The Health Potential of Fruits and Vegetables Phytochemicals: Notable Examples

Multifunctional cosmetic potential of extracellular vesicle‑like nanoparticles derived from the stem of Cannabis sativa in treating pigmentation disorders

While natural products and synthetic chemicals are used in functional cosmetics, their potential side effects remain a concern. This has driven the need for safer and more effective agents to treat skin disorders. This has driven the need safer and more effective agents to treat skin disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the functional properties of Cannabis sativa stem‑derived nanoparticles (CSS‑NPs) and evaluate their potential as a cosmetic ingredient. Using nanoparticle analysis, CSS‑NPs, with a mean diameter of ~120 nm exhibited notable resistance to external stress conditions, including pH fluctuation and enzymatic degradation by DNase, RNase and proteinase K. They also contained 48 distinct biochemical components. In vitro assays revealed that CSS‑NPs significantly downregulated the expression of genes and proteins associated with melanin synthesis in mouse B16F10 melanoma cells under α‑melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‑MSH)‑induced hyperpigmentation. These inhibitory effects were mediated by the activation of ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Furthermore, CSS‑NPs improved the viability of α‑MSH‑treated B16F10 cells; this was accompanied by the upregulation of antioxidant‑associated enzymes and a decrease in α‑MSH‑induced reactive oxygen species levels. Collectively, these findings suggested that CSS‑NPs carry out a key role in mitigating skin pigmentation and enhancing antioxidant defenses by modulating the ERK/Akt axis during excessive melanin synthesis. Thus, CSS‑NPs represent a promising multifunctional cosmetic ingredient with potential in treating pigmentation disorders and protecting skin cells.

Association of household food insecurity with diet quality in a nationally representative sample of United States toddlers: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Although previous research has shown that food insecurity adversely affects diet quality in adults, this relationship is less consistently observed in children. However, studies in children have focused on those aged 2 y or older and the association of food insecurity with diet quality in children aged 12-23 mo is unclear.

OBJECTIVES

The objective was to determine the association of household food insecurity with diet quality, as indicated by Healthy Eating Index-Toddlers-2020 (HEI-Toddlers-2020), in United States children aged 12-23 mo.

METHODS

The study used a cross-sectional design based on data from 2013-2014, 2015-2016, and 2017-March 2020 survey cycles of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The primary sample included 708 children aged 12-23 mo with 1) complete data on food security, assessed via the United States Food Security Survey Module (USFSSM); 2) ≥1 d of reliable 24-h dietary recall data; and 3) reported energy intake from complementary foods/beverages (that is, foods and beverages other than human milk or infant formula). On the basis of responses to USFSSM, households were classified as food secure or food insecure. Proxies, typically parents, reported child's dietary intake. Diet quality was assessed using the HEI-Toddlers-2020. Linear regression analyses examined the association of household food security status with HEI-Toddlers-2020 total and component scores, adjusted for demographic characteristics.

RESULTS

Household food insecurity was significantly associated with lower HEI-Toddlers-2020 total score (estimate = -3.78; standard error = 1.06; P = 0.0007), as well as lower component scores for whole fruits (estimate = -0.56; standard error = 0.18; P = 0.003), and whole grains (estimate = -0.85; standard error = 0.35; P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

The association of household food insecurity with lower diet quality in this study suggests that toddlers may not be shielded from household food shortages. Although consumption of certain food groups, such as whole grains, was inadequate in the overall sample of United States toddlers, food insecurity could exacerbate suboptimal intake of whole grains. Interventions to improve diet quality of young children must account for household food insecurity.

Season-dependent variation in the contents of glucosinolates and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide and their hydrolysis in Brassica oleracea

Brassica vegetables contain glucosinolates and S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, which can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to form bioactive compounds. Glucosinolate hydrolysis can result in formation of health-promoting isothiocyanates, however, often less desirable nitriles and epithionitriles are formed due to presence of specifier proteins. Also, S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide yields beneficial volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSC), such as S-methyl methanethiosulfinate. To optimize the nutritional value of Brassica oleracea vegetables, the outcome of these hydrolysis pathways was monitored over the harvest seasons of different cultivars in three consecutive years. Strong seasonal shifts in glucosinolate hydrolysis were observed only in red cabbages. They formed up to 40-fold more isothiocyanates in summer than in autumn, when nitriles and epithionitriles increased due to the induction of epithiospecifier proteins. Further, higher VOSC levels were found in autumn red cabbage. By elucidating the impact of abiotic growth factors on the regulation of the hydrolyses, the health value of Brassica vegetables can be improved.

RES-CMCNPs Enhance Antioxidant, Proinflammatory, and Sensitivity of Tumor Solids to γ-irradiation in EAC-Bearing Mice

OBJECTIVES

Resveratrol (Res) is a bifunctional compound found in numerous plants, including grapes and mulberries. Nanotechnology has promising applications in medicine. The ability of various nanomaterials to serve as radiosensitizers against tumor cells were reported in several manuscripts. The present investigation aimed to assess the antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of Res-CMCNPs on EAC-bearing mice.

METHODS

Res-CMCNPs have been developed using the CMC emulsification cross-linking technique. Entrapment efficiency (%), particle size, Polydispersity index and ZETA potential, UV, FTIR spectra, and drug release were evaluated and described for RES-CMCNPs. The radiosensitizing properties of RES-CMCNPs were also evaluated in vitro and in vivo against EAC-carrying rodents. The LD50 of Res-CMCNPs was estimated and its 1/20 LD50 was prepared for treating EAC transplanted mice.

RESULTS

The results revealed that the Res-CMCNPs exhibited a high entrapment efficiency (85.46%) and a size of approximately 184.60 ±17.36 nm with zeta potential value equals -51.866 mv. Also, the UV spectra of Res and Res-CMCNPs have strong absorption at 225 and 290 nm. The percentage of resveratrol release at pHs 5.8 and 7.4 was found to be 56.73% and 51.60%, respectively, after 24 h at 100 rpm. Also, the FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical stability of resveratrol in Res-CMCNPs cross-linking. The IC50 values of Res-CMCNPs against EAC cells viability were 32.99, 25.46, and 22.21 μg after 24-, 48- and 72 h incubation, respectively, whereas those of Res- CMCNPs in combination with γ-irradiation after 6-, 10 and 12-mins exposure were 24.07, 16.06 and 7.48 μg, respectively. Also, the LD50 of Res-CMCNPs was 2180 mg/kg.b.w. The treatment of EAC-bearing mice with Res-CMCNPs plus γ-irradiation improved plasma levels of NO, caspase-3, P53 and NF-kB levels as well as liver MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, LT-B4, aromatase, Bax, Bcl2 and TGF-β levels and exhibited more significant anticancer activity than administration of Res- CMCNPs and/or exposure to γ-irradiation individually. On the other hand, administration of Res- CMCNPs in combination with γ-irradiation attenuated liver mRNAs (21, 29b, 181a, and 451) gene expression.

