pharmacological effect, via influencing the rate of dopamine and serotonin synthesis or the metabolism of neurosteroids. By elevating the CYP2D expression/activity in the substantia nigra and striatum (i.e., in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway), iloperidone may attenuate extrapyramidal symptoms, while by decreasing the CYP2D activity and metabolism of neurosteroiods in the frontal cortex and cerebellum, iloperidone can have beneficial effects in the treatment of schizophrenia. In the liver, pharmacokinetic interactions involving chronic iloperidone and CYP2D substrates are likely to occur.
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Danek PJ, Bromek E, Haduch A, Daniel WA. Chronic treatment with asenapine affects cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) in rat brain and liver. Pharmacological aspects. Neurochem Int 2021; 151:105209. [PMID: 34666077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroleptics have to be used for a long time to produce a therapeutic effect. Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) enzymes mediate alternative pathways of neurotransmitter synthesis (i.e. tyramine hydroxylation to dopamine and 5-methoxytryptamine O-demethylation to serotonin), and metabolism of neurosteroids. The aim of our present study was to examine the influence of chronic treatment with the new atypical neuroleptic asenapine on CYP2D in rat brain. In parallel, liver CYP2D was investigated for comparison. Asenapine added in vitro to microsomes of control rats competitively, but weakly inhibited the activity of CYP2D (brain: Ki = 385 μM; liver: Ki = 36 μM). However, prolonged administration of asenapine (0.3 mg/kg sc. for 2 weeks) significantly diminished the activity and protein level of CYP2D in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and cerebellum, but did not affect the enzyme in the hypothalamus, brain stem, substantia nigra and the remainder of the brain. In contrast, asenapine enhanced the enzyme activity and protein level in the striatum. In the liver, chronically administered asenapine reduced the activity and protein level of CYP2D, and the CYP2D1 mRNA level. In conclusion, prolonged administration of asenapine alters the CYP2D expression in the brain structures and in the liver. Through affecting the CYP2D activity in the brain, asenapine may modify its pharmacological effect. By increasing the CYP2D expression/activity in the striatum, asenapine may accelerate the synthesis of dopamine (via tyramine hydroxylation) and serotonin (via 5-methoxytryptamine O-demethylation), and thus alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms. By reducing the CYP2D expression/activity in other brain structures asenapine may diminish the 21-hydroxylation of neurosteroids and thus have a beneficial influence on the symptoms of schizophrenia. In the liver, by reducing the CYP2D activity, asenapine may slow the biotransformation of concomitantly administered CYP2D substrates (drugs) during continuous treatment of schizophrenia or bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław J Danek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bromek
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Gáll Z, Székely O. Role of Vitamin D in Cognitive Dysfunction: New Molecular Concepts and Discrepancies between Animal and Human Findings. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113672. [PMID: 34835929 PMCID: PMC8620681 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW increasing evidence suggests that besides the several metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the neuronal effects of 1,25(OH)2D should also be considered an essential contributor to the development of cognition in the early years and its maintenance in aging. The developmental disabilities induced by vitamin D deficiency (VDD) include neurological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia) characterized by cognitive dysfunction. On the other hand, VDD has frequently been associated with dementia of aging and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease). RECENT FINDINGS various cells (i.e., neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) within the central nervous system (CNS) express vitamin D receptors (VDR). Moreover, some of them are capable of synthesizing and catabolizing 1,25(OH)2D via 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) enzymes, respectively. Both 1,25(OH)2D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were determined from different areas of the brain and their uneven distribution suggests that vitamin D signaling might have a paracrine or autocrine nature in the CNS. Although both cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D pass the blood-brain barrier, the influence of supplementation has not yet demonstrated to have a direct impact on neuronal functions. So, this review summarizes the existing evidence for the action of vitamin D on cognitive function in animal models and humans and discusses the possible pitfalls of therapeutic clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Gáll
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Orsolya Székely
- Department of Nephrology/Internal Medicine, Mures County Clinical Hospital, 540103 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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DuBois BN, Amirrad F, Mehvar R. A Comparison of Calcium Aggregation and Ultracentrifugation Methods for the Preparation of Rat Brain Microsomes for Drug Metabolism Studies. Pharmacology 2021; 106:687-692. [PMID: 34662883 DOI: 10.1159/000519667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preparation of brain microsomes by the calcium chloride aggregation method has been suggested as an alternative to the ultracentrifugation method. However, the effects of the calcium chloride concentration on the quality of the microsomal fractions are not known. Brain microsomes were prepared from the adult rat brains using the high-speed ultracentrifugation and low-speed calcium chloride (10-100 mM) aggregation methods (n = 5-6 per group). The microsomal protein yield (spectrometry), the cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) activity (spectrometry), and the monooxygenase activities (UPLC-MS/MS) of CYP2D and CYP2E1 were determined in the obtained fractions. Increasing the concentrations of calcium chloride progressively increased the protein yield of the low-speed microsomal fractions. However, the increased yield was associated with a significant decrease in the activities of CPR, CYP2D, and CYP2E1. Additionally, the CYP2D and CYP2E1 activities were significantly correlated with the CPR activities of the fractions. In conclusion, when an ultracentrifuge is available, preparation of brain microsomes by the ultracentrifugation method might be preferable. However, the calcium aggregation method at a calcium chloride concentration of 10 mM is an acceptable alternative to the ultracentrifuge method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barent N DuBois
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Farideh Amirrad
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Reza Mehvar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, USA
