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Oliver JL, Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Ramirez-Campillo R, Lloyd RS. The Effects of Strength, Plyometric and Combined Training on Strength, Power and Speed Characteristics in High-Level, Highly Trained Male Youth Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:623-643. [PMID: 37897637 PMCID: PMC10978689 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male youth soccer players competing at a high level will typically engage in large volumes of soccer training from a young age. However, it is not known whether the high levels of habitual training that these high-performing players are exposed to limit their ability to respond to strength, plyometric or combined training interventions. OBJECTIVE The primary aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the specific effects of strength, plyometric and combined training with active controls (standard soccer training) on the strength, power and speed characteristics of high-level, highly trained young male soccer players. METHODS We performed a literature search across PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus to identify controlled studies that implemented strength, plyometric or combined training in high-level male youth soccer players. Participants were defined as high level or highly trained based on established guidelines related to either competition level or age-related weekly hours spent in soccer training. Studies needed to report at least one outcome of lower body strength, squat jump, countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration (0-10 m), speed (15-40 m) or change of direction speed. A meta-analysis was then performed using a random-effects model to determine the magnitude (Hedge's g) of training responses and whether effects differed across modes of training. RESULTS From an initial return of 5464 papers, n = 34 studies met the inclusion criteria and provided a total sample of n = 1396 high-level male youth soccer players. Strength, plyometric and combined training resulted in improvements in strength, squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power, acceleration, change of direction speed (all p < 0.05; g = 0.73-1.08, moderate) and speed (p < 0.05; g = 0.40-0.59, small). Lower body strength was the only outcome where training mode had a significant effect (p < 0.05), with plyometric training producing small effects (g = 0.27, p < 0.05) compared with moderate effects for strength (g = 1.07, p < 0.05) and combined (g = 0.75, p < 0.05) training. Prediction intervals for overall effects (all training modes combined) showed that the greatest confidence that future training will lead to positive effects was in the squat and countermovement jump, horizontal power and acceleration (prediction intervals = 0.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS High-level, highly trained male youth soccer players can experience positive gains in indices of strength, power and speed from strength, plyometric and combined training, and the magnitude of gains are mostly similar across modes of training. Based on prediction intervals, there is a good level of certainty that future strength, plyometric and combined training in this population would lead to positive improvements in vertical and horizontal power and sprint acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sports and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Andres Bello, 7591538, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Gieysztor E, Dawidziak A, Kowal M, Paprocka-Borowicz M. Jumping Motor Skills in Typically Developing Preschool Children Assessed Using a Battery of Tests. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1344. [PMID: 38400502 PMCID: PMC10893251 DOI: 10.3390/s24041344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The preschool period is characterised by the improvement in motor skills. One of the developmental tasks in children is the ability to jump. Jumping plays an important role in the development of leg strength and balance. It is the gateway to more complex movements. In the physiotherapy clinic, we see a lot of difficulties in jumping performance in 5-7-year-old children. The aim of this study is to present the jumping ability, assessed by the Motor Proficiency Test (MOT) and the G-sensor examination of the vertical countermovement jump (CMJ) and countermovement jump with arms thrust (CMJAT) parameters. A total of 47 children (14 boys and 33 girls) were randomly recruited. The mean age was 5.5 years. The mean height was 113 cm and the mean weight was 19.7 kg. The children were divided into two groups according to their results. Children with low basic motor skills have the greatest difficulty with jumping tasks. In the CMJ jump, the take-off force was lower than in the CMJAT (p = 0.04). Most CMJAT parameters correlate with age, weight, and height. Height correlates most with children's jumping performance. This study may be useful for sport educators and developmental researchers. The topic should be further explored and the CMJ and CMJAT parameters may be established as a basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Gieysztor
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.); (M.P.-B.)
| | - Aleksandra Dawidziak
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.); (M.P.-B.)
- Scientific Club No. 15 Progressio Infantis, Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kowal
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.); (M.P.-B.)
| | - Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.); (M.P.-B.)
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Gabriel A, Konrad A, Herold N, Horstmann T, Schleip R, Paternoster FK. Testing the Posterior Chain: Diagnostic Accuracy of the Bunkie Test versus the Isokinetic Hamstrings/Quadriceps Measurement in Patients with Self-Reported Knee Pain and Healthy Controls. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1011. [PMID: 38398324 PMCID: PMC10889369 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The isokinetic measurement (IM) of the leg muscles is well established but costly, whereas the Bunkie Test (BT) is a rarely investigated but easy-to-conduct functional test to evaluate the total posterior chain. Although the tests differ in aim and test structures, both have their justification in the assessment process. Therefore, this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the BT and the IM. (2) Methods: 21 participants (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.2 ± 5.26 years; weight 73.8 ± 14.6 kg; height 176.0 ± 9.91 cm) and 21 patients (9 female, 12 male; age, 26.5 ± 5.56 years; weight, 72.6 ± 16.9 kg; height 177.0 ± 10.1 cm) with self-reported pain in the knee performed the IM and the BT. For IM, we calculated the ratio of the knee mean flexor/extensor peak torque (H/Q ratio) for 60°/s and 120°/s, and BT performance was measured in seconds. We classified the IM (<0.6 H/Q ratio) and the BT (leg difference ≥4 s) as binary results according to the literature. We calculated the sensitivity and specificity, which we compared with the Chi-Square test, and the 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value of ≤0.05 is considered significant. (3) Results: The sensitivity for the BT was 0.89, 95% CI [0.67, 0.99], and the specificity was 0.52 [0.30, 0.74]. For the IM, the sensitivity was 0.14 [0.03, 0.36] for 60°/s and 0.05 [0.00, 0.24] for 120°/s, and the specificity was 0.70 [0.46, 0.88] for 60°/s and 0.90 [0.68, 0.99] for 120°/s. The results of the Chi-Square tests were significant for the BT (χ2 (1) = 6.17, p = 0.01) but not for the IM (60°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.70, p = 0.40; 120°/s: χ2 (1) = 0.00, p = 0.97). (4) Conclusions: Patients were more likely to obtain a positive test result for the BT but not for the IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gabriel
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nadine Herold
- Department Sport and Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany; (A.G.); (R.S.)
- Department of Medical Professions, Diploma University of Applied Sciences, 37242 Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
| | - Florian K. Paternoster
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
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Debnath A, Esht V, Chahal A, Kashoo FZ, Alshehri MM, Shaphe MA, Jaleel G, Khan M, Alghadir AH. Association between back-leg-chest muscle strength and kicking speed in soccer players: an observational study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:16-20. [PMID: 37712926 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have been performed on soccer kicks and stressed the significance of strength/power and coordination between the agonist and antagonist muscles of the lower limb. Along with accuracy, speed is also an important factor in a successful kick. It is reported that trunk musculature, hip and knee extensors of the non-kicking extremity, and hip adductors of the kicking side have a role in increasing the foot velocity while kicking. Since muscles do not work in isolation while kicking and several muscle groups of the leg and trunk have been reported to have a role in high-speed kicks, therefore measuring the combined strength of the leg, trunk, and arm muscles will be an appropriate method to examine their association with the kicking speed. The aim of this study was to examine the association of the combined strength of the lower extremities, back, chest, and arm muscles with the kicking speed of soccer players. METHODS Forty male soccer players (mean age 15.7 years) participated in the study. The back-leg-chest (BLC) dynamometer (Baseline, New York, NY, USA) and the mobile camera measured isometric muscle strength and kicking speed, respectively. The BLC dynamometer measured the isometric strength of the knee, hip, back extensors, and arm muscles. The kicking speed was measured by asking participants to kick a football in three directions - right, middle, and left - from 11 meters. RESULTS Significant (P<0.001) negative correlations of isometric strength of the back, leg, chest, and arm muscles and kicking speeds were found in all three directions. In all three correlations, Pearson's correlation coefficient was -0.989. Simple linear regression results showed that 97.8% (adjusted R2) of the variance observed in kicking speed (KS; RT), KS (MD), and KS (LT), was explained by the movement in BLC muscle strength values. CONCLUSIONS Kicking speeds in the right, middle, and left directions were negatively associated with the isometric strengths of the back, leg, chest, and arms muscles, measured using the BLC dynamometer, in participating soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vandana Esht
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aksh Chahal
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Medical and Allied Health Science, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Faizan Z Kashoo
- Department of Physical Therapy and Health Rehabilitation, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Alshehri
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Shaphe
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghufran Jaleel
- Center for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia -
| | - Ahmad H Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Murphy A, Burgess K, Hall AJ, Aspe RR, Swinton PA. The Effects of Strength and Conditioning Interventions on Sprinting Performance in Team Sport Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1692-1702. [PMID: 37494121 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Murphy, A, Burgess, K, Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, and Swinton, PA. The effects of strength and conditioning interventions on sprinting performance in team sport athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1692–1702, 2023—Linear sprinting is a key determinant of athletic performance within team sports. The aims of the review were to quantify and compare the effectiveness of popular strength and conditioning (S&C) training modes to improve sprint performance in team sport athletes, with additional focus on potential moderators and the relationships between improvements in physical factors (e.g., strength, power, and jump performance) and improvements in sprint performance. Inclusion was restricted to resistance, plyometric, sprint, and combined training interventions comprising team sport athletes. Multilevel, Bayesian’s meta-analysis and meta-regression models conducted with standardized mean difference effect sizes were used to investigate training modes and potential moderators. Weighted regression models conducted on shrunken estimates from initial Bayesian’s meta-analyses were used to quantify relationships between improvements in physical factors and sprint performance. Certainty of evidence was assessed using the grading of recommendations assessment development and evaluation (GRADE) approach. Similar improvements in sprint performance were obtained across training modes, with some evidence of the largest effects with resistance training (
= 0.55 [95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.36–0.78; very low certainty]). A strong moderating effect of training intensity was identified across all training modes with evidence of greater improvements in sprint performance with high-intensity training (
= 0.17 [95% CrI: 0.01–0.33; very low certainty]). Strong positive relationships were identified between improvements in all physical factors and sprint performance (
= 0.56 [95% CrI: 0.36–0.77; low certainty],
= 0.80 [95% CrI: 0.50–1.0; low certainty],
= 0.78 [95% CrI: 0.57–0.97; low certainty]). The findings indicate that focus on developing speed in team sport athletes should be placed on S&C training with high intensities, including the use of resisted sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murphy