CONCLUSION

Grafting resveratrol onto carboxymethyl chitosan appears to be a promising strategy for cancer therapy as a radiosensitizer, potentiating tumor cells' sensitivity to radiation by improving levels of proinflammatory features and antioxidant biomarkers.

A Comprehensive Review of Naringenin, a Promising Phytochemical with Therapeutic Potential

Disorders, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, can threaten human health; therefore, disease prevention is essential. Naringenin, a phytochemical with low toxicity, has been used in various disease prevention studies. This study aimed to comprehensively review the effects of naringenin on human health. First, we introduced the general characteristics of naringenin and its pharmacokinetic features when absorbed in the body. Next, we summarized the inhibitory effects of naringenin on colorectal, gastric, lung, breast, ovarian, cervical, prostate, bladder, liver, pancreatic, and skin cancers in preclinical studies. Lastly, we investigated the inhibitory effects of naringenin on metabolic disorders, including diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cardiac toxicity, hypertrophy, steatosis, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis, as well as on neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In conclusion, naringenin may serve as a significant natural compound that benefits human health.

Piper auritum ethanol extract is a potent antimutagen against food-borne aromatic amines: mechanisms of action and chemical composition

An ethanol extract of Piper auritum leaves (PAEE) inhibits the mutagenic effect of three food-borne aromatic amines (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP); 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx); 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (4,8-DiMeIQx)) in the TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strain. Preincubation with MeIQx demonstrated in mutagenesis experiments that inhibition of Cytochrome P450 (CYP), as well as direct interaction between component(s) of the plant extract with mutagens, might account for the antimutagenic observed effect. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed that safrole (50.7%), α-copaene (7.7%), caryophyllene (7.2%), β-pinene (4.2%), γ-terpinene (4.1%), and pentadecane (4.1%) as the main components (PAEE). Piper extract and safrole were able to inhibit the rat liver microsomal CYP1A1 activity that participates in the amines metabolism, leading to the formation of the ultimate mutagenic/ molecules. According to this, safrole and PAEE-inhibited MeIQx mutagenicity but not that of the direct mutagen 2-nitrofluorene. No mutagenicity of plant extract or safrole was detected. This study shows that PAEE and its main component safrole are associated with the inhibition of heterocyclic amines activation due in part to the inhibition of CYP1A subfamily activity.

Blending Towards Healthier Lifestyles: The Impact of Regular Fruit and Vegetable Smoothie Consumption on Dietary Patterns and Sustainable Health Behaviors

PURPOSE

This research aimed to characterize the nutritional, health and basic sustainability practices among regular smoothies' consumers (RSC; ≥ 1-2 servings/week for ≥ 2 months).

DESIGN

Cross-sectional survey.

SETTING

Self-report online multiple-choice questionnaire survey of random sample of adults from online retailer database and community.

SAMPLE

193 healthy Israeli adults (75.6% females, mean age 40.65 ± 14.36) completed an online multiple-choice validated survey from May 2022 to August 2023.

MEASURES

Demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle habits, including physical activity, FV consumption, and sustainability practices.

ANALYSIS

Data were analyzed using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney tests for non-normally distributed continuous variables. The level of statistical significance was set at .05.

RESULTS

RSC were significantly older (P < .001) and more physically active (P = .025) than occasional smoothie consumers (OSC). They consumed more FV, reaching nutritional recommendations, and exhibited significant lifestyle changes, including reduced meat (P = .013) and processed food consumption (P = .013), and regular meal consumption (P = .045). RSC used fewer disposables (P = .002) compared to OSC and non-smoothie consumers (P = .001). RSC demonstrated a higher incidence of weight reduction compared to weight gain.

CONCLUSION

RSC is significantly associated with health and nutritional sustainability.

Life Chances, Subjective Perceptions, and Healthy Lifestyles in Older Adults: Longitudinal Evidence From China

OBJECTIVES

Previous studies and theories show that healthy lifestyles are affected by life chances and subjective perceptions. However, it remains unclear how older adults change between different lifestyle profiles as they age. We proposed the healthy lifestyle duality framework and tested it among older Chinese adults using a longitudinal design.

METHODS

Data were obtained from 4 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys conducted between 2008 and 2018 (N = 31,445). Latent transition analysis and hierarchical multinomial growth curve models were performed to investigate healthy lifestyle profiles and their associations with life chances and subjective perceptions over time.

RESULTS

Four distinct healthy lifestyle profiles were identified: healthy, risky, low-standard, and mixed groups, and their changes show path dependency. Across 10 years, the proportion of the healthy group ranged from 11.16% to 16.97%. Both life chances and subjective perceptions were longitudinally associated with healthy lifestyles, with age and cohort effects observed.

DISCUSSION

Our findings support the healthy lifestyle duality framework and reveal that life chances and subjective perceptions influence lifestyle changes over time. Public health policies and health intervention programs should adapt to the specific needs of different age groups and generations.

A review of botany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological applications, and toxicology of Rubus ellipticus Smith fruits

Rubus ellipticus Smith. (Family Rosaceae), often known as the yellow Himalayan raspberry (Yellow Hissar), is one of the most widely used edible fruits in Indian folk medicinal systems. The current review aims to identify the gap between research and existing applications of this fruit to help scientists explore the current trends and opportunities for future development. Fruits of R. ellipticus are the source of several classes of compounds. Fruits of R. ellipticus are also rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. It has been shown to have significant medical value in a variety of studies, including as an anti-diabetic, nephroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antitumor, wound healing, antifertility, oviposition deterrent, antibacterial, and antioxidant. Fruits of R. ellipticus have been the subject of several in vitro and in vivo investigations, all of which have corroborated their wide range of biological activities and demonstrated their potential for the identification of new therapeutic candidates and the development of innovative herbal food supplements. Additional mechanism-based pharmacological evaluation and clinical research should provide an adequate scientific basis for the traditional usage of R. ellipticus fruits, which is currently not sufficiently supported by the available research on its active components and molecular mechanisms.

Emerging berries from the Brazilian Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes: new sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits

Brazil has a broad geographic biodiversity spread across its six different biomes. However, it has been suffering from the abusive exploitation of its resources, which poses a threat to the local fauna and flora. The Amazon and Atlantic Forest, for example, are birthplaces to rare and edible native species, such as bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba, Arecaceae) and camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia, Myrtaceae), and cereja-do-Rio Grande (Eugenia involucrata, Myrtaceae) and grumixama (Eugenia brasiliensis, Myrtaceae), respectively. These plants produce fruits which are sources of macro and micronutrients, including sugars, dietary fibers, vitamins, minerals, and/or lipids. Nutritionally, their consumption have the ability to reach partially or totally the daily recommendations for adults of some nutrients. More recently, these fruits have also been exposed as interesting sources of minor bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, terpenes, and/or polyphenols, the latter which include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and tannins. Particularly, bacaba stands out for being a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (around 22%, dry weight) and dietary fibers (6.5-21%, dry weight); camu-camu has very high contents of vitamin C (up to 5000 mg per 100 g of pulp, dry basis); and cereja-do-Rio-Grande and grumixama are abundant sources of anthocyanins. Although they are still underexplored, several in vitro and in vivo studies with different parts of the fruits, including the peel, seed, and pulp, indicate their health potential through anti-oxidative, anti-obesity, antihyperglycemic, antidyslipidemic, antimicrobial, and/or anticancer effects. All things considered, the focus of this research was to highlight the bioactive potential and health impact of native fruits from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS Identification and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Leaves of Australian Myrtles and Their Antioxidant Activities

Phenolic compounds, present in plants, provide substantial health advantages, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which enhance cardiovascular and cognitive well-being. Australia is enriched with a wide range of plants with phytopharmacological potential, which needs to be fully elucidated. In this context, we analyzed leaves of aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum), lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) for their complex phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was applied for screening and characterizing these Australian myrtles' phenolic compounds and the structure-function relation of phenolic compounds. This study identified 145 and quantified/semi-quantified 27 phenolic compounds in these Australian myrtles. Furthermore, phenolic contents (total phenolic content (TPC), total condensed tannins (TCT), and total flavonoids (TFC)) and antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts from the leaves of Australian myrtles were quantified. Aniseed myrtle was quantified with the highest TPC (52.49 ± 3.55 mg GAE/g) and total antioxidant potential than other selected myrtles. Catechin, epicatechin, isovitexin, cinnamic acid, and quercetin were quantified as Australian myrtles' most abundant phenolic compounds. Moreover, chemometric analysis further validated the results. This study provides a new insight into the novel potent bioactive phenolic compounds from Australian myrtles that could be potentially useful for functional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic applications.

Development of cooking method for senior-friendly food using fruits suitable for older adults with masticatory dysfunction

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to establish a fruit-cooking method suitable for older adults with masticatory dysfunction.

MATERIALS/METHODS

Five types of fruits were selected to make fruit jelly and puree: apple, sweet persimmon, mandarin, Korean melon, and watermelon. Recipes were selected based on the Korean Industrial Standard (KS) for senior-friendly foods (KS H 4897), which classifies foods into 3 levels (L1-L3) based on their hardness and viscosity.

RESULTS

In South Korea, senior-friendly foods are classified into 3 stages based on their hardness. Stage 1 is for foods that are able to eat with teeth (hardness greater than 50,000 N and less than 500,000 N), Stage 2 is for foods that are able to eat with gums (hardness greater than 20,000 N and less than 50,000 N), and Stage 3 is for foods that are able to eat with the tongue (hardness less than 20,000 N). As a result of measuring the hardness by varying the shape of the fruit, it was found that nearly all fruits could be eaten fresh by chewing with the teeth (L1) but did not meet the KS for mastication using the gums (L2) or tongue (L3), so the cooking method was selected as fruit jelly and fruit puree. Only sweet persimmon, which had a hardness of 61,624-496,393 N, was not suitable for consumption in fresh fruit, unprocessed form. Based on their hardness measurements, fruit jellies (27,869 to 36,343 N) and fruit purees (315 to 1,156 N) met the L2 and L3 requirements, respectively. The viscosity results of all fruit purees met the L3 requirement.

CONCLUSION

These results offer a simple cooking method to prepare texture-modified fruits suitable for safe consumption by older adults living with masticatory difficulties in general households and nursing facilities.

Biochemical dynamics during postharvest: Highlighting the interplay of stress during storage and maturation of fresh produce

The lifecycle of fresh produce involves a sequence of biochemical events during their ontology, and these events are particularly significant for climacteric fruits. A high demand during ripening is observed in these plant products, which is reflected in a high rate of respiration and ethylene production. Increased respiratory demand triggers the activation of secondary pathways such as alternate oxidase, which do not experience critical increases in energy consumption in non-climacteric fruit. In addition, biochemical events produced by external factors lead to compensatory responses in fresh produce to counteract the oxidative stress caused by the former. The dynamics of these responses are accompanied by signaling, where reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in fresh product cell perception. This review aims to describe the protection mechanisms of fresh produce against environmental challenges and how controlled doses of abiotic stressors can be used to improve quality and prolong their shelf-life through the interaction of stress and defense mechanisms.

Dietary Protein Intake and Associated Risks for Atopic Dermatitis, Intrinsic Eczema, and Allergic Sensitization among Young Chinese Adults in Singapore/Malaysia: Key Findings from a Cross-sectional Study

Through an investigator-administered questionnaire that follows the standard protocol of the International Study of Allergy and Asthma in Childhood, data on symptomatic histories of eczema and dietary habits were collected from 11,494 young Chinese adults in Singapore/Malaysia. Allergic sensitization status was assessed through a skin prick test reactivity to common house dust mites. Using three dietary indices (dietary protein score, animal protein score, and plant protein score), the associations between atopic dermatitis, intrinsic eczema, allergic sensitization, and intake of various proteins were estimated. On average, most subjects frequently eat meat, vegetables, and rice in their diets. Through a multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and parental eczema, subjects with high dietary protein score (adjusted OR = 1.397; 95% confidence interval = 1.133-1.724; P < 0.003) and high animal protein score (adjusted OR = 1.353; 95% confidence interval = 1.106-1.682; P < 0.003) were associated with increased risk of atopic dermatitis. Interestingly, synergy factor analysis revealed that a higher intake of plant proteins than animal proteins in diets significantly reduced overall associated risks of atopic dermatitis and allergic sensitization but not those of intrinsic eczema. Most importantly, these associations are independent of dietary fat intake. Taken together, frequent adherence to diets rich in plant proteins reduced associated risks of atopic dermatitis in Singapore/Malaysia Chinese adults.

