1
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Sassano M, Collatuzzo G, Teglia F, Boffetta P. Occupational exposure to diesel exhausts and liver and pancreatic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:241-255. [PMID: 38289519 PMCID: PMC10995068 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-024-01099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust (DE) is human carcinogen with sufficient evidence only for lung cancer. Systematic evidence on other cancer types is scarce, thus we aimed to systematically review current literature on the association between occupational DE exposure and risk of liver and pancreatic cancers. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review to identify cohort studies on occupational DE exposure and risk of cancers other than lung. We computed pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for liver and pancreatic cancers using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. RESULTS Fifteen studies reporting results on pancreatic cancer and fourteen on liver cancer were included. We found a weakly increased risk of pancreatic cancer in workers exposed to DE (RR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.14), mainly driven by results on incidence (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.22). As for liver cancer, results were suggestive of a positive association (RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19), although a significant estimate was present in studies published before 2000 (RR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.82). We found no compelling evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest an association between occupational DE exposure and liver and pancreatic cancer. Further studies with detailed exposure assessment, environmental monitoring data, and appropriate control for confounders are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Sassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Teglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
- Department of Family, Population and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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2
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Wang L, Wen W, Gu Y, Mao J, Tong X, Jia B, Yan J, Zhu K, Bai Z, Zhang W, Shi L, Chen Y, Morawska L, Chen J, Huang LH. Characterization of Biodiesel and Diesel Combustion Particles: Chemical Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Implications for Health and Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20460-20469. [PMID: 38019752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel, derived from alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, has gained prominence as a greener alternative to diesel due to its reduced particle mass. However, it remains debatable whether biodiesel exposure has more severe health issues than diesel. This study performed high-resolution mass spectrometry to examine the detailed particle chemical compositions and lipidomics analysis of human lung epithelial cells treated with emissions from biodiesel and diesel fuels. Results show the presence of the peak substances of CHO compounds in biodiesel combustion that contain a phthalate ester (PAEs) structure (e.g., n-amyl isoamyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate). PAEs have emerged as persistent organic pollutants across various environmental media and are known to possess endocrine-disrupting properties in the environment. We further observed that biodiesel prevents triglyceride storage compared to diesel and inhibits triglycerides from becoming phospholipids, particularly with increased phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), which potentially could lead to a higher probability of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Jianwen Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Xiao Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
| | - Boyue Jia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiaqian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhe Bai
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Longbo Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yingjun Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth of Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li-Hao Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling and Health, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200438, China
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3
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Vallabani NVS, Gruzieva O, Elihn K, Juárez-Facio AT, Steimer SS, Kuhn J, Silvergren S, Portugal J, Piña B, Olofsson U, Johansson C, Karlsson HL. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116186. [PMID: 37224945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and their use in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Kuhn
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Olofsson
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden; Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Xu L, Li Y, Ma W, Sun X, Fan R, Jin Y, Chen N, Zhu X, Guo H, Zhao K, Luo J, Li C, Zheng Y, Yu D. Diesel exhaust particles exposure induces liver dysfunction: Exploring predictive potential of human circulating microRNAs signature relevant to liver injury risk. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:132060. [PMID: 37454487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) pollution should be taken seriously because it is an extensive environmental and occupational health concern. Exploring early effect biomarkers is crucial for monitoring and managing DEP-associated health risk assessment. Here, we found that serum levels of 67 miRNAs were dysregulated in DEP exposure group. Notably, 20 miRNAs were identified as each having a significant dose-response relationship with the internal exposure level of DEP. Further, we revealed that the DEP exposure could affect the liver function of subjects and that 7 miRNAs (including the well-known liver injury indicator, miR-122-5p) could serve as the novel epigenetic-biomarkers (epi-biomarkers) to reflect the liver-specific response to the DEP exposure. Importantly, an unprecedented prediction model using these 7 miRNAs was established for the assessment of DEP-induced liver injury risk. Finally, bioinformatic analysis indicated that the unique set of miRNA panel in serum might also contribute to the molecular mechanism of DEP exposure-induced liver damage. These results broaden our understanding of the adverse health outcomes of DEP exposure. Noteworthy, we believe this study could shed light on roles and functions of epigenetic biomarkers from environmental exposure to health outcomes by revealing the full chain of exposure-miRNAs-molecular pathways-disease evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanting Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanli Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning Chen
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huan Guo
- School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanhai Li
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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5
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Ogbunuzor C, Fransen LFH, Talibi M, Khan Z, Dalzell A, Laycock A, Southern D, Eveleigh A, Ladommatos N, Hellier P, Leonard MO. Biodiesel exhaust particle airway toxicity and the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115013. [PMID: 37182301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Renewable alternatives to fossil diesel (FD) including fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel have become more prevalent. However, toxicity of exhaust material from their combustion, relative to the fuels they are displacing has not been fully characterised. This study was carried out to examine particle toxicity within the lung epithelium and the role for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exhaust particles from a 20% (v/v) blend of FAME biodiesel had little impact on primary airway epithelial toxicity compared to FD derived particles but did result in an altered profile of PAHs, including an increase in particle bound carcinogenic B[a]P. Higher blends of biodiesel had significantly increased levels of more carcinogenic PAHs, which was associated with a higher level of stress response gene expression including CYP1A1, NQO1 and IL1B. Removal of semi-volatile material from particulates abolished effects on airway cells. Particle size difference and toxic metals were discounted as causative for biological effects. Finally, combustion of a single component fuel (Methyl decanoate) containing the methyl ester molecular structure found in FAME mixtures, also produced more carcinogenic PAHs at the higher fuel blend levels. These results indicate the use of FAME biodiesel at higher blends may be associated with an increased particle associated carcinogenic and toxicity risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ogbunuzor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | | | - Midhat Talibi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Zuhaib Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Abigail Dalzell
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Adam Laycock
- Toxicology Department, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Daniel Southern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Aaron Eveleigh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Nicos Ladommatos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Paul Hellier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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6
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de Almeida KA, de Moura FR, Lima JV, Garcia EM, Muccillo-Baisch AL, Ramires PF, Penteado JO, da Luz Mathias M, Dias D, da Silva Júnior FMR. Oxidative damage in the Vesper mouse (Calomys laucha) exposed to a simulated oil spill-a multi-organ study. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:502-511. [PMID: 37118609 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Small wild mammals have been used to measure the damage caused by exposure to oil-contaminated soil, including deer mice. However, the study of toxic effects of crude oil using oxidative damage biomarkers in the wild rodent Calomys laucha (Vesper mouse) is absent. This investigation aimed to evaluate the effects of acute exposure to contaminated soil with different concentrations of crude oil (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8% w/w), simulating an accidental spill, using oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver, kidneys, lungs, testes, paw muscle, and lymphocytes of C. laucha. Animals exposed to the contaminated soil showed increases in lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation at the highest exposure concentrations in most organ homogenates analyzed and also in blood cells, but responses to total antioxidant capacity were tissue-dependent. These results showed that acute exposure to oil-contaminated soil caused oxidative damage in C. laucha and indicate these small mammals may be susceptible to suffer the impacts of such contamination in its occurrence region, threatening the species' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissia Aparecida de Almeida
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rafael de Moura
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Juliane Ventura Lima
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Edariane Menestrino Garcia
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Muccillo-Baisch
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Florencio Ramires
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Julia Oliveira Penteado
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Maria da Luz Mathias
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Deodália Dias
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon & CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior
- LEFT - Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Itália, km 8, Campus Carreiros, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Rio Grande, RS, CEP 96203-900, Brazil.
