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Cassatt DR, Winters TA, PrabhuDas M. Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2023; 200:389-395. [PMID: 37702416 PMCID: PMC10599297 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00197.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation causes acute damage and loss of bone marrow and peripheral immune cells that can result in high mortality due to reduced resistance to infections and hemorrhage. Besides these acute effects, tissue damage from radiation can trigger inflammatory responses, leading to progressive and chronic tissue damage by radiation-induced loss of immune cell types that are required for resolving tissue injuries. Understanding the mechanisms involved in radiation-induced immune system injury and repair will provide new insights for developing medical countermeasures that help restore immune homeostasis. For these reasons, The Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP) and the Basic Immunology Branch (BIB) under the Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) convened a two-day workshop, along with partners from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and the Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN). This workshop, titled "Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure," was held virtually on September 9-10, 2020; this Commentary provides a high-level overview of what was discussed at the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mercy PrabhuDas
- Basic Immunology Branch (BIB), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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Hollingsworth BA, Aldrich JT, Case CM, DiCarlo AL, Hoffman CM, Jakubowski AA, Liu Q, Loelius SG, PrabhuDas M, Winters TA, Cassatt DR. Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2023; 200:396-416. [PMID: 38152282 PMCID: PMC10751071 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00004.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. Damage to the immune system may result in opportunistic infections and hemorrhage, which could lead to mortality. Inflammation triggered by tissue damage can also lead to additional local or widespread tissue damage. The immune system is responsible for tissue repair and restoration, which is made more challenging when it is in the process of self-recovery. Because of these challenges, the Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP) and the Basic Immunology Branch (BIB) under the Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT) within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), along with partners from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), and the Radiation Injury Treatment Network (RITN) sponsored a two-day meeting titled Immune Dysfunction from Radiation Exposure held on September 9-10, 2020. The intent was to discuss the manifestations and mechanisms of radiation-induced immune dysfunction in people and animals, identify knowledge gaps, and discuss possible treatments to restore immune function and enhance tissue repair after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
- Current address: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Cullen M. Case
- Radiation Injury Treatment Network, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Corey M. Hoffman
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC
| | | | - Qian Liu
- Basic Immunology Branch (BIB), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Shannon G. Loelius
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC
| | - Mercy PrabhuDas
- Basic Immunology Branch (BIB), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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Shukla PK, Rao RG, Meena AS, Giorgianni F, Lee SC, Raju P, Shashikanth N, Shekhar C, Beranova S, Balazs L, Tigyi G, Gosain A, Rao R. Paneth cell dysfunction in radiation injury and radio-mitigation by human α-defensin 5. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174140. [PMID: 37638013 PMCID: PMC10448521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mechanism underlying radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis is undefined. This study examined the effect of radiation on the intestinal Paneth cell α-defensin expression and its impact on microbiota composition and mucosal tissue injury and evaluated the radio-mitigative effect of human α-defensin 5 (HD5). Methods Adult mice were subjected to total body irradiation, and Paneth cell α-defensin expression was evaluated by measuring α-defensin mRNA by RT-PCR and α-defensin peptide levels by mass spectrometry. Vascular-to-luminal flux of FITC-inulin was measured to evaluate intestinal mucosal permeability and endotoxemia by measuring plasma lipopolysaccharide. HD5 was administered in a liquid diet 24 hours before or after irradiation. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Intestinal epithelial junctions were analyzed by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and mucosal inflammatory response by cytokine expression. Systemic inflammation was evaluated by measuring plasma cytokine levels. Results Ionizing radiation reduced the Paneth cell α-defensin expression and depleted α-defensin peptides in the intestinal lumen. α-Defensin down-regulation was associated with the time-dependent alteration of gut microbiota composition, increased gut permeability, and endotoxemia. Administration of human α-defensin 5 (HD5) in the diet 24 hours before irradiation (prophylactic) significantly blocked radiation-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junction and adherens junction, mucosal barrier dysfunction, and mucosal inflammatory response. HD5, administered 24 hours after irradiation (treatment), reversed radiation-induced microbiota dysbiosis, tight junction and adherens junction disruption, and barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, HD5 treatment also prevents and reverses radiation-induced endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. Conclusion These data demonstrate that radiation induces Paneth cell dysfunction in the intestine, and HD5 feeding prevents and mitigates radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury, endotoxemia, and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Shukla
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roshan G. Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Avtar S. Meena
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Preeti Raju
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chandra Shekhar
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Sarka Beranova
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Louisa Balazs
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ankush Gosain
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - RadhaKrishna Rao
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Jeong A, Moon SG, Han Y, Nam JW, Kim MK, Kim I, Kim YM, Park B. Comparison of Proportional Mortality Between Korean Atomic Bomb Survivors and the General Population During 1992-2019. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e110. [PMID: 37012689 PMCID: PMC10070051 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in August 1945 were estimated to have killed approximately 70,000 Koreans. In Japan, studies on the health status and mortality of atomic bomb survivors compared with the non-exposed population have been conducted. However, there have been no studies related to the mortality of Korean atomic bomb survivors. Therefore, we aimed to study the cause of death of atomic bomb survivors compared to that of the general population. METHODS Of 2,299 atomic bomb survivors registered with the Korean Red Cross, 2,176 were included in the study. In the general population, the number of deaths by age group was calculated from 1992 to 2019, and 6,377,781 individuals were assessed. Causes of death were categorized according to the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases. To compare the proportional mortality between the two groups, the P value for the ratio test was confirmed, and the Cochran-Armitage trend test and χ² test were performed to determine the cause of death according to the distance from the hypocenter. RESULTS Diseases of the circulatory system were the most common cause of death (25.4%), followed by neoplasms (25.1%) and diseases of the respiratory system (10.6%) in atomic bomb survivors who died between 1992 and 2019. The proportional mortality associated with respiratory diseases, nervous system diseases, and other diseases among atomic bomb survivors was higher than that of the general population. Of the dead people between 1992 and 2019, the age at death of survivors who were exposed at a close distance was younger than those who were exposed at a greater distance. CONCLUSION Overall, proportional mortality of respiratory diseases and nervous system diseases was high in atomic bomb survivors, compared with the general population. Further studies on the health status of Korean atomic bomb survivors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansun Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Geun Moon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunji Han
- Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inah Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Carpenter AD, Li Y, Janocha BL, Wise SY, Fatanmi OO, Maniar M, Cheema AK, Singh VK. Analysis of the Proteomic Profile in Serum of Irradiated Nonhuman Primates Treated with Ex-Rad, a Radiation Medical Countermeasure. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:1116-1126. [PMID: 36977373 PMCID: PMC10088047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
There are currently four radiation medical countermeasures that have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to mitigate hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome, all of which are repurposed radiomitigators. The evaluation of additional candidate drugs that may also be helpful for use during a radiological/nuclear emergency is ongoing. A chlorobenzyl sulfone derivative (organosulfur compound) known as Ex-Rad, or ON01210, is one such candidate medical countermeasure, being a novel, small-molecule kinase inhibitor that has demonstrated efficacy in the murine model. In this study, nonhuman primates exposed to ionizing radiation were subsequently administered Ex-Rad as two treatment schedules (Ex-Rad I administered 24 and 36 h post-irradiation, and Ex-Rad II administered 48 and 60 h post-irradiation) and the proteomic profiles of serum using a global molecular profiling approach were assessed. We observed that administration of Ex-Rad post-irradiation is capable of mitigating radiation-induced perturbations in protein abundance, particularly in restoring protein homeostasis, immune response, and mitigating hematopoietic damage, at least in part after acute exposure. Taken together, restoration of functionally significant pathway perturbations may serve to protect damage to vital organs and provide long-term survival benefits to the afflicted population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana D Carpenter
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Yaoxiang Li
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Brianna L Janocha
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Stephen Y Wise
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Oluseyi O Fatanmi
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Manoj Maniar
- Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., 375 Pheasant Run, Newtown, Pennsylvania 18940, United States
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, United States
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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Saifulina E, Janabayev D, Kashkinbayev Y, Shokabaeva A, Ibrayeva D, Aumalikova M, Kazymbet P, Bakhtin M. Epidemiology of Somatic Diseases and Risk Factors in the Population Living in the Zone of Influence of Uranium Mining Enterprises of Kazakhstan: A Pilot Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060804. [PMID: 36981460 PMCID: PMC10048745 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in uranium mining in Kazakhstan has brought with it a number of problems. Reducing the negative impact of radiation-toxic factors on the health of workers and the population in uranium mining regions is one of them. This article presents a pilot population health study in which we developed approaches to support residents living near an operating uranium mining enterprise. The purpose of the current study was to assess the impact of technogenic factors on the health of those living near the Syrdarya uranium ore province. Data collected from 5605 residents from the village of Bidaykol (the main group)—which is located 4 km from the uranium mining enterprise—and the village of Sunakata (the control group), which is located in the Kyzylorda region, were analyzed. A bidirectional cohort study was conducted. The prevalence of acute and chronic diseases among the residents of Bidaykol was 1.3 times higher than that in the control group. The structure of morbidity was dominated by pathologies of the genitourinary system (27%), the circulatory system (14.4%), and the respiratory system (11.9%). Relative risks (RR > 1) were identified for most classes of diseases, the highest being for diseases of the blood (RR = 2.6), skin (RR = 2.3), and genitourinary system (RR = 1.9). In the main group, renal pathologies were the most frequent class in the age group of 30–40 years, occurring mainly in women. In addition, they had a direct dependence on the duration of residence in the territory of the uranium ore province. Further studies into the interaction between the technogenic factors associated with uranium mining enterprises and the development of diseases of the urinary system are needed. This will make it possible to determine ways to prevent these pathologies in the population.