A Review of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in the Proteaceae Family: A Promising Source of Functional Food

In recent decades, natural plant-based foods have been increasingly used to improve human health due to unhealthy modern dietary patterns, such as the consumption of foods high in sugar and fat. Many indigenous species have been used by Aboriginal peoples for their food and therapeutic properties. Thus, it is important to understand the health-enhancing bioactive profile of Australian indigenous species. The Proteaceae family, such as the genera of Protea, Macadamia, and Grevillea, have been commercially used in the horticulture and food industries. Researchers have reported some findings about Persoonia species, one of the genera in the Proteaceae family. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the family Proteaceae and the genus Persoonia, including distribution, traditional and commercial uses, phytochemicals, bioactive properties, potential opportunities, and challenges. In this review, bioactive compounds and their properties related to the health benefits of the Proteaceae family, particularly the Persoonia genus, were reviewed for potential applications in the food industry.

Anthocyanins as Immunomodulatory Dietary Supplements: A Nutraceutical Perspective and Micro-/Nano-Strategies for Enhanced Bioavailability

Anthocyanins (ACNs) have attracted considerable attention for their potential to modulate the immune system. Research has revealed their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which play a crucial role in immune regulation by influencing key immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Moreover, ACNs contribute towards maintaining a balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus promoting immune health. Beyond their direct effects on immune cells, ACNs significantly impact gut health and the microbiota, essential factors in immune regulation. Emerging evidence suggests that they positively influence the composition of the gut microbiome, enhancing their immunomodulatory effects. Furthermore, these compounds synergize with other bioactive substances, such as vitamins and minerals, further enhancing their potential as immune-supporting dietary supplements. However, detailed clinical studies must fully validate these findings and determine safe dosages across varied populations. Incorporating these natural compounds into functional foods or supplements could revolutionize the management of immune-related conditions. Personalized nutrition and healthcare strategies may be developed to enhance overall well-being and immune resilience by fully understanding the mechanisms underlying the actions of their components. Recent advancements in delivery methods have focused on improving the bioavailability and effectiveness of ACNs, providing promising avenues for future applications.

Optimized Extraction of Polyphenols from Unconventional Edible Plants: LC-MS/MS Profiling of Polyphenols, Biological Functions, Molecular Docking, and Pharmacokinetics Study

Plant bioactive phenolic metabolites have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their numerous health advantages. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate with advanced techniques the bioactive metabolites and antioxidant and antidiabetic capacity of four unconventional edible plant leaves: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The extraction process was optimized using different solvents. These plants' phenolic composition, identification, and characterization have been determined herein using LCESI-QTOF-MS/MS. This research identified 85 phenolic compounds, including 24 phenolic acids, 31 flavonoids, 7 stilbenes and lignans, and 17 other metabolites. Moreover, the study determined that moringa has the highest total phenolic content (TPC; 18.5 ± 1.01 mg GAE/g), whereas ryegrass has the lowest (3.54 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g) among the selected plants. It seems that, compared to other plants, moringa was found to have the highest antioxidant potential and antidiabetic potential. In addition, twenty-two phenolic compounds were quantified in these chosen edible plants. Rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, chicoric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, and caffeic acid were the most abundant phenolic acids. In silico molecular docking was also conducted to investigate the structure-function relationship of phenolic compounds to inhibit the alpha-glucosidase. Finally, the simulated pharmacokinetic characteristics of the most common substances were also predicted. In short, this investigation opens the way for further study into these plants' pharmaceutical and dietary potential.

Vitis vinifera L. Bioactive Components Modulate Adipose Tissue Metabolic Markers of Healthy Rats in a Photoperiod-Dependent Manner

SCOPE

The beneficial health effects of (poly)phenol-rich foods such as red grapes mainly depend on both the type and concentration of (poly)phenols. Since fruit (poly)phenol content is influenced by growing conditions, the study examines the seasonal effects of red grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), grown under various cultivation conditions, on metabolic markers of adipose tissue in healthy rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

For this purpose, Fischer 344 rats are exposed into three different light-dark cycles and daily supplemented with 100 mg kg-1 of either conventionally or organically grown red grapes for 10 weeks (n = 6). Seasonal consumption of organic grapes (OGs), which are richer in anthocyanins, increases energy expenditure (EE) of animals exposed to long photoperiod and enhances uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein expression in brown adipose tissue of animals under standard photoperiod. Additionally, red grape consumption affects the gene expression profile of white adipose tissue (WAT), upregulating browning markers of subcutaneous WAT in 12 h light (L12) and 18 h light (L18) photoperiods, and downregulating adipogenic and lipolytic markers of visceral WAT in 6 h light (L6) and L12 photoperiods.

CONCLUSIONS

These results clearly show that bioactive compounds of grapes can modulate the metabolic markers of white and brown adipose tissues in a photoperiod and depot-dependent manner, partly affecting EE when consumed out of season.

Nourishing the brain on deep space missions: nutritional psychiatry in promoting resilience

The grueling psychological demands of a journey into deep space coupled with ever-increasing distances away from home pose a unique problem: how can we best take advantage of the benefits of fresh foods in a place that has none? Here, we consider the biggest challenges associated with our current spaceflight food system, highlight the importance of supporting optimal brain health on missions into deep space, and discuss evidence about food components that impact brain health. We propose a future food system that leverages the gut microbiota that can be individually tailored to best support the brain and mental health of crews on deep space long-duration missions. Working toward this goal, we will also be making investments in sustainable means to nourish the crew that remains here on spaceship Earth.

Nordic diet and its benefits in neurological function: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies

Introduction

Neurological disorders have been considered the major contributors to global long-term disability and lower quality of life. Lifestyle factors, such as dietary patterns, are increasingly recognized as important determinants of neurological function. Some dietary behaviors, such as Nordic diet (ND) were likely to have protective effects on brain function. However, an understanding of the effectiveness of the ND pattern to improve neurological function and brain health is not fully understood. We review the current evidence that supports the ND pattern in various aspects of neurological function and addresses both proven and less established mechanisms of action based on its food ingredients and biochemical compounds.

Methods

In this systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched from inception to February 2023. Observational and intervention studies were included.

Results

Of the 627 screened studies, 5 observational studies (including three cohorts and two cross-sectional studies) and 3 intervention studies investigating the association between ND and neurological function. Observational studies investigated the association of ND with the following neurological functions: cognition, stroke, and neuropsychological function. Intervention studies investigated the effects of ND on cognition and depression.