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7
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Qian G, Adeyanju O, Sunil C, Huang SK, Chen SY, Tucker TA, Idell S, Guo X. Dedicator of Cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) Deficiency Attenuates Lung Injury Associated with Chronic High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet-Induced Obesity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:226-238. [PMID: 34767813 PMCID: PMC8883439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for lung disease development. However, little is known about the impact of chronic high-fat and high-fructose (HFHF) diet-induced obesity on lung inflammation and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis. Herein we hypothesized that dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) promotes a proinflammatory phenotype of lung fibroblasts (LFs) to elicit lung injury and fibrosis in chronic HFHF diet-induced obesity. An HFHF diet for 20 weeks induced lung inflammation and profibrotic changes in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. CD68 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression were notably increased in the lungs of wild-type mice fed an HFHF diet. An HFHF diet further increased lung DOCK2 expression that co-localized with fibroblast-specific protein 1, suggesting a role of DOCK2 in regulating proinflammatory phenotype of LFs. Importantly, DOCK2 knockout protected mice from lung inflammation and fibrosis induced by a HFHF diet. In primary human LFs, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β induced DOCK2 expression concurrent with MCP-1, IL-6, and matrix metallopeptidase 2. DOCK2 knockdown suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of these molecules and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways, suggesting a mechanism of DOCK2-mediated proinflammatory and profibrotic changes in human LFs. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role of DOCK2 in regulating proinflammatory phenotype of LFs, potentiation of lung inflammation, and pulmonary fibrosis in chronic HFHF diet-caused obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Qian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Oluwaseun Adeyanju
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Christudas Sunil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven K. Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Torry A. Tucker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Steven Idell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, Texas,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,Address correspondence to Xia Guo, Ph.D., Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, 11937 US Highway 271, Lab A-1, Tyler, TX 75708.
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8
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Rossner P, Cervena T, Vojtisek-Lom M. In vitro exposure to complete engine emissions - a mini-review. Toxicology 2021; 462:152953. [PMID: 34537260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is classified as carcinogenic to humans and exposure to it contributes to increased incidence of various diseases, including cardiovascular, neurological or pulmonary disorders. Vehicle engine emissions represent a significant part of outdoor air pollutants, particularly in large cities with high population density. Considering the potentially negative health impacts of engine emissions exposure, the application of reliable test systems allowing assessment of the biological effects of these pollutants is crucial. The exposure systems should use relevant, preferably multicellular, cell models that are treated with the complete engine exhaust (i.e. a realistic mixture of particles, chemical compounds bound to them and gaseous phase) at the air-liquid interface. The controlled delivery and characterization of chemical and/or particle composition of the exhaust should be possible. In this mini-review we report on such exposure systems that have been developed to date. We focus on a brief description and technical characterization of the systems, and discuss the biological parameters detected following exposure to a gasoline/diesel exhaust. Finally, we summarize and compare findings from the individual systems, including their advantages/limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Cervena
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vojtisek-Lom
- Centre of Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Martin WK, Padilla S, Kim YH, Hunter DL, Hays MD, DeMarini DM, Hazari MS, Gilmour MI, Farraj AK. Zebrafish irritant responses to wildland fire-related biomass smoke are influenced by fuel type, combustion phase, and byproduct chemistry. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:674-688. [PMID: 34006202 PMCID: PMC8237130 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1925608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to wildfire-derived particulate matter (PM) is linked to adverse health outcomes; however, little is known regarding the influence of biomass fuel type and burn conditions on toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the irritant potential of extractable organic material (EOM) of biomass smoke condensates from five fuels (eucalyptus, pine, pine needle, peat, or red oak), representing various fire-prone regions of the USA, burned at two temperatures each [flaming (approximately 640°C) or (smoldering approximately 500°C)] using a locomotor assay in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. It was postulated that locomotor responses, as measures of irritant effects, might be dependent upon fuel type and burn conditions and that these differences relate to combustion byproduct chemistry. To test this, locomotor activity was tracked for 60 min in 6-day-old zebrafish larvae (25-32/group) immediately after exposure to 0.4% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle or EOM from the biomass smoke condensates (0.3-30 µg EOM/ml; half-log intervals). All EOM samples produced concentration-dependent irritant responses. Linear regression analysis to derive rank-order potency indicated that on a µg PM basis, flaming pine and eucalyptus were the most irritating. In contrast, on an emission-factor basis, which normalizes responses to the amount of PM produced/kg of fuel burned, smoldering smoke condensates induced greater irritant responses (>100-fold) than flaming smoke condensates, with smoldering pine being the most potent. Importantly, irritant responses significantly correlated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, but not with organic carbon or methoxyphenols. Data indicate that fuel type and burn condition influence the quantity and chemical composition of PM as well as toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, UNC-Chapel Hill, USA
| | - S Padilla
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - Y H Kim
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - D L Hunter
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - M D Hays
- Air Methods & Characterization Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - D M DeMarini
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - M S Hazari
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - M I Gilmour
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
| | - A K Farraj
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Us Epa, Rtp, NC, US
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10
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Owumi SE, Elebiyo TC, Oladimeji BN. Oxido-inflammatory responses and histological alterations in rat lungs exposed to petroleum product fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:132-143. [PMID: 32894650 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum products-petrol, kerosene, and diesel-composed of volatile organic constituents contribute to air pollution. Exposure of gas station attendants (GSAs) to petroleum products fumes (PPFs) may account for occupation-related predisposition to respiratory toxicity and disease pathogenesis. We simulated GSA exposure to PPF inhalation and examined their effect on oxido-inflammatory responses, toxicity, and histopathological alterations in rat lungs, following 8-hours daily exposure for 60 and 90 days. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, namely: superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), TNF-α, IL-1β, xanthine oxidase (XO), nitric oxide (NO) activity were evaluated. Besides, histopathological examination of the lungs and trachea of exposed rats, PPF exposure resulted in significant (P < .05) increases in RONS, biomarkers of oxidative stress, pro-inflammation cytokines, and reduced (P < .05) GSH levels in rats, secondary to histopathological alteration in lungs and trachea cytoarchitecture examined in an exposure-duration-dependent manner. We conclude, therefore, that the observed biochemical and histological changes create a microenvironment that is permissive to diseases pathogenesis of the respiratory system via oxido-inflammatory mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tobiloba C Elebiyo
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Bidemi Noah Oladimeji
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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11
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Particle characterization and toxicity in C57BL/6 mice following instillation of five different diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 32771016 PMCID: PMC7414762 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust is carcinogenic and exposure to diesel particles cause health effects. We investigated the toxicity of diesel exhaust particles designed to have varying physicochemical properties in order to attribute health effects to specific particle characteristics. Particles from three fuel types were compared at 13% engine intake O2 concentration: MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel (DEP13) and the two renewable diesel fuels hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO13) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME13). Additionally, diesel particles from MK1 ultra low sulfur diesel were generated at 9.7% (DEP9.7) and 17% (DEP17) intake O2 concentration. We evaluated physicochemical properties and histopathological, inflammatory and genotoxic responses on day 1, 28, and 90 after single intratracheal instillation in mice compared to reference diesel particles and carbon black. Results Moderate variations were seen in physical properties for the five particles: primary particle diameter: 15–22 nm, specific surface area: 152–222 m2/g, and count median mobility diameter: 55–103 nm. Larger differences were found in chemical composition: organic carbon/total carbon ratio (0.12–0.60), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content (1–27 μg/mg) and acid-extractable metal content (0.9–16 μg/mg). Intratracheal exposure to all five particles induced similar toxicological responses, with different potency. Lung particle retention was observed in DEP13 and HVO13 exposed mice on day 28 post-exposure, with less retention for the other fuel types. RME exposure induced limited response whereas the remaining particles induced dose-dependent inflammation and acute phase response on day 1. DEP13 induced acute phase response on day 28 and inflammation on day 90. DNA strand break levels were not increased as compared to vehicle, but were increased in lung and liver compared to blank filter extraction control. Neutrophil influx on day 1 correlated best with estimated deposited surface area, but also with elemental carbon, organic carbon and PAHs. DNA strand break levels in lung on day 28 and in liver on day 90 correlated with acellular particle-induced ROS. Conclusions We studied diesel exhaust particles designed to differ in physicochemical properties. Our study highlights specific surface area, elemental carbon content, PAHs and ROS-generating potential as physicochemical predictors of diesel particle toxicity.
