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Chan RCH, Suen YT, Leung JSY. Gender identity differences in the experiences of family stressors and violence among transgender and non-binary individuals in China. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:1046-1067. [PMID: 38169124 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Emerging research has demonