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Metal nanoparticles: biomedical applications and their molecular mechanisms of toxicity. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup Jensen K, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Schwarze PE, Hoet P, Pietroiusti A, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Baeza-Squiban A, Teixeira JP, Tran CL, Cassee FR. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:106002. [PMID: 29017987 PMCID: PMC5933410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. At present, relatively few human health or epidemiology data exist for engineered nanomaterials (NMs) despite clear parallels in their physicochemical properties and biological actions in in vitro models. OBJECTIVES NMs are available with a range of physicochemical characteristics, which allows a more systematic toxicological analysis. Therefore, the study of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm in diameter) provides an opportunity to identify plausible health effects for NMs, and the study of NMs provides an opportunity to facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of UFP. METHODS A workshop of experts systematically analyzed the available information and identified 19 key lessons that can facilitate knowledge exchange between these discipline areas. DISCUSSION Key lessons range from the availability of specific techniques and standard protocols for physicochemical characterization and toxicology assessment to understanding and defining dose and the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. This review identifies a number of key areas in which additional research prioritization would facilitate both research fields simultaneously. CONCLUSION There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hoet
- Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, México
| | | | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto–Epidemiology (ISPUP-EPI) Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Johnson DR. Nanometer-sized emissions from municipal waste incinerators: A qualitative risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:67-79. [PMID: 27513371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Municipal waste incinerators (MWI) are beneficial alternatives to landfills for waste management. A recent constituent of concern in emissions from these facilities is incidental nanometer-sized particles (INPMWI), i.e., particles smaller than 1 micrometer in size that may deposit in the deepest parts of the lungs, cross into the bloodstream, and affect different regions of the body. With limited data, the public may fear INPMWI due to uncertainty, which may affect public acceptance, regulatory permitting, and the increased lowering of air quality standards. Despite limited data, a qualitative risk assessment paradigm can be applied to determine the relative risk due to INPMWI emissions. This review compiles existing data on nanometer-sized particle generation by MWIs, emissions control technologies used at MWIs, emission releases into the atmosphere, human population exposure, and adverse health effects of nanometer-sized particles to generate a qualitative risk assessment and identify data gaps. The qualitative risk assessment conservatively concludes that INPMWI pose a low to moderate risk to individuals, primarily due to the lack of relevant toxicological data on INPMWI mixtures in ambient particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Johnson
- GHD, 1755 Wittington Place, Suite 500, Dallas, TX 75234, USA.
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Abstract
Matters when converted into nanosize provide some unique surface properties, which are different from those of the bulk materials. Nanomaterials show some extraordinary behavioral patterns because of those properties, such as supermagnetism, quantum confinement, etc. A great deal of implication of nanomaterials in nanomedicine has already been realized. Utility of nanomaterials as drug nanocarrier projects many potential advantages of them in drug delivery. Despite many such advantages, the potential risk of health and environmental hazards related to them cannot be ignored. Here various physicochemical factors, such as chemical nature, degradability, surface properties, surface charge, particle size, and shape, have been shown to play a crucial role in toxicity related to drug nanocarriers. Evidence-based findings of some drug nanocarriers have been incorporated to provide distinct knowledge to the readers in the field. A glimpse of current regulatory controls and measures required to combat the challenges of toxicological aspects of drug nanocarriers have been described.
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Christophersen DV, Jacobsen NR, Jensen DM, Kermanizadeh A, Sheykhzade M, Loft S, Vogel U, Wallin H, Møller P. Inflammation and Vascular Effects after Repeated Intratracheal Instillations of Carbon Black and Lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160731. [PMID: 27571356 PMCID: PMC5003393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered the main drivers of vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis after inhalation of particulate matter. In addition, new studies have shown that particle exposure can induce the level of bioactive mediators in serum, driving vascular- and systemic toxicity. We aimed to investigate if pulmonary inflammation would accelerate nanoparticle-induced atherosclerotic plaque progression in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. ApoE-/- mice were exposed to vehicle, 8.53 or 25.6 μg nanosized carbon black (CB) alone or spiked with LPS (0.2 μg/mouse/exposure; once a week for 10 weeks). Inflammation was determined by counting cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Serum Amyloid A3 (Saa3) expression and glutathione status were determined in lung tissue. Plaque progression was assessed in the aorta and the brachiocephalic artery. The effect of vasoactive mediators in plasma of exposed ApoE-/- mice was assessed in aorta rings isolated from naïve C57BL/6 mice. Pulmonary exposure to CB and/or LPS resulted in pulmonary inflammation with a robust influx of neutrophils. The CB exposure did not promote plaque progression in aorta or BCA. Incubation with 0.5% plasma extracted from CB-exposed ApoE-/- mice caused vasoconstriction in aorta rings isolated from naïve mice; this effect was abolished by the treatment with the serotonin receptor antagonist Ketanserin. In conclusion, repeated pulmonary exposure to nanosized CB and LPS caused lung inflammation without progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Nevertheless, plasma extracted from mice exposed to nanosized CB induced vasoconstriction in aortas of naïve wild-type mice, an effect possibly related to increased plasma serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vest Christophersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | | | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Section of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Håkan Wallin