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12
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Møller P, Scholten RH, Roursgaard M, Krais AM. Inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity responses to biodiesel emissions in cultured mammalian cells and animals. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:383-401. [PMID: 32543270 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biodiesel fuels are alternatives to petrodiesel, especially in the transport sector where they have lower carbon footprint. Notwithstanding the environmental benefit, biodiesel fuels may have other toxicological properties than petrodiesel. Particulate matter (PM) from petrodiesel causes cancer in the lung as a consequence of delivery of genotoxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, oxidative stress and inflammation. We have reviewed articles from 2002 to 2019 (50% of the articles since 2015) that have described toxicological effects in terms of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation of biodiesel exhaust exposure in humans, animals and cell cultures. The studies have assessed first generation biodiesel from different feedstock (e.g. rapeseed and soy), certain second generation fuels (e.g. waste oil), and hydrogenated vegetable oil. It is not possible to rank the potency of toxicological effects of specific biodiesel fuels. However, exposure to biodiesel exhaust causes oxidative stress, inflammation and genotoxicity in cell cultures. Three studies in animals have not indicated genotoxicity in lung tissue. The database on oxidative stress and inflammation in animal studies is larger (13 studies); ten studies have reported increased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers or inflammation, although the effects have been modest in most studies. The cell culture and animal studies have not consistently shown a different potency in effect between biodiesel and petrodiesel exhausts. Both increased and decreased potency have been reported, which might be due to differences in feedstock or combustion conditions. In conclusion, combustion products from biodiesel and petrodiesel fuel may evoke similar toxicological effects on genotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Harnung Scholten
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Jeon MG, Kim TR, Lee JY, Kim HS, Ji Y, Holzapfel WH, Bae D, Choi CY, Hwang YP. Hepatoprotective Effects of Streptococcus thermophilus LM1012 in Mice Exposed to Air Pollutants. J Med Food 2020; 23:852-861. [PMID: 32513044 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored whether the use of Streptococcus thermophilus LM1012 (TL-LM1012) as a safe probiotic exerts hepatoprotective effects by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro and alleviating aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) production in vivo. In a series of safety tests, TL-LM1012 was found to have a negative response to hemolysis and biogenic amines, as well as susceptibility to antibiotics. TL-LM1012 protected cell viability and suppressed cytotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and induced heme oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase activity in a dose-dependent manner in diesel exhaust particulate matter (DEPM)-treated HepG2 cells. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β, were suppressed in DEPM-treated splenocytes. In DEPM-treated mice, oral administration of TL-LM1012 regulated AST, ALT, and LDH production in the serum after 14 days of treatment. These findings indicate that TL-LM1012, a safe probiotic, provides a potent preventive or therapeutic effect against liver disease caused by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gyu Jeon
- Centre for Research and Development, LactoMason Co., Ltd., Jinju, Korea
| | - Tae-Rahk Kim
- Centre for Research and Development, LactoMason Co., Ltd., Jinju, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Centre for Research and Development, LactoMason Co., Ltd., Jinju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Su Kim
- Centre for Research and Development, LactoMason Co., Ltd., Jinju, Korea
| | - Yosep Ji
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea.,HEM, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global University, Pohang, Korea.,HEM, Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Donghyuck Bae
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute on Natural Resources Research, Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - Chul-Yung Choi
- Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation, Jeonnam Institute on Natural Resources Research, Jeollanamdo, Korea
| | - Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, International University of Korea, Jinju, Korea
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14
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Godri Pollitt KJ, Chhan D, Rais K, Pan K, Wallace JS. Biodiesel fuels: A greener diesel? A review from a health perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1036-1055. [PMID: 31726536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesels have been promoted as a greener alternative to diesel with decreased emissions and health effects. To investigate the scientific basis of the suggested environmental and health benefits offered by biodiesel, this review examines the current state of knowledge and key uncertainties of pollutant profiles of biodiesel engine exhaust and the associated the respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. The ease and low cost of biodiesel production has facilitated greater distribution and commercial use. The pollutant profile of biodiesel engine exhaust is distinct from diesel, characterised by increased NOx and aldehyde emissions but decreased CO and CO2. Lower engine-out particulate matter mass concentrations have also been observed over a range of feedstocks. However, these reduced emissions have been attributable to a shift towards smaller sized particulate emissions. The toxicity of biodiesel engine exhaust has been investigated in vitro using various lung cell, in vivo evaluating responses induced in animals and through several human exposure studies. Discrepancies exist across results reported by in vitro and in vivo studies, which may be attributable to differences in biodiesel feedstocks, engine characteristics, operating conditions or use of aftertreatment systems across test scenarios. The limited human testing further suggests short-term exposure to biodiesel engine exhaust is associated with cardiopulmonary outcomes that are comparable to diesel. Additional information about the health effects of biodiesel engine exhaust exposure is required for effective public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 444, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dany Chhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Khaled Rais
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kang Pan
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James S Wallace
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Timmerman T, de Brito JM, de Almeida NM, de Almeida FM, Arantes-Costa FM, Guimaraes ET, Lichtenfels AJFC, Rivero DHRF, de Oliveira RC, de Lacerda JPA, Moraes JM, Pimental DA, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Saldiva PHN, Vieira RDP, Mauad T. Inflammatory and functional responses after (bio)diesel exhaust exposure in allergic sensitized mice. A comparison between diesel and biodiesel. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:667-679. [PMID: 31330358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many cities fail to meet air quality standards, which results in increased risk for pulmonary disorders, including asthma. Human and experimental studies have shown that diesel exhaust (DE) particles are associated with worsening of allergic asthma. Biodiesel (BD), a cleaner fuel from renewable sources, was introduced in the eighties. Because of the reduction in particulate matter (PM) emissions, BD was expected to cause fewer adverse pulmonary effects. However, only limited data on the effect of BD emissions in asthma are available. OBJECTIVE Determine whether BD exhaust exposure in allergic sensitized mice leads to different effects on inflammatory and functional responses compared to DE exposure. METHODS Balb/C mice were orotracheally sensitized with House Dust Mite (HDM) or a saline solution with 3 weekly instillations. From day 9 until day 17 after sensitization, they were exposed daily to filtered air (FA), DE and BD exhaust (concentration: 600 μg/m3 PM2.5). Lung function, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts, cytokine levels (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17, TNF-α, TSLP) in the BALF, peribronchiolar eosinophils and parenchymal macrophages were measured. RESULTS HDM-sensitized animals presented increased lung elastance (p = 0.046), IgG1 serum levels (p = 0.029), peribronchiolar eosinophils (p = 0.028), BALF levels of total cells (p = 0.020), eosinophils (p = 0.028), IL-5 levels (p = 0.002) and TSLP levels (p = 0.046) in BALF. DE exposure alone increased lung elastance (p = 0.000) and BALF IL-4 levels (p = 0.045), whereas BD exposure alone increased BALF TSLP levels (p = 0.004). BD exposure did not influence any parameters after HDM challenge, while DE exposed animals presented increased BALF levels of total cells (p = 0.019), lymphocytes (p = 0.000), neutrophils (p = 0.040), macrophages (p = 0.034), BALF IL-4 levels (p = 0.028), and macrophagic inflammation in the lung tissue (p = 0.037), as well as decreased IgG1 (p = 0.046) and IgG2 (p = 0.043) levels when compared to the HDM group. CONCLUSION The results indicate more adverse pulmonary effects of DE compared to BD exposure in allergic sensitized animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Timmerman
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Jôse Mára de Brito
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natalia Madureira de Almeida
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francine Maria de Almeida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Magalhães Arantes-Costa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Tigre Guimaraes
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Julia Faria Coimbra Lichtenfels
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Regiani Carvalho de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Jamille Moreira Moraes
- Technological Research Institute of São Paulo - IPT, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Augusto Pimental
- Technological Research Institute of São Paulo - IPT, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Mangueira Saraiva-Romanholo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics - LIM 20, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Brazil University, Post-graduation Program in Bioengineering, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology, Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Eide DM, Brunborg G, Gutzkow KB, Instanes C, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Sapierzynski R, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Duale N, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. Lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels with and without particle filter - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 67:8-20. [PMID: 30685595 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels raises concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed cellular and molecular lung effects in Fisher 344 rats exposed to diesel engine exhaust emissions (DEE) from a Euro 5-classified diesel engine running on B7: petrodiesel fuel containing 7% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), or SHB20 (synthetic hydrocarbon biofuel): petrodiesel fuel containing 7% FAME and 13% hydrogenated vegetable oil. The Fisher 344 rats were exposed for 7 consecutive days (6 h/day) or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week), both with and without diesel particle filter (DPF) treatment of the exhaust in whole body exposure chambers (n = 7/treatment). Histological analysis and analysis of cytokines and immune cell numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) did not reveal adverse pulmonary effects after exposure to DEE from B7 or SHB20 fuel. Significantly different gene expression levels for B7 compared to SHB20 indicate disturbed redox signaling (Cat, Hmox1), beta-adrenergic signaling (Adrb2) and xenobiotic metabolism (Cyp1a1). Exhaust filtration induced higher expression of redox genes (Cat, Gpx2) and the chemokine gene Cxcl7 compared to non-filtered exhaust. Exposure time (7 versus 28 days) also resulted in different patterns of lung gene expression. No genotoxic effects in the lungs were observed. Overall, exposure to B7 or SHB20 emissions suggests only minor effects in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Dag M Eide
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Kristine B Gutzkow
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Rafał Sapierzynski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Nur Duale
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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17
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Vogel CFA, Kado SY, Kobayashi R, Liu X, Wong P, Na K, Durbin T, Okamoto RA, Kado NY. Inflammatory marker and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent responses in human macrophages exposed to emissions from biodiesel fuels. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:993-1002. [PMID: 31543100 PMCID: PMC6858841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel or renewable diesel fuels are alternative fuels produced from vegetable oil and animal tallow that are being considered to help reduce the use of petroleum-based fuels and emissions of air pollutants including greenhouse gases. Here, we analyzed the gene expression of inflammatory marker responses and the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme after exposure to diesel and biodiesel emission samples generated from an in-use heavy-duty diesel vehicle. Particulate emission samples from petroleum-based California Air Resource Board (CARB)-certified ultralow sulfur diesel (CARB ULSD), biodiesel, and renewable hydro-treated diesel all induced inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX)-2 and interleukin (IL)-8 in human U937-derived macrophages and the expression of the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme CYP1A1. Furthermore, the results indicate that the particle emissions from CARB ULSD and the alternative diesel fuel blends activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and induce CYP1A1 in a dose- and AhR-dependent manner which was supported by the AhR luciferase reporter assay and gel shift analysis. Based on a per mile emissions with the model year 2000 heavy duty vehicle tested, the effects of the alternative diesel fuel blends emissions on the expression on inflammatory markers like IL-8 and COX-2 tend to be lower than emission samples derived from CARB ULSD fuel. The results will help to assess the potential benefits and toxicity from biofuel use as alternative fuels in modern technology diesel engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Franz Adam Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Sarah Y Kado
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kwangsam Na
- Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert A Okamoto
- Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Norman Y Kado
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, USA; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA; Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, USA
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18
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Selley L, Phillips DH, Mudway I. The potential of omics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of biodiesel-induced pulmonary toxicity. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30621739 PMCID: PMC6504167 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combustion of biodiesels in place of fossil diesel (FD) has been proposed as a method of reducing transport-related toxic emissions in Europe. While biodiesel exhaust (BDE) contains fewer hydrocarbons, total particulates and carbon monoxide than FD exhaust (FDE), its high nitrogen oxide and ultrafine particle content may still promote pulmonary pathophysiologies. MAIN BODY Using a complement of in vitro and in vivo studies, this review documents progress in our understanding of pulmonary responses to BDE exposure. Focusing initially on hypothesis-driven, targeted analyses, the merits and limitations of comparing BDE-induced responses to those caused by FDE exposure are discussed within the contexts of policy making and exploration of toxicity mechanisms. The introduction and progression of omics-led workflows are also discussed, summarising the novel insights into mechanisms of BDE-induced toxicity that they have uncovered. Finally, options for the expansion of BDE-related omics screens are explored, focusing on the mechanistic relevance of metabolomic profiling and offering rationale for expansion beyond classical models of pulmonary exposure. CONCLUSION Together, these discussions suggest that molecular profiling methods have identified mechanistically informative, novel and fuel-specific signatures of pulmonary responses to biodiesel exhaust exposure that would have been difficult to detect using traditional, hypothesis driven approaches alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Selley
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN UK
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
- NIHR HPRU in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, SE1 9NH UK
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19
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Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Mruk R, Oczkowski M, Żyła E, Królikowski T, Stachoń M, Øvrevik J, Myhre O, Kruszewski M, Wojewódzka M, Lankoff A, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. The effects of 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel exhaust exposure on hematological and biochemical blood indices of Fisher344 male rats - The FuelHealth project. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:34-47. [PMID: 30142495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust emissions (DEE), being one of the main causes of ambient air pollution, exert a detrimental effect on human health and increase morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects of exhausts emissions from B7 fuel, the first-generation biofuel containing 7% of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and SHB20 fuel, the second-generation biofuel containing 20% FAME/hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), after a whole-body exposure with and without diesel particle filter (DPF). The experiment was performed on 95 male Fischer 344 rats, divided into 10 groups (8 experimental, 2 control). Animals were exposed to DEE (diluted with charcoal-filtered room air to 2.1-2.2% (v/v)) for 7 or 28 days (6 h/day, 5 days/week) in an inhalation chamber. DEE originated from Euro 5 engine with or without DPF treatment, run on B7 or SHB20 fuel. Animals in the control groups were exposed to clean air. Our results showed that the majority of haematological and biochemical parameters examined in blood were at a similar level in the exposed and control animals. However, exposure to DEE from the SHB20 fuel caused an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration. Moreover, 7 days exposure to DEE from SHB20 fuel induced genotoxic effects manifested by increased levels of DNA single-strand breaks in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, inhalation of both types of DEE induced oxidative stress and caused imbalance of anti-oxidant defence enzymes. In conclusion, exposure to DEE from B7, which was associated with higher exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, resulted in decreased number of T and NK lymphocytes, while DEE from SHB20 induced a higher level of DNA single-strand breaks, oxidative stress and increased red blood cells parameters. Additionally, DPF technology generated increased number of smaller PM and made the DEE more reactive and more harmful, manifested as deregulation of redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland.
| | - M Gajewska
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - R Mruk
- Department of Production Organization and Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Oczkowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - E Żyła
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - T Królikowski
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - M Stachoń
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - J Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - O Myhre
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Division of Infectious Disease Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Kruszewski
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Medical Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management, Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Wojewódzka
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Lankoff
- Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - J Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
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de Brito JM, Mauad T, Cavalheiro GF, Yoshizaki K, de André PA, Lichtenfels AJFC, Guimarães ET, Rivero DHRF, Antonangelo L, Oliveira LB, Pedroso LRM, Macchione M, Saldiva PHN. Acute exposure to diesel and sewage biodiesel exhaust causes pulmonary and systemic inflammation in mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1223-1233. [PMID: 30045544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is a renewable energy source that reduces particle emission, but few studies have assessed its effects. To assess the effects of acute inhalation of two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of diesel (DE) and biodiesel (BD) fuels on the inflammatory pulmonary and systemic profile of mice. Animals were exposed for 2 h in an inhalation chamber inside the Container Laboratory for Fuels. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure were determined 30 min after exposure. After 24 h, we analyzed the lung inflammation using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); neutrophil and macrophage quantification in the lung parenchyma was performed, and blood and bone marrow biomarkers as well as receptor of endothelin-A (ET-Ar), receptor of endothelin-B (ET-Br), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and isoprostane (ISO) levels in the pulmonary vessels and bronchial epithelium were evaluated. HRV increased for BD600, D600 and D1200 compared to filtered air (FA). Both fuels (DE and BD) produced alterations in red blood cells independent of the dose. BALF from the BD600 and BD1200 groups showed an increase in neutrophils compared to those of the FA group. Numeric density of the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells was elevated with BD600 compared to FA. In the peribronchiolar vessels, there was an increase in ET-Ar and ET-Br expression following BD600 compared to FA; and there was a reduction in the iNOs expression for BD1200 and the VCAM-1 for D1200 compared to FA. In the bronchial epithelium, there was an increase in ETAr at BD600, ET-Br at two doses (600 and 1200 μg/m3) of DE and BD, iNOs at D600 and VCAM-1 at BD1200 and D600; all groups were compared to the FA group. Acute exposure to DE and BD derived from sewage methyl esters triggered pulmonary and cardiovascular inflammatory alterations in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jôse Mára de Brito