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Sampaio T, Marinho D, Teixeira JE, Oliveira J, Morais J. Clustering U-14 Portuguese regional team football players by lower limb strength, power, dynamic balance, speed and change of direction: understanding the field position factor. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15609. [PMID: 37483964 PMCID: PMC10362840 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to cluster U-14 Portuguese regional team football players based on variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction. Method The sample consisted of 22 young male soccer players (13.83 ± 0.44 years). A set of variables related to lower limb strength and power, dynamic balance, linear sprint, and change of direction was measured. Results Overall, a non-significant field position was observed. The countermovement jump (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.73), squat jump (p < 0.001), and 30 m linear sprint (p = 0.001) were the main variables responsible for establishing the clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by a high slalom, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction) and a low composite score in the dynamic balance. Cluster 2 was characterized by high squat jump, countermovement jump, and reactive strength ratio (lower limb strength and power). Cluster 3 was characterized by low squat jump and countermovement jump (lower limb strength and power), and a high 30 m sprint, i.e., it took longer to complete the test (speed and change of direction). Based on the results of the territorial map, the clusters consisted of: (i) cluster 1: two forwards, one midfielder, and five defenders; (ii) cluster 2: three forwards, two midfielders, and two defenders, and; (iii) cluster 3: four midfielders and three defenders. Conclusions Players from different field positions composed the three clusters. There was no cluster composed exclusively of players of the same field position. The development of individualized and specific enrichment training programs should consider a cluster analysis, as the positional effect can be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sampaio
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Eduardo Teixeira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Morais
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Covilhã, Portugal
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Effects of plyometric vs. strength training on strength, sprint, and functional performance in soccer players: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4256. [PMID: 36918731 PMCID: PMC10015051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) has been shown to have numerous benefits and few harmful effects. This study aimed to compare the effects of PT vs. strength training on muscle strength, sprint, and lower limb functional performance in soccer players. Ninety participants (mean age 22.5 years) were equally and randomly divided into three groups: a plyometric training group (PTG; n = 30), a strength training group (STG; n = 30), and a control group (CG; n = 30). In PTG: bounding, hurdling, and drop jumping exercises were performed. In STG: isometric exercises of knee extension (at 60º knee flexion), quadriceps (in supine), hip adductors (in crook lying), and straight leg raise were performed. In CG: no specific training was given. All interventions were performed for eight weeks. Isometric strength (IS), sprint (ST), and single-leg triple hop (SLTH) tests were outcome measures. The wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for with-in-group analysis, and Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney u tests were used for between-group analyses. In PTG: in comparison to a baseline measurement, IS increased by 8.83% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 20.14% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 7.78% (p < 0.05). In STG: IS increased by 15.76% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 30.26% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 12.41% (p < 0.05). In CG: IS increased by 5.72% (p < 0.05), ST decreased by 15.54% (p < 0.05), and SLTH increased by 4.41% (p < 0.05). The greatest improvements were observed in STG, followed by PTG and CG. Strength training was found to be more effective than PT in improving muscle strength, sprint, and lower limb functional performance in male soccer players.
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Gouveia JN, França C, Martins F, Henriques R, Nascimento MDM, Ihle A, Sarmento H, Przednowek K, Martinho D, Gouveia ÉR. Characterization of Static Strength, Vertical Jumping, and Isokinetic Strength in Soccer Players According to Age, Competitive Level, and Field Position. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031799. [PMID: 36767166 PMCID: PMC9914659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Muscular strength is strongly related to speed and agility tasks, which have been described as the most decisive actions preceding goals in the soccer game. This study aimed to characterize the players' strength indicators and to analyze the variation associated with age, competition level, and positional role. Eighty-three male soccer players from A team (n = 22), B team (n = 17), U-23 (n = 19), and U-19 (n = 25) participated in this study. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+), countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ) were evaluated using Optojump Next, and a Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer was used to assess the isokinetic strength of knee extension/flexion. Team A players showed increased lower-body strength compared to their peers, mainly through their increased vertical jumping capacity (i.e., CMJ and SJ; ps < 0.019), and superior performance in isokinetic assessments (i.e., peak torque, total work, and average power). Overall, older players outperformed their younger peers regarding vertical jumping, static strength, and average power in isokinetic strength (ps < 0.005). This study emphasizes the superior strength levels of professional soccer players compared with their lower-division peers, even after controlling by age. This information is of great value to sports agents and coaches, underlining the need to design and include strength-specific content during soccer training.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Nuno Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Marítimo da Madeira—Futebol, SAD, 9020-208 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | | | - Marcelo de Maio Nascimento
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Brazil
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Education (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Diogo Martinho
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Education (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, 3004-504Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Byrne LM, Byrne PJ, Byrne EK, Byrne AP, Coyle C. Cross-Sectional Study of the Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Profiles of Adolescent Hurling, Camogie, and Gaelic Football Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3422-3431. [PMID: 34537799 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Byrne, LM, Byrne, PJ, Byrne, EK, Byrne, AP, and Coyle, C. Cross-sectional study of the physical fitness and anthropometric profiles of adolescent hurling, camogie, and Gaelic football players. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3422-3431, 2022-The primary aim of this study was to identify the physical fitness profile of Irish adolescents playing hurling, camogie, and Gaelic football according to age and gender. To establish relationships between the physical fitness tests and anthropometry for these male and female adolescents. This cross-sectional study design included 311 adolescents between age of 13-18 years. Subjects completed a physical fitness test battery of 9 tests which included the following: height, body mass, modified sit and reach (SR), seated medicine ball throw (MBT), countermovement jump (CMJ), standing long jump (SLJ), 15-m sprint, 505 agility, and a 6-minute modified Cooper test (m-CT). Female subjects scored significantly higher in the SR than males, and older adolescents scored significantly higher than younger adolescents ( p < 0.05). In the remaining fitness tests (MBT, SLJ, CMJ, 15-m sprint, agility, and m-CT), males outperformed females, males had greater anthropometry scores than females, and older adolescents outperformed and had higher changes in anthropometry than younger counterparts ( p < 0.05). Normative data for gender and age-specific percentile values (5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90 th , and 95th) for these tests in these adolescent players are provided. These data are useful for clubs, parents, coaches, clinicians, and secondary schools in monitoring adolescents and to provide training programs that develop athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Byrne
- Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology, Carlow, Ireland
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Wagner CM, Warneke K, Bächer C, Liefke C, Paintner P, Kuhn L, Brauner T, Wirth K, Keiner M. Despite Good Correlations, There Is No Exact Coincidence between Isometric and Dynamic Strength Measurements in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:175. [PMID: 36355825 PMCID: PMC9692642 DOI: 10.3390/sports10110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Speed strength performances are substantially dependent on maximum strength. Due to their importance, various methods have been utilized to measure maximum strength (e.g., isometric or dynamic) with discussed differences regarding transferability to sport-specific movements dependent upon the testing procedure. The aim of this study was to analyze whether maximum isometric force (MIF) during isometric back squats correlates with maximum strength measurements of the one repetition maximum (1RM) in the squat, with countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and with drop jump (DJ) performances in elite youth soccer players (n = 16, 18.4 ± 1.5 [range: 17-23] years old). Additionally, concordance correlation coefficients (CCC, [ρc]) between isometric and dynamic measurements were calculated to verify whether one measurement can actually reproduce the results of the other. To improve comprehension, differences between isometric and dynamic testing values were illustrated by providing differences between both testing conditions. For this, the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) were calculated. To reach equality in scale, the 1RM measures were multiplicated by 9.81 to obtain a value of N. The 1RM demonstrated correlations of τ = |0.38| to |0.52| with SJ and CMJ performances, while MIF demonstrated correlations of τ = |0.21| to |0.32|. However, the correlations of both 1RM and MIF with the DJ reactive strength index (RSI = jump height /contact time) from different falling heights were of no statistical significance. The data showed significant correlations between both the absolute (τ = |0.54|) and the relative (τ = |0.40|) performances of 1RM and MIF, which were confirmed by CCC of ρc= |0.56| to |0.66|, respectively. Furthermore, the MAE and MAPE showed values of 2080.87 N and 67.4%, respectively. The data in this study show that, despite good correlations, there is no exact coincidence between isometric and dynamic strength measurements. Accordingly, both measurements may only represent an estimation of maximal strength capacity and cannot be substituted for each other. Therefore, maximal strength should be tested by using high similarity in the contraction condition, as it is used in the training process to counteract underestimation in strength because of unfamiliarity with the testing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-M. Wagner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bächer
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
- SSV Jahn Regensburg, 93059 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Larissa Kuhn
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Torsten Brauner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Science, University of Applied Science Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany
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11
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The Effects of Different Relative Loads in Weight Training on Acceleration and Acceleration from Flying Starts. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10100148. [PMID: 36287761 PMCID: PMC9611022 DOI: 10.3390/sports10100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to examine how different relative loads in weight training can improve acceleration over 10 m from a standing or flying start. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the following databases: PubMed, MedLine, Google Scholar, and SPORTDiscus. Studies were eligible if they met the following criteria: (1) participants were at least 15 years or older and healthy and injury free, (2) the study included at least one exercise for the lower body with a strength training frequency of at least once a week and included a training period of at least four weeks, and (3) interventions with clear pre- and post-test results on 10 m sprint or 10 m flying start are stated. Non-English-language articles were excluded. Percent change and between-group effect size (ES) were calculated to compare the effects of different training interventions. Forty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The results were categorized into four groups: (1) explosive weight training with light loads at 30–60% of 1-RM, (2) explosive weight training with moderate loads at 60–85% of 1-RM, (3) maximal weight training at 85–100% of 1-RM, and (4) hypertrophy training at 60–85% of 1-RM. At 10 m, all methods of weight training demonstrated improvements, and maximal weight training demonstrated the highest results with a large ES, while other approaches varied from very small to moderate ES. Weight training showed little progression with a significantly lower effect on flying start across all training methods, except for one group that trained power cleans (hypertrophy) where progress was large. To improve acceleration over the first 10 m, this review demonstrated maximal weight training as the preferred training method. For athletes with a pre-existing high level of strength, it could be more appropriate to use explosive training with light loads or a combination of the two. To a lesser extent, acceleration from a flying start could be improved using both training methods as well.
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12
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Lloyd RS, Howard SW, Pedley JS, Read PJ, Gould ZI, Oliver JL. The Acute Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading on Drop Jump Kinetics in Adolescent Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2381-2386. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Freire R, Pereira GR, Alcantara JMA, Santos R, Hausen M, Itaborahy A. New Predictive Resting Metabolic Rate Equations for High-Level Athletes: A Cross-Validation Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1335-1345. [PMID: 35389940 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aims a) to assess the agreement between the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR) using indirect calorimetry and different predictive equations (predicted RMR), and b) to propose and cross-validate two new predictive equations for estimating the RMR in high-level athletes. METHODS The RMR of 102 athletes (44 women) was assessed using indirect calorimetry, whereas the body composition was assessed using skinfolds. Comparisons between measured and predicted RMR values were performed using one-way ANOVA. Mean difference, root mean square error (RMSE), simple linear regression, and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR. The accuracy of predictive equations was analyzed using narrower and wider accuracy limits (±5% and ±10%, respectively) of measured RMR. Multiple linear regression models were employed to develop the new predictive equations based on traditional predictors (equation 1) and the stepwise method (equation 2). RESULTS The new equations 1 and 2 presented good agreement based on the mean difference (3 and -15 kcal·d -1 ), RMSE (200 and 192 kcal·d -1 ), and R2 (0.71 and 0.74), respectively, and accuracy (61% of subjects between the limit of ±10% of measured RMR). Cunningham's equation provided the best performance for males and females among the existing equations, whereas Jagim's equation showed the worst performance for males (mean difference = -335 kcal·d -1 ; RMSE = 386 kcal·d -1 ). Compared with measured RMR, most predictive equations showed heteroscedastic distribution (linear regression's intercept and slope significantly different from zero; P ≤ 0.05), mainly in males. CONCLUSIONS The new proposed equations can estimate the RMR in high-level athletes accurately. Cunningham's equation is a good option from existing equations, and Jagim's equation should not be used in high-level male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Freire
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Glauber R Pereira
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, SPAIN
| | - Ruan Santos
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Matheus Hausen
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
| | - Alex Itaborahy
- Olympic Laboratory, Brazil Olympic Committee, Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
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14
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Toselli S, Mauro M, Grigoletto A, Cataldi S, Benedetti L, Nanni G, Di Miceli R, Aiello P, Gallamini D, Fischetti F, Greco G. Assessment of Body Composition and Physical Performance of Young Soccer Players: Differences According to the Competitive Level. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060823. [PMID: 35741344 PMCID: PMC9219641 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Soccer is a multifactorial sport, in which players are expected to possess well developed physical, psychological, technical, and tactical skills. Thus, the anthropometric and fitness measures play a determinant role and could vary according to the competitive level. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify differences in body composition and physical performance between two soccer team. 162 young soccer players (from the Under 12 to Under 15 age categories; age: 13.01 ± 1.15 years) of different competitive levels (elite—n = 98 and non-elite—n = 64) were recruited. Anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, lengths, widths, circumferences, and skinfold thicknesses (SK)), bioelectrical impedance, physical performance test as countermovement jump (CMJ), 15 m straight-line sprints, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo), and 20 + 20 m repeated-sprint ability (RSA)) were carried out. In addition, Body mass index (BMI), body composition parameters (percentage of fat mass (%F), Fat mass (FM, kg), and Fat-free mass (FFM, kg)) and the areas of the upper arm, calf and thigh were calculated, and the Bioelectric Impedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) procedures were applied. In addition, a linear discriminant analysis was assessed to determine which factors better discriminate between an elite and non-elite football team. Many differences were observed in body composition between and within each football team’s category, especially in triceps SK (p < 0.05), %F (p < 0.05), and all performance tests (p < 0.01). The canonical correlation was 0.717 (F(7,128) = 19.37, p < 0.0001), and the coefficients that better discriminated between two teams were 15 m sprint (−2.39), RSA (1−26), suprailiac SK (−0.5) and CMJ (−0.45). Elite soccer team players present a better body composition and greater physical efficiency. In addition, BIVA outcome could be a relevant selection criterion to scout among younger soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (S.C.)
| | - Luca Benedetti
- Bologna F.C. 1909 Technical Center, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Gianni Nanni
- Isokinetic Research Center, 40132 Bologna, Italy; (G.N.); (R.D.M.)
| | | | - Paolo Aiello
- Bologna F.C. 1909 Technical Center, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (L.B.); (P.A.)
| | | | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.F.); (G.G.)
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15
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Maturity-Associated Differences in Match Running Performance in Elite Male Youth Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:1352-1360. [PMID: 34706339 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of maturation on match running performance in elite male youth soccer players. METHODS A total of 37 elite male youth soccer participants from an English professional soccer academy from the U14s, U15s, and U16s age groups were assessed over the course of 1 competitive playing season (2018-2019). Relative biological maturity was assessed using percentage of predicted adult height. A global positioning system device was used between 2 and 30 (mean = 8 [5]) times on each outfield player. The position of each player in each game was defined as defender, midfielder, or attacker and spine or lateral. A total of 5 match-running metrics were collected total distance covered, high-speed running distance, very high-speed running distance, maximum speed attained, and number of accelerations. RESULTS Relative biological maturity was positively associated with all global positioning system running metrics for U14s. The U15/16s showed variation in the associations among the global positioning system running metrics against maturity status. A multilevel model which allowed slopes to vary was the best model for all parameters for both age groups. In the U14 age group, advanced maturation was associated with greater high-speed running distance. However, maturation did not contribute toward variance in any of the indices of running performance in the U15/16s. In the U15/16 age group, significance was observed in the spine/lateral playing positions when undertaking actions that required covering distance at high speeds. CONCLUSIONS Maturation appeared to have an impact on match-running metrics within the U14s cohort. However, within the U15/16s, the influence of maturation on match-running metrics appeared to have less of an impact.
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16
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Keiner M, Kapsecker A, Stefer T, Kadlubowski B, Wirth K. Differences in Squat Jump, Linear Sprint, and Change-of-Direction Performance among Youth Soccer Players According to Competitive Level. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9110149. [PMID: 34822349 PMCID: PMC8624564 DOI: 10.3390/sports9110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to analyze significant differences in performance depending on the level of play (elite vs. amateur) in youth soccer players (under 17 years. old (U17) and U19). A cross-sectional study was conducted, and 45 elite and amateur male youth soccer players (16.56 ± 0.9 years old) were evaluated in their performances in squat jump (SJ), 10 m linear sprint (LS), 20 m LS, 505 agility test (505) and Illinois agility test (IAT). Differences in performances were analyzed with a 2 × 2 MANOVA, post-hoc ANOVAs, and Hedges’ g (g) for pairwise comparisons of subgroups (level of play and age group). This investigation showed that the elite player performance was significantly (p < 0.05) better in all performance tests than amateur players in both age groups. Interestingly, this investigation showed that the more complex the target exercise, the larger the effect sizes for group differences (SJ: g = 0.64–1.18, LS: g = 0.05–2.23, change-of-direction (COD): g = 3.01–6.84). The SJ, LS, 505, and IAT may prove useful in talent selection test batteries to separate between competitive levels in youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Keiner
- Department of Sports Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.K.); (T.S.); (B.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andreas Kapsecker
- Department of Sports Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.K.); (T.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Tobias Stefer
- Department of Sports Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.K.); (T.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Björn Kadlubowski
- Department of Sports Science, German University of Health & Sport, 85737 Ismaning, Germany; (A.K.); (T.S.); (B.K.)
- DSC Arminia Bielefeld e. V., 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department of Sports Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, 2700 Vienna, Austria;
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17
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Ramos GP, Nakamura FY, Penna EM, Mendes TT, Mahseredjian F, Lima AM, Garcia ES, Prado LS, Coimbra CC. Comparison of Physical Fitness and Anthropometrical Profiles Among Brazilian Female Soccer National Teams From U15 to Senior Categories. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2302-2308. [PMID: 31009426 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ramos, GP, Nakamura, FY, Penna, EM, Mendes, TT, Mahseredjian, F, Lima, AM, Garcia, ES, Prado, LS, and Coimbra, CC. Comparison of physical fitness and anthropometrical profiles among Brazilian female soccer national teams from U15 to senior categories. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2302-2308, 2021-This study aimed to compare anthropometric and physical fitness of Brazilian female national team soccer players from the U15 to senior categories, and to compare the physical performance between selected and nonselected players. Subjects included 231 athletes (U15, n = 46, U17, n = 49, U20, n = 98, and Senior, n = 38). Body mass, height, sum of skinfolds, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, and Yo-Yo IR1 were assessed. The U15 players were shorter than all other groups (p < 0.01) and lighter than U20 players (p < 0.01). Regarding physical tests, Senior athletes presented higher SJ compared with U20, and both showed higher CMJ and SJ compared with the U15 and U17 (p < 0.05). Senior athletes were also faster than players of all other categories in 20-m sprint (p < 0.01) and covered the greatest distance in the Yo-Yo IR1 (p < 0.05). U20 were better in the Yo-Yo IR1 than the younger groups (p < 0.05). When comparing selected and nonselected players, no differences were identified in anthropometric measures (p > 0.05). However, selected players from U17, U20, and Senior teams showed better performance in Yo-Yo IR1 than nonselected ones (p < 0.05). Finally, selected senior athletes also presented higher CMJ and SJ than nonselected players (p < 0.05). These results suggest that, although there is a tendency for maintenance in anthropometric measures from the age of 15 years, there are substantial improvements in speed, lower-body power, and aerobic capacity from U20 age group. In addition, it seems that intermittent aerobic fitness contributes to the selection of players to international tournaments in national teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme P Ramos
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Brazilian National Football Confederation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Y Nakamura
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eduardo M Penna
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Para, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago T Mendes
- Federal University of Maranhão, São Luiz, Maranhão, Brazil ; and
| | | | - Andre M Lima
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Garcia
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. D'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luciano S Prado
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cândido C Coimbra
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Institute of Biological Sciences, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Uthoff A, Oliver J, Cronin J, Winwood P, Harrison C, Lee JE. Resisted Sprint Training in Youth: The Effectiveness of Backward vs. Forward Sled Towing on Speed, Jumping, and Leg Compliance Measures in High-School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2205-2212. [PMID: 34398077 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Uthoff, A, Oliver, J, Cronin, J, Winwood, P, Harrison, C, and Lee, JE. Resisted sprint training in youth: the effectiveness of backward vs. forward sled towing on speed, jumping, and leg compliance measures in high-school athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2205-2212, 2021-Resisted sprinting (RS) is a popular training method used to enhance sprinting performance in youth. However, research has only explored the effects of forward RS (FRS) training. We examined the effects of FRS and backward RS (BRS) and compared these with a traditional physical education curriculum (CON). One hundred fifteen boys (age 13-15 years) were matched for maturity and allocated to either an FRS (n = 34), BRS (n = 46), or CON (n = 35) group. Training groups towed progressively overloaded sleds (20-55% body mass) 2 d·wk-1 for 8 weeks. Pre-training and post-training data were collected for sprinting times over 10 and 20 m, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and leg stiffness (KN). Performance remained unchanged for the CON group (all p > 0.05), whereas all variables significantly improved (p < 0.05) after BRS, and all but 10-m performance improved after FRS. Compared with the CON, BRS and FRS significantly (p > 0.05) improved CMJ (Effect size [ES] = 0.67 and 0.38) and KN (ES = 0.94 and 0.69), respectively. No differences were found between training groups. The probabilities of improving sprinting performance after BRS (∼70%) were on average ∼10 and ∼8% better than the FRS and CON groups, respectively. The BRS and FRS showed similar probabilities of improving CMJ (75 and 79%) and KN (80 and 81%), respectively, over the CON group. It seems that BRS may be a means to improve sprint performance, and regardless of direction, RS seems to be a beneficial method for improving jumping height and leg stiffness in youth male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Youth Physical Development Center, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Fitness, Faculty of Community Wellbeing and Development, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand ; and
| | - Craig Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeong Eun Lee
- School of Engineering, Computerand Mathematical Sciences, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Bishop C, Brashill C, Abbott W, Read P, Lake J, Turner A. Jumping Asymmetries Are Associated With Speed, Change of Direction Speed, and Jump Performance in Elite Academy Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1841-1847. [PMID: 30707141 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bishop, C, Brashill, C, Abbott, W, Read, P, Lake, J, and Turner, A. Jumping asymmetries are associated with speed, change of direction speed, and jump performance in elite academy soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1841-1847, 2021-The aim of this study was to establish interlimb asymmetries across different age groups in elite academy male soccer players and to examine any relationships between asymmetry and measures of physical performance. Fifty-one players from an English Premier League soccer academy were split into under-23 (n = 21), under-18 (n = 14), and under-16 (n = 16) groups and performed bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps, 5-, 10-, and 20-m sprints, and a 505 change of direction speed tests. All tests showed low variability (coefficient of variation ≤ 2.5%) and good to excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.80-0.99). A 1-way analysis of variance showed that the under-23 group was significantly faster than the under-16 group during the 20-m sprint (2.90 vs. 2.98 s; p = 0.02; effect size = 0.94). No other significant differences were present between groups. Interlimb asymmetry was quantified from the single-leg countermovement jump, and no significant differences in the magnitude of asymmetry were present between groups. However, multiple significant correlations were present in each age group between asymmetry and physical performance tests, all of which were indicative of reduced athletic performance. Results from this study show that although interlimb asymmetry scores are comparable across age groups in elite academy soccer players, differences as low as 5% are associated with reduced physical performance during jumping, sprinting, and change of direction speed tasks. This study suggests the importance of monitoring jump height asymmetries in elite academy soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Brashill
- Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club Academy, Lancing, United Kingdom
| | - Will Abbott
- Brighton and Hove Albion Football Club Academy, Lancing, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar ; and
| | - Jason Lake
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Characteristics of Pedaling Muscle Stiffness among Cyclists of Different Performance Levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060606. [PMID: 34208215 PMCID: PMC8230890 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the impact of an incremental exercise test on muscle stiffness in the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GL) among road cyclists of three performance levels. Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 35 cyclists grouped according to their performance level; elite (n = 10; professional license), sub-elite (n = 12; amateur license), and recreational (n = 13; cyclosportive license). Passive muscle stiffness was assessed using myometry before and after an incremental exercise test. Results: There was a significant correlation between time and category in the vastus lateralis with stiffness increases in the sub-elite (p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.88) and elite groups (p = 0.003, Cohen's d = 0.72), but not in the recreational group (p = 0.085). Stiffness increased over time in the knee extensors (RF, p < 0.001; VL, p < 0.001), but no changes were observed in the knee flexors (GL, p = 0.63, BF, p = 0.052). There were no baseline differences among the categories in any muscle. Conclusions: Although the performance level affected VL stiffness after an incremental exercise test, no differences in passive stiffness were observed among the main muscles implicated in pedaling in a resting state. Future research should assess whether this marker could be used to differentiate cyclists of varying fitness levels and its potential applicability for the monitoring of training load.
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Effect of four different hamstring and quadriceps training protocols on explosive strength. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Bekris E, Pidoulas G, Pidoulas P, Gissis I, Katis A, Komsis S. Examination of Physical Fitness Parameters Between Professional and Amateur Greek Soccer Players During the Transition Period. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:776-781. [PMID: 30289873 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bekris, E, Pidoulas, G, Pidoulas, P, Gissis, I, Katis, A, and Komsis, S. Examination of physical fitness parameters between professional and amateur Greek soccer players during the transition period. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 776-781, 2021-The aim of the study was to compare physical fitness parameters between professional and amateur soccer players of different levels. The sample consisted of 381 soccer players divided in 4 experimental groups: first division professional players (n = 115), second division professional players (n = 70), third division semiprofessional players (n = 93), and amateur soccer players (n = 103). Players were tested for several physiological parameters at the end of the transition period. Analysis of variance showed significantly lower body fat and increased maximum oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and velocity of maximum oxygen consumption (vV̇o2max) values for first division professional players compared with the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Similarly, first division professional players showed higher performance during squat jump and countermovement jump test compared with the other experimental groups (p < 0.05). Significant differences on flexibility test were observed between amateur players and the other group (p < 0.05). The results of the study indicated that Greek soccer players at the highest level overcome in almost all the underexamination physiological parameters probably because of less absence from training and better implementation of training programs during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Bekris
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Georgios Pidoulas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Pantelis Pidoulas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Ioannis Gissis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios Komsis
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Honorato RDC, Franchini E, Lara JPR, Fonteles AI, Pinto JCBDL, Mortatti AL. Differences in Handgrip Strength-Endurance and Muscle Activation Between Young Male Judo Athletes and Untrained Individuals. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:1-10. [PMID: 32023202 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1699233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare strength-endurance handgrip performance and muscle coactivation between judo athletes and untrained young males. Method: The sample was 38 judo athletes and 38 untrained young males, between 12 and 15 years-old. Maturational status was evaluated by age at peak height velocity. A maximal isometric handgrip test (three 5-s repetitions, with 90-s intervals) and an isometric strength-endurance handgrip test (ten 10-s all-out isometric handgrip repetitions, 20-s intervals) was conducted in dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) hands, using a dynamometer with EMG monitor to detect muscle activation. Results: ANCOVA analysis, controlling for maturational status, showed that judo athletes had higher values of maximal absolute (D = 33.6 ± 8.9 kgf vs 29.1 ± 9.0 kgf; ND = 33.8 ± 9.9 kgf vs 28.1 ± 8.1 kgf) and relative strength to body mass (D = 0.64 ± 0.12 kg/kgf vs 0.57 ± 0.13 kg/kgf; ND = 0.64 ± 0.16 kg/kgf vs 0.56 ± 0.14 kg/kgf). Moreover, judo athletes presented lower strength mean fatigue index (33.2 ± 6.9 % vs 37.9 ± 8.7 %) and muscle coactivation (48 ± 19.8 % vs 57.5 ± 22 %), only in the dominant hand, during the isometric strength-endurance handgrip test. During all repetitions of isometric endurance test there were no group or interaction between factors effects for absolute strength, relative strength and muscle coactivation. Conclusion: In summary, judo athletes present higher maximal absolute and relative strength and strength-endurance performance, concomitantly with decreased muscles co-activation (primary in dominant hand) during handgrip tests.
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Wdowski MM, Noon M, Mundy PD, Gittoes MJR, Duncan MJ. The Kinematic and Kinetic Development of Sprinting and Countermovement Jump Performance in Boys. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:547075. [PMID: 33251191 PMCID: PMC7676893 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.547075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the study was to examine the kinematics and kinetics of sprint running and countermovement jump performance between the ages of 8–9, and 11–12 years old boys in order to understand the developmental plateau in performance. Methods 18 physically active boys (Age: 10.1 ± 1.6), in an under 9 years old (U9) and an under 12 years old (U12) group performed 15 m sprints and countermovement jumps. A 3D motion analysis system (200 Hz), synchronized with four force platforms (1,000 Hz), was used to collect kinematic and kinetic data during the first stance phase of the sprint run and the countermovement jump. Results The U12 group had a significantly greater height (U9: 1.364 ± 0.064 m; U12: 1.548 ± 0.046 mm), larger mass (U9: 30.9 ± 3.5 kg; U12: 43.9 ± 5.0 kg), superior sprint performance over 0–5 m (U9: 1.31 ± 0.007 s; U12: 1.23 ± 0.009 s) and 0–15 m (U9: 3.20 ± 0.17 s; U12: 3.01 ± 0.20 s), and increased jump height (U9: 0.17 ± 0.06 m; U12: 0.24 ± 0.10 m) than the under nine group. During the first stance phase of the sprint the U12 group had a significantly greater vertical (U9: 0.22 ± 0.02 BW/s; U12: 0.25 ± 0.03 BW.s) and horizontal impulse (U9: 0.07 ± 0.02 BW/s; U12: 0.09 ± 0.03 BW.s) than the U9 group. When performing a countermovement jump the U12 group had a significantly greater mean average eccentric force (U9: 407.3 ± 55.0 N; U12: 542.2 ± 65.1 N) and mean average concentric force (U9: 495.8 ± 41.3 N; U12: 684.0 ± 62.1 N). Joint kinematics for the countermovement jump were significantly different between age groups for the ankle range of motion (U9: 80.6 ± 17.4°; U12: 64.1 ± 9°) and knee minimum joint angle (U9: −5.7 ± 3.9°; U12: 0.0 ± 4.4°). Conclusion: The study demonstrates for the first time that the development of physically active boys between the ages of 8–9 to 11–12 years increased the ground reaction forces and impulses during sprint running and countermovement jumps, but that sprint running technique had not developed during this period. Furthermore, countermovement jump technique was still emerging at the age of 8–9 years old. Practitioners need to implement on-going fine-grained sprint running and CMJ technique sessions to ensure that the increased force producing capabilities that come with age are appropriately utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian M Wdowski
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Noon
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Mundy
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne J R Gittoes
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Keller S, Koob A, Corak D, von Schöning V, Born DP. How to Improve Change-of-Direction Speed in Junior Team Sport Athletes-Horizontal, Vertical, Maximal, or Explosive Strength Training? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:473-482. [PMID: 30199451 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Keller, S, Koob, A, Corak, D, von Schöning, V, and Born, DP. How to improve change-of-direction speed in junior team sport athletes-Horizontal, vertical, maximal, or explosive strength training? J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 473-482, 2020-The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of 4 different training methods on change-of-direction (COD) speed in junior team sport athletes. Specifically, we investigated whether horizontal load training incorporating lateral acceleration and deceleration would induce superior performance adaptations with respect to COD speed, compared with common vertically oriented maximal strength (squats and deadlifts), explosive strength (power clean and high pull), and vertical jumping exercises. Male U15 team sport athletes (n = 45) were assigned to 1 of 4 groups and performed 2 intervention training sessions per week for 4 weeks, in addition to their usual sport-specific training. Before and after the training period, COD speed, countermovement and drop jump heights, 1-legged lateral jump, and standing long jump performance were assessed. All 4 training groups improved COD speed (p ≤ 0.01, effect size [ES] ≥1.35). Countermovement and 1-legged lateral jump performance improved with the horizontal load (p < 0.01, ES = 0.81 and p < 0.01, ES = 1.36), maximal (p = 0.01, ES = 0.56 and p < 0.01, ES = 1.14), and explosive strength training (p < 0.01, ES = 0.95 and p < 0.01, ES = 1.60, respectively). The standing long jump improved with the maximal (p < 0.01, ES = 1.14) and explosive strength training (p < 0.01, ES = 0.60). In conclusion, all 4 training methods improved the COD speed in junior U15 team sport athletes. These findings emphasize the importance of well-developed lower-body strength and power, which contribute to fast COD speed. From a practical perspective, conditioning programs for junior athletes can incorporate horizontally and vertically oriented exercises with similar effectiveness on COD speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Keller
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Institute for Sport Sciences, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Cahill MJ, Oliver JL, Cronin JB, Clark K, Cross MR, Lloyd RS, Lee JE. Influence of Resisted Sled-Pull Training on the Sprint Force-Velocity Profile of Male High-School Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2751-2759. [PMID: 32773545 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cahill, MJ, Oliver, JL, Cronin, JB, Clark, K, Cross, MR, Lloyd, RS, and Lee, JE. Influence of resisted sled-pull training on the sprint force-velocity profile of male high-school athletes. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2751-2759, 2020-Although resisted sled towing is a commonly used method of sprint-specific training, little uniformity exists around training guidelines for practitioners. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of unresisted and resisted sled-pull training across multiple loads. Fifty-three male high-school athletes were assigned to an unresisted (n = 12) or 1 of 3 resisted groups: light (n = 15), moderate (n = 14), and heavy (n = 12) corresponding to loads of 44 ± 4 %BM, 89 ± 8 %BM, and 133 ± 12 %BM that caused a 25, 50, and 75% velocity decrement in maximum sprint speed, respectively. All subjects performed 2 sled-pull training sessions twice weekly for 8 weeks. Split times of 5, 10, and 20 m improved across all resisted groups (d = 0.40-1.04, p < 0.01) but did not improve with unresisted sprinting. However, the magnitude of the gains increased most within the heavy group, with the greatest improvement observed over the first 10 m (d ≥ 1.04). Changes in preintervention to postintervention force-velocity profiles were specific to the loading prescribed during training. Specifically, F0 increased most in moderate to heavy groups (d = 1.08-1.19); Vmax significantly decreased in the heavy group but increased in the unresisted group (d = 012-0.44); whereas, Pmax increased across all resisted groups (d = 0.39-1.03). The results of this study suggest that the greatest gains in short distance sprint performance, especially initial acceleration, are achieved using much heavier sled loads than previously studied in young athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheál J Cahill
- Applied Health and Performance Department, Athlete Training and Health, Allen, Texas.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdoms
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Clark
- Department of Kinesiology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Interuniversity Laboratory of Motricity Biology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdoms.,Center for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand; and
| | - Jeong E Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Anthropometric and Functional Profile of Selected vs. Non-Selected 13-to-17-Year-Old Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8080111. [PMID: 32784932 PMCID: PMC7466633 DOI: 10.3390/sports8080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric and functional profiles of 13-to-17-year-old soccer players according to their competitive level. Height, body mass, percentage of body fat, countermovement jump height, change of direction ability, 5- and 15-m sprint times, repeated sprint ability (RSA), intermittent recovery performance, and dribbling skills were collected in 115 young Italian soccer players. Players were divided into selected (i.e., competing at national level, n = 17 U15 and 47 U17) and non-selected (i.e., competing at regional level, n = 43 U15 and 8 U17) groups. U17 selected players were taller, quicker over 5 and 15 m, more agile, and had better RSA, prolonged intermittent recovery ability, and dribbling skills than their non-selected counterparts (d = 0.28–0.55, p < 0.05). In particular, selected players showed lower times on the first three and the last shuttle of the RSA test (d = 0.28–0.34, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in U15 players (p > 0.05). Discriminant analysis revealed that dribbling skills, 15-m sprint time, and height best discriminate U17 players by competitive level (p < 0.001). Anthropometric characteristics and functional abilities can discriminate across competitive standards between male U17 but not U15 soccer players. In particular, these findings suggest the importance of dribbling skills, 15-m sprint, and height in U17 players.