Discussion

Despite the limited literature on ND and its association with neurological function, several aspects of ND may lead to some health benefits suggesting neuroprotective effects. The current state of knowledge attributes the possible effects of characteristic components of the ND to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, gut-brain-axis modulating, and ligand activities in cell signaling pathways. Based on existing evidence, the ND may be considered a recommended dietary approach for the improvement of neurological function and brain health.

Systematic review registration

[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD2023451117].

Fruit and vegetable liking and intake among college students: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThis study examined the liking of fruits and vegetables among college students and the relationship between skin carotenoid levels and liking of fruits and vegetables. Participants: Sixty-six undergraduate students enrolled at a university in the southeastern United States participated in this study beginning August 2019. Methods: Skin carotenoid levels were measured using the Veggie Meter® reflection spectroscopy device. Liking of individual fruits and vegetables was measured using a hedonic general Labeled Magnitude Scale. Results: There were significant differences in mean skin carotenoid levels by year of study and age group. Students had a very strong liking for potatoes and pineapple. Veggie Meter scores and overall liking for fruits and vegetables were positively correlated. Conclusions: In order to encourage the consumption of fruits and vegetables, preferences for specific fruits and vegetables as well as accessibility should be considered to better serve and accommodate college students.

The combined consumption of fresh/minimally processed food and ultra-processed food on food insecurity: COVID Inconfidentes, a population-based survey

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the combined consumption of fresh/minimally processed and ultra-processed food is associated with food insecurity (FI) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional observational study was derived from a survey using a population-based search of a complex sample. FI was assessed using the validated Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Food consumption was assessed using a qualitative FFQ and the NOVA classification for fresh/minimally processed food and ultra-processed food. A scoring system was used to evaluate combined food consumption according to the extent and purpose of processing, considering the weekly consumption of the two groups (according to the NOVA classification). Higher punctuation reflects worse diet quality (higher consumption of ultra-processed foods and lower consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods). A theoretical causality model was constructed using a directed acyclic graph, and multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression to test the association between FI and food consumption.

SETTING

Ouro Preto and Mariana, Brazil, between October and December 2020.

PARTICIPANTS

An epidemiological household survey was conducted with 1753 individuals selected through a stratified and clustered sampling design in three stages.

RESULTS

Those with food consumption scores in the fourth quartile had a 60 % higher prevalence ratio (PR) for FI (PR: 1·60 and 95 % CI: 1·06 - 2·40). Also, the increased consumption of fresh/minimally processed foods and low consumption of ultra-processed foods presented a 45 % lower prevalence ratio of FI (PR: 0·55 and 95 % CI: 0·40 - 0·80).

CONCLUSION

These results indicate an inverse association between FI and diet quality.

Quantity and variety of fruit and vegetable intake in midlife and cognitive impairment in late life: a prospective cohort study

There is limited evidence on fruit and vegetable intake in relation to cognitive function. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of quantity and variety in fruit and vegetable intake in midlife with cognitive impairment in late life. We used data from 16 737 participants of the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort study. The participants provided dietary data at recruitment at median age of 52·5 (range: 45-74) years and also participated in the third follow-up interview 20 years later at median age of 72·2 (range: 61-96) years. Quantity and variety of fruits and vegetables consumed at baseline were measured using a validated FFQ. Cognitive impairment at the third follow-up was defined using a Singapore-modified version of Mini-Mental State Examination. About 14·3 % participants had cognitive impairment. In multivariable logistic regression models, comparing extreme quartiles for intake of fruits and vegetables combined, the OR (95 % CI) associated with cognitive impairment was 0·83 (95 % CI: 0·73, 0·95; P-trend = 0·006) for quantity and 0·76 (95 % CI: 0·67, 0·87; P-trend< 0·001) for variety scores. Independently, those with increased variety of fruit intake or higher quantity of vegetable intake also had significantly 22 % and 15 % reduced odds of cognitive impairment, respectively. Finally, compared with those with low intake for both quantity and variety, those with both high quantity and variety for fruits and vegetables had 23 % reduction in odds of cognitive impairment. In conclusion, increase in quantity and variety of fruits and vegetables in midlife may reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in late life.

Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why

Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these "sink" organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO₂, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O₂, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.

Impact of Processing Method and Storage Time on Phytochemical Concentrations in an Antioxidant-Rich Food Mixture

Foods high in phytochemicals are known for their role in the prevention of chronic disease development, but after processing and storage, such food products may lose part of their functionality as these compounds are sensitive to the impact of processing temperature and the type of methods applied. Therefore, we measured the levels of vitamin C, anthocyanins, carotenoids, catechins, chlorogenic acid, and sulforaphane in a complex blend of fruits and vegetables, and when applied to a dry food product, after exposure to different processing methods. These levels were compared between pasteurized, pascalized (high-pressure processing), and untreated conditions. Furthermore, we established the effect of freezing and storage time on the stability of these compounds. The results showed that pascalization better preserved vitamin C and sulforaphane, whereas pasteurization resulted in higher concentrations of chlorogenic acid, carotenoids, and catechins. For samples which were frozen and thawed immediately after processing, pascalization was the optimal treatment for higher contents of lutein, cyanidin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and epicatechin gallate. Ultimately, the optimal processing method to preserve phytochemicals in fruit and vegetable products is as complex as the blend of compounds, and this decision-making would best be led by the prioritized nutrient aim of an antioxidant food product.

A Comprehensive Review of Pathological Mechanisms and Natural Dietary Ingredients for the Management and Prevention of Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia is characterized by an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function and has been recognized as a clinical disease by the World Health Organization since 2016. Substantial evidence has suggested that dietary modification can be a feasible tool to combat sarcopenia. Among various natural dietary ingredients, the present study focused on botanical and marine extracts, phytochemicals, and probiotics. Aims of this review were (1) to provide basic concepts including the definition, diagnosis, prevalence, and adverse effects of sarcopenia, (2) to describe possible pathological mechanisms including protein homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and satellite cells dysfunction, and (3) to analyze recent experimental studies reporting potential biological functions against sarcopenia. A recent literature review for dietary ingredients demonstrated that protein homeostasis is maintained via an increase in the PI3K/Akt pathway and/or a decrease in the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Regulation of inflammation has primarily targeted inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Elevated Pgc-1α or Pax7 expression reverses mitochondrial or satellite cell dysfunction. This review provides the current knowledge on dietary components with the potential to assist sarcopenia prevention and/or treatment. Further in-depth studies are required to elucidate the role of and develop various dietary materials for healthier aging, particularly concerning muscle health.

HPLC Analysis and Molecular Docking Study of Myoporum serratum Seeds Extract with Its Bioactivity against Pathogenic Microorganisms and Cancer Cell Lines

Natural constituents have been utilized to avoid humanity from various diseases, such as microbial infection and cancer, over several decades due to bioactive compounds. Myoporum serratum seeds extract (MSSE) was formulated via HPLC for flavonoid and phenolic analysis. Moreover, antimicrobial via well diffusion method, antioxidant via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, anticancer activities against HepG-2 cells (human hepatocellular cancer cell line), and MCF-7 cells (human breast cancer cell line), and molecular docking of the main detected flavonoid and phenolic compounds with the cancer cells were performed. The phenolic acids, including cinnamic acid (12.75 µg/mL), salicylic acid (7.14 µg/mL), and ferulic (0.97 µg/mL), while luteolin represents the main detected flavonoid with a concentration of 10.74 µg/mL, followed by apegenin 8.87 µg/mL were identified in MSSE. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans were inhibited by MSSE with 24.33, 26.33, 20.67, and 18.33 mm of inhibition zone, respectively. MSSE exhibited a low inhibition zone of 12.67 mm against Escherichia coli while showing no inhibitory activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. The values of MIC ranged from 26.58 to 136.33 µg/mL for all tested microorganisms. MBC/MIC index and cidal properties were attributed to MSSE for all tested microorganisms except E. coli. MSSE demonstrated anti-biofilm 81.25 and 50.45% of S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. IC₅₀ of the antioxidant activity of MSSE was 120.11 µg/mL. HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell proliferation were inhibited with IC₅₀ 140.77 ± 3.86 µg/mL and 184.04 µg/mL, respectively. Via Molecular docking study, luteolin and cinnamic acid have inhibitory action against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells, supporting the tremendous anticancer of MSSE.

Nature's Toolbox Against Tau Aggregation: An Updated Review of Current Research

Tau aggregation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Hyperphosphorylated tau is believed to contribute to the degeneration of neurons and the development of these complex diseases. Therefore, one potential treatment for these illnesses is to prevent or counteract tau aggregation. In recent years, interest has been increasing in developing nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. Researchers have become increasingly interested in natural compounds with multifunctional features, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, resveratrol, and curcumin, since these molecules can interact simultaneously with the various targets of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that several natural compounds can inhibit tau aggregation and promote the disassembly of pre-formed tau aggregates. Nature-derived tau aggregation inhibitors hold promise as a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which these compounds exert their effects and their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. Nature-derived inhibitors of tau aggregation are a promising new direction in the research of neurodegenerative complexities. This review focuses on the natural products that have proven to be a rich supply for inhibitors in tau aggregation and their uses in neurodegenerative complexities, including AD.

A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil

Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed.

Fruits and their phytochemicals in mitigating the ill effects of ionizing radiation: review on the existing scientific evidence and way forward

Although helpful in treating cancer, exposure to ionizing radiation can sometimes cause severe side effects, negating its benefit. In addition to its use in clinics, a nontoxic radioprotective agent can also be beneficial in occupational settings where humans are occupationally exposed for prolonged periods to low doses of radiation. Scientific studies using laboratory animals have shown that the fruits Aegle marmelos, Capsicum annuum, Citrus aurantium, Citrullus lanatus, Crataegus microphylla, Eugenia jambolana, Emblica officinalis, Garcinia kola, Grewia asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Malus baccata, Malpighia glabra or Malpighia emarginata, Mangifera indica, Prunus domestica, Prunus avium, Prunus armeniaca, Psoralea corylifolia, Punica granatum, Solanum lycopersicum, Terminalia chebula, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vitis vinifera and Xylopia aethiopica, and the phytochemicals gallic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin, geraniin, corilagin, ascorbic acid, hesperetin, ursolic acid, lycopene, naringin, hesperidin, rutin, resveratrol, β-sitosterol, apigenin, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, mangiferin, diosmin, ferulic acid, and kaempferol are effective in preventing radiation-induced ill effects. Clinical studies with Emblica officinalis and Punica granatum have also shown that fruits help mitigate radiation-induced mucositis, dermatitis, and cystitis. For the first time, the current review summarizes the beneficial effects of fruits and phytochemicals in mitigating radiation-induced damage, the underlying mechanisms and the existing lacunae for future studies to be undertaken for the benefit of humans and the nutraceutical and agri-based industries.

Ultrasonic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Eggplant Peel and Formulation of Eggplant Peel Extract-Enriched Ice-Cream

In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used for the extraction of bioactive compounds from eggplant peels (EPP) and conditions were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). Methanol concentrations (60%, 70%, and 80%), time (30 min, 45 min, and 60 min), and temperature (30°C, 45°C, and 60°C) were selected as independent extraction parameters, whereas total anthocyanin content (TAC), DPPH inhibition, and total phenolic content (TPC) were response variables. The optimal extraction was at 45°C for 45 min of extraction time with 70% solvent which corresponded to TAC, TPC, and DPPH inhibition values of 7.94 mg/g, 7.03 mg GAE/g, and 94.8%, respectively. The optimized EPP extract was chemically characterized by a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). The optimized extract was further evaluated for antioxidant and anticancer potential. For antioxidant and anticancer potential, the corresponding IC50 values of the EPP extract were 243.2 μg/ml and 1.52–1.99 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the EPP extract significantly inhibited the migratory ability of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Major components identified in the EPP extract were chlorogenic acid (261.76 mg/kg), benzoic acid (184.41 mg/kg), syringic acid (78.48 mg/kg), p-coumaric acid (49.59 mg/kg), cinnamic acid (32.17 mg/kg), quercetin (5.24 mg/kg), sinapic acid (5.14 mg/kg), and gallic acid (4.34 mg/kg). The EPP extract-enriched ice-cream showed high antioxidant potential and consumer acceptability than the blank ice-cream formulation. The EPP extract, due to its antioxidant and anticancer potential, can be used in the formulation of functional food products.

Pt3R5G inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation through inducing ferroptosis by down-regulating SLC7A11

AIMS

Colon cancer (CC) is a prevalent malignancy worldwide and is one of the most easily altered cancers by dietary regulation. Petunidin 3-O-[rhamnopyranosyl-(trans-p-coumaroyl)]-5-O-(β-D-glucopyranoside) (Pt3R5G) isolated and purified from Lycium ruthenicum Murray, which exhibits highly efficient antioxidant activity and specific anticancer effects, is the flavonoids compound. We aimed to study the effect of Pt3R5G on CC cells and elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms.

MAIN METHODS

Cell proliferation was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assays. Cell cycle, cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis were performed by flow cytometry. RNA-sequencing was performed to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. The lipid peroxidation level of cells was detected by malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. The mitochondrial morphology of cells was inspected using a transmission electron microscope. Additionally, we overexpressed SLC7A11 to perform rescue experiments. In vivo, xenograft mice assay was performed to verify the effect of Pt3R5G on the growth of colon cancer.

KEY FINDINGS

Pt3R5G reduced the cell activity by blocking the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase, inducing the apoptosis and ferroptosis in RKO cells. The overexpressed of SLC7A11, a significantly down-regulated expression gene caused by Pt3R5G, rescued the cell proliferation inhibition and ferroptosis process. Furthermore, Pt3R5G inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. Our study suggests that Pt3R5G inhibits RKO cell proliferation through mainly reducing ferroptosis by down-regulated SLC7A11.

SIGNIFICANCE

As a potential therapeutic drug, Pt3R5G showed efficient anticancer activity through a variety of pathways.

Non-volatile cysteine sulphoxides and volatile organosulphur compounds in cloves of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) local accessions from northern and central Italy

BACKGROUND

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and other species of genus Allium are popular vegetables and food seasonings, owing to their spicy flavour and richness in health-promoting compounds. Several local garlic types are still grown on a small scale in different Italian regions, not being however yet properly characterized for their chemical composition.

RESULTS

In the present investigation ten garlic and four elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) populations cultivated in northern and central Italy were evaluated for their alk(en)yl cysteine sulphoxide (ACSO) and volatile compound profiles. Three non-volatile ACSOs (methiin, alliin, and isoalliin) and 27 volatile compounds were identified and quantified. A high and significant within-type variability was detected, with total ACSOs in the range 2759-5756, 4533-15 520, and 6565-10 643 mg kg^-1 of fresh weight (f.w.). in elephant, white and red garlic, respectively. Elephant garlic showed a total sulphoxide content and a relative alliin amount significantly lower than white and red garlic. Remarkable within-type differences were also assessed for volatile compound content, ranging 260-599, 333-981, and 618-845 mg kg^-1 f.w. in elephant, white, and red garlic, respectively. Diallyl trisulphide was the major individual compound, accounting for more than 0.30 mg mg^-1 of volatiles in all the analysed samples. The three garlic types were clearly separated by discriminant analysis of analytical traits.

CONCLUSION

This study investigated for the first time different Italian garlic and elephant garlic populations with respect to non-volatile and volatile organosulphur compound content, allowing the possibility of selecting garlic accessions according to the bioactive content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The potential of dandelion in the fight against gastrointestinal diseases: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F. H. Wigg.), as a garden weed grown globally, has long been consumed as a therapeutic herb. Its folkloric uses include treatments of digestive disorders (dyspepsia, anorexia, stomach disorders, gastritis and enteritis) and associate complex ailments involving uterine, liver and lung disorders.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study aims to critically assess the current state of research and summarize the potential roles of dandelion and its constituents in gastrointestinal (GI) -protective actions. A focus is placed on the reported bioactive components, pharmacological activities and modes of action (including molecular mechanisms and interactions among bioactive substances) of dandelion products/preparations and derived active constituents related to GI protection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The available information published prior to August 2021 was reviewed via SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley On-line Library, and The Plant List. The search was based on the ethnomedical remedies, pharmacological activities, bioactive compounds of dandelion for GI protection, as well as the interactions of the components in dandelion with the gut microbiota or biological regulators, and with other ingested bioactive compounds. The key search words were "Taraxacum" and "dandelion".

RESULTS

T. coreanum Nakai, T. mongolicum and T. officinale are the most commonly used species for folkloric uses, with the whole plant, leaves and root of dandelion being used more frequently. GI-protective substances of dandelion include taraxasterol, taraxerol, caffeic acid, chicoric acid, chlorogenic acid, luteolin and its glucosides, polysaccharides, inulin, and β-sitosterol. Dandelion products and derived constituents exhibit pharmacological effects against GI disorders, mainly including dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, small intestinal ulcer, ulcerative colitis, liver diseases, gallstones, acute pancreatitis, and GI malignancy. The underlying molecular mechanisms may include immuno-inflammatory mechanisms, apoptosis mechanism, autophagy mechanism, and cholinergic mechanism, although interactions of dandelion's constituents with GI health-related biological entities (e.g., GI microbiota and associated biological modulators) or other ingested bioactive compounds shouldn't be ignored.

CONCLUSION

The review reveals some in vivo and in vitro studies on the potential of dandelion derived products as complementary and alternative medicines/therapeutics against GI disorders. The whole herb may alleviate some symptoms related GI immuno-inflammatory basing on the abundant anti-inflammatory and anti-oxide active substances. Dandelion root could be a nontoxic and effective anticancer alternative, owing to its abundant terpenoids and polysaccharides. However, research related to GI protective dandelion-derived products remains limited. Besides the need of identifying bioactive compounds/complexes in various dandelion species, more clinical studies are also required on the metabolism, bioavailability and safety of these substances to support their applications in food, medicine and pharmaceuticals.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity and Gut Microbiota Modulatory Effects of Different Kinds of Berries

Berries are fairly favored by consumers. Phenolic compounds are the major phytochemicals in berries, among which anthocyanins are one of the most studied. Phenolic compounds are reported to have prebiotic-like effects. In the present study, we identified the anthocyanin profiles, evaluated and compared the antioxidant capacities and gut microbiota modulatory effects of nine common berries, namely blackberry, black goji berry, blueberry, mulberry, red Chinese bayberry, raspberry, red goji berry, strawberry and white Chinese bayberry. Anthocyanin profiles were identified by UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS. In vitro antioxidant capacity was evaluated by four chemical assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and ORAC). In vivo antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota modulatory effects evaluation was carried out by treating healthy mice with different berry extracts for two weeks. The results show that most berries could improve internal antioxidant status, reflected by elevated serum or colonic T-AOC, GSH, T-SOD, CAT, and GSH-PX levels, as well as decreased MDA content. All berries significantly altered the gut microbiota composition. The modulatory effects of the berries were much the same, namely by the enrichment of beneficial SCFAs-producing bacteria and the inhibition of potentially harmful bacteria. Our study shed light on the gut microbiota modulatory effect of different berries and may offer consumers useful consumption guidance.