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Franco Cavalheiro
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Yoshizaki
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Afonso de André
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Julia F C Lichtenfels
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Tigre Guimarães
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Leila Antonangelo
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratory, LIM 03 - Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Basto Oliveira
- Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Eco 100 Sustained Development LTDA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Mariangela Macchione
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, Experimental Air Pollution Laboratory, LIM 05 - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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21
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Ji J, Upadhyay S, Xiong X, Malmlöf M, Sandström T, Gerde P, Palmberg L. Multi-cellular human bronchial models exposed to diesel exhaust particles: assessment of inflammation, oxidative stress and macrophage polarization. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:19. [PMID: 29716632 PMCID: PMC5930819 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major component of outdoor air pollution. DEP mediated pulmonary effects are plausibly linked to inflammatory and oxidative stress response in which macrophages (MQ), epithelial cells and their cell-cell interaction plays a crucial role. Therefore, in this study we aimed at studying the cellular crosstalk between airway epithelial cells with MQ and MQ polarization following exposure to aerosolized DEP by assessing inflammation, oxidative stress, and MQ polarization response markers. Method Lung mucosa models including primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) were co-cultured without (PBEC-ALI) and with MQ (PBEC-ALI/MQ). Cells were exposed to 12.7 μg/cm2 aerosolized DEP using XposeALI®. Control (sham) models were exposed to clean air. Cell viability was assessed. CXCL8 and IL-6 were measured in the basal medium by ELISA. The mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (CXCL8, IL6, TNFα), oxidative stress (NFKB, HMOX1, GPx) and MQ polarization markers (IL10, IL4, IL13, MRC1, MRC2 RETNLA, IL12 andIL23) were measured by qRT-PCR. The surface/mRNA expression of TLR2/TLR4 was detected by FACS and qRT-PCR. Results In PBEC-ALI exposure to DEP significantly increased the secretion of CXCL8, mRNA expression of inflammatory markers (CXCL8, TNFα) and oxidative stress markers (NFKB, HMOX1, GPx). However, mRNA expressions of these markers (CXCL8, IL6, NFKB, and HMOX1) were reduced in PBEC-ALI/MQ models after DEP exposure. TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression increased after DEP exposure in PBEC-ALI. The surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 on PBEC was significantly reduced in sham-exposed PBEC-ALI/MQ compared to PBEC-ALI. After DEP exposure surface expression of TLR2 was increased on PBEC of PBEC-ALI/MQ, while TLR4 was decreased in both models. DEP exposure resulted in similar expression pattern of TLR2/TLR4 on MQ as in PBEC. In PBEC-ALI/MQ, DEP exposure increased the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage markers (IL10, IL4, IL13, MRC1, MRC2). Conclusion The cellular interaction of PBEC with MQ in response to DEP plays a pivotal role for MQ phenotypic alteration towards M2-subtypes, thereby promoting an efficient resolution of the inflammation. Furthermore, this study highlighted the fact that cell–cell interaction using multicellular ALI-models combined with an in vivo-like inhalation exposure system is critical in better mimicking the airway physiology compared with traditional cell culture systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0256-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ji
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiaomiao Xiong
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Sandström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Inhalation Sciences Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jaramillo IC, Sturrock A, Ghiassi H, Woller DJ, Deering-Rice CE, Lighty JS, Paine R, Reilly C, Kelly KE. Effects of fuel components and combustion particle physicochemical properties on toxicological responses of lung cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2018; 53:295-309. [PMID: 29227181 PMCID: PMC5815945 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1400793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of combustion particles that promote lung toxicity are not fully understood, hindered by the fact that combustion particles vary based on the fuel and combustion conditions. Real-world combustion-particle properties also continually change as new fuels are implemented, engines age, and engine technologies evolve. This work used laboratory-generated particles produced under controlled combustion conditions in an effort to understand the relationship between different particle properties and the activation of established toxicological outcomes in human lung cells (H441 and THP-1). Particles were generated from controlled combustion of two simple biofuel/diesel surrogates (methyl decanoate and dodecane/biofuel-blended diesel (BD), and butanol and dodecane/alcohol-blended diesel (AD)) and compared to a widely studied reference diesel (RD) particle (NIST SRM2975/RD). BD, AD, and RD particles exhibited differences in size, surface area, extractable chemical mass, and the content of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Some of these differences were directly associated with different effects on biological responses. BD particles had the greatest surface area, amount of extractable material, and oxidizing potential. These particles and extracts induced cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 enzyme mRNA in lung cells. AD particles and extracts had the greatest total PAH content and also caused CYP1A1 and 1B1 mRNA induction. The RD extract contained the highest relative concentration of 2-ring PAHs and stimulated the greatest level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) cytokine secretion. Finally, AD and RD were more potent activators of TRPA1 than BD, and while neither the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 nor the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) affected CYP1A1 or 1B1 mRNA induction, both inhibitors reduced IL-8 secretion and mRNA induction. These results highlight that differences in fuel and combustion conditions affect the physicochemical properties of particles, and these differences, in turn, affect commonly studied biological/toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C. Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Anne Sturrock
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Hossein Ghiassi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Diana J. Woller
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Cassandra E. Deering-Rice
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - JoAnn S. Lighty
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Robert Paine
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Christopher Reilly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Kerry E. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Address correspondence to Kerry E. Kelly, Assistant Professor, University of Utah 2282 MEB, 50 S. Central Campus Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84112; Phone: (801) 587-7601; Fax: (801) 585-9297; kerry,
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23
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Bugarski AD, Hummer JA, Vanderslice SE. Effects of FAME biodiesel and HVORD on emissions from an older-technology diesel engine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 69:43-49. [PMID: 29348698 DOI: 10.19150/me.7918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The results of laboratory evaluations were used to compare the potential of two alternative, biomass-derived fuels as a control strategy to reduce the exposure of underground miners to aerosols and gases emitted by diesel-powered equipment. The effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions from an older-technology, naturally aspirated, mechanically controlled engine equipped with a diesel oxidation catalytic converter were compared with those of widely used petroleum-derived, ultralow-sulfur diesels (ULSDs). The emissions were characterized for four selected steady-state conditions. When fueled with FAME biodiesel and HVORD, the engine emitted less aerosols by total particulate mass, total carbon mass, elemental carbon mass and total number than when it was fueled with ULSDs. Compared with ULSDs, FAME biodiesel and HVORD produced aerosols that were characterized by single modal distributions, smaller count median diameters, and lower total and peak concentrations. For the majority of test cases, FAME biodiesel and HVORD favorably affected nitric oxide (NO) and adversely affected nitrogen dioxide (NO2) generation. Therefore, the use of these alternative fuels appears to be a viable tool for the underground mining industry to address the issues related to emissions from diesel engines, and to transition toward more universal solutions provided by advanced engines with integrated exhaust after treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bugarski
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J A Hummer
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S E Vanderslice