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Viero V, Triossi T, Bianchi D, Campagna A, Melchiorri G. Physical and performance variables for talent identification in water polo. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:1309-1316. [PMID: 32608217 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.10712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to compare anthropometric and general physical performance variables in young water polo athletes of three competitive levels, to identify the characteristic qualities and, therefore, the best variables for the identification of talent. METHODS Fifty-seven young male water polo players between 12 and 14 years old were recruited for the study: 18 were recreational level (REC), 18 sub-elite level (SE) and 21 elite level (EL). To assess anthropometric characteristics the following measurements were used: body mass, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, chest circumference and arm span. Five general performance measures were used: counter movement jump (CMJ), triple hop jump (THJ), push up, chin up and sit up. Relative age was assessed. RESULTS The whole sample was homogeneous by age (REC 13.1±0.4, SE 13.2±1.0, EL 13.3±0.7 years old) but not in terms of relative age: most of the members of the SE and EL groups were born in the first half of the year. Body mass values (REC 48.2±11.6, SE 59.3±11.6, EL 69.1±4.2 kg) show statistically significant differences between all three competitive levels (REC vs. SE P=0.007, REC vs. EL P=0.001, SE vs. EL P=0.009). As regards the other anthropometric measurements differences were mainly observed between REC and the two other groups: SE and EL had statistically significant higher values in almost all of the measurements carried out. Among the performance measures, lower limb strength (CMJ and THJ) seems to better differentiate between groups: REC group had lower values than the others and EL had the highest values. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometric characteristics are useful to distinguish the basic level of youth categories from higher competitive levels and should be used for talent selection. The performance results confirm that the subjects' capacity to be trained and sporting practice are essential to reach the elite level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Viero
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy - .,Italian Swimming Federation, Rome, Italy -
| | - Tamara Triossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Bianchi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Melchiorri
- Italian Swimming Federation, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,Don Gnocchi Foundation IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Cahill MJ, Cronin JB, Oliver JL, Clark KP, Lloyd RS, Cross MR. Resisted Sled Training for Young Athletes: When to Push and Pull. Strength Cond J 2020. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Trajković N, Sporiš G, Krističević T, Madić DM, Bogataj Š. The Importance of Reactive Agility Tests in Differentiating Adolescent Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17113839. [PMID: 32481696 PMCID: PMC7312495 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate the elite from nonelite athletes is not clearly defined. We investigated level differences in speed, change of direction speed (CODS), and reactive agility in a group of trained adolescent soccer players. A total of 75 adolescent male soccer players (aged 14-19 years) were recruited. The players were grouped based on the level of play to elite, sub-elite, and amateur players. Players were tested for 5-, 10- and 20-m sprints, CODS, and reactive agility tests (RAT). Elite players had faster reaction movement time during RAT with live opponent stimuli (p ≤ 0.01) compared to sub-elite and amateur players. Moreover, elite players showed a faster time during light stimuli (p ≤ 0.01) but only compared to amateur players. The times for 5-m and 10-m sprint groups did not differ (p > 0.05). The results demonstrated that the skilled players (elite and sub-elite) performed better in reactive agility tests, speed, and COD speed compared to amateur players. Additionally, we can conclude that total and reaction time in the agility test with live opponent stimuli can be a significant factor that differentiates between adolescent soccer players considering their level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Goran Sporiš
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tomislav Krističević
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Dejan M. Madić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-40-415-766
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Jeras NMJ, Bovend'Eerdt TJH, McCrum C. Biomechanical mechanisms of jumping performance in youth elite female soccer players. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1335-1341. [PMID: 31575323 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1674526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine key biomechanical parameters explaining age-related jumping performance differences in youth elite female soccer players. Multiple biomechanical parameters from countermovement (CMJ) squat (SJ) and drop (DJ) jump testing of elite female soccer players (n = 60) within the same national training centre were analysed across ages 9-11y, 12-14y and 15-19y. Effects of age group and jump type on jump height were found, with the older jumping higher than the younger groups in all jumps (P < 0.05). For DJ, higher reactive strength index was found for older, compared to each younger group (P < 0.001). For CMJ and SJ, peak power was the most decisive characteristic, with significant differences between each group for absolute peak power (P < 0.0001) and body-weight-normalised peak power in CMJ (57 ± 7W/kg, 50 ± 7W/kg, 44.7 ± 5.5W/kg; P < 0.05) and between the older and each younger group in SJ (56.7 ± 7.1W/kg, 48.9 ± 7.1W/kg, 44.6 ± 6W/kg; P < 0.01). Age-related differences in jumping performance in youth elite female soccer players appear to be due to power production during standing jumps and by the ability to jump with shorter ground contact times during reactive jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M J Jeras
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Strength and Conditioning TeamNL, NOC*NSF , Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Thamar J H Bovend'Eerdt
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher McCrum
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ , Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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Alipasali F, Papadopoulou SD, Gissis I, Komsis G, Komsis S, Kyranoudis A, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT. The Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching Exercises on Sprint Ability of Recreational Male Volleyball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162835. [PMID: 31398904 PMCID: PMC6719209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present trial was to investigate the effect of two stretching programs, a dynamic and a static one, on the sprint ability of recreational volleyball players. The sample consisted of 27 male recreational volleyball players (age 21.6 ± 2.1 years, mean ± standard deviation, body mass 80.3 ± 8.9 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body mass index 24.3 ± 2.5 kg.m−2, volleyball experience 7.7 ± 2.9 years). Participants were randomly divided into three groups: (a) the first performing dynamic stretching exercises three times per week, (b) the second following a static stretching protocol on the same frequency, and (c) the third being the control group, abstaining from any stretching protocol. The duration of the stretching exercise intervention period was 6 weeks, with all groups performing baseline and final field sprinting tests at 4.5 and 9 m. The post-test sprint times were faster in both the 4.5 (p = 0.027, η2 = 0.188) and 9 m tests (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.605) compared to the pre-test values. A large time × group interaction was shown in both the 4.5 (p = 0.007, η2 = 0.341) and 9 m tests (p = 0.004, η2 = 0.363) with the static and dynamic stretching groups being faster in the post-test than in the pre-test, whereas no change was found in the control group. The percentage change in the 4.5 m sprint time correlated with volleyball experience (r = −0.38, p = 0.050), i.e., the longer the volleyball experience, the larger the improvement in the 4.5 m sprint. Thus, it is concluded that both stretching techniques have a positive effect on the velocity of recreational male volleyball players, when performed at a frequency of three times per week for 6 weeks under the same conditions as defined in the study protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Alipasali
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Sophia D Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Gissis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Georgios Komsis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Stergios Komsis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | - Angelos Kyranoudis
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Sagelv EH, Selnæs I, Pedersen S, Pettersen SA, Randers MB, Welde B. Effects of Linear Versus Changes of Direction Repeated Sprints on Intermittent High Intensity Running Performance in High-level Junior Football Players over an Entire Season: A Randomized Trial. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080189. [PMID: 31390721 PMCID: PMC6722632 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes of direction (COD) repeated sprints (RSs) might have greater relevance to football than linear RSs. We aimed to compare the effects of linear and COD RSs on intermittent high intensity running (HIR) over an entire season. Methods: In total, 19 high-level male football players (16–19 years) randomly performed linear RSs or COD RSs twice a week during their competitive season over 22 weeks. Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 2 (Yo-Yo IR2), and 10- and 20-m sprint was assessed pre-, mid- (11 weeks), and post-intervention (22 weeks). Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was assessed pre- and post-intervention. Results: There was no interaction effect (time x group) in Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.36, pη2 = 0.06) or sprint tests (10 m: p = 0.55, pη2 = 0.04, 20 m: p = 0.28 pη2 = 0.08), and no change differences between groups. There was a main effect of time for Yo-Yo IR2 (p = 0.002, pη2 = 0.31) but not in sprints or VO2max. Conclusion: Linear and COD RS exercise twice a week over 22 weeks equally improves intermittent HIR performance but does not improve sprint time or aerobic power in high-level junior football players. However, due to our two-armed intervention, we cannot exclude possible effects from other exercise components in the players’ exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvard H Sagelv
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ivar Selnæs
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Nord University, 7600 Levanger, Norway
| | - Sigurd Pedersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Pettersen
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Morten B Randers
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Sport Sciences and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Boye Welde
- School of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Validity and Reliability of an Electronic Contact Mat for Drop Jump Assessment in Physically Active Adults. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7050114. [PMID: 31100833 PMCID: PMC6572231 DOI: 10.3390/sports7050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the concurrent validity and the test–retest reliability of an electronic contact mat for drop jump assessment in physically active adults. Seventy-nine young, physically active adults participated in the validity study, and 49 subjects were recruited for the reliability study. The motor task required subjects to perform two-legged drop jumps using drop heights of 24, 43, and 62 cm as well as one-legged drop jumps with the left and right leg using a drop height of 24 cm. Ground contact times were simultaneously quantified with an electronic contact mat, a force plate (i.e., gold standard), and a light-barrier system (another criterion device). Concurrent validity was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), systematic bias, limits of agreement, and linear regression analysis. Test–retest reliability (one week apart) was determined by calculating the ICC, the standard error of measurement (SEM), the coefficient of variation (CV), and Lin´s concordance correlation coefficient (рc). Further, we determined the minimal detectable change (MDC95%). Irrespective of drop height and jump condition, good agreements between testing devices (ICC ≥ 0.95) were shown. Compared to the force plate (−0.6 to 3.1 ms) but not to the light-barrier system (31.4 to 41.7 ms), the contact mat showed low systematic bias values. In terms of test–retest reliability, our analyses showed that the measuring devices are in agreement (ICC: 0.70–0.92; SEM: 8.5–18.4 ms; CV: 3.6–6.4%). Depending on the measurement device, drop height, and jump condition, a MDC95% value ranging from 23.6 to 50.9 ms represents the minimum amount of change needed to identify practical relevant effects in repeated measurements of drop jump performance. Our findings indicate that the electronic contact mat is a valid and reliable testing device for drop jump assessment from different drop heights in young physically active adults.