Nutrition education strategies to promote vegetable consumption in preschool children: the Veggies4myHeart project

OBJECTIVE

To test the efficacy of three nutrition education strategies on the intake of different vegetables in preschool children.

DESIGN

This is an experimental study conducted in four Portuguese preschools. The intervention consisted of 20-min educational sessions, once a week, for 5 weeks, with one of the following randomised educational strategies: Portuguese Food Wheel Guide (control), digital game, storybook, storybook and reward (stickers). All groups had repeated exposure to vegetables in all sessions. A pre- and post-test were conducted to determine vegetable intake, and a 6-month follow-up was realised.

SETTING

Preschools of Leiria district, Portugal.

PARTICIPANTS

A sample of 162 children aged 3 to 6 years. All eligible children attending the preschools were invited to participate.

RESULTS

All interventions tested were effective in increasing vegetable consumption both in the short and medium term, without statistically significant differences, compared to the control group. Stickers were more effective in the short term than in the medium term.

CONCLUSIONS

The nutritional education strategies associated with repeated exposure tested in this study were effective in promoting vegetable consumption in preschool children. The use of stickers may be a valid strategy to promote the consumption of vegetables less recognised by children.

Recent advances in research on Allium plants: functional ingredients, physiological activities, and applications in agricultural and food sciences

Fruits and vegetables (FVs) have long been a major source of nutrients and dietary phytochemicals with outstanding physiological properties that are essential for protecting humans from chronic diseases. Moreover, the growing demand of consumers for nutritious and healthy foods is greatly promoting the increased intake of FVs. Allium (Alliaceae) is a perennial bulb plant genus of the Liliaceae family. They are customarily utilized as vegetable, medicinal, and ornamental plants and have an important role in agriculture, aquaculture, and the pharmaceutical industry. Allium plants produce abundant secondary metabolites, such as organosulfur compounds, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, and polysaccharides. Accordingly, Allium plants possess a variety of nutritional, biological, and health-promoting properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, immunoregulatory, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review aims to highlight the advances in the research on the bioactive components, physiological activities and clinical trials, toxicological assessment for safety, and applications of different Allium plants. It also aims to cover the direction of future research on the Allium genus. This review is expected to provide theoretical reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of Allium plants in the fields of functional foods, medicine, and cosmetics.

Assessment of Methodological Pipelines for the Determination of Isothiocyanates Derived from Natural Sources

Isothiocyanates are biologically active secondary metabolites liberated via enzymatic hydrolysis of their sulfur enriched precursors, glucosinolates, upon tissue plant disruption. The importance of this class of compounds lies in their capacity to induce anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and other bioactive properties. As such, their isolation from natural sources is of utmost importance. In this review article, an extensive examination of the various parameters (hydrolysis, extraction, and quantification) affecting the isolation of isothiocyanates from naturally-derived sources is presented. Overall, the effective isolation/extraction and quantification of isothiocyanate is strongly associated with their chemical and physicochemical properties, such as polarity-solubility as well as thermal and acidic stability. Furthermore, the successful activation of myrosinase appears to be a major factor affecting the conversion of glucosinolates into active isothiocyanates.

Comparison of Text Mining Models for Food and Dietary Constituent Named-Entity Recognition

Biomedical Named-Entity Recognition (BioNER) has become an essential part of text mining due to the continuously increasing digital archives of biological and medical articles. While there are many well-performing BioNER tools for entities such as genes, proteins, diseases or species, there is very little research into food and dietary constituent named-entity recognition. For this reason, in this paper, we study seven BioNER models for food and dietary constituents recognition. Specifically, we study a dictionary-based model, a conditional random fields (CRF) model and a new hybrid model, called FooDCoNER (Food and Dietary Constituents Named-Entity Recognition), which we introduce combining the former two models. In addition, we study deep language models including BERT, BioBERT, RoBERTa and ELECTRA. As a result, we find that FooDCoNER does not only lead to the overall best results, comparable with the deep language models, but FooDCoNER is also much more efficient with respect to run time and sample size requirements of the training data. The latter has been identified via the study of learning curves. Overall, our results not only provide a new tool for food and dietary constituent NER but also shed light on the difference between classical machine learning models and recent deep language models.

Playing with fruit: An experimental study to test the effectiveness of an online memory advergame to promote children's fruit consumption

OBJECTIVE

Literature on food marketing targeting young people reveals that in the last years, sophisticated marketing techniques have been developed to market predominantly unhealthy food products. Much research has been conducted to test the impact of these techniques on subsequent product selection and intake. Less is known about the effects of promoting healthier foods, although the health-related benefits of eating more fruit and vegetables for children are important. The main aim of the present experiment was to examine if an online advergame promoting a fruit brand with food products increased subsequent fruit intake by children.

METHODS

We used a randomized between-subject design with 123 children (age: 7-13 years) who played an advergame that promoted fruit (n = 43), non-food products (n = 40), or were in the control condition (n = 40). Subsequently, we measured the free intake of fruit as main outcome.

RESULTS

Playing the advergame promoting fruit did not stimulate the subsequent intake of fruit. Children in the advergame with fruit ate similar amounts of fruit than children in the control condition. No moderation effects of BMI, hunger, sex and game attitude were found. In addition, Bayesian analyses have been conducted that support the null hypothesis.

DISCUSSION

Previous research has shown that marketing of unhealthy products via advergames affects subsequent intake of the promoted product, but the same effect is not found for healthier foods. We suggest that future research should examine if longer exposure or different forms of novel food marketing are effective in increasing the intake of healthier foods. Until now, it is unclear if advergames as a marketing technique for healthy foods have the same effectiveness on the intake of healthier food products.

Phytochemical based Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe progressive neurodegenerative condition that shows misfolding and aggregation of proteins contributing to a decline in cognitive function involving multiple behavioral, neuropsychological, and cognitive domains. Multiple epi (genetic) changes and environmental agents have been shown to play an active role in ER stress induction. Neurodegeneration due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is considered one of the major underlying causes of AD. ER stress may affect essential cellular functions related to biosynthesis, assembly, folding, and post-translational modification of proteins leading to neuronal inflammation to promote AD pathology. Treatment with phytochemicals has been shown to delay the onset and disease progression and improve the well-being of patients by targeting multiple signaling pathways in AD. Phytochemical's protective effect against neuronal damage in AD pathology may be associated with the reversal of ER stress and unfolding protein response by enhancing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the neuronal cells. Hence, pharmacological interventions using phytochemicals can be a potential strategy to reverse ER stress and improve AD management. Towards this, the present review discusses the role of phytochemicals in preventing ER stress in the pathology of AD.