- A.D. Bugarski, member SME, J.A. Hummer and S.E. Vanderslice are senior research engineer, engineering technician and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Mining Research Division (PMRD), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Biedrzycki J, Dziendzikowska K, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Brunborg G, Instanes C, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter – the FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:206-218. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1339149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Malorni L, Guida V, Sirignano M, Genovese G, Petrarca C, Pedata P. Exposure to sub-10 nm particles emitted from a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine: In vitro toxicity and inflammatory potential. Toxicol Lett 2017; 270:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mumaw CL, Surace M, Levesque S, Kodavanti UP, Kodavanti PRS, Royland JE, Block ML. Atypical microglial response to biodiesel exhaust in healthy and hypertensive rats. Neurotoxicology 2016; 59:155-163. [PMID: 27777102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a deleterious role for urban air pollution in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and neurodevelopmental disorders. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells and sentinels in the brain, are a common source of neuroinflammation and are implicated in air pollution-induced CNS effects. While renewable energy, such as soy-based biofuel, is of increasing public interest, there is little information on how soy biofuel may affect the brain, especially in people with preexisting disease conditions. To address this, male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were exposed to 100% Soy-based Biodiesel Exhaust (100SBDE; 0, 50, 150 and 500μg/m3) by inhalation, 4h/day for 4 weeks (5 days/week). Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 (IBA-1) staining of microglia in the substantia nigra revealed significant changes in morphology with 100SBDE exposure in rats from both genotypes, where SHR were less sensitive. Aconitase activity was inhibited in the frontal cortex and cerebellum of WKY rats exposed to 100SBDE. No consistent changes occurred in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, nitrated protein, or arginase1 expression in brain regions from either rat strain exposed to 100SBDE. However, while IBA-1 mRNA expression was not modified, CX3CR1 mRNA expression was lower in the striatum of 100SBDE exposed rats regardless of genotype, suggesting a downregulation of the fractalkine receptor on microglia in this brain region. Together, these data indicate that while microglia are detecting and responding to 100SBDE exposure with changes in morphology, there is reduced expression of CX3CR1 regardless of genetic background and the activation response is atypical without traditional inflammatory markers of M1 or M2 activation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen L Mumaw
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael Surace
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Shannon Levesque
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Prasada Rao S Kodavanti
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joyce E Royland
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Michelle L Block
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Madden MC. A paler shade of green? The toxicology of biodiesel emissions: Recent findings from studies with this alternative fuel. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2856-62. [PMID: 27261091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiesel produced primarily from plants and algal feedstocks is believed to have advantages for production and use compared to petroleum and to some other fuel sources. There is some speculation that exposure to biodiesel combustion emissions may not induce biological responses or health effects or at a minimum reduce the effects relative to other fuels. In evaluating the overall environmental and health effects of biodiesel production to end use scenario, empirical data or modeling data based on such data are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW This manuscript examines the available toxicology reports examining combustion derived biodiesel emissions since approximately 2007, when our last review of the topic occurred. Toxicity derived from other end uses of biodiesel - e.g., spills, dermal absorption, etc. - are not examined. Findings from biodiesel emissions are roughly divided into three areas: whole non-human animal model exposures; in vitro exposures of mammalian and bacterial cells (used for mutation studies primarily); and human exposures in controlled or other exposure fashions. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Overall, these more current studies clearly demonstrate that biodiesel combustion emission exposure- to either 100% biodiesel or a blend in petroleum diesel- can induce biological effects. There are reports that show biodiesel exposure generally induces more effects or a greater magnitude of effect than petroleum diesel, however there are also a similar number of reports showing the opposite trend. It is unclear whether effects induced by exposure to a blend are greater than exposure to 100% biodiesel. Taken together, the evidence suggest biodiesel emissions can have some similar effects as diesel emissions on inflammatory, vascular, mutagenic, and other responses. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE While acute biodiesel exposures can show toxicity with a variety of endpoints, the potential effects on human health need further validation. Additionally there are few or no findings to date on whether biodiesel emissions can induce effects or even a weaker response that petroleum diesel with repeated exposure scenarios such as in an occupational setting. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
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28
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Akopian AN, Fanick ER, Brooks EG. TRP channels and traffic-related environmental pollution-induced pulmonary disease. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:331-8. [PMID: 26837756 PMCID: PMC4896490 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollutant exposures are major risk factors for adverse health outcomes, with increased morbidity and mortality in humans. Diesel exhaust (DE) is one of the major harmful components of traffic-related air pollution. Exposure to DE affects several physiological systems, including the airways, and pulmonary diseases are increased in highly populated urban areas. Hence, there are urgent needs to (1) create newer and lesser polluting fuels, (2) improve exhaust aftertreatments and reduce emissions, and (3) understand mechanisms of actions for toxic effects of both conventional and cleaner diesel fuels on the lungs. These steps could aid the development of diagnostics and interventions to prevent the negative impact of traffic-related air pollution on the pulmonary system. Exhaust from conventional, and to a lesser extent, clean fuels, contains particulate matter (PM) and more than 400 additional chemical constituents. The major toxic constituents are nitrogen oxides (NOx) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PM and PAHs could potentially act via transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In this review, we will first discuss the associations between DE from conventional as well as clean fuel technologies and acute and chronic airway inflammation. We will then review possible activation and/or potentiation of TRP vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels by PM and PAHs. Finally, we will discuss and summarize recent findings on the mechanisms whereby TRPs could control the link between DE and airway inflammation, which is a primary determinant leading to pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armen N Akopian
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - E Robert Fanick
- Office of Automotive Engineering, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78228, USA
| | - Edward G Brooks
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Center for Airway Inflammation Research, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, STRF Microbiology MC 8259, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Angrish MM, Pleil JD, Stiegel MA, Madden MC, Moser VC, Herr DW. Taxonomic applicability of inflammatory cytokines in adverse outcome pathway (AOP) development. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:184-96. [PMID: 26914248 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1138923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, low-molecular-weight messenger proteins that act as intercellular immunomodulatory signals, have become a mainstream preclinical marker for assessing the systemic inflammatory response to external stressors. The challenge is to quantitate from healthy subjects cytokine levels that are below or at baseline and relate those dynamic and complex cytokine signatures of exposures with the inflammatory and repair pathways. Thus, highly sensitive, specific, and precise analytical and statistical methods are critically important. Investigators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have implemented advanced technologies and developed statistics for evaluating panels of inflammatory cytokines in human blood, exhaled breath condensate, urine samples, and murine biological media. Advanced multiplex, bead-based, and automated analytical platforms provided sufficient sensitivity, precision, and accuracy over the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, baseline cytokine levels can be quantified from healthy human subjects and animals and compared to an in vivo exposure response from an environmental chemical. Specifically, patterns of cytokine responses in humans exposed to environmental levels of ozone and diesel exhaust, and in rodents exposed to selected pesticides (such as fipronil and carbaryl), were used as case studies to generally assess the taxonomic applicability of cytokine responses. The findings in this study may aid in the application of measureable cytokine markers in future adverse outcome pathway (AOP)-based toxicity testing. Data from human and animal studies were coalesced and the possibility of using cytokines as key events (KE) to bridge species responses to external stressors in an AOP-based framework was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Angrish
- a Integrated Sciences and Toxicology Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- b Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division, NERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Matthew A Stiegel
- c ORISE, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - Michael C Madden
- d Environmental Public Health Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Virginia C Moser
- e Neurotoxicology Branch/Toxicity Assessment Division NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
| | - David W Herr
- f Toxicity Assessment Division, NHEERL/ORD , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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Bugarski AD, Hummer JA, Vanderslice S. Effects of hydrotreated vegetable oil on emissions of aerosols and gases from light-duty and medium-duty older technology engines. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:293-302. [PMID: 26588029 PMCID: PMC5481996 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1116695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the potential of hydrotreated vegetable oil renewable diesel (HVORD) as a control strategy to reduce exposure of workers to diesel aerosols and gases. The effects of HVORD on criteria aerosol and gaseous emissions were compared with those of ultralow sulfur diesel (ULSD). The results of comprehensive testing at four steady-state conditions and one transient cycle were used to characterize the aerosol and gaseous emissions from two older technology engines: (1) a naturally aspirated mechanically controlled and (2) a turbocharged electronically controlled engine. Both engines were equipped with diesel oxidation catalytic converters (DOCs). For all test conditions, both engines emitted measurably lower total mass concentrations of diesel aerosols, total carbon, and elemental carbon when HVORD was used in place of ULSD. For all test conditions, the reductions in total mass concentrations were more substantial for the naturally aspirated than for the turbocharged engine. In the case of the naturally aspirated engine, HVORD also favorably affected total surface area of aerosols deposited in the alveolar region of human lungs (TSAADAR) and the total number concentrations of aerosols. In the case of the turbocharged electronically controlled engine, for some of the test conditions HVORD adversely affected the TSAADAR and total number concentrations of aerosols. In the majority of the test cases involving the naturally aspirated mechanically controlled engine, HVORD favorably affected carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, but adversely affected NO2 and total hydrocarbon concentrations, while the effects of the fuels on carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were masked by the effects of DOC. In the case of the turbocharged electronically controlled engine, the CO2, CO, NOX, NO, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were generally lower when HVORD was used in place of ULSD. The effects of the fuels on NO2 concentrations were masked by the more prominent effects of DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar D Bugarski