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Sharma GP, Himburg HA. Organ-Specific Endothelial Dysfunction Following Total Body Irradiation Exposure. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120747. [PMID: 36548580 PMCID: PMC9781710 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As the single cell lining of the heart and all blood vessels, the vascular endothelium serves a critical role in maintaining homeostasis via control of vascular tone, immune cell recruitment, and macromolecular transit. For victims of acute high-dose radiation exposure, damage to the vascular endothelium may exacerbate the pathogenesis of acute and delayed multi-organ radiation toxicities. While commonalities exist between radiation-induced endothelial dysfunction in radiosensitive organs, the vascular endothelium is known to be highly heterogeneous as it is required to serve tissue and organ specific roles. In keeping with its organ and tissue specific functionality, the molecular and cellular response of the endothelium to radiation injury varies by organ. Therefore, in the development of medical countermeasures for multi-organ injury, it is necessary to consider organ and tissue-specific endothelial responses to both injury and candidate mitigators. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction following total or near total body irradiation exposure at the level of individual radiosensitive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru Prasad Sharma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Heather A. Himburg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(414)-955-4676
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Nakamura S, Tanaka Iii IB, Komura J, Tanaka S. PREMATURE MENOPAUSE AND OBESITY DUE TO OOCYTE LOSS IN FEMALE MICE CHRONICALLY EXPOSED TO LOW DOSE-RATE γ-RAYS. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:926-933. [PMID: 36083721 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In previous reports, the authors showed a significant overall increase in neoplasms originating from the ovaries (2007) and increased body weights (2007, 2010) in female B6C3F1 mice chronically exposed to low dose-rate γ-rays at 20 mGy/day (total doses = 8 (2007) or 6 Gy (2010)), as well as significant increases in serum leptin, total cholesterol, adipose tissue deposits and liver lipid content (2010). The present study chronicles the progression of ovarian failure in relation to obesity and dyslipidemia in female B6C3F1 mice chronically exposed to low dose-rate of γ-rays from 9 to 43 weeks of age (total dose = 4.8 Gy). We monitored changes in body weights, estrus cycles, ovarian follicle counts, serum cholesterol and serum leptin. The number of mice with irregular estrus cycles and increased body weights (with increased fat deposits) significantly increased from 30-36 weeks of age. Depletion of oocytes in ovaries from irradiated mice at 30 weeks of age (accumulated dose = 3 Gy) was also observed. Findings suggest that obesity in female B6C3F1 mice continuously irradiated with low dose-rate of γ-rays at 20 mGy/day is a consequence of premature menopause due to radiation-induced oocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - I B Tanaka Iii
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - J Komura
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
| | - S Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, 2-121, Hacchazawa, Takahoko, Rokkasho, Kamikita, Aomori 039-3213, Japan
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Pugh JL, Coplen CP, Sukhina AS, Uhrlaub J, Padilla‐Torres J, Hayashi T, Nikolich‐Žugich J. Lifelong cytomegalovirus and early-LIFE irradiation synergistically potentiate age-related defects in response to vaccination and infection. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13648. [PMID: 35657768 PMCID: PMC9282846 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While whole-body irradiation (WBI) can induce some hallmarks of immune aging, (re)activation of persistent microbial infection also occurs following WBI and may contribute to immune effects of WBI over the lifespan. To test this hypothesis in a model relevant to human immune aging, we examined separate and joint effects of lifelong latent murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and of early-life WBI over the course of the lifespan. In late life, we then measured the response to a West Nile virus (WNV) live attenuated vaccine, and lethal WNV challenge subsequent to vaccination. We recently published that a single dose of non-lethal WBI in youth, on its own, was not sufficient to accelerate aging of the murine immune system, despite widespread DNA damage and repopulation stress in hematopoietic cells. However, 4Gy sub-lethal WBI caused manifest reactivation of MCMV. Following vaccination and challenge with WNV in the old age, MCMV-infected animals experiencing 4Gy, but not lower, dose of sub-lethal WBI in youth had reduced survival. By contrast, old irradiated mice lacking MCMV and MCMV-infected, but not irradiated, mice were both protected to the same high level as the old non-irradiated, uninfected controls. Analysis of the quality and quantity of anti-WNV immunity showed that higher mortality in MCMV-positive WBI mice correlated with increased levels of MCMV-specific immune activation during WNV challenge. Moreover, we demonstrate that infection, including that by WNV, led to MCMV reactivation. Our data suggest that MCMV reactivation may be an important determinant of increased late-life mortality following early-life irradiation and late-life acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Pugh
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in GeneticsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Christopher P. Coplen
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Alona S. Sukhina
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Jose Padilla‐Torres
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
| | | | - Janko Nikolich‐Žugich
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Arizona Center on AgingUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonArizonaUSA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in GeneticsUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
- BIO5 Institute University of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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Al-Jumayli M, Brown SL, Chetty IJ, Extermann M, Movsas B. The Biological Process of Aging and the Impact of Ionizing Radiation. Semin Radiat Oncol 2022; 32:172-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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11
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Prolonged Inhalation Exposure to Coal Dust on Irradiated Rats and Consequences. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:8824275. [PMID: 35153629 PMCID: PMC8828334 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8824275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to research immune system changes and liver and lung tissues in irradiated rats after prolonged exposure to coal dust. A study was carried out on 30 male Wistar rats that were divided into 3 groups: group I, intact animals; group II, exposure to coal dust and 0.2 Gy γ-irradiation; and group III, combined exposure to 6 Gy γ-irradiation and coal dust. The combination of a low and sublethal dose of γ-irradiation with coal dust leads to a significant change in immunity at the remote period. Particularly, the increase in radioactivity at the combined effect causes weakening of phagocytosis, and reduction in T lymphocytes by a factor of 2, immunoglobulin imbalance, and cytokine dysfunction develop secondary immune failure. During prolonged inhalation with coal dust of irradiated animals with the dose of 0.2 Gy, fibrosis and perivascular sclerosis of the bronchial wall of the lungs are formed, and perivascular fibrosis is formed in the liver. The increase in exposure dose up to 6 Gy in combination with coal, in the distant period, caused pulmonary hypertension amid hypertrophy of light arterial vessels and fibrous changes in arteriole, and destructive changes and collection necrosis develop in liver parenchyma. In the case of dust radiation synergy, the increase in doses leads to a significant immune deficiency, which occurs according to the “dose effect” principle; increases damage to animal tissues; and leads to liver tissue necrosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension.
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Fang F, Yu X, Wang X, Zhu X, Liu L, Rong L, Niu D, Li J. Transcriptomic profiling reveals gene expression in human peripheral blood after exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:8-18. [PMID: 34788452 PMCID: PMC8776696 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the health effects of exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation have been the focus of many studies, the affected biological functions and underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well-understood. In particular, the influence of radiation exposure at doses of less than 200 mGy on the regulation of genes and pathways remains unclear. To investigate the molecular alterations induced by varying doses of low-dose radiation (LDR), transcriptomic analysis was conducted based on ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing following exposure to 50 and 150 mGy doses. Human peripheral blood was collected, and the samples were divided into three groups, including two treatments and one control (no radiation). A total of 876 (318 upregulated and 558 downregulated) and 486 (202 upregulated and 284 downregulated) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after exposure to 50 mGy and 150 mGy, respectively. Most upregulated genes in both the 50 mGy and 150 mGy groups were associated with 'antigen processing and presentation,' which appeared to be the major targets affected by LDR exposure. Several interacting genes, including HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DQB2, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DRB5 were mapped to 'antigen processing and presentation,' 'immune system-related diseases' and the 'cytokine-mediated signaling pathway,' suggesting that these genes might drive the downstream transmission of these signal transduction pathways. Our results suggest that exposure to LDR may elicit changes in key genes and associated pathways, probably helping further explore the biological processes and molecular mechanism responsible for low-dose occupational or environmental exposures in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jue Li
- Corresponding author. Department of Scientific Research, Beijing Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment (The Beijing Prevention and Treatment Hospital of Occupational Disease for Chemical Industry), 50 Xiangshan Yikesong Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China.
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13
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Incidence of lymphoid neoplasms among atomic bomb survivors by histological subtype, 1950 to 1994. Blood 2022; 139:217-227. [PMID: 34428282 PMCID: PMC8759532 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have provided limited and inconsistent evidence on the relationship between radiation exposure and lymphoid neoplasms. We classified 553 lymphoid neoplasm cases diagnosed between 1950 and 1994 in the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors into World Health Organization subtypes. Mature B-cell neoplasms represented 58%, mature T-cell and natural killer (NK)-cell neoplasms 20%, precursor cell neoplasms 5%, and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) 3%, with the remaining 15% classified as non-Hodgkin lymphoid (NHL) neoplasms or lymphoid neoplasms not otherwise specified. We used Poisson regression methods to assess the relationship between radiation exposure and the more common subtypes. As in earlier reports, a significant dose response for NHL neoplasms as a group was seen for males but not females. However, subtype analyses showed that radiation dose was strongly associated with increased precursor cell neoplasms rates, with an estimated excess relative risk per Gy of 16 (95% Confidence interval: 7.0, >533) at age 50. The current data based primarily of tissue-based diagnoses suggest that the association between radiation dose and lymphoid neoplasms as a group is largely driven by the radiation effect on precursor cell neoplasms while presenting no evidence of a radiation dose response for major categories of mature cell neoplasms, either B- or T-/NK-cell, or more specific disease entities (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasma cell myeloma, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) or HL.