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35
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Jones CM, McNarry MA, Owen NJ. The effect of body size on countermovement jump kinetics in children aged 7-11 years. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:174-181. [PMID: 31057076 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1615557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose this study was to examine the effect of body size on countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetics in children. Participants (n = 160) aged 7-11 years, divided equally by sex and into primary school year groups (years 3, 4, 5 and 6), each performed one CMJ on a force platform. The variables bodyweight (BW), peak force (Fmax), in-jump minimum force (IMF), in-jump vertical force range (IFR) and basic rate of force development (BRFD) were attained from the force-time history and then subsequently scaled to account for body size. A significant age, sex and interaction effect were found for the absolute variables BW, IMF, Fmax and IFR (P < 0.05) between school year groups 3 and 4 against year's 5 and 6. Simple main effects highlighted no significant sex differences between the boys and girls for all variables (P > 0.05). No significant age or sex differences were observed for normalised or allometrically scaled values (P > 0.05). The results indicate that girls and boys can be grouped together but that body size must be accounted for to enable accurate conclusions to be drawn independent of growth. Body size significantly effects the representation of CMJ kinetic results and therefore, future studies should report both absolute and scaled values. Future research should develop an age-appropriate criterion method for children in order to determine processed CMJ variables to further investigate the neuromuscular performance of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mark Jones
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Melitta Anne McNarry
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
| | - Nick John Owen
- Research Centre in Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales
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Desmyttere G, Gaudet S, Begon M. Test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system in varsity soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:138-143. [PMID: 30959443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate test-retest reliability of a hip strength assessment system (GroinBar). DESIGN Test-retest reliability study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Twenty asymptomatic varsity soccer players. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Maximal isometric hip strength (adduction, abduction, internal and external rotation, flexion and extension) was assessed using the GroinBar. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and relative standard error of measurement (SEM) were calculated to evaluate reliability of peak (ICC3,1) (highest peak within 3 trials) and average peak (ICC3,3) (average of 3 trials) force and rate of force development (RFD). Hotelling's T2, were also used to compare bilateral and reciprocal ratios between dominant and non-dominant leg. RESULTS ICC for both peak force and RFD values revealed moderate to good reliability (0.53-0.88 and 0.61-0.84, respectively), whereas reliability was good to excellent regarding their average values (0.77-0.95 and 0.81-0.92, respectively). SEM of average peak force and RFD values (4.1-9.4% and 8.2-13.9%, respectively) were lower than that of peak force and RFD values (5.7-13.0% and 10.7-19.1%, respectively). No significant difference was found in bilateral and reciprocal force ratios between dominant and non-dominant leg. CONCLUSIONS The GroinBar is a reliable tool to assess hip muscle function in athletic populations and could be used for player screening and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Desmyttere
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada.
| | - Sylvain Gaudet
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada
| | - Mickael Begon
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Campus Laval, 1700 rue Jacques Tétreault, Laval, QC, H7N 0B6, Canada
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Pérez-Castilla A, Jiménez-Reyes P, Haff GG, García-Ramos A. Assessment of the loaded squat jump and countermovement jump exercises with a linear velocity transducer: which velocity variable provides the highest reliability? Sports Biomech 2019; 20:247-260. [PMID: 30644796 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1540651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of three typically measured velocity variables (mean velocity [MV], mean propulsive velocity [MPV], and maximum velocity [Vmax]) to assess vertical jump performance. Totally, 23 men had their squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) tested against five different loading conditions (17, 30, 45, 60 and 75 kg) during two consecutive weeks. The two sessions of each jump type were performed within the same week separated by 48-72 h. The main finding was a significant difference in reliability between the variables, which were ranked from the highest to the lowest reliable as follows (median coefficient of variation [CV] and range): Vmax (CV = 2.35% [1.85%-3.23%]) >MV (CV = 3.29% [2.18%-4.40%]) >MPV (CV = 3.69% [2.08%-5.17%]). A significant variable × exercise interaction was also observed showing that the differences in reliability between the variables were meaningful during the SJ (MV: CV = 3.93% [3.06%-4.40%], MPV: CV = 4.61% [4.07%-5.17%], and Vmax: CV = 2.14% [1.85%-2.71%]), while no significant differences were observed for the CMJ (MV: CV = 2.43% [2.18%-3.70%], MPV: CV = 2.71% [2.08%-3.63%], and Vmax: CV = 2.40% [1.97%-3.23%]). These results suggest that the Vmax should be the recommended variable for obtaining a reproducible measure of lower-body ballistic performance, especially during the SJ exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain
| | | | - Guy Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University , Joondalup, Australia
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada , Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of the Most Holy Concepción , Concepción, Chile
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Simpson MJ, Jenkins DG, Leveritt MD, Kelly VG. Physical profiles of elite, sub-elite, regional and age-group netballers. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:1212-1219. [PMID: 30558478 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1553269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Physical profile data from elite, sub-elite, regional, under 21s (U21), under 19s (U19) and under 17s (U17) (n = 845) players from a state netball association in Australia were analysed. Within season changes were examined for the elite and sub-elite players. Longitudinal changes were examined for the elite across four consecutive netball seasons. Elite were significantly older (24.3 ± 3.4years), taller (182.4 ± 7.2cm) and heavier (73.42 ± 6.95kg) than other playing levels (p < 0.001, ES 0.49-3.26) and had higher vertical jump (VJ) data compared to all groups (p < 0.001, ES 0.47-0.93). U17's were significantly faster than elite, sub-elite and U19 players over 5m (p < 0.05, ES 0.36-0.58) while elite were faster over 20m compared to all groups (p < 0.01, ES 0.45-0.72). Elite achieved a greater distance (1350.8m; p < 0.05, ES 0.32-0.50) in the Yo-YoIRT1 compared to the sub-elite, regional, U19 and U17. VJ height significantly increased from the 2014 (51.6 ± 4.8cm) to the 2017 season (59.6 ± 6.3cm) for the elite players (p < 0.01, ES 1.18). Yo-YoIRT1 test scores increased significantly between the pre-season and in-season phases (p < 0.05, ES 0.17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni J Simpson
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia.,b Queensland Firebirds , Netball Queensland , Moorooka , Australia
| | - David G Jenkins
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- a School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences , University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Vincent G Kelly
- c School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
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Petronijevic MS, Garcia Ramos A, Mirkov DM, Jaric S, Valdevit Z, Knezevic OM. Self-Preferred Initial Position Could Be a Viable Alternative to the Standard Squat Jump Testing Procedure. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:3267-3275. [PMID: 30540284 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Petronijevic, MS, Garcia Ramos, A, Mirkov, DM, Jaric, S, Valdevit, Z, and Knezevic, OM. Self-preferred initial position could be a viable alternative to the standard squat jump testing procedure. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3267-3275, 2018-The purpose of this study was to compare both the magnitude and reliability of different variables (knee angle, squat depth, jump height [Hmax], maximum force [Fmax], and maximum power [Pmax]) between the standardized squat jump (SJ) and the SJ performed from the self-preferred position. Eleven team handball players (age: 19.5 ± 1.1 years; height: 1.88 ± 0.06 m; and body mass: 82.1 ± 8.7 kg) and 13 physically active students (age: 20.5 ± 0.9 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.06 m; and body mass: 76.6 ± 6.6 kg) were evaluated on 2 sessions during the standardized SJ (knee angle fixed at 90°) and the self-preferred SJ (self-selected knee angle to maximize Hmax). Two blocks of both 3 standardized SJ and 3 self-preferred SJ were performed on the first session, whereas only 1 block was performed in the second session. The squat depth was smaller for the self-preferred SJ, whereas the knee angle, Fmax, and Pmax were higher for the self-preferred SJ (p < 0.025). The magnitude of Hmax did not significantly differ between both jump types. Most importantly, the reliability of the mechanical outputs (Hmax, Fmax, and Pmax) was generally higher for the self-preferred SJ (9 of 12 comparisons), whereas only in 2 of 12 comparisons the reliability was meaningfully higher for the standardized SJ. No differences were observed between presumably more (handball players) and less skilled individuals (physically active subjects). These results suggest that the self-preferred SJ should be recommended over the standardized SJ (90° knee angle) because it is not only quicker and more ecologically valid, but could also provide the performance variables with higher reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan S Petronijevic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amador Garcia Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain.,Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception, Concepción, Chile
| | - Dragan M Mirkov
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Jaric
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Biomechanics and Movement Science Graduate Program, Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.,Department of Human Motor Behavior, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska, Katowice, Poland
| | - Zoran Valdevit
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera M Knezevic
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Uthoff A, Oliver J, Cronin J, Harrison C, Winwood P. A New Direction to Athletic Performance: Understanding the Acute and Longitudinal Responses to Backward Running. Sports Med 2018; 48:1083-1096. [PMID: 29498028 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Backward running (BR) is a form of locomotion that occurs in short bursts during many overground field and court sports. It has also traditionally been used in clinical settings as a method to rehabilitate lower body injuries. Comparisons between BR and forward running (FR) have led to the discovery that both may be generated by the same neural circuitry. Comparisons of the acute responses to FR reveal that BR is characterised by a smaller ratio of braking to propulsive forces, increased step frequency, decreased step length, increased muscle activity and reliance on isometric and concentric muscle actions. These biomechanical differences have been critical in informing recent scientific explorations which have discovered that BR can be used as a method for reducing injury and improving a variety of physical attributes deemed advantageous to sports performance. This includes improved lower body strength and power, decreased injury prevalence and improvements in change of direction performance following BR training. The current findings from research help improve our understanding of BR biomechanics and provide evidence which supports BR as a useful method to improve athlete performance. However, further acute and longitudinal research is needed to better understand the utility of BR in athletic performance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Uthoff
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jon Oliver
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Youth Physical Development Unit, School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - John Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Health and Medical Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Harrison
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul Winwood
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Sport and Recreation, School of Applied Science, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga, New Zealand
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41
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Pau M, Porta M, Arippa F, Pilloni G, Sorrentino M, Carta M, Mura M, Leban B. Dynamic postural stability, is associated with competitive level, in youth league soccer players. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 35:36-41. [PMID: 30419410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of competitive level on dynamic postural stability in young elite and sub-elite soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-four male soccer players of Under 16 and Under 17 categories (mean age 15.9 ± 0.6), divided into two groups who regularly compete at national (n = 28) and regional (n = 26) levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dynamic Postural Stability Index (DPSI) and vertical Time to Stabilization (vTTS) for a forward-jump landing. Static postural sway was calculated on the basis of center-of-pressure trajectories for a 20 s one-legged stance. RESULTS Players at national level exhibit better dynamic postural control than those at regional level, as indicated by the significantly lower DPSI (0.327 vs. 0.373, p < 0.001) and vTTS (0.887 vs. 1.158 s, p = 0.003). In contrast, no differences between groups were found in any of the postural sway parameters for the static test. CONCLUSIONS Young soccer players at national level are characterized by better balance performance in terms of faster and more efficient stabilization after a forward jump, while one-leg static standing tests appear not challenging enough to reveal differences in balance abilities associated with the combination of superior technical and physical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Pau
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Micaela Porta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federico Arippa
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pilloni
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Sorrentino
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Leban
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Ferreira JC, Araujo SRS, Pimenta EM, Menzel HJK, Medeiros FB, Andrade AGPD, Ocarino JDM, Chagas MH. IMPACT OF COMPETITIVE LEVEL AND AGE ON THE STRENGTH AND ASYMMETRY OF YOUNG SOCCER PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220184985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscular strength is an essential capacity for soccer players; however, the profile of this capacity has not yet been clearly established in young players. Objective: To compare muscular strength performance in the countermovement jump (CMJ) task and the presence of lower limb asymmetry among soccer athletes of the under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17) and under 20 (U20) categories, and between two teams of different competitive levels. Methods: One hundred and fifty one young soccer players of three different categories (U15, U17 and U20) from two teams in the Brazilian first and second divisions performed six vertical jumps in a system of two force plates. Ground reaction force (GRF) was used to calculate jump height and to obtain the variables Peak force (FMAX), Impulse (I) and Peak power (PMAX) with regard to body mass and the respective asymmetry values. Results: No differences were found in the performance and asymmetry variable between the categories (Jump height: p=0.23; FMAX: p=0.15; I: p=0.11; PMAX: p=0.32; FMAX asymmetry: p=0.21; I asymmetry: p=0.58; PMAX asymmetry: p=0.58). The first division club had higher muscle strength and asymmetry values than the second division club (Jump height: p<0.01; I: p<0.01; PMAX: p<0.01; FMAX asymmetry: p<0.01; I asymmetry: p<0.01; PMAX asymmetry: p<0.01), except for FMAX (p=0.63). No variable had an interaction effect (club x category). Conclusion: As categories progress, jump height, relative I, PMAX and FMAX values and their respective asymmetries are stable. The asymmetry and strength performance of the first division club were higher than that of the second division club, except for FMAX, indicating that the competitive level may influence strength performance and the development of asymmetry. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic study – Investigating a diagnostic test.