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
| | - Jon A Hummer
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
| | - Shawn Vanderslice
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Office of Mine Safety and Health Research , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
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Rohr A, McDonald J. Health effects of carbon-containing particulate matter: focus on sources and recent research program results. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:97-137. [PMID: 26635181 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a complex mixture of gas-, vapor-, and particulate-phase materials comprised of inorganic and organic species. Many of these components have been associated with adverse health effects in epidemiological and toxicological studies, including a broad spectrum of carbonaceous atmospheric components. This paper reviews recent literature on the health impacts of organic aerosols, with a focus on specific sources of organic material; it is not intended to be a comprehensive review of all the available literature. Specific emission sources reviewed include engine emissions, wood/biomass combustion emissions, biogenic emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), resuspended road dust, tire and brake wear, and cooking emissions. In addition, recent findings from large toxicological and epidemiological research programs are reviewed in the context of organic PM, including SPHERES, NPACT, NERC, ACES, and TERESA. A review of the extant literature suggests that there are clear health impacts from emissions containing carbon-containing PM, but difficulty remains in apportioning responses to certain groupings of carbonaceous materials, such as organic and elemental carbon, condensed and gas phases, and primary and secondary material. More focused epidemiological and toxicological studies, including increased characterization of organic materials, would increase understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rohr
- a Electric Power Research Institute , Palo Alto , CA , USA
| | - Jacob McDonald
- b Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute , Albuquerque , NM , USA
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Golokhvast KS, Chernyshev VV, Chaika VV, Ugay SM, Zelinskaya EV, Tsatsakis AM, Karakitsios SP, Sarigiannis DA. Size-segregated emissions and metal content of vehicle-emitted particles as a function of mileage: Implications to population exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:479-485. [PMID: 26264860 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study aims at investigating the characteristics (size distribution, active surface and metal content) of particles emitted by cars as a function of mileage using a novel methodology for characterizing particulate emissions captured by Exhaust Gas Suspension (EGS). EGS was obtained by passing the exhaust gases through a container of deionized water. EGS analysis was performed using laser granulometry, electron scanning microscopy, and high resolution mass spectrometry. Implications of the differences in key features of the emitted particles on population exposure were investigated using numerical simulation for estimating size-segregated PM deposition across human respiratory tract (HRT). It was found that vehicle mileage, age and the respective emissions class have almost no effect on the size distribution of the exhaust gas particulate released into the environment; about half of the examined vehicles with low mileage were found to release particles of aerodynamic diameter above 10 μm. The exhaust gas particulate detected in the EGS of all cars can be classified into three major size classes: (1) 0.1-5 µm - soot and ash particles, metals (Au, Pt, Pd, Ir); (2) 10-30 µm - metal (Cr, Fe, Cu, Zr, Ni) and ash particles; (3) 400-1,000 µm - metal (Fe, Cr, Pb) and ash particles. Newer vehicles with low mileage are substantial sources of soot and metal particles with median diameter of 200 nm with a higher surface area (up to 89,871.16 cm(2)/cm(3)). These tend to deposit in the lower part of the human respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergey M Ugay
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V Zelinskaya
- National Research Irkutsk State Technical University, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- University of Crete, Medical School, Department of Toxicology and Forensic Science, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Spyros P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Denis A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Mehus AA, Reed RJ, Lee VST, Littau SR, Hu C, Lutz EA, Burgess JL. Comparison of Acute Health Effects From Exposures to Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Emissions. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 57:705-12. [PMID: 26147538 PMCID: PMC4479787 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the comparative acute health effects associated with exposures to diesel and 75% biodiesel/25% diesel (B75) blend fuel emissions. METHODS We analyzed multiple health endpoints in 48 healthy adults before and after exposures to diesel and B75 emissions in an underground mine setting-lung function, lung and systemic inflammation, novel biomarkers of exposure, and oxidative stress were assessed. RESULTS B75 reduced respirable diesel particulate matter by 20%. Lung function declined significantly more after exposure to diesel emissions. Lung inflammatory cells along with sputum and plasma inflammatory mediators increased significantly to similar levels with both exposures. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was not significantly changed after either exposure. CONCLUSIONS Use of B75 lowered respirable diesel particulate matter exposure and some associated acute health effects, although lung and systemic inflammation were not reduced compared with diesel use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Mehus
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Rustin J. Reed
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Vivien S. T. Lee
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Sally R. Littau
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Chengcheng Hu
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Eric A. Lutz
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Jefferey L. Burgess
- From the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
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Le Vee M, Jouan E, Stieger B, Lecureur V, Fardel O. Regulation of human hepatic drug transporter activity and expression by diesel exhaust particle extract. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121232. [PMID: 25803276 PMCID: PMC4372591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are common environmental air pollutants primarily affecting the lung. DEPs or chemicals adsorbed on DEPs also exert extra-pulmonary effects, including alteration of hepatic drug detoxifying enzyme expression. The present study was designed to determine whether organic DEP extract (DEPe) may target hepatic drug transporters that contribute in a major way to drug detoxification. Using primary human hepatocytes and transporter-overexpressing cells, DEPe was first shown to strongly inhibit activities of the sinusoidal solute carrier (SLC) uptake transporters organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1 and of the canalicular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux pump multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, with IC50 values ranging from approximately 1 to 20 μg/mL and relevant to environmental exposure situations. By contrast, 25 μg/mL DEPe failed to alter activities of the SLC transporter organic cation transporter (OCT) 1 and of the ABC efflux pumps P-glycoprotein and bile salt export pump (BSEP), whereas it only moderately inhibited those of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide and of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Treatment by 25 μg/mL DEPe was next demonstrated to induce expression of BCRP at both mRNA and protein level in cultured human hepatic cells, whereas it concomitantly repressed mRNA expression of various transporters, including OATP1B3, OATP2B1, OCT1 and BSEP. Such changes in transporter expression were found to be highly correlated to those caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a reference activator of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. This suggests that DEPe, which is enriched in known ligands of AhR like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alters drug transporter expression via activation of the AhR cascade. Taken together, these data established human hepatic transporters as targets of organic chemicals containing in DEPs, which may contribute to their systemic effects through impairing hepatic transport of endogenous compound or drug substrates of these transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Le Vee
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Lecureur
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Institut de Recherches en Santé, Environnement et Travail (IRSET), UMR INSERM U1085, Faculté de Pharmacie, 2 Avenue du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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35
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Abdel Moneim AE, Ortiz F, Leonardo-Mendonça RC, Vergano-Villodres R, Guerrero-Martínez JA, López LC, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage induced by Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) crude venom in rats. Acta Trop 2015; 143:58-65. [PMID: 25542296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Naja haje envenomation is one of the leading causes of death due to snakebite. Antiserum therapy sometimes fails to provide enough protection against venom toxicity. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of melatonin against N. haje venom in rats. The animals were injected with venom (0.25mg/kg) and/or melatonin (10mg/kg) and compared with vehicle-treated rats. There was oxidative/nitrosative damage and apoptosis in the liver, heart, and kidneys of venom-injected rats. Melatonin counteracted the increased lipoperoxidation and nitric oxide, prevented decreased glutathione peroxidase and reductase activity, reduced the glutathione disulfide/glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio, and maintained the GSH pool. Furthermore, melatonin administration was associated with a reduction of apoptosis, which was increased in venom-injected rats. Overall, these results suggest that melatonin mitigates oxidative/nitrosative stress in venom-induced cardio-hepato-renal injury in rats. Our results suggest that melatonin treatment may ameliorate some of the effects of N. haje envenomation.