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14
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Park HR, Jung U. Depletion of NK Cells Resistant to Ionizing Radiation Increases Mutations in Mice After Whole-body Irradiation. In Vivo 2021; 35:1507-1513. [PMID: 33910828 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation is a very powerful genetic mutagenic agent. Although immune cells are very sensitive to radiation, their sensitivity varies between different types of immune cell. We hypothesized that radiation-resistant immune cells survive after irradiation and then play a role in removing mutant cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Splenic lymphocytes and mice were irradiated with γ-rays. Cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry after dyeing with antibodies and expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) was measured by western blot analysis. To deplete natural killer (NK) cells, anti-asialo GM1 antiserum was used. Micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes were measured by May-Grunwald/Giemsa staining. H-2Kb loss variant in T-cells induced by irradiation of B6C3F1 mice were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS When splenic lymphocytes were irradiated in vitro, B cells notably died, while NK cells did not. In vivo, on the third day after whole-body irradiation, the total number of lymphocytes in the spleen decreased rapidly, but the proportion of NK cells was approximately three times higher than that of the normal control group. In addition, it was confirmed that high expression of BCL2 in NK cells was maintained after irradiation, whereas that of B-cells was not. Removal of NK cells by injection with anti-asialo GM1 antiserum immediately after irradiation increased the micronuclei of polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow and the variant fraction with H-2kb loss in the spleen. CONCLUSION These results provide important evidence that radioresistant NK cells apparently survive by escaping apoptosis in the early stages after irradiation, and work to eliminate mutant cells resulting from γ-ray irradiation. Future studies are needed to reveal why NK cells are resistant to radiation and the in-depth mechanisms involved in the elimination of radiation-induced mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ran Park
- Research Division for Radiation Science, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup, Republic of Korea;
| | - Uhee Jung
- Environmental Safety Research Team, Risk and Environmental Safety Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Lumniczky K, Impens N, Armengol G, Candéias S, Georgakilas AG, Hornhardt S, Martin OA, Rödel F, Schaue D. Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106212. [PMID: 33293042 PMCID: PMC8784945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation interacts with the immune system in many ways with a multiplicity that mirrors the complexity of the immune system itself: namely the need to maintain a delicate balance between different compartments, cells and soluble factors that work collectively to protect, maintain, and restore tissue function in the face of severe challenges including radiation damage. The cytotoxic effects of high dose radiation are less relevant after low dose exposure, where subtle quantitative and functional effects predominate that may go unnoticed until late after exposure or after a second challenge reveals or exacerbates the effects. For example, low doses may permanently alter immune fitness and therefore accelerate immune senescence and pave the way for a wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological events, including early-onset of age-related degenerative disorders and cancer. By contrast, the so called low dose radiation therapy displays beneficial, anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties in chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. In this review, epidemiological, clinical and experimental data regarding the effects of low-dose radiation on the homeostasis and functional integrity of immune cells will be discussed, as will be the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the systemic manifestation of localized exposures such as inflammatory reactions. The central conclusion is that ionizing radiation fundamentally and durably reshapes the immune system. Further, the importance of discovery of immunological pathways for modifying radiation resilience amongst other research directions in this field is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Centre, Department of Radiation Medicine, Budapest, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosciences Expert Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Serge Candéias
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Ingolstaedter Landstr.1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.
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16
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Rios CI, Cassatt DR, Hollingsworth BA, Satyamitra MM, Tadesse YS, Taliaferro LP, Winters TA, DiCarlo AL. Commonalities Between COVID-19 and Radiation Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 195:1-24. [PMID: 33064832 PMCID: PMC7861125 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00188.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the multi-systemic components of COVID-19 emerge, parallel etiologies can be drawn between SARS-CoV-2 infection and radiation injuries. While some SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals present as asymptomatic, others exhibit mild symptoms that may include fever, cough, chills, and unusual symptoms like loss of taste and smell and reddening in the extremities (e.g., "COVID toes," suggestive of microvessel damage). Still others alarm healthcare providers with extreme and rapid onset of high-risk indicators of mortality that include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ hypercoagulation, hypoxia and cardiovascular damage. Researchers are quickly refocusing their science to address this enigmatic virus that seems to unveil itself in new ways without discrimination. As investigators begin to identify early markers of disease, identification of common threads with other pathologies may provide some clues. Interestingly, years of research in the field of radiation biology documents the complex multiorgan nature of another disease state that occurs after exposure to high doses of radiation: the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Inflammation is a key common player in COVID-19 and ARS, and drives the multi-system damage that dramatically alters biological homeostasis. Both conditions initiate a cytokine storm, with similar pro-inflammatory molecules increased and other anti-inflammatory molecules decreased. These changes manifest in a variety of ways, with a demonstrably higher health impact in patients having underlying medical conditions. The potentially dramatic human impact of ARS has guided the science that has identified many biomarkers of radiation exposure, established medical management strategies for ARS, and led to the development of medical countermeasures for use in the event of a radiation public health emergency. These efforts can now be leveraged to help elucidate mechanisms of action of COVID-19 injuries. Furthermore, this intersection between COVID-19 and ARS may point to approaches that could accelerate the discovery of treatments for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I. Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M. Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yeabsera S. Tadesse
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P. Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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17
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Broxmeyer HE, Liu Y, Kapur R, Orschell CM, Aljoufi A, Ropa JP, Trinh T, Burns S, Capitano ML. Fate of Hematopoiesis During Aging. What Do We Really Know, and What are its Implications? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1020-1048. [PMID: 33145673 PMCID: PMC7609374 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing shift in demographics such that older persons will outnumber young persons in the coming years, and with it age-associated tissue attrition and increased diseases and disorders. There has been increased information on the association of the aging process with dysregulation of hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor (HPC) cells, and hematopoiesis. This review provides an extensive up-to date summary on the literature of aged hematopoiesis and HSCs placed in context of potential artifacts of the collection and processing procedure, that may not be totally representative of the status of HSCs in their in vivo bone marrow microenvironment, and what the implications of this are for understanding aged hematopoiesis. This review covers a number of interactive areas, many of which have not been adequately explored. There are still many unknowns and mechanistic insights to be elucidated to better understand effects of aging on the hematopoietic system, efforts that will take multidisciplinary approaches, and that could lead to means to ameliorate at least some of the dysregulation of HSCs and HPCs associated with the aging process. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christie M Orschell
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arafat Aljoufi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - James P Ropa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Thao Trinh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA
| | - Sarah Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maegan L Capitano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, R2-302, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5181, USA.
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18
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Wu T, Plett PA, Chua HL, Jacobsen M, Sandusky GE, MacVittie TJ, Orschell CM. Immune Reconstitution and Thymic Involution in the Acute and Delayed Hematopoietic Radiation Syndromes. HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 119:647-658. [PMID: 32947490 PMCID: PMC7541734 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoid lineage recovery and involution after exposure to potentially lethal doses of ionizing radiation have not been well defined, especially the long-term effects in aged survivors and with regard to male/female differences. To examine these questions, male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to lethal radiation at 12 wk of age in a model of the Hematopoietic-Acute Radiation Syndrome, and bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and peripheral blood examined up to 24 mo of age for the lymphopoietic delayed effects of acute radiation exposure. Aged mice showed myeloid skewing and incomplete lymphocyte recovery in all lymphoid tissues. Spleen and peripheral blood both exhibited a monophasic recovery pattern, while thymus demonstrated a biphasic pattern. Naïve T cells in blood and spleen and all subsets of thymocytes were decreased in aged irradiated mice compared to age-matched non-irradiated controls. Of interest, irradiated males experienced significantly improved reconstitution of thymocyte subsets and peripheral blood elements compared to females. Bone marrow from aged irradiated survivors was significantly deficient in the primitive lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors, which were only 8-10% of levels in aged-matched non-irradiated controls. Taken together, these analyses define significant age- and sex-related deficiencies at all levels of lymphopoiesis throughout the lifespan of survivors of the Hematopoietic-Acute Radiation Syndrome and may provide a murine model suitable for assessing the efficacy of potential medical countermeasures and therapeutic strategies to alleviate the severe immune suppression that occurs after radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - P. Artur Plett
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Hui Lin Chua
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Max Jacobsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - George E. Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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19
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Rozhok AI, Silberman RE, Higa KC, Liggett LA, Amon A, DeGregori J. A somatic evolutionary model of the dynamics of aneuploid cells during hematopoietic reconstitution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12198. [PMID: 32699207 PMCID: PMC7376010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a feature of many cancers. Recent studies demonstrate that in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment aneuploid cells have reduced fitness and are efficiently purged from the bone marrow. However, early phases of hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation provide a window of opportunity whereby aneuploid cells rise in frequency, only to decline to basal levels thereafter. Here we demonstrate by Monte Carlo modeling that two mechanisms could underlie this aneuploidy peak: rapid expansion of the engrafted HSPC population and bone marrow microenvironment degradation caused by pre-transplantation radiation treatment. Both mechanisms reduce the strength of purifying selection acting in early post-transplantation bone marrow. We explore the contribution of other factors such as alterations in cell division rates that affect the strength of purifying selection, the balance of drift and selection imposed by the HSPC population size, and the mutation-selection balance dependent on the rate of aneuploidy generation per cell division. We propose a somatic evolutionary model for the dynamics of cells with aneuploidy or other fitness-reducing mutations during hematopoietic reconstitution following bone marrow transplantation. Similar alterations in the strength of purifying selection during cancer development could help explain the paradox of aneuploidy abundance in tumors despite somatic fitness costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii I Rozhok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Rebecca E Silberman