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Clark J, Gregory CC, Matthews IP, Hoogendoorn B. The biological effects upon the cardiovascular system consequent to exposure to particulates of less than 500 nm in size. Biomarkers 2015; 21:1-47. [PMID: 26643755 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2015.1118540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ultrafine particulate matter contribution to cardiovascular disease is not known and not regulated. PM up to 500 nm are abundant in urban air and alveolar deposition is significant. OBJECTIVE Effects beyond the alveolar barrier within the body or in vitro tissues exposed to particles <500 nm. METHODS AND RESULTS DATABASES MEDLINE; Ovid-MEDLINE PREM; Web of Science; PubMed (SciGlobe). 127 articles. Results in tables: "subject type exposed", "exposure type", "technique". CONCLUSION Heart rate, vasoactivity, atherosclerotic advancement, oxidative stress, coagulability, inflammatory changes are affected. Production of reactive oxygen species is a useful target to limit outcomes associated with UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Clark
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Clive C Gregory
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Ian P Matthews
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Bastiaan Hoogendoorn
- a Institute of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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Upadhyay S, Stoeger T, George L, Schladweiler MC, Kodavanti U, Ganguly K, Schulz H. Ultrafine carbon particle mediated cardiovascular impairment of aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:36. [PMID: 25442699 PMCID: PMC4410795 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies provide compelling evidences for particulate matter (PM) associated cardiovascular health effects. Elderly individuals, particularly those with preexisting conditions like hypertension are regarded to be vulnerable. Experimental data are warranted to reveal the molecular pathomechanism of PM related cardiovascular impairments among aged/predisposed individuals. Thus we investigated the cardiovascular effects of ultrafine carbon particles (UfCP) on aged (12–13 months) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and compared the findings with our pervious study on adult SHRs (6–7 months) to identify age related predisposition events in cardiovascular compromised elderly individuals. Methods Aged SHRs were inhalation exposed to UfCP for 24 h (~180 μg/m3) followed by radio-telemetric assessment for blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cell differentials, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and other proinflammatory cytokines; serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HPT); and plasma fibrinogen were measured. Transcript levels of hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1), endothelin 1 (ET1), endothelin receptors A, B (ETA, ETB), tissue factor (TF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were measured in the lung and heart to assess oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and coagulation cascade. Result UfCP exposed aged SHRs exhibited increased BP (4.4%) and HR (6.3%) on 1st recovery day paralleled by a 58% increase of neutrophils and 25% increase of IL-6 in the BAL fluid. Simultaneously higher CRP, HPT and fibrinogen levels in exposed SHRs indicate systemic inflammation. HO-1, ET1, ET-A, ET-B, TF and PAI-1 were induced by 1.5-2.0 folds in lungs of aged SHRs on 1st recovery day. However, in UfCP exposed adult SHRs these markers were up-regulated (2.5-6 fold) on 3rd recovery day in lung without detectable pulmonary/systemic inflammation. Conclusions The UfCP induced pulmonary and systemic inflammation in aged SHRs is associated with oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and disturbed coagulatory hemostasis. UfCP exposure increased BP and HR in aged SHRs rats which was associated with lung inflammation, and increased expression of inflammatory, vasoconstriction and coagulation markers as well as systemic changes in biomarkers of thrombosis in aged SHRs. Our study provides further evidence for potential molecular mechanisms explaining the increased risk of particle mediated cardiac health effects in cardiovascular compromised elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
| | - Leema George
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, 603203, India.
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Urmila Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany. .,SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Chennai, 603203, India.
| | - Holger Schulz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany. .,Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-85764, Neuherberg/München, Germany.
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Cassee FR, Héroux ME, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Kelly FJ. Particulate matter beyond mass: recent health evidence on the role of fractions, chemical constituents and sources of emission. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:802-12. [PMID: 24304307 PMCID: PMC3886392 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.850127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is regulated in various parts of the world based on specific size cut offs, often expressed as 10 or 2.5 µm mass median aerodynamic diameter. This pollutant is deemed one of the most dangerous to health and moreover, problems persist with high ambient concentrations. Continuing pressure to re-evaluate ambient air quality standards stems from research that not only has identified effects at low levels of PM but which also has revealed that reductions in certain components, sources and size fractions may best protect public health. Considerable amount of published information have emerged from toxicological research in recent years. Accumulating evidence has identified additional air quality metrics (e.g. black carbon, secondary organic and inorganic aerosols) that may be valuable in evaluating the health risks of, for example, primary combustion particles from traffic emissions, which are not fully taken into account with PM2.5 mass. Most of the evidence accumulated so far is for an adverse effect on health of carbonaceous material from traffic. Traffic-generated dust, including road, brake and tire wear, also contribute to the adverse effects on health. Exposure durations from a few minutes up to a year have been linked with adverse effects. The new evidence collected supports the scientific conclusions of the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines and also provides scientific arguments for taking decisive actions to improve air quality and reduce the global burden of disease associated with air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming R Cassee
- Department for Environmental Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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Thompson LC, Urankar RN, Holland NA, Vidanapathirana AK, Pitzer JE, Han L, Sumner SJ, Lewin AH, Fennell TR, Lust RM, Brown JM, Wingard CJ. C₆₀ exposure augments cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and coronary artery contraction in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2014; 138:365-78. [PMID: 24431213 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential uses of engineered C₆₀ fullerene (C₆₀) have expanded in recent decades to include industrial and biomedical applications. Based on clinical findings associated with particulate matter exposure and our data with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, we hypothesized that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and pharmacological responses in isolated coronary arteries would depend upon the route of exposure and gender in rats instilled with C₆₀. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were used to test this hypothesis by surgical induction of cardiac I/R injury in situ 24 h after intratracheal (IT) or intravenous (IV) instillation of 28 μg of C₆₀ formulated in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or PVP vehicle. Serum was collected for quantification of various cytokines. Coronary artery segments were isolated for assessment of vasoactive pharmacology via wire myography. Both IV and IT exposure to C₆₀ resulted in expansion of myocardial infarction in male and female rats following I/R injury. Serum-collected post-I/R showed elevated concentrations of interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in male rats exposed to IV C₆₀. Coronary arteries isolated from male rats exposed to IT C₆₀ demonstrated augmented vasocontraction in response to endothelin-1 that was attenuated with Indomethacin. IV C₆₀ exposure resulted in impaired acetylcholine relaxation in male rats and IT C₆₀ exposure resulted in depressed vasorelaxation in response to sodium nitroprusside in female rats. Based on these data, we conclude that IT and IV exposure to C₆₀ results in unique cardiovascular consequences that may favor heightened coronary resistance and myocardial susceptibility to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834
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Kim J, Lee K. Characterization of decay and emission rates of ultrafine particles in indoor ice rink. INDOOR AIR 2013; 23:318-324. [PMID: 23176435 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to determine indoor ultrafine particle (UFP, diameter <100 nm) levels in ice rinks and to characterize UFP decay and emission rates. All 15 public ice rinks in Seoul were investigated for UFP and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Three ice rinks did not show peaks in UFP concentrations, and one ice rink used two resurfacers simultaneously. High peaks of UFP and CO concentrations were observed when the resurfacer was operated. The average air change rate in the 11 ice rinks was 0.21 ± 0.13/h. The average decay rates of UFP number concentrations measured by the P-Trak and DiSCmini were 0.54 ± 0.21/h and 0.85 ± 0.34/h, respectively. The average decay rate of UFP surface area concentration was 0.33 ± 0.15/h. The average emission rates of UFP number concentrations measured by P-Trak and DiSCmini were 1.2 × 10(14) ± 6.5 × 10(13) particles/min and 3.3 × 10(14) ± 2.4 × 10(14) particles/min, respectively. The average emission rate of UFP surface area concentration was 3.1 × 10(11) ± 2.0 × 10(11) μm(2)/min. UFP emission rate was associated with resurfacer age. DiSCmini measured higher decay and emission rates than P-Trak due to their different measuring mechanisms and size ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Environmental Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Stapleton PA, Minarchick VC, McCawley M, Knuckles TL, Nurkiewicz TR. Xenobiotic particle exposure and microvascular endpoints: a call to arms. Microcirculation 2012; 19:126-42. [PMID: 21951337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotic particles can be considered in two genres: air pollution particulate matter and engineered nanoparticles. Particle exposures can occur in the greater environment, the workplace, and our homes. The majority of research in this field has, justifiably, focused on pulmonary reactions and outcomes. More recent investigations indicate that cardiovascular effects are capable of correlating with established mortality and morbidity epidemiological data following particle exposures. While the preliminary and general cardiovascular toxicology has been defined, the mechanisms behind these effects, specifically within the microcirculation, are largely unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this review is several fold: first, a historical background on toxicological aspects of particle research is presented. Second, essential definitions, terminology, and techniques that may be unfamiliar to the microvascular scientist will be discussed. Third, the most current concepts and hypotheses driving cardiovascular research in this field will be reviewed. Lastly, potential future directions for the microvascular scientist will be suggested. Collectively speaking, microvascular research in the particle exposure field represents far more than a "niche." The immediate demand for basic, translational, and clinical studies is high and diverse. Microvascular scientists at all career stages are strongly encouraged to expand their research interests to include investigations associated with particle exposures.
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Cheng WW, Lin ZQ, Ceng Q, Wei BF, Fan XJ, Zhang HS, Zhang W, Yang HL, Liu HL, Yan J, Tian L, Lin BC, Ding SM, Xi ZG. Single-wall carbon nanotubes induce oxidative stress in rat aortic endothelial cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:268-76. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.647112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Lord K, Moll D, Lindsey JK, Mahne S, Raman G, Dugas T, Cormier S, Troxlair D, Lomnicki S, Dellinger B, Varner K. Environmentally persistent free radicals decrease cardiac function before and after ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:157-67. [PMID: 21385100 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.555767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particles is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. During the combustion of chlorine-containing hazardous materials and fuels, chlorinated hydrocarbons chemisorb to the surface of transition metal-oxide-containing particles, reduce the metal, and form an organic free radical. These radical-particle systems can survive in the environment for days and are called environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). This study determined whether EPFRs could decrease left ventricular function before and after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in vivo. Male Brown-Norway rats were dosed (8 mg/kg, intratracheal) 24 h prior to testing with particles containing the EPFR of 1, 2-dichlorobenzene (DCB230). DCB230 treatment decreased systolic and diastolic function. DCB230 also produced pulmonary and cardiac inflammation. After ischemia, systolic, but not diastolic function was significantly decreased in DCB230-treated rats. Ventricular function was not affected by I/R in control rats. There was greater oxidative stress in the heart and increased 8-isoprostane (biomarker of oxidative stress) in the plasma of treated vs. control rats after I/R. These data demonstrate for the first time that DCB230 can produce inflammation and significantly decrease cardiac function at baseline and after I/R in vivo. Furthermore, these data suggest that EPFRs may be a risk factor for cardiac toxicity in healthy individuals and individuals with ischemic heart disease. Potential mechanisms involving cytokines/chemokines and/or oxidative stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lord
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Upadhyay S, Ganguly K, Stoeger T, Semmler-Bhenke M, Takenaka S, Kreyling WG, Pitz M, Reitmeir P, Peters A, Eickelberg O, Wichmann HE, Schulz H. Cardiovascular and inflammatory effects of intratracheally instilled ambient dust from Augsburg, Germany, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:27. [PMID: 20920269 PMCID: PMC2956709 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Several epidemiological studies associated exposure to increased levels of particulate matter in Augsburg, Germany with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. To elucidate the mechanisms of cardiovascular impairments we investigated the cardiopulmonary responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a model for human cardiovascular diseases, following intratracheal instillation of dust samples from Augsburg. Methods 250 μg, 500 μg and 1000 μg of fine ambient particles (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, PM2.5-AB) collected from an urban background site in Augsburg during September and October 2006 (PM2.5 18.2 μg/m3, 10,802 particles/cm3) were instilled in 12 months old SHRs to assess the inflammatory response in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), blood, lung and heart tissues 1 and 3 days post instillation. Radio-telemetric analysis was performed to investigate the cardiovascular responses following instillation of particles at the highest dosage based on the inflammatory response observed. Results Exposure to 1000 μg of PM2.5-AB was associated with a delayed increase in delta mean blood pressure (ΔmBP) during 2nd-4th day after instillation (10.0 ± 4.0 vs. -3.9 ± 2.6 mmHg) and reduced heart rate (HR) on the 3rd day post instillation (325.1 ± 8.8 vs. 348.9 ± 12.5 bpm). BALF cell differential and inflammatory markers (osteopontin, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) from pulmonary and systemic level were significantly induced, mostly in a dose-dependent way. Protein analysis of various markers indicate that PM2.5-AB instillation results in an activation of endothelin system (endothelin1), renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin converting enzyme) and also coagulation system (tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) in pulmonary and cardiac tissues during the same time period when alternation in ΔmBP and HR have been detected. Conclusions Our data suggests that high concentrations of PM2.5-AB exposure triggers low grade PM mediated inflammatory effects in the lungs but disturbs vascular homeostasis in pulmonary tissues and on a systemic level by affecting the renin angiotensin system, the endothelin system and the coagulation cascade. These findings are indicative for promotion of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic lesions, and thrombogeneis and, thus, provide plausible evidence that susceptible-predisposed individuals may develop acute cardiac events like myocardial infarction when repeatedly exposed to high pollution episodes as observed in epidemiological studies in Augsburg, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Li JJ, Muralikrishnan S, Ng CT, Yung LYL, Bay BH. Nanoparticle-induced pulmonary toxicity. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:1025-33. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, advances in nanotechnology engineering have given rise to the rapid development of many novel applications in the biomedical field. However, studies into the health and safety of these nanomaterials are still lacking. The main concerns are the adverse effects to health caused by acute or chronic exposure to nanoparticles (NPs), especially in the workplace environment. The lung is one of the main routes of entry for NPs into the body and, hence, a likely site for accumulation of NPs. Once NPs enter the interstitial air spaces and are quickly taken up by alveolar cells, they are likely to induce toxic effects. In this review, we highlight the different aspects of lung toxicity resulting from NP exposure, such as generation of oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammation leading to fibrosis and pneumoconiosis, and the underlying mechanisms causing pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Jia'en Li
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Blk MD10, Singapore117597
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Sindu Muralikrishnan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Teng Ng
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Lin-Yue Lanry Yung
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Boon-Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, Blk MD10, Singapore117597