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Vázquez M, Fagiolino P. The role of efflux transporters and metabolizing enzymes in brain and peripheral organs to explain drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7 Suppl 1:S47-S58. [PMID: 34560816 PMCID: PMC9340310 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐resistant epilepsy has been explained by different mechanisms. The most accepted one involves overexpression of multidrug transporters proteins at the blood brain barrier and brain metabolizing enzymes. This hypothesis is one of the main pharmacokinetic reasons that lead to the lack of response of some antiseizure drug substrates of these transporters and enzymes due to their limited entrance into the brain and limited stay at the sites of actions. Although uncontrolled seizures can be the cause of the overexpression, some antiseizure medications themselves can cause such overexpression leading to treatment failure and thus refractoriness. However, it has to be taken into account that the inductive effect of some drugs such as carbamazepine or phenytoin not only impacts on the brain but also on the rest of the body with different intensity, influencing the amount of drug available for the central nervous system. Such induction is not only local drug concentration but also time dependent. In the case of valproic acid, the deficient disposition of ammonia due to a malfunction of the urea cycle, which would have its origin in an intrinsic deficiency of L‐carnitine levels in the patient or by its depletion caused by the action of this antiseizure drug, could lead to drug‐resistant epilepsy. Many efforts have been made to change this situation. In order to name some, the administration of once‐daily dosing of phenytoin or the coadministration of carnitine with valproic acid would be preferable to avoid iatrogenic refractoriness. Another could be the use of an adjuvant drug that down‐regulates the expression of transporters. In this case, the use of cannabidiol with antiseizure properties itself and able to diminish the overexpression of these transporters in the brain could be a novel therapy in order to allow penetration of other antiseizure medications into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vázquez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pietro Fagiolino
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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The Reduction of the Combined Effects of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A in Piglet Livers and Kidneys by Dietary Antioxidants. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090648. [PMID: 34564652 PMCID: PMC8472784 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on protein expression and catalytic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A29 and GSTA1 and the preventive effect of dietary byproduct antioxidants administration against these mycotoxin damage. Three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C) of piglets after weaning (TOPIGS-40 hybrid) were fed with experimental diets for 30 days. A basal diet containing normal compound feed for starter piglets was used as a control treatment and free of mycotoxin. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1—basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal), E2—the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1) and E3—basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform microsomal fraction isolation, followed by protein expression and enzymatic analyses. The protein expressions of CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were up-regulated in an insignificant manner in liver, whereas in kidney, those of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were down-regulated. The enzymatic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 decreased in liver, in a significant manner, whereas in kidney, these increased significantly. The co-presence of the two mycotoxins and the mixture of grape seed and sea buckthorn meal generated a tendency to return to the control values, which suggest that grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal waste represent a promising source in counteracting the harmful effect of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B.
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Venkatapura Chandrashekar D, DuBois B, Mehvar R. UPLC-MS/MS analysis of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of CYP3A-mediated midazolam 1'- and 4-hydroxylation in rat brain microsomes. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1180:122892. [PMID: 34388602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Midazolam (MDZ) is a short-acting benzodiazepine with rapid onset of action, which is metabolized by CYP3A isoenzymes to two hydroxylated metabolites, 1'-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam. The drug is also commonly used as a marker of CYP3A activity in the liver microsomes. However, the kinetics of CYP3A-mediated hydroxylation of MDZ in the brain, which contains much lower CYP content than the liver, have not been reported. In this study, UPLC-MS/MS and metabolic incubation methods were developed and validated for simultaneous measurement of low concentrations of both hydroxylated metabolites of MDZ in brain microsomes. Different concentrations of MDZ (1-500 µM) were incubated with rat brain microsomes (6.25 µg) and NADPH over a period of 10 min. After precipitation of the microsomal proteins with acetonitrile, which contained individual isotope-labeled internal standards for each metabolite, the analytes were separated on a C18 UPLC column and detected by a tandem mass spectrometer. Accurate quantitation of MDZ metabolism in the brain microsomes presented several challenges unique to this tissue, which were resolved. The optimized method showed validation results in accordance with the FDA acceptance criteria, with a linearity ranging from 1 to 100 nM and a lower limit of quantitation of 0.4 pg on the column for each of the two metabolites. The method was successfully used to determine the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics of MDZ 1'- and 4-hydroxylase activities in rat brain microsomes (n = 5) for the first time. The 4-hydroxylated metabolite had 2.4 fold higher maximum velocity (p < 0.01) and 1.9 fold higher (p < 0.05) MM constant values than the 1'-hydroxylated metabolite. However, intrinsic clearance values of the two metabolites were similar. The optimized analytical and metabolic incubation methods reported here may be used to study the effects of various pathophysiological and pharmacological factors on the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of MDZ in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barent DuBois
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, USA
| | - Reza Mehvar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, USA.
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Guarnieri G, Becatti M, Comeglio P, Vignozzi L, Maggi M, Vannelli GB, Morelli A. Benzo[a]pyrene impairs the migratory pattern of human gonadotropin-releasing-hormone-secreting neuroblasts. Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 34459573 PMCID: PMC8419627 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a widespread pollutant that can act as an endocrine disrupting compound (EDC) and interferes with reproductive function. The central regulatory network of the reproductive system is mediated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, which originate in the olfactory placode and, during ontogenesis, migrate into the hypothalamus. Given the importance of the migratory process for GnRH neuron maturation, we investigated the effect of BaP (10 μM for 24 h) on GnRH neuroblasts isolated from the human fetal olfactory epithelium (FNCB4). BaP exposure significantly reduced the mRNA level of genes implicated in FNCB4 cell migration and affected their migratory ability. Our findings demonstrate that BaP may interfere with the central neuronal network controlling human reproduction affecting GnRH neuron maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence.
| | | | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence.
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