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kelly C Higa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - L Alex Liggett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Angelika Amon
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James DeGregori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/BMT, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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20
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Applegate KE, Rühm W, Wojcik A, Bourguignon M, Brenner A, Hamasaki K, Imai T, Imaizumi M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S, Kamada T, Nishimura N, Okonogi N, Ozasa K, Rübe CE, Sadakane A, Sakata R, Shimada Y, Yoshida K, Bouffler S. Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: governing factors and importance for radiological protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2020; 59:185-209. [PMID: 32146555 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Rühm
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bourguignon
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University of Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Verseilles, France
| | - A Brenner
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Hamasaki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Imai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Imaizumi
- Department of Nagasaki Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Kamada
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Okonogi
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Sadakane
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Shimada
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - K Yoshida
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilto, Didcot, UK
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21
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Satta G, Loi M, Becker N, Benavente Y, De Sanjose S, Foretova L, Staines A, Maynadie M, Nieters A, Meloni F, Pilia I, Campagna M, Pau M, Zablotska LB, Cocco P. Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and risk of lymphoma subtypes: results of the Epilymph European case-control study. Environ Health 2020; 19:43. [PMID: 32334593 PMCID: PMC7183712 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00596-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence linking risk of lymphoma and B-cell lymphoma subtypes to ionizing radiation is inconclusive, particularly at low exposure levels. METHODS We investigated risk of lymphoma (all subtypes), B-cell lymphomas, and its major subtypes, associated with low-level occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, in 2346 lymphoma cases and 2463 controls, who participated in the multicenter EpiLymph case-control study. We developed a job-exposure matrix to estimate exposure to ionizing radiation, distinguishing between internal and external radiation, and we applied it to the lifetime occupational history of study subjects, We calculated the Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for lymphoma (all subtypes combined), B-cell lymphoma, and its major subtypes using unconditional, polytomous logistic regression adjusting for age, gender, and education. RESULTS We did not observe an association between exposure metrics of external and internal radiation and risk of lymphoma (all subtypes), nor with B-cell lymphoma, or its major subtypes, at the levels regularly experienced in occupational settings. An elevated risk of diffuse large B cell lymphoma was observed among the most likely exposed study subjects with relatively higher exposure intensity, which would be worth further investigation. CONCLUSIONS Further investigation is warranted on risk of B cell lymphoma subtypes associated with low-level occupational exposure to external ionizing radiation, and to clarify whether lymphoma should be included among the cancer outcomes related to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannina Satta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Matteo Loi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lenka Foretova
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and MF MU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Federico Meloni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Ilaria Pilia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Marcello Campagna
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Marco Pau
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
| | - Lydia B Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, SS554, km 4.500, 09042, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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22
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Qi Z, Guo S, Li C, Wang Q, Li Y, Wang Z. Integrative Analysis for the Roles of lncRNAs in the Immune Responses of Mouse PBMC Exposed to Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820913800. [PMID: 32269503 PMCID: PMC7093697 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820913800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well accepted that low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) modulates a variety
of immune responses that have exhibited the properties of immune hormesis.
Alterations in messenger RNA (mRNA) and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression
were to crucially underlie these LDIR responses. However, lncRNAs in
LDIR-induced immune responses have been rarely reported, and its functions and
molecular mechanisms have not yet been characterized. Here, we used microarray
profiling to determine lncRNA in BALB/c mice exposed to single (0.5 Gy×1) and
chronic (0.05 Gy×10) low-dose γ-rays radiation (Co60). We observed
that a total of 8274 lncRNAs and 7240 mRNAs were altered in single LDIR, while
2077 lncRNAs and 796 mRNAs in chronic LDIR. The biological functions of these
upregulated mRNAs in both 2 groups using Gene Ontology functional and pathway
enrichment analysis were significantly enriched in immune processes and immune
signaling pathways. Subsequently, we screened out the lncRNAs involved in
regulating these immune signaling pathways and examined their potential
functions by lncRNAs-mRNAs coexpression networks. This is the first study to
comprehensively identify lncRNAs in single and chronic LDIR responses and to
demonstrate the involvement of different lncRNA expression patterns in
LDIR-induced immune signaling pathways. Further systematic research on these
lncRNAs will provide new insights into our understanding of LDIR-modulated
immune hormesis responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Qi
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sitong Guo
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Li
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Department of Radiobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Takahashi I, Cologne J, Haruta D, Yamada M, Takahashi T, Misumi M, Fujiwara S, Matsumoto M, Kihara Y, Hida A, Ohishi W. Association Between Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease and Radiation Exposure in the Atomic Bomb Survivors. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e008921. [PMID: 30486720 PMCID: PMC6405541 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Past reports suggested that total‐body irradiation at 0.5 to 1.0 Gy could be responsible for atherosclerosis. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a manifestation of systematic atherosclerosis. Whether the consequences of a low‐to‐moderate dose of radiation include increased risk of PAD remains to be determined. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between radiation exposure and prevalence of PAD among Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Methods and Results Radiation exposure from the atomic bombing was assessed in 3476 participants (41.1% men, mean age 74.8 years with SD 6.4 years) with a cross‐sectional survey in 2010 to 2014. Left‐ and right‐side ankle‐brachial indexes and upstroke time (UT) were obtained using oscillometric VP‐2000. PAD was defined as an ankle‐brachial index of 1.0 or less or a prior history related to revascularization. UT was considered a sensitive marker of early‐stage PAD. Association between radiation exposure and PAD or UT was assessed using multivariable regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Of 3476 participants, 79 (2.3%) were identified as having prevalent PAD. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that radiation dose was unrelated to PAD prevalence (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [0.57‐1.21]). UT appeared to increase with radiation dose, but the increase was not statistically significant (1.09 ms/Gy; 95% confidence interval [−0.17 to 2.36]). Conclusions We found no clear association of radiation dose with PAD, but it remains to be determined whether UT is associated with radiation dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuno Takahashi
- 1 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan
| | - John Cologne
- 2 Department of Statistics Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan
| | - Daisuke Haruta
- 3 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Nagasaki Japan
| | - Michiko Yamada
- 1 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- 4 Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Munechika Misumi
- 2 Department of Statistics Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan
| | - Saeko Fujiwara
- 1 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan.,6 Hiroshima Atomic-bomb Casualty Council Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayasu Matsumoto
- 4 Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan.,7 Japan Community Health care Organization Hoshigaoka Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- 5 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Ayumi Hida
- 3 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Nagasaki Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- 1 Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) Hiroshima Japan
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24
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Caudell DL, Michalson KT, Andrews RN, Snow WW, Bourland JD, DeBo RJ, Cline JM, Sempowski GD, Register TC. Transcriptional Profiling of Non-Human Primate Lymphoid Organ Responses to Total-Body Irradiation. Radiat Res 2019; 192:40-52. [PMID: 31059377 PMCID: PMC6699496 DOI: 10.1667/rr15100.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The global threat of exposure to radiation and its subsequent outcomes require the development of effective strategies to mitigate immune cell injury. In this study we explored transcriptional and immunophenotypic characteristics of lymphoid organs of a non-human primate model after total-body irradiation (TBI). Fifteen middle-aged adult, ovariectomized, female cynomolgus macaques received a single dose of 0, 2 or 5 Gy gamma radiation. Thymus, spleen and lymph node from three controls and 2 Gy (n = 2) and 5 Gy (n = 2) exposed animals were assessed for molecular responses to TBI through microarray-based transcriptional profiling at day 5 postirradiation, and cellular changes through immunohistochemical (IHC) characterization of markers for B and T lymphocytes and macrophages across all 15 animals at time points up to 6 months postirradiation. Irradiated macaques developed acute hematopoietic syndrome. Analysis of array data at day 5 postirradiation identified transcripts with ≥2-fold difference from control and a false discovery rate (FDR) of Padj < 0.05 in lymph node (n = 666), spleen (n = 493) and thymus (n=3,014). Increasing stringency of the FDR to P < 0.001 reduced the number of genes to 71 for spleen and 379 for thymus. IHC and gene expression data demonstrated that irradiated animals had reduced numbers of T and B lymphocytes along with relative elevations of macrophages. Transcriptional analysis revealed unique patterns in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of cynomolgus macaques. Among the many differentially regulated transcripts, upregulation of noncoding RNAs [MIR34A for spleen and thymus and NEAT1 (NCRNA00084) for thymus] showed potential as biomarkers of radiation injury and targets for mitigating the effects of radiation-induced hematopoietic syndrome-impaired lymphoid reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Caudell
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kristofer T. Michalson
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Rachel N. Andrews
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - William W. Snow
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Daniel Bourland
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ryne J. DeBo