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Li C, Taneda S, Taya K, Watanabe G, Li X, Fujitani Y, Ito Y, Nakajima T, Suzuki AK. Effects of inhaled nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust on regulation of testicular function in adult male rats. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:803-11. [PMID: 19653803 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802524381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nanoparticle-rich diesel exhaust (NR-DE) on reproductive function. Eight-week-old male F344 rats were divided into 12 experimental groups and exposed to either whole NR-DE at low (15.37 microg/m(3), 2.27 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)), middle (36.35 microg/m(3), 5.11 x 10(5) particles/cm(3)), or high (168.84 microg/m(3), 1.36 x 10(6) particles/cm(3)) concentrations or clean air for 4, 8, or 12 weeks (5 hours/day, 5 days/week). NR-DE exposure for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect body weight; however, body weight was significantly decreased in rats exposed to low- or high- concentration NR-DE for 12 weeks compared to the control group. Relative weights of testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, and prostate had increased non-significantly in all NR-DE-exposed rats at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Adrenal gland relative weights were significantly increased at 4 weeks in rats exposed to low-concentration NR-DE. Plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations did not change significantly. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly increased after exposure to low- or middle-concentration NR-DE for 4 or 8 weeks compared to controls. Plasma immunoreactive (ir-) inhibin concentrations were significantly increased after exposure to high-concentration NR-DE for 4 weeks or middle- or high-concentration NR-DE for 12 weeks compared to controls. Testicular testosterone concentrations were significantly increased at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after exposure to low-concentration NR-DE compared to controls. In contrast, with exposure to low- or high-concentration NR-DE, testicular ir-inhibin concentrations were significantly greater than in controls, but only at 4 weeks. These results suggest that NR-DE inhalation disrupts the endocrine activity of the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChunMei Li
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Upadhyay S, Stoeger T, Harder V, Thomas RF, Schladweiler MC, Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Karg E, Reitmeir P, Bader M, Stampfl A, Kodavanti UP, Schulz H. Exposure to ultrafine carbon particles at levels below detectable pulmonary inflammation affects cardiovascular performance in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2008; 5:19. [PMID: 19055790 PMCID: PMC2612692 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter is a risk factor for cardiopulmonary disease but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we sought to investigate the cardiopulmonary responses on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) following inhalation of UfCPs (24 h, 172 mug.m-3), to assess whether compromised animals (SHR) exhibit a different response pattern compared to the previously studied healthy rats (WKY). METHODS Cardiophysiological response in SHRs was analyzed using radiotelemetry. Blood pressure (BP) and its biomarkers plasma renin-angiotensin system were also assessed. Lung and cardiac mRNA expressions for markers of oxidative stress (hemeoxygenase-1), blood coagulation (tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), and endothelial function (endothelin-1, and endothelin receptors A and B) were analyzed following UfCPs exposure in SHRs. UfCPs-mediated inflammatory responses were assessed from broncho-alveolar-lavage fluid (BALF). RESULTS Increased BP and heart rate (HR) by about 5% with a lag of 1-3 days were detected in UfCPs exposed SHRs. Inflammatory markers of BALF, lung (pulmonary) and blood (systemic) were not affected. However, mRNA expression of hemeoxygenase-1, endothelin-1, endothelin receptors A and B, tissue factor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor showed a significant induction (~2.5-fold; p < 0.05) with endothelin 1 being the maximally induced factor (6-fold; p < 0.05) on the third recovery day in the lungs of UfCPs exposed SHRs; while all of these factors - except hemeoxygenase-1 - were not affected in cardiac tissues. Strikingly, the UfCPs-mediated altered BP is paralleled by the induction of renin-angiotensin system in plasma. CONCLUSION Our finding shows that UfCPs exposure at levels which does not induce detectable pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation, triggers distinct effects in the lung and also at the systemic level in compromised SHRs. These effects are characterized by increased activity of plasma renin-angiotensin system and circulating white blood cells together with moderate increases in the BP, HR and decreases in heart rate variability. This systemic effect is associated with pulmonary, but not cardiac, mRNA induction of biomarkers reflective of oxidative stress; activation of vasoconstriction, stimulation of blood coagulation factors, and inhibition of fibrinolysis. Thus, UfCPs may cause cardiovascular and pulmonary impairment, in the absence of detectable pulmonary inflammation, in individuals suffering from preexisting cardiovascular diseases.
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18
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Furuyama A, Kanno S, Kobayashi T, Hirano S. Extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled fine and ultrafine particles via direct and alveolar macrophage-associated routes. Arch Toxicol 2008; 83:429-37. [PMID: 18953527 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles from the lungs into the blood may impair cardiovascular function. We administered ultrafine (20-nm) and fine (200-nm) gold colloid or fluorescein-labeled polystyrene particles to mice intratracheally and examined their localization in the lung and extrapulmonary organs. Fifteen minutes after instillation, dispersed and agglomerated 20-nm gold colloid particles were observed on the surface of endothelial cells, on the alveolar surface, in endocytotic vesicles of alveolar epithelial cells, and in the basement membrane of the lung. A small but noteworthy amount of gold was detected in the liver, kidney, spleen, and heart by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. After administration of 20- or 200-nm fluorescent particles, free particles were detected infrequently in blood vessels, on the endocardial surface, and in the kidney and liver only in the mice that received 20-nm particles, whereas phagocytes containing 20- or 200-nm particles were found in the extrapulmonary tissues. Fluorescent particle-laden alveolar macrophages administered intratracheally translocated from alveoli to extrapulmonary organs via the blood circulation. Thus, small amounts of ultrafine particles are transported across the alveolar wall into the blood circulation via endocytotic pathways, but particle-laden alveolar macrophages translocate both ultrafine and fine particles from the lungs to the extrapulmonary organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Furuyama