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36
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Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Gutkin DW, Shurin MR, Kagan VE, Bugarski AD, Shvedova AA. Abnormalities in the male reproductive system after exposure to diesel and biodiesel blend. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:265-76. [PMID: 25327512 PMCID: PMC4946425 DOI: 10.1002/em.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Altering the fuel source from petroleum-based ultralow sulfur diesel to biodiesel and its blends is considered by many to be a sustainable choice for controlling exposures to particulate material. As the exhaust of biodiesel/diesel blends is composed of a combination of combustion products of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fatty acid methyl esters, we hypothesize that 50% biodiesel/diesel blend (BD50) exposure could induce harmful outcomes because of its ability to trigger oxidative damage. Here, adverse effects were compared in murine male reproductive organs after pharyngeal aspiration with particles generated by engine fueled with BD50 or neat petroleum diesel (D100). When compared with D100, exposure to BD50 significantly altered sperm integrity, including concentration, motility, and morphological abnormalities, as well as increasing testosterone levels in testes during the time course postexposure. Serum level of luteinizing hormone was significantly depleted only after BD50 exposure. Moreover, we observed that exposure to BD50 significantly increased sperm DNA fragmentation and the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and testes on Day 7 postexposure when compared with D100. Histological evaluation of testes sections from BD50 exposure indicated more noticeable interstitial edema, degenerating spermatocytes, and dystrophic seminiferous tubules with arrested spermatogenesis. Significant differences in the level of oxidative stress assessed by accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and depletion of glutathione were detected on exposure to respirable BD50 and D100. Taken together, these results indicate that exposure of mice to inhalable BD50 caused more pronounced adverse effects on male reproductive function than diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R. Kisin
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mariana T. Farcas
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Dmitriy W. Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael R. Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, and Exposure Assessment Branch, HELD, NIOSH, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Seriani R, Junqueira MS, Toledo AC, Corrêa AT, Silva LFF, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Macchione M. Organic and inorganic fractions of diesel exhaust particles produce changes in mucin profile of mouse trachea explants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:215-225. [PMID: 25674825 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.947456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain organic and inorganic elements that produce damage to the respiratory epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine the mucus profile of tracheal explants exposed to either crude diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or DEP treated with nitric acid (DEP/NA), with hexane (DEP/HEX), or with methanol (DEP/MET) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml for 30 and 60 min. Tracheal explants were subjected to morphometric analyses to study acidic (AB+), neutral (PAS+), and mixed (AB+/PAS+) mucus production and vacuolization (V). Incubation with 50 μg/ml crude DEP resulted in a rise in acid mucus production, an increase in vacuolization at 30 min, and reduction in neutral mucus at 30 and 60 min. Tracheas exposed to DEP/MET at 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min resulted in a significant decrease in neutral mucus production and an elevation in acid mucus production. DEP/HEX increased vacuolization at both 50 and 100 μg/ml at 30 and 60 min of exposure. Treatment with 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min significantly elevated mixed mucus levels. These results suggest that DEP appear to be more toxic when administered in combination with HEX or MET. DEP/MET modified the mucus profile of the epithelium, while DEP/HEX altered mucus extrusion, and these responses might be due to bioavailability of individual elements in DEP fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Seriani
- a Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP. Brazil
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Gavett SH, Wood CE, Williams MA, Cyphert JM, Boykin EH, Daniels MJ, Copeland LB, King C, Krantz TQ, Richards JH, Andrews DL, Jaskot RH, Gilmour MI. Soy biodiesel emissions have reduced inflammatory effects compared to diesel emissions in healthy and allergic mice. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:533-44. [PMID: 26514781 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1054966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of exhaust from combustion of petroleum diesel (B0), soy-based biodiesel (B100), or a 20% biodiesel/80% petrodiesel mix (B20) was compared in healthy and house dust mite (HDM)-allergic mice. Fuel emissions were diluted to target fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) concentrations of 50, 150, or 500 μg/m(3). Studies in healthy mice showed greater levels of neutrophils and MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid 2 h after a single 4-h exposure to B0 compared with mice exposed to B20 or B100. No consistent differences in BAL cells and biochemistry, or hematological parameters, were observed after 5 d or 4 weeks of exposure to any of the emissions. Air-exposed HDM-allergic mice had significantly increased responsiveness to methacholine aerosol challenge compared with non-allergic mice. Exposure to any of the emissions for 4 weeks did not further increase responsiveness in either non-allergic or HDM-allergic mice, and few parameters of allergic inflammation in BAL fluid were altered. Lung and nasal pathology were not significantly different among B0-, B20-, or B100-exposed groups. In HDM-allergic mice, exposure to B0, but not B20 or B100, significantly increased resting peribronchiolar lymph node cell proliferation and production of T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and IL-17 in comparison with air-exposed allergic mice. These results suggest that diesel exhaust at a relatively high concentration (500 μg/m(3)) can induce inflammation acutely in healthy mice and exacerbate some components of allergic responses, while comparable concentrations of B20 or B100 soy biodiesel fuels did not elicit responses different from those caused by air exposure alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Gavett
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Charles E Wood
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Marc A Williams
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Jaime M Cyphert
- b Curriculum in Toxicology, UNC School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Elizabeth H Boykin
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Mary J Daniels
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Lisa B Copeland
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Todd Q Krantz
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Judy H Richards
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Debora L Andrews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - Richard H Jaskot
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
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Mutlu E, Warren SH, Matthews PP, King C, Walsh L, Kligerman AD, Schmid JE, Janek D, Kooter IM, Linak WP, Gilmour MI, DeMarini DM. Health effects of soy-biodiesel emissions: mutagenicity-emission factors. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:585-96. [PMID: 26514786 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1080771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Soy biodiesel is the predominant biodiesel fuel used in the USA, but only a few, frequently conflicting studies have examined the potential health effects of its emissions. OBJECTIVE We combusted petroleum diesel (B0) and fuels with increasing percentages of soy methyl esters (B20, B50 and B100) and determined the mutagenicity-emission factors expressed as revertants/megajoule of thermal energy consumed (rev/MJ(th)). MATERIALS AND METHODS We combusted each fuel in replicate in a small (4.3-kW) diesel engine without emission controls at a constant load, extracted organics from the particles with dichloromethane, determined the percentage of extractable organic material (EOM), and evaluated these extracts for mutagenicity in 16 strains/S9 combinations of Salmonella. RESULTS Mutagenic potencies of the EOM did not differ significantly between replicate experiments for B0 and B100 but did for B20 and B50. B0 had the highest rev/MJ(th), and those of B20 and B100 were 50% and ∼85% lower, respectively, in strains that detect mutagenicity due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitroarenes, aromatic amines or oxidative mutagens. For all strains, the rev/MJ(th) decreased with increasing biodiesel in the fuel. The emission factor for the 16 EPA Priority PAHs correlated strongly (r(2 )= 0.69) with the mutagenicity-emission factor in strain TA100 + S9, which detects PAHs. CONCLUSIONS Under a constant load, soy-biodiesel emissions were 50-85% less mutagenic than those of petroleum diesel. Without additional emission controls, petroleum and biodiesel fuels had mutagenicity-emission factors between those of large utility-scale combustors (e.g. natural gas, coal, or oil) and inefficient open-burning (e.g. residential wood fireplaces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Mutlu
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
- b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Sarah H Warren
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Peggy P Matthews
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Charly King
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Leon Walsh
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Andrew D Kligerman
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Judith E Schmid
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - Daniel Janek
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - Ingeborg M Kooter
- d Department of Applied Environmental Chemistry , TNO , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - William P Linak
- c National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA , and
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
| | - David M DeMarini
- a National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , NC , USA
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Landsiedel R, Sauer UG, Ma-Hock L, Schnekenburger J, Wiemann M. Pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials: a critical comparison of published in vitro assays and in vivo inhalation or instillation studies. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2557-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, guidance on how to incorporate in vitro assays into integrated approaches for testing and assessment of nanomaterials is unavailable. In addressing this shortage, this review compares data from in vitro studies to results from in vivo inhalation or intratracheal instillation studies. Globular nanomaterials (ion-shedding silver and zinc oxide, poorly soluble titanium dioxide and cerium dioxide, and partly soluble amorphous silicon dioxide) and nanomaterials with higher aspect ratios (multiwalled carbon nanotubes) were assessed focusing on the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) reference nanomaterials for these substances. If in vitro assays are performed with dosages that reflect effective in vivo dosages, the mechanisms of nanomaterial toxicity can be assessed. In early tiers of integrated approaches for testing and assessment, knowledge on mechanisms of toxicity serves to group nanomaterials thereby reducing the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy – Animal Welfare, Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Centre of the Medical Faculty of Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Münster, Germany
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Ahn MY, Han JW, Hwang JS, Yun EY, Lee BM. Anti-inflammatory effect of glycosaminoglycan derived from Gryllus bimaculatus (a type of cricket, insect) on adjuvant-treated chronic arthritis rat model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1332-1345. [PMID: 25343284 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) derived from cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus, Gb) were investigated in a complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-treated chronic arthritic rat model. This GAG produced a significant anti-edema effect as evidenced by inhibition of C-reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor, and interfered with atherogenesis by reducing proinflammatory cytokine levels of (1) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), (2) interleukin-6, (3) prostaglandin E2-stimulated lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells, and (4) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in normal splenocytes, in a dose-dependent manner. This GAG was also found to induce nitric oxide (NO) production in HUVEC cells and elevated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity levels. Histological findings demonstrated the fifth lumbar vertebrae (LV) dorsal root ganglion, which was linked to the paw treated with Gb GAG, was repaired against CFA-induced cartilage destruction. Further, combined indomethacin (5 mg/kg)-Gb GAG (10 mg/kg) inhibited more effectively CFA-induced paw edema at 3 h and 2 or 3 d after treatment to levels comparable to only the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin. Ultraviolet (UV)-irritated skin inflammation also downregulated nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activity in transfected HaCaT cells. Data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GAG obtained from cricket (Gb) may be useful for treatment of inflammatory diseases including chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Ahn
- a Department of Agricultural Biology , National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA , Suwon , South Korea
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