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - J. Mark Cline
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas C. Register
- Departments of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
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25
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Jones JW, Alloush J, Sellamuthu R, Chua HL, MacVittie TJ, Orschell CM, Kane MA. Effect of Sex on Biomarker Response in a Mouse Model of the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:484-502. [PMID: 30681425 PMCID: PMC6384137 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sex is an important confounding variable in biomarker development that must be incorporated into biomarker discovery and validation. Additionally, understanding of sex as a biological variable is essential for effective translation of biomarkers in animal models to human populations. Toward these ends, we conducted high-throughput targeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and multiplexed immunoassay analyses using a Luminex-based system in both male and female mice in a model of total-body irradiation at a radiation dose consistent with the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. Metabolomic and immunoassay analyses identified metabolites and cytokines that were significantly different in plasma from naive and irradiated C57BL/6 mice consisting of equal numbers of female and male mice at 3 d after 8.0 or 8.72 Gy, an approximate LD60-70/30 dose of total-body irradiation. An additional number of metabolites and cytokines had sex-specific responses after radiation. Analyses of sham-irradiated mice illustrate the presence of stress-related changes in several cytokines due simply to undergoing the irradiation procedure, absent actual radiation exposure. Basal differences in metabolite levels between female and male were also identified as well as time-dependent changes in cytokines up to 9 d postexposure. These studies provide data toward defining the influence of sex on plasma-based biomarker candidates in a well-defined mouse model of acute radiation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace W. Jones
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jenna Alloush
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Hui Lin Chua
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas J. MacVittie
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Maureen A. Kane
- University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baltimore, MD
- Correspondence: Maureen A. Kane, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 N. Pine Street, Room 723, Baltimore, MD 21201, Phone: (410) 706-5097, Fax: (410) 706-0886,
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26
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Chua HL, Artur Plett P, Fisher A, Sampson CH, Vemula S, Feng H, Sellamuthu R, Wu T, MacVittie TJ, Orschell CM. Lifelong Residual bone Marrow Damage in Murine Survivors of the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome (H-ARS): A Compilation of Studies Comprising the Indiana University Experience. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:546-557. [PMID: 30789496 PMCID: PMC6388630 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accurate analyses of the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure in survivors of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome are hampered by low numbers of mice for examination due to high lethality from the acute syndrome, increased morbidity and mortality in survivors, high cost of husbandry for long-term studies, biological variability, and inconsistencies of models from different laboratories complicating meta-analyses. To address this, a compilation of 38 similar hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome studies conducted over a 7-y period in the authors' laboratory, comprising more than 1,500 irradiated young adult C57BL/6 mice and almost 600 day-30 survivors, was assessed for hematopoietic delayed effects of acute radiation exposure at various times up to 30 mo of age. Significant loss of long-term repopulating potential of phenotypically defined primitive hematopoietic stem cells was documented in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors, as well as significant decreases in all hematopoietic lineages in peripheral blood, prominent myeloid skew, significantly decreased bone marrow cellularity, and numbers of lineage-negative Sca-1+ cKit+ CD150+ cells (KSL CD150+; the phenotype known to be enriched for hematopoietic stem cells), and increased cycling of KSL CD150+ cells. Studies interrogating the phenotype of bone marrow cells capable of initiation of suspension cultures and engraftment in competitive transplantation assays documented the phenotype of hematopoietic stem cells in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors to be the same as that in nonirradiated age-matched controls. This compilation study adds rigor and validity to our initial findings of persistent hematopoietic dysfunction in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors that arises at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell and which affects all classes of hematopoietic cells for the life of the survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Chua
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P. Artur Plett
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexa Fisher
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sasidhar Vemula
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hailin Feng
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Tong Wu
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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27
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Li K, Li W, Jia Y, Liu J, Tan G, Zou J, Li X, Su Y, Lei S, Sun Q. Long-term immune effects of high-level natural radiation on Yangjiang inhabitants in China. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:764-770. [PMID: 30753115 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1572250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yanying Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxiang Tan
- Guangdong Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zou
- Guangdong Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Su
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shujie Lei
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Quanfu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiological Protection and Nuclear Emergency, China CDC, National Institute for Radiological Protection, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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28
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Ji K, Wang Y, Du L, Xu C, Liu Y, He N, Wang J, Liu Q. Research Progress on the Biological Effects of Low-Dose Radiation in China. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819833488. [PMID: 30833876 PMCID: PMC6393828 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819833488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human are exposed to ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources, which consequently poses a possible risk to human health. However, accumulating evidence indicates that the biological effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) are different from those of high-dose radiation (HDR). Low-dose radiation–induced hormesis has been extensively observed in different biological systems, including immunological and hematopoietic systems. Adaptive responses in response to LDR that can induce cellular resistance to genotoxic effects from subsequent exposure to HDR have also been described and researched. Bystander effects, another type of biological effect induced by LDR, have been shown to widely occur in many cell types. Furthermore, the influence of LDR-induced biological effects on certain diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, has also attracted the interest of researchers. Many studies have suggested that LDR has the potential antitumor and antidiabetic complications effects. In addition, the researches on whether LDR could induce stochastic effects were also debated. Studies on the biological effects of LDR in China started in 1970s and considerable progress has been made since. In the present article, we provide an overview of the research progress on the biological effects of LDR in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Liqing Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ningning He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinhan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiobiology, Institute of Radiation Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Pecking Union Medical College, Tianjin, PR China
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29
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Yoshida K, French B, Yoshida N, Hida A, Ohishi W, Kusunoki Y. Radiation exposure and longitudinal changes in peripheral monocytes over 50 years: the Adult Health Study of atomic‐bomb survivors. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:107-115. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
| | - Benjamin French
- Department of Statistics Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Pathology Kurume University School of Medicine Kurume Fukuoka
| | - Ayumi Hida
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Nagasaki Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies Radiation Effects Research Foundation Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Radiation Effects Research FoundationHiroshima Japan
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30
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Impact of early life exposure to ionizing radiation on influenza vaccine response in an elderly Japanese cohort. Vaccine 2018; 36:6650-6659. [PMID: 30274868 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of whole body radiation exposure early in life on influenza vaccination immune responses much later in life. A total of 292 volunteers recruited from the cohort members of ongoing Adult Health Study (AHS) of Japanese atomic bomb (A-bomb) survivors completed this observational study spanning two influenza seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). Peripheral blood samples were collected prior to and three weeks after vaccination. Serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers were measured as well as concentrations of 25 cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatant from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with and without in vitro stimulation with influenza vaccine. We found that influenza vaccination modestly enhanced serum HAI titers in this unique cohort of elderly subjects, with seroprotection ranging from 18 to 48% for specific antigen/season combinations. Twelve percent of subjects were seroprotected against all three vaccine antigens post-vaccination. Males were generally more likely to be seroprotected for one or more antigens post-vaccination, with no differences in vaccine responses based on age at vaccination or radiation exposure in early life. These results show that early life exposure to ionizing radiation does not prevent responses of elderly A-bomb survivors to seasonal influenza vaccine.
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31
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Gyuleva I, Djounova J, Rupova I. Impact of Low-Dose Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation on T-Cell Populations and Subpopulations and Humoral Factors Included in the Immune Response. Dose Response 2018; 16:1559325818785564. [PMID: 30140179 PMCID: PMC6096692 DOI: 10.1177/1559325818785564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of low-dose occupational exposure on T helper response. One Hundred five employees working in Nuclear Power Plant, Kozloduy, Bulgaria and control group of 32 persons are included in this investigation. Flow cytometry measurements of T-cell populations and subpopulations and natural killer T cells are performed and levels of G, A, and M immunoglobulins and interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-4, and interferon γ were determined. The data interpreted with regard to cumulative doses, length of service, and age. The results of the present study are not enough to outline a clear impact of occupational radiation exposure on T helper populations. Nevertheless, the observed even slight trends in some lymphocyte’s populations and in cytokines profile give us the reason to assume a possibility of a gradual polarization of T helper 1 to T helper 2 immune response at dose range 100 to 200 mSv. The results of the present study indicate the need to perform a more detailed epidemiological survey including potential confounding and misclassifying factors and possible selection bias that could influence the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gyuleva
- Radiation Medicine and Emergency, National Centre Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jana Djounova
- Radiation Medicine and Emergency, National Centre Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Rupova
- Radiation Medicine and Emergency, National Centre Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Sofia, Bulgaria
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32