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Maier KL, Alessandrini F, Beck-Speier I, Josef Hofer TP, Diabaté S, Bitterle E, Stöger T, Jakob T, Behrendt H, Horsch M, Beckers J, Ziesenis A, Hültner L, Frankenberger M, Krauss-Etschmann S, Schulz H. Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter—Biological Mechanisms and Inflammatory Responses to In Vitro and In Vivo Particle Exposures. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:319-37. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370701866313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dellinger B, D'Alessio A, D'Anna A, Ciajolo A, Gullett B, Henry H, Keener M, Lighty J, Lomnicki S, Lucas D, Oberdörster G, Pitea D, Suk W, Sarofim A, Smith KR, Stoeger T, Tolbert P, Wyzga R, Zimmermann R. Report: Combustion Byproducts and Their Health Effects: Summary of the 10th International Congress. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2008; 25:1107-1114. [PMID: 22476005 PMCID: PMC2963595 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2008.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 10th International Congress on Combustion Byproducts and their Health Effects was held in Ischia, Italy, from June 17-20, 2007. It is sponsored by the US NIEHS, NSF, Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI), and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The congress focused on: the origin, characterization, and health impacts of combustion-generated fine and ultrafine particles; emissions of mercury and dioxins, and the development/application of novel analytical/diagnostic tools. The consensus of the discussion was that particle-associated organics, metals, and persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by combustion sources are the likely source of the observed health impacts of airborne PM rather than simple physical irritation of the particles. Ultrafine particle-induced oxidative stress is a likely progenitor of the observed health impacts, but important biological and chemical details and possible catalytic cycles remain unresolved. Other key conclusions were: (1) In urban settings, 70% of airborne fine particles are a result of combustion emissions and 50% are due to primary emissions from combustion sources, (2) In addition to soot, combustion produces one, possibly two, classes of nanoparticles with mean diameters of ~10 nm and ~1 nm. (3) The most common metrics used to describe particle toxicity, viz. surface area, sulfate concentration, total carbon, and organic carbon, cannot fully explain observed health impacts, (4) Metals contained in combustion-generated ultrafine and fine particles mediate formation of toxic air pollutants such as PCDD/F and PFRs. (5) The combination of metal-containing nanoparticles, organic carbon compounds, and PFRs can lead to a cycle generating oxidative stress in exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Corresponding author: Louisiana State University, Chemistry Department, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Phone: 225-578-6759; Fax: 225-578-0276; E-mail:
| | - Antonio D'Alessio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto Ricerche Combustione, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Brian Gullett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Heather Henry
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - JoAnn Lighty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Donald Lucas
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Health and Safety Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Demetrio Pitea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, Italy
| | - William Suk
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Adel Sarofim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kirk R. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Hemholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Paige Tolbert
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ron Wyzga
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Hemholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- University Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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Rowan WH, Campen MJ, Wichers LB, Watkinson WP. Heart rate variability in rodents: uses and caveats in toxicological studies. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:28-51. [PMID: 17646680 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of cardiac pacing dynamics that has recently garnered a great deal of interest in environmental health studies. While the use of these measures has become popular, much uncertainty remains in the interpretation of results, both in terms of human and animal research. In humans, HRV endpoints, specifically chronic alterations in baseline HRV patterns, have been reasonably well characterized as prognostic indicators of adverse outcomes for a variety of diseases. However, such information is lacking for reversible HRV changes that may be induced by short-term exposures to environmental toxicants. Furthermore, there are minimal substantive data, either acute or chronic, regarding the pathological interpretation or prognostic value of toxicant-induced changes in HRV in rodents. The present report summarizes the physiological and clinical aspects of HRV, the methodological processes for obtaining these endpoints, and previous human and animal studies in the field of environmental health. Furthermore, we include a discussion of important caveats and recommendations for the interpretation of HRV data in animal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Rowan
- Pulmonary Toxicology Branch, Experimental Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Schlesinger RB. The health impact of common inorganic components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ambient air: a critical review. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:811-32. [PMID: 17687714 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701402382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) originates as either primary particles emitted directly into the atmosphere from a specific source or as secondary particles produced from atmospheric chemical reactions between precursor gases or between these gases and primary particles. PM can derive from both natural and anthropogenic sources, resulting in a complex chemical mix. The "fine" size mode of ambient PM, designated as PM(2.5), is defined as comprising those particles having aerodynamic diameters below 2.5 microm. While the total mass of PM(2.5) has been associated with adverse human health outcomes, the relationship between these and specific chemical components has not been resolved. This article provides a perspective on the current state of the science concerning health effects from a major group of chemical species found within PM(2.5), namely common inorganic constituents. The specific chemical classes discussed herein are secondary inorganic species, namely, sulfate, nitrate, and acidity, and generally crustal-derived species, namely, phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, and aluminum. The article discusses evidence for adverse health effects from inorganic PM(2.5) components within the framework of various caveats surrounding both epidemiology and toxicology assessments. The largest database exists for sulfate, but conclusions that attribute sulfate to health outcomes have not been consistent across all epidemiology studies, and there is a lack of coherence with toxicology studies, which show biological responses only at high levels of exposure. Limited epidemiological and toxicological data for nitrate suggests little or no adverse health effects at current levels. Epidemiological studies specifically identifying crustal components of PM(2.5) suggest that they are not likely, by themselves, to produce a significant health risk, and these components do not have unequivocal biological plausibility from toxicological studies for being significant contributors to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Schlesinger
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace University, New York, New York 10038, USA.