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Trecroci A, Longo S, Perri E, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Field-based physical performance of elite and sub-elite middle-adolescent soccer players. Res Sports Med 2018; 27:60-71. [PMID: 30073860 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1504217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate field-based physical performance of under 16 years (U16) elite and sub-elite soccer players. Forty elite (n = 20) and sub-elite (n = 20) soccer players were enrolled and tested for countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint and agility, in terms of sprint with 90° turns (S90), S90 with ball, Slalom, Slalom with ball, and reactive agility (RAT). Statistical and practical significant differences were observed in CMJ, S90 and RAT between elite and sub-elite. Elite players exhibited a likely better performance in Slalom, Slalom with ball and S90 with ball despite a non-significant difference by level of play. Concerning sprint ability, both groups showed similar performance in the 10-m sprint. Countermovement jump and agility tests are field-based physical assessments recommended to better distinguish between U16 elite and sub-elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Trecroci
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Longo
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Enrico Perri
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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44
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Trecroci A, Milanović Z, Frontini M, Iaia FM, Alberti G. Physical Performance Comparison between Under 15 Elite and Sub-Elite Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2018; 61:209-216. [PMID: 29599873 PMCID: PMC5873350 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the physical performance profile among young soccer players of different competitive levels. Two teams of elite (n = 22) and sub-elite (n = 22) soccer players at national (highly skilled) and regional (moderately skilled) level were recruited in the study. All participants were tested using a modified Illinois change of direction speed test, a T-drill with and without a ball, a countermovement jump, and a 10-m sprint. The analysis revealed significant differences in favor of elite players in sprint (d = 1.54, large) and vertical jump (d = 2.03, very large) outcomes, while no differences were observed in both modified Illinois change of direction speed (d = 0.16, trivial) and T-drill (d = 0.20, small) tests between the groups. The ability to change direction and speed with and without a ball was found not to be suitable enough to highlight the difference among youth players with moderate-to-high level of play. In conclusion, multi-testing approach based on task-related power should include vertical jump and sprint performance to delineate players of a higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athos Trecroci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Zoran Milanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Matteo Frontini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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45
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Robinson S, Fraser-Thomas JL, Balogh R, Lunsky Y, Weiss JA. Individual and Contextual Correlates of Frequently Involved Special Olympics Athletes. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 123:164-175. [PMID: 29480776 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-123.2.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is important to understand factors associated with sport participation for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). With a sample of 414 Special Olympics (SO) athletes, this study examined how frequently involved athletes differ from other youth who are less involved in SO. Results showed that frequently involved athletes are older, have more sport-specific parental support, stronger athlete-coach relationships, and more positive SO experiences than other athletes. These factors were predictive of SO involvement, even after controlling for athlete characteristics, including behavior problems and adaptive behavior. Athletes with IDD have the potential to be highly involved in sports when external supports (i.e., coaches and parents) are strong.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Balogh
- Robert Balogh, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada; and
| | - Yona Lunsky
- Yona Lunsky, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Jonathan A. Weiss, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan A Weiss
- Yona Lunsky, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Jonathan A. Weiss, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brownlee TE, Murtagh CF, Naughton RJ, Whitworth-Turner CM, O’Boyle A, Morgans R, Morton JP, Erskine RM, Drust B. Isometric maximal voluntary force evaluated using an isometric mid-thigh pull differentiates English Premier League youth soccer players from a maturity-matched control group. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1432886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Brownlee
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Craig M Whitworth-Turner
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andy O’Boyle
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Premier League, London, UK
| | | | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College London, London, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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47
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Aquino R, Alves IS, Padilha MB, Casanova F, Puggina EF, Maia J. Multivariate Profiles of Selected versus Non-Selected Elite Youth Brazilian Soccer Players. J Hum Kinet 2017; 60:113-121. [PMID: 29339991 PMCID: PMC5765791 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined whether a multivariate profile more effectively discriminated selected than non-selected elite youth Brazilian soccer players. This examination was carried out on 66 youth soccer players (selected, n = 28, mean age 16.3 ± 0.1; non-selected, n = 38, mean age 16.7 ± 0.4) using objective instruments. Multivariate profiles were assessed through anthropometric characteristics, biological maturation, tactical-technical skills, and motor performance. The Student’s t-test identified that selected players exhibited significantly higher values for height (t = 2.331, p = 0.02), lean body mass (t = 2.441, p = 0.01), and maturity offset (t = 4.559, p < 0.001), as well as performed better in declarative tactical knowledge (t = 10.484, p < 0.001), shooting (t = 2.188, p = 0.03), dribbling (t = 5.914, p < 0.001), speed – 30 m (t = 8.304, p < 0.001), countermovement jump (t = 2.718, p = 0.008), and peak power tests (t = 2.454, p = 0.01). Forward stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that declarative tactical knowledge, running speed –30 m, maturity offset, dribbling, height, and peak power correctly classified 97% of the selected players. These findings may have implications for a highly efficient selection process with objective measures of youth players in soccer clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aquino
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Post-graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Medicine School of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Isabella S Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Filipe Casanova
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Enrico F Puggina
- Post-graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Medicine School of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Maia
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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48
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Jovanović R. STRENGTH AND DURABILITY TRAINING IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS. ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2017. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2017.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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49
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Slimani M, Nikolaidis PT. Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of male soccer players according to their competitive level, playing position and age group: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 59:141-163. [PMID: 29199782 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the present systematic review was to profile soccer players' anthropometric, physiological, and physical attributes relative to different competitive levels, playing positions and age groups. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The systematic search was conducted using different databases and according to the Population/Intervention or Exposure/Comparison/Outcome(s) [PICO] criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The present review shows that the somatotype characteristics, percentage (%) of body fat, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), repeated-sprint ability (RSA), running speed, strength, and muscular power of the lower limbs were the most powerful discriminators between male soccer players of different competitive levels, playing positions, and age groups. Specifically, higher VO2max, muscle strength, muscular power (vertical jump height), running speed (10-30 m) and agility, and lower % of body fat were identified in elite soccer players (higher-level) compared to all other competitive levels (i.e., lower-level: sub-elite, amateur, recreational). As for the competitive level differences, higher VO2max, mean anaerobic power, RSA and sprint performances (5 to 20 m), and lower % of body fat and lower limbs' explosive capabilities (countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ]) were found in outfielders (forwards, midfielders, and defenders) as compared to goalkeepers, from a very youth age (8 years old). Concerning age-related performance, it appears that physical performance increased significantly with age. CONCLUSIONS These data, together with the fact that each position, age category, and playing level has a different physiological background in male soccer players, demonstrate that training programs should be individualized to each position, playing level and age category, as is already done with goalkeepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamer Slimani
- Research Laboratory "Sport Performance Optimization", National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunisia -
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50
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Emmonds S, Morris R, Murray E, Robinson C, Turner L, Jones B. The influence of age and maturity status on the maximum and explosive strength characteristics of elite youth female soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1363908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Emmonds
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - Rhys Morris
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - Eoin Murray
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
- Leeds United Regional Talent Centre, Leeds, England
| | | | - Luke Turner
- Manchester United Regional Talent Centre, Manchester, England
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, England
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