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Rybkina VL, Bannikova MV, Adamova GV, Dörr H, Scherthan H, Azizova TV. Immunological Markers of Chronic Occupational Radiation Exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:108-113. [PMID: 29787436 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify immunological biomarkers for prolonged occupational radiation exposure and thus studied a random sample of the Mayak Production Association worker cohort (91 individuals). The control group included 43 local individuals never employed at the Mayak Production Association. To identify biomarkers, two groups of workers were formed: the first one included workers chronically exposed to external gamma rays at cumulative doses of 0.5-3.0 Gy (14 individuals); the second one included workers exposed to combined radiation-external gamma rays at doses ranging from 0.7 to 5.1 Gy and internal alpha radiation from incorporated plutonium with 0.3-16.4 kBq body burden (77 individuals). The age range of the study individuals was 66-91 y. Peripheral blood serum protein concentrations of cytokines, immunoglobulins, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunoassay following the manufacturer's protocol. Flow cytometry was used to analyze levels of various lymphocyte subpopulations. The findings of the current study demonstrate that some immunological characteristics may be considered as biomarkers of prolonged chronic radiation exposure for any radiation type (in the delayed period after the exposure) based on fold differences from controls: M immunoglobulin fold differences were 1.75 ± 0.27 (p = 0.0001) for external gamma-ray exposure and 1.50 ± 0.27 (p = 0.0003) for combined radiation exposure; matrix metalloproteinase-9 fold differences were 1.5 ± 0.22 (p = 0.008) for external gamma-ray exposure and 1.69 ± 0.24 (p = 0.00007) for combined radiation exposure; A immunoglobulin fold differences were 1.61 ± 0.27 (p = 0.002) for external gamma-ray exposure and 1.56 ± 0.27 (p = 0.00002) for combined radiation exposure; relative concentration of natural killer cell fold differences were 1.53 ± 0.23 (p = 0.01) for external gamma-ray exposure and 1.35 ± 0.22 (p = 0.001) for combined radiation exposure; and relative concentration of T-lymphocytes fold differences were 0.89 ± 0.04 (p = 0.01) for external gamma-ray exposure and 0.95 ± 0.05 (p = 0.003) for combined radiation exposure. Based on fold differences from controls, interferon-gamma (3.50 ± 0.65, p = 0.031), transforming growth factor-beta (2.91 ± 0.389, p = 0.026), and relative blood serum levels of T-helper cells (0.90 ± 0.065, p = 0.02) may be used as immunological markers of chronic external gamma-ray exposure. Moreover, there was a significant inverse linear association of relative concentration of T-helper cells with dose from external gamma rays accumulated over an extended period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina L Rybkina
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozerskoe shosse, 19, Ozyorsk 456780, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Maria V Bannikova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozerskoe shosse, 19, Ozyorsk 456780, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Adamova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozerskoe shosse, 19, Ozyorsk 456780, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Harald Dörr
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, Ernst von Bergmann Kaserne, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, Ernst von Bergmann Kaserne, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozerskoe shosse, 19, Ozyorsk 456780, Ozyorsk, Russia
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Kumar VP, Biswas S, Sharma NK, Stone S, Fam CM, Cox GN, Ghosh SP. PEGylated IL-11 (BBT-059): A Novel Radiation Countermeasure for Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome. HEALTH PHYSICS 2018; 115:65-76. [PMID: 29787432 PMCID: PMC5967654 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 was developed to reduce chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia; however, its clinical use was limited by severe adverse effects in humans. PEGylated interleukin-11 (BBT-059), developed by Bolder Biotechnology, Inc., exhibited a longer half-life in rodents and induced longer-lasting increases in hematopoietic cells than interleukin-11. A single dose of 1.2 mg kg of BBT-059, administered subcutaneously to CD2F1 mice (12-14 wk, male) was found to be safe in a 14 d toxicity study. The drug demonstrated its efficacy both as a prophylactic countermeasure and a mitigator in CD2F1 mice exposed to Co gamma total-body irradiation. A single dose of 0.3 mg kg, administered either 24 h pre-, 4 h post-, or 24 h postirradiation increased the survival of mice to 70-100% from lethal doses of radiation. Preadministration (-24 h) of the drug conferred a significantly (p < 0.05) higher survival compared to 24 h post-total-body irradiation. There was significantly accelerated recovery from radiation-induced peripheral blood neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in animals pretreated with BBT-059. The drug also increased bone marrow cellularity and megakaryocytes and accelerated multilineage hematopoietic recovery. In addition, BBT-059 inhibited the induction of radiation-induced hematopoietic biomarkers, thrombopoietin, erythropoietin, and Flt-3 ligand. These results indicate that BBT-059 is a promising radiation countermeasure, demonstrating its potential to be used both pre- and postirradiation for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome with a broad window for medical management in a radiological or nuclear event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya P. Kumar
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Shukla Biswas
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Neel K. Sharma
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | - Sasha Stone
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
| | | | | | - Sanchita P. Ghosh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20889
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Boulé LA, Chapman TJ, Hillman SE, Kassotis CD, O’Dell C, Robert J, Georas SN, Nagel SC, Lawrence BP. Developmental Exposure to a Mixture of 23 Chemicals Associated With Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations Alters the Immune System of Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:639-654. [PMID: 29718478 PMCID: PMC5974794 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals used in unconventional oil and gas (UOG) operations have the potential to cause adverse biological effects, but this has not been thoroughly evaluated. A notable knowledge gap is their impact on development and function of the immune system. Herein, we report an investigation of whether developmental exposure to a mixture of chemicals associated with UOG operations affects the development and function of the immune system. We used a previously characterized mixture of 23 chemicals associated with UOG, and which was demonstrated to affect reproductive and developmental endpoints in mice. C57Bl/6 mice were maintained throughout pregnancy and during lactation on water containing two concentrations of this 23-chemical mixture, and the immune system of male and female adult offspring was assessed. We comprehensively examined the cellularity of primary and secondary immune organs, and used three different disease models to probe potential immune effects: house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease, influenza A virus infection, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In all three disease models, developmental exposure altered frequencies of certain T cell sub-populations in female, but not male, offspring. Additionally, in the EAE model disease onset occurred earlier and was more severe in females. Our findings indicate that developmental exposure to this mixture had persistent immunological effects that differed by sex, and exacerbated responses in an experimental model of autoimmune encephalitis. These observations suggest that developmental exposure to complex mixtures of water contaminants, such as those derived from UOG operations, could contribute to immune dysregulation and disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Sara E Hillman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | | | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bright
- Department of Radiation Physics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Cheng X, Ni X, Wu R, Chong Y, Gao X, Ge C, Yin JJ. Evaluation of the structure–activity relationship of carbon nanomaterials as antioxidants. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop the potential application of carbon nanomaterials as antioxidants calls for better understanding of how the specific structure affects their antioxidant activity. Materials & methods: Several typical carbon nanomaterials, including graphene quantum dots and fullerene derivatives were characterized and their radical scavenging activities were evaluated; in addition, the in vitro and in vivo radioprotection experiments were performed. Results: These carbon nanomaterials can efficiently scavenge free radicals in a structure-dependent manner. In vitro assays demonstrate that administration of these carbon nanomaterials markedly increases the surviving fraction of cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Moreover, in vivo experiments confirm that their administration can also increase the survival rates of mice exposed to radiation. Conclusion: All results confirm that large, buckyball-shaped fullerenes show the strongest antioxidant properties and the best radioprotective efficiency. Our work will be useful in guiding the design and optimization of nanomaterials for potential antioxidant and radioprotection bio-applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaju Cheng
- School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Ni
- School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Renfei Wu
- School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yu Chong
- School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xingfa Gao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, PR China
| | - Cuicui Ge
- School for Radiological & Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry & Division of Analytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, US Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Yahyapour R, Amini P, Rezapour S, Cheki M, Rezaeyan A, Farhood B, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Fallah H, Najafi M. Radiation-induced inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Mil Med Res 2018; 5:9. [PMID: 29554942 PMCID: PMC5859747 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-018-0156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, ionizing radiation (IR) plays a key role in the agricultural and medical industry, while accidental exposure resulting from leakage of radioactive sources or radiological terrorism is a serious concern. Exposure to IR has various detrimental effects on normal tissues. Although an increased risk of carcinogenesis is the best-known long-term consequence of IR, evidence has shown that other diseases, particularly diseases related to inflammation, are common disorders among irradiated people. Autoimmune disorders are among the various types of immune diseases that have been investigated among exposed people. Thyroid diseases and diabetes are two autoimmune diseases potentially induced by IR. However, the precise mechanisms of IR-induced thyroid diseases and diabetes remain to be elucidated, and several studies have shown that chronic increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after exposure play a pivotal role. Thus, cytokines, including interleukin-1(IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ), play a key role in chronic oxidative damage following exposure to IR. Additionally, these cytokines change the secretion of insulin and thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH). It is likely that the management of inflammation and oxidative damage is one of the best strategies for the amelioration of these diseases after a radiological or nuclear disaster. In the present study, we reviewed the evidence of radiation-induced diabetes and thyroid diseases, as well as the potential roles of inflammatory responses. In addition, we proposed that the mitigation of inflammatory and oxidative damage markers after exposure to IR may reduce the incidence of these diseases among individuals exposed to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Yahyapour
- School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Zip code: 8813833435, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Zip code: 1417613151, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapour
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Zip code: 1417613151, Iran
| | - Mohsen Cheki
- Department of Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Zip code: 6135715794, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Zip code: 1449614535, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Zip code: 3715835155, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Zip code: 1417613151, Iran.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Research center for molecular and cellular imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Zip code: 1417613151, Iran
| | - Hengameh Fallah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Zip code: 3836119131, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Zip code: 6714869914, Iran.
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Najafi M, Motevaseli E, Shirazi A, Geraily G, Rezaeyan A, Norouzi F, Rezapoor S, Abdollahi H. Mechanisms of inflammatory responses to radiation and normal tissues toxicity: clinical implications. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:335-356. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1440092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolhasan Rezaeyan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Norouzi
- Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lustig A, Shterev I, Geyer S, Shi A, Hu Y, Morishita Y, Nagamura H, Sasaki K, Maki M, Hayashi I, Furukawa K, Yoshida K, Kajimura J, Kyoizumi S, Kusunoki Y, Ohishi W, Nakachi K, Weng NP, Hayashi T. Long term effects of radiation exposure on telomere lengths of leukocytes and its associated biomarkers among atomic-bomb survivors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38988-38998. [PMID: 27102155 PMCID: PMC5129908 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a major source of cellular damage and the immediate cellular response to IR has been well characterized. But the long-term impact of IR on cell function and its relationship with aging are not known. Here, we examined the IR effects on telomere length and other biomarkers 50 to 68 years post-exposure (two time points per person) in survivors of the atomic bombing at Hiroshima during WWII. We found that telomere length of leukocytes was inversely correlated with the dose of IR (p=0.008), and this effect was primarily found in survivors who were exposed at younger ages; specifically those <12 years old (p=0.0004). Although a dose-related retardation of telomere shortening with age was observed in the cross-sectional data, longitudinal follow-up after 11 years did not show IR exposure-related alteration of the rate of telomere shortening with age. In addition, IR diminished the associations between telomere length and selected aging biomarkers that were observed in survivors with no dose. These included uric acid metabolism, cytokines, and blood T cell counts. These findings showed long-lasting detrimental effects of IR on telomere length of leukocytes in both dose- and age-at-exposure dependent manner, and on alterations of biomarkers with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lustig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivo Shterev
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alvin Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yiqun Hu
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukari Morishita
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagamura
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasaki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Maki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ikue Hayashi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Yoshida
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Kajimura
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seishi Kyoizumi
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies, RERF, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Nakachi
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomonori Hayashi
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima, Japan
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40
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Kajimura J, Lynch HE, Geyer S, French B, Yamaoka M, Shterev ID, Sempowski GD, Kyoizumi S, Yoshida K, Misumi M, Ohishi W, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, Kusunoki Y. Radiation- and Age-Associated Changes in Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cell Populations among Aging Atomic Bomb Survivors in Japan. Radiat Res 2018; 189:84-94. [PMID: 29324175 PMCID: PMC10949854 DOI: 10.1667/rr4854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous immunological studies in atomic bomb survivors have suggested that radiation exposure leads to long-lasting changes, similar to immunological aging observed in T-cell-adaptive immunity. However, to our knowledge, late effects of radiation on dendritic cells (DCs), the key coordinators for activation and differentiation of T cells, have not yet been investigated in humans. In the current study, we hypothesized that numerical and functional decreases would be observed in relationship to radiation dose in circulating conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) among 229 Japanese A-bomb survivors. Overall, the evidence did not support this hypothesis, with no overall changes in DCs or functional changes observed with radiation dose. Multivariable regression analysis for radiation dose, age and gender effects revealed that total DC counts as well as subpopulation counts decreased in relationship to increasing age. Further analyses revealed that in women, absolute numbers of pDCs showed significant decreases with radiation dose. A hierarchical clustering analysis of gene expression profiles in DCs after Toll-like receptor stimulation in vitro identified two clusters of participants that differed in age-associated expression levels of genes involved in antigen presentation and cytokine/chemokine production in cDCs. These results suggest that DC counts decrease and expression levels of gene clusters change with age. More than 60 years after radiation exposure, we also observed changes in pDC counts associated with radiation, but only among women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather E. Lynch
- Duke Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Susan Geyer
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Benjamin French
- Statistics, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mika Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ivo D. Shterev
- Duke Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D. Sempowski
- Duke Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Kengo Yoshida
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Munechika Misumi
- Statistics, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Kei Nakachi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Li D, Chen R, Wang YW, Fornace AJ, Li HH. Prior irradiation results in elevated programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in T cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 94:488-494. [PMID: 29108460 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1400192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study we addressed the question whether radiation-induced adverse effects on T cell activation are associated with alterations of T cell checkpoint receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression levels of checkpoint receptors on T cell subpopulations were analyzed at multiple post-radiation time points ranging from one to four weeks in mice receiving a single fraction of 1 or 4 Gy of γ-ray. T cell activation associated metabolic changes were assessed. RESULTS Our results showed that prior irradiation resulted in significant elevated expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in both CD4+ and CD8+ populations, at all three post-radiation time points. T cells with elevated PD-1 mostly were either central memory or naïve cells. In addition, the feedback induction of PD-1 expression in activated T cells declined after radiation. CONCLUSION Taken together, the elevated PD-1 level observed at weeks after radiation exposure is connected to T cell dysfunction. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have showed that a combination of radiotherapy and T cell checkpoint blockade immunotherapy including targeting the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-1 axis may potentiate the antitumor response. Understanding the dynamic changes in PD-1 levels in T cells after radiation should help in the development of a more effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deguan Li
- a Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Tianjin , China
| | - Renxiang Chen
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.,c Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.,c Department of Oncology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
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Hurem S, Gomes T, Brede DA, Lindbo Hansen E, Mutoloki S, Fernandez C, Mothersill C, Salbu B, Kassaye YA, Olsen AK, Oughton D, Aleström P, Lyche JL. Parental gamma irradiation induces reprotoxic effects accompanied by genomic instability in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:564-578. [PMID: 28892785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Gamma radiation represents a potential health risk to aquatic and terrestrial biota, due to its ability to ionize atoms and molecules in living tissues. The effects of exposure to 60Co gamma radiation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) were studied during two sensitive life stages: gametogenesis (F0: 53 and 8.7mGy/h for 27 days, total doses 31 and 5.2Gy) and embryogenesis (9.6mGy/h for 65h; total dose 0.62Gy). Progeny of F0 exposed to 53mGy/h showed 100% mortality occurring at the gastrulation stage corresponding to 8h post fertilization (hpf). Control and F0 fish exposed to 8.7mGy/h were used to create four lines in the first filial generation (F1): control, G line (irradiated during parental gametogenesis), E line (irradiated during embryogenesis) and GE line (irradiated during parental gametogenesis and embryogenesis). A statistically significant cumulative mortality of GE larva (9.3%) compared to controls was found at 96 hpf. E line embryos hatched significantly earlier compared to controls, G and GE (48-72 hpf). The deformity frequency was higher in G and GE, but not E line compared to controls at 72 hpf. One month after parental irradiation, the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased in the G line, but did not significantly differ from controls one year after parental irradiation, while at the same time point it was significantly increased in the directly exposed E and GE lines from 60 to 120 hpf. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly increased in the G line one year after parental irradiation, while significant increase in DNA damage was detected in both the G and GE compared to controls and E line at 72 hpf. Radiation-induced bystander effects, triggered by culture media from tissue explants and observed as influx of Ca2+ ions through the cellular membrane of the reporter cells, were significantly increased in 72 hpf G line progeny one month after irradiation of the parents. One year after parental irradiation, the bystander effects were increased in the E line compared to controls, but not in progeny of irradiated parents (G and GE lines). Overall, this study showed that irradiation of parents can result in multigenerational oxidative stress and genomic instability in irradiated (GE) and non-irradiated (G) progeny of irradiated parents, including increases in ROS formation, LPO, DNA damage and bystander effects. The results therefore highlight the necessity for multi- and transgenerational studies to assess the environmental impact of gamma radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Hurem
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag A Brede
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Lindbo Hansen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA), Postboks 55, 1332 Østerås, Norway
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristian Fernandez
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3000 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, 1280 Main St. West Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Yetneberk A Kassaye
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Ann-Karin Olsen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Peter Aleström
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan L Lyche
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), NMBU, 1433 Ås, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Najafi M, Shirazi A, Motevaseli E, Geraily G, Norouzi F, Heidari M, Rezapoor S. The melatonin immunomodulatory actions in radiotherapy. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:139-148. [PMID: 28510090 PMCID: PMC5425818 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy has a key role in cancer treatment in more than half of patients with cancer. The management of severe side effects of this treatment modality is a limiting factor to appropriate treatment. Immune system responses play a pivotal role in many of the early and late side effects of radiation. Moreover, immune cells have a significant role in tumor response to radiotherapy, such as angiogenesis and tumor growth. Melatonin as a potent antioxidant has shown appropriate immune regulatory properties that may ameliorate toxicity induced by radiation in various organs. These effects are mediated through various modulatory effects of melatonin in different levels of tissue reaction to ionizing radiation. The effects on the DNA repair system, antioxidant enzymes, immune cells, cytokines secretion, transcription factors, and protein kinases are most important. Moreover, anti-cancer properties of melatonin may increase the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy. Clinical applications of this agent for the management of malignancies such as breast cancer have shown promising results. It seems anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenesis, and stimulation or suppression of some immune cell responses are the main anti-tumor effects of melatonin that may help to improve response of the tumor to radiotherapy. In this review, the effects of melatonin on the modulation of immune responses in both normal and tumor tissues will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Najafi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - E Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gh Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Norouzi
- Department of Medical Radiation Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Heidari
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Radiation-induced decrease of CD8+ dendritic cells contributes to Th1/Th2 shift. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 46:178-185. [PMID: 28314222 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) often reduce the helper T (Th) 1 like function, resulting in a Th1/Th2 imbalance, which could affect the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy. As the most potent antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DC) can be divided into several subsets with specialized function. However, there is no literature covering the changes of DC subsets and their roles in immune regulation in response to IR. In the present study, we were aimed to investigate the changes of DC subsets after IR and its relationship with Th1/Th2 immunity. We found a significant decrease of BDCA3+DC in the blood of patients treated with radiotherapy. CD8+DC, a mouse equivalent of human BDCA3+DC, was also found decreased in mice spleen, peripheral blood and lymph node tissues after irradiation. As CD8+DC mainly induce Th1 immunity, we tested the changes of Th1/Th2 response and found that IR caused a repression of Th1 immunity, indicating a possible role of CD8+DC in radiation-induced Th1/Th2 imbalance. We also found that a CD8+DC-inducing cytokine, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3 ligand), restored CD8+DC and reversed Th1/Th2 shift. And then we found that bone marrow cells from irradiated mice differentiated into less CD8+DC, which was also protected by FLT3 ligand. In conclusion, our data showed that IR induced a decrease of CD8+DC and Th1/Th2 shift, which was reversed by Flt3 ligand treatment, suggesting a novel mechanism for radiation-induced immunosuppression.
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45
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Correlation between infectious disease and soil radiation in Japan: an exploratory study using national sentinel surveillance data. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:1183-1192. [PMID: 28091341 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816003034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between epidemics and soil radiation through an exploratory study using sentinel surveillance data (individuals aged <20 years) during the last three epidemic seasons of influenza and norovirus in Japan. We used a spatial analysis method of a geographical information system (GIS). We mapped the epidemic spreading patterns from sentinel incidence rates. We calculated the average soil radiation [dm (μGy/h)] for each sentinel site using data on uranium, thorium, and potassium oxide in the soil and examined the incidence rate in units of 0·01 μGy/h. The correlations between the incidence rate and the average soil radiation were assessed. Epidemic clusters of influenza and norovirus infections were observed in areas with relatively high radiation exposure. A positive correlation was detected between the average incidence rate and radiation dose, at r = 0·61-0·84 (P < 0·01) for influenza infections and r = 0·61-0·72 (P < 0·01) for norovirus infections. An increase in the incidence rate was found between areas with radiation exposure of 0 < dm < 0·01 and 0·15 ⩽ dm < 0·16, at 1·80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·47-2·12] times higher for influenza infection and 2·07 (95% CI 1·53-2·61) times higher for norovirus infection. Our results suggest a potential association between decreased immunity and irradiation because of soil radiation. Further studies on immunity in these epidemic-prone areas are desirable.
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Hall J, Jeggo PA, West C, Gomolka M, Quintens R, Badie C, Laurent O, Aerts A, Anastasov N, Azimzadeh O, Azizova T, Baatout S, Baselet B, Benotmane MA, Blanchardon E, Guéguen Y, Haghdoost S, Harms-Ringhdahl M, Hess J, Kreuzer M, Laurier D, Macaeva E, Manning G, Pernot E, Ravanat JL, Sabatier L, Tack K, Tapio S, Zitzelsberger H, Cardis E. Ionizing radiation biomarkers in epidemiological studies - An update. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 771:59-84. [PMID: 28342453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiology studies highlighted the detrimental health effects of exposure to low dose and low dose rate ionizing radiation (IR): nuclear industry workers studies have shown increased leukaemia and solid tumour risks following cumulative doses of <100mSv and dose rates of <10mGy per year; paediatric patients studies have reported increased leukaemia and brain tumours risks after doses of 30-60mGy from computed tomography scans. Questions arise, however, about the impact of even lower doses and dose rates where classical epidemiological studies have limited power but where subsets within the large cohorts are expected to have an increased risk. Further progress requires integration of biomarkers or bioassays of individual exposure, effects and susceptibility to IR. The European DoReMi (Low Dose Research towards Multidisciplinary Integration) consortium previously reviewed biomarkers for potential use in IR epidemiological studies. Given the increased mechanistic understanding of responses to low dose radiation the current review provides an update covering technical advances and recent studies. A key issue identified is deciding which biomarkers to progress. A roadmap is provided for biomarker development from discovery to implementation and used to summarise the current status of proposed biomarkers for epidemiological studies. Most potential biomarkers remain at the discovery stage and for some there is sufficient evidence that further development is not warranted. One biomarker identified in the final stages of development and as a priority for further research is radiation specific mRNA transcript profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hall
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, Lyon, F-69424, France.
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine West
- Translational Radiobiology Group, Institute of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roel Quintens
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Laurent
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - An Aerts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Clinical Department, Ozyorsk, Russia
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Eric Blanchardon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yann Guéguen
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Harms-Ringhdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Hess
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Kreuzer
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ellina Macaeva
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK·CEN, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging Research Group, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Grainne Manning
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Pernot
- INSERM U897, Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux cedex, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SCIB, F-38000 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, INAC-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laure Sabatier
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, BP6, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Karine Tack
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, F-92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Radiation Programme, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (MTD formerly), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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47
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Barlow ML, Cummings RJ, Pentland AP, Love TMT, Haidaris CG, Ryan JL, Lord EM, Gerber SA. Total-Body Irradiation Exacerbates Dissemination of Cutaneous Candida Albicans Infection. Radiat Res 2016; 186:436-446. [PMID: 27710703 DOI: 10.1667/rr14295.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to radiation, particularly a large or total-body dose, weakens the immune system through loss of bone marrow precursor cells, as well as diminished populations of circulating and tissue-resident immune cells. One such population is the skin-resident immune cells. Changes in the skin environment can be of particular importance as the skin is also host to a number of commensal organisms, including Candida albicans , a species of fungus that causes opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. In a previous study, we found that a 6 Gy sublethal dose of radiation in mice caused a reduction of cutaneous dendritic cells, indicating that the skin may have a poorer response to infection after irradiation. In this study, the same 6 Gy sublethal radiation dose led to a weakened response to a C. ablicans cutaneous infection, which resulted in systemic dissemination from the ear skin to the kidneys. However, this impaired response was mitigated through the use of interleukin-12 (IL-12) administered to the skin after irradiation. Concomitantly with this loss of local control of infection, we also observed a reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the skin, as well as the reduced expression of IFN-γ, CXCL9 and IL-9, which influence T-cell infiltration and function in infected skin. These changes suggest a mechanism by which an impaired immune environment in the skin after a sublethal dose of radiation increases susceptibility to an opportunistic fungal infection. Thus, in the event of radiation exposure, it is important to include antifungal agents, or possibly IL-12, in the treatment regimen, particularly if wounds are involved that result in loss of the skin's physical barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Barlow
- Department of a Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Ryan J Cummings
- Department of a Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Alice P Pentland
- b Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Tanzy M T Love
- c Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Constantine G Haidaris
- Department of a Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Julie L Ryan
- b Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Edith M Lord
- Department of a Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Scott A Gerber
- d Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
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48
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Yoshida K, Misumi M, Kubo Y, Yamaoka M, Kyoizumi S, Ohishi W, Hayashi T, Kusunoki Y. Long-Term Effects of Radiation Exposure and Metabolic Status on Telomere Length of Peripheral Blood T Cells in Atomic Bomb Survivors. Radiat Res 2016; 186:367-376. [DOI: 10.1667/rr14389.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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49
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Yoshida K, Nakashima E, Kyoizumi S, Hakoda M, Hayashi T, Hida A, Ohishi W, Kusunoki Y. Metabolic Profile as a Potential Modifier of Long-Term Radiation Effects on Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Atomic Bomb Survivors. Radiat Res 2016; 186:275-82. [PMID: 27541825 DOI: 10.1667/rr14336.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Immune system impairments reflected by the composition and function of circulating lymphocytes are still observed in atomic bomb survivors, and metabolic abnormalities including altered blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels have also been detected in such survivors. Based on closely related features of immune and metabolic profiles of individuals, we investigated the hypothesis that long-term effects of radiation exposure on lymphocyte subsets might be modified by metabolic profiles in 3,113 atomic bomb survivors who participated in health examinations at the Radiation Effect Research Foundation, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in 2000-2002. The lymphocyte subsets analyzed involved T-, B- and NK-cell subsets, and their percentages in the lymphocyte fraction were assessed using flow cytometry. Health examinations included metabolic indicators, body mass index, serum levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, C-reactive protein and hemoglobin A1c, as well as diabetes and fatty liver diagnoses. Standard regression analyses indicated that several metabolic indicators of obesity/related disease, particularly high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, were positively associated with type-1 helper T- and B-cell percentages but were inversely associated with naïve CD4 T and NK cells. A regression analysis adjusted for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol revealed a radiation dose relationship with increasing NK-cell percentage. Additionally, an interaction effect was suggested between radiation dose and C-reactive protein on B-cell percentage with a negative coefficient of the interaction term. Collectively, these findings suggest that radiation exposure and subsequent metabolic profile changes, potentially in relationship to obesity-related inflammation, lead to such long-term alterations in lymphocyte subset composition. Because this study is based on cross-sectional and exploratory analyses, the implications regarding radiation exposure, metabolic profiles and circulating lymphocytes warrant future longitudinal and molecular mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masayuki Hakoda
- e Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Ayumi Hida
- d Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan; and
| | - Waka Ohishi
- c Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
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50
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Pugh JL, Foster SA, Sukhina AS, Petravic J, Uhrlaub JL, Padilla‐Torres J, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, Smithey MJ, Nikolich‐Žugich J. Acute systemic DNA damage in youth does not impair immune defense with aging. Aging Cell 2016; 15:686-93. [PMID: 27072188 PMCID: PMC4933672 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging‐related decline in immunity is believed to be the main driver behind decreased vaccine efficacy and reduced resistance to infections in older adults. Unrepaired DNA damage is known to precipitate cellular senescence, which was hypothesized to be the underlying cause of certain age‐related phenotypes. Consistent with this, some hallmarks of immune aging were more prevalent in individuals exposed to whole‐body irradiation (WBI), which leaves no anatomical repository of undamaged hematopoietic cells. To decisively test whether and to what extent WBI in youth will leave a mark on the immune system as it ages, we exposed young male C57BL/6 mice to sublethal WBI (0.5–4 Gy), mimicking human survivor exposure during nuclear catastrophe. We followed lymphocyte homeostasis thorough the lifespan, response to vaccination, and ability to resist lethal viral challenge in the old age. None of the irradiated groups showed significant differences compared with mock‐irradiated (0 Gy) animals for the parameters measured. Even the mice that received the highest dose of sublethal WBI in youth (4 Gy) exhibited equilibrated lymphocyte homeostasis, robust T‐ and B‐cell responses to live attenuated West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine and full survival following vaccination upon lethal WNV challenge. Therefore, a single dose of nonlethal WBI in youth, resulting in widespread DNA damage and repopulation stress in hematopoietic cells, leaves no significant trace of increased immune aging in a lethal vaccine challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L. Pugh
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Sarah A. Foster
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| | - Alona S. Sukhina
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| | - Janka Petravic
- Centre for Vascular Research University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| | - Jose Padilla‐Torres
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| | | | - Kei Nakachi
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation Minato‐Ku Hiroshima Japan
| | - Megan J. Smithey
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
| | - Janko Nikolich‐Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Arizona Center on Aging University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson AZ USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
- The BIO5 Institute University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
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