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Tankersley CG, Bierman A, Rabold R. Variation in heart rate regulation and the effects of particle exposure in inbred mice. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:621-9. [PMID: 17510835 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701353049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Altered autonomic control of heart rate (HR) rhythm during exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been suggested in human and animal studies. Our lab has shown strain variation in HR regulation between quiescent C3H/HeJ (C3) and C57BL/6J (B6) mice: that is, C3 mice show a consistently higher HR by approximately 80 bpm compared with B6 mice during a normal 24-h circadian cycle. In the current study, we hypothesize that the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic control of HR during PM exposure varies between C3 and B6 mice. Radiotelemeters were implanted in C3 and B6 mice to measure HR responses and HR variability (HRV) parameters during successive 3-h exposures to filtered air (FA) or carbon black (CB, < 300 mug/m3). Exposures were repeated following administration of saline or parasympathetic (PS; atropine, 0.5 mg/kg i.p.) and sympathetic (S; propranolol, 1 mg/kg i.p.) blockade to study the autonomic regulation of HR during CB exposure. During FA exposure with saline, a significantly (p < .05) greater 3-h average HR response (bpm +/- SEM) occurred in C3 compared with B6 mice (496 +/- 22 vs. 427 +/- 3). With PS blockade, the strain difference between C3 and B6 mice was not evident (485 +/- 23 vs. 503 +/- 61). With S blockade, the 3-h average HR responses for C3 mice were significantly (p < .05) reduced compared with saline (413 +/- 18 vs. 392 +/- 15 for B6). During CB exposure with saline, HR responses were again significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in C3 compared with B6 mice, but these HR responses were not different relative to FA exposure. With S blockade, HR was significantly (p < .05) elevated in B6 mice during CB relative to FA, but was unchanged in C3 mice. Collectively, these results suggest that strain variation in HR regulation is due to a robust PS tone evident in B6 mice and a predominant S tone in C3 mice. Furthermore, CB exposure alters HR regulation in B6 mice by modulating a withdrawal of PS tone. Finally, strain variation in HR between B6 and C3 mice in responding to acute PM exposure implies that robust genetic determinants modulate altered autonomic regulation in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarke G Tankersley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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24
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Chang CC, Hwang JS, Chan CC, Cheng TJ. Interaction effects of ultrafine carbon black with iron and nickel on heart rate variability in spontaneously hypertensive rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1012-7. [PMID: 17637915 PMCID: PMC1913579 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be associated with alterations in heart rate variability (HRV); however, the results are inconsistent. We propose that different components of PM cause the discrepancy. OBJECTIVE In this study, our goal was to determine whether different types of exposure would cause different HRV effects, and to verify the interactions between co-exposing components. METHODS Ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm; 415 microg and 830 microg), ferric sulfate [Fe(2)(SO(4))(3); 105 microg and 210 microg], nickel sulfate (NiSO(4); 263 mug and 526 microg), and a combination of high-dose ufCB and low-dose Fe(2)(SO(4))(3) or NiSO(4) were intratracheally instilled into spontaneously hypertensive rats. Radiotelemetry data were collected in rats for 72 hr at baseline and for 72 hr the following week to determine the response to exposure. Effects of exposure on 5-min average of normal-to-normal intervals (ANN), natural logarithm-transformed standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), and root mean square of successive differences of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals (LnRMSSD) were analyzed using self-control experimental designs. RESULTS Both high- and low-dose ufCB decreased ANN marginally around hour 30, with concurrent increases of LnSDNN. LnRMSSD returned to baseline levels after small initial increases. We observed minor effects after low-dose Fe and Ni instillation, whereas biphasic changes were noted after high-dose instillations. Combined exposures of ufCB and either Fe or Ni resulted in HRV trends different from values estimated from individual-component effects. CONCLUSIONS Components in PM may induce different cardioregulatory responses, and a single component may induce different responses during different phases. Concurrent exposure to ufCB and Fe or Ni might introduce interactions on cardioregulatory effects. Also, the effect of PM may be mediated through complex interaction between different components of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Chau Chang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chang-Chuan Chan
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Address correspondence to T.J. Cheng, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Rd., Rm 720, Taipei, Taiwan 10055. Telephone and Fax: +886-2-3322-8090. E-mail:
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Felber Dietrich D, Schwartz J, Schindler C, Gaspoz JM, Barthélémy JC, Tschopp JM, Roche F, von Eckardstein A, Brändli O, Leuenberger P, Gold DR, Ackermann-Liebrich U. Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:834-40. [PMID: 17440032 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been shown to increase the risk for cardiovascular diseases and death, and autonomic dysfunction (specifically, reduced heart rate variability (HRV)) is a predictor of increased cardiac risk. This study tests the hypothesis that ETS exposure reduces HRV in the general population and discusses possible pathways. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2001 and 2003 and is part of the SAPALDIA (Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults) study. The analysis included 1218 randomly selected non-smokers aged 50 and above who participated in 24-h electrocardiogram recordings. Other examinations included an interview, investigating health status (especially respiratory and cardiovascular health and health relevant behaviours and exposure to ETS) and measurements of blood pressure, body height and weight. RESULTS Subjects exposed to ETS at home or at work for more than 2 h/day had a difference of -15% in total power (95%CI: -26 to -3%), low frequency power (-28 to -1%), low/high frequency ratio (-26 to -3%) and -18% (-29 to -4%) in ultralow frequency power of HRV compared with subjects not exposed to ETS at home or work. We also found a 2.7% (-0.01 to 5.34%) higher heart rate during the recording in exposed subjects. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ETS at home and work is associated with lower HRV and with higher heart rate in an ageing population. Our findings suggest that exposure to ETS increases cardiac risk through disturbances in the autonomic nervous system.
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Schlesinger RB, Kunzli N, Hidy GM, Gotschi T, Jerrett M. The health relevance of ambient particulate matter characteristics: coherence of toxicological and epidemiological inferences. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 18:95-125. [PMID: 16393926 DOI: 10.1080/08958370500306016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to review progress toward integration of toxicological and epidemiological research results concerning the role of specific physicochemical properties, and associated sources, in the adverse impact of ambient particulate matter (PM) on public health. Contemporary knowledge about atmospheric aerosols indicates their complex and variable nature. This knowledge has influenced toxicological assessments, pointing to several possible properties of concern, including particle size and specific inorganic and organic chemical constituents. However, results from controlled exposure laboratory studies are difficult to relate to actual community health results because of ambiguities in simulated PM mixtures, inconsistent concentration measurements, and the wide range of different biological endpoints. The use of concentrated ambient particulates (CAPs) coupled with factor analysis has provided an improved understanding of biological effects from more realistic laboratory-based exposure studies. Epidemiological studies have provided information concerning sources of potentially toxic particles or components, adding insight into the significance of exposure to secondary particles, such as sulfate, compared with primary emissions, such as elemental and organic carbon from transportation sources. Recent epidemiological approaches incorporate experimental designs that take advantage of broadened speciation monitoring, multiple monitoring stations, source proximity designs, and emission intervention. However, there continue to be major gaps in knowledge about the relative toxicity of particles from various sources, and the relationship between toxicity and particle physicochemical properties. Advancing knowledge could be facilitated with cooperative toxicological and epidemiological study designs, with the support of findings from atmospheric chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Schlesinger
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace University, New York, New York 10038, USA.
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Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N, Schürch S, Kreyling W, Schulz H, Semmler M, Im Hof V, Heyder J, Gehr P. Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1555-60. [PMID: 16263511 PMCID: PMC1310918 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of airborne particles have been associated with increased pulmonary and cardiovascular mortality, with indications of a specific toxicologic role for ultrafine particles (UFPs; particles < 0.1 microm). Within hours after the respiratory system is exposed to UFPs, the UFPs may appear in many compartments of the body, including the liver, heart, and nervous system. To date, the mechanisms by which UFPs penetrate boundary membranes and the distribution of UFPs within tissue compartments of their primary and secondary target organs are largely unknown. We combined different experimental approaches to study the distribution of UFPs in lungs and their uptake by cells. In the in vivo experiments, rats inhaled an ultrafine titanium dioxide aerosol of 22 nm count median diameter. The intrapulmonary distribution of particles was analyzed 1 hr or 24 hr after the end of exposure, using energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy for elemental microanalysis of individual particles. In an in vitro study, we exposed pulmonary macrophages and red blood cells to fluorescent polystyrene microspheres (1, 0.2, and 0.078 microm) and assessed particle uptake by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Inhaled ultrafine titanium dioxide particles were found on the luminal side of airways and alveoli, in all major lung tissue compartments and cells, and within capillaries. Particle uptake in vitro into cells did not occur by any of the expected endocytic processes, but rather by diffusion or adhesive interactions. Particles within cells are not membrane bound and hence have direct access to intracellular proteins, organelles, and DNA, which may greatly enhance their toxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Geiser
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Beck-Speier I, Dayal N, Karg E, Maier KL, Schumann G, Schulz H, Semmler M, Takenaka S, Stettmaier K, Bors W, Ghio A, Samet JM, Heyder J. Oxidative stress and lipid mediators induced in alveolar macrophages by ultrafine particles. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:1080-92. [PMID: 15780766 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 12/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In ambient aerosols, ultrafine particles (UFP) and their agglomerates are considered to be major factors contributing to adverse health effects. Reactivity of agglomerated UFP of elemental carbon (EC), Printex 90, Printex G, and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) was evaluated by the capacity of particles to oxidize methionine in a cell-free in vitro system for determination of their innate oxidative potential and by alveolar macrophages (AMs) to determine production of arachidonic acid (AA), including formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane. EC exhibiting high oxidative potential induced generation of AA, PGE2, LTB4, and 8-isoprostane in canine and human AMs. Printex 90, Printex G, and DEP, showing low oxidative capacity, still induced formation of AA and PGE2, but not that of LTB4 or 8-isoprostane. Aging of EC lowered oxidative potential while still inducing production of AA and PGE2 but not that of LTB4 and 8-isoprostane. Cellular ROS production was stimulated by all particles independent of oxidative potential. Particle-induced formation of AA metabolites and ROS was dependent on mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) as shown by inhibitor studies. In conclusion, cPLA2, PGE2, and ROS formation was activated by all particle types, whereas LTB4 production and 8-isoprostane were strongly dependent on particles' oxidative potential. Physical and chemical parameters of particle surface correlated with oxidative potential and stimulation of AM PGE2 and 8-isoprostane production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Beck-Speier
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute for Inhalation Biology, D-85758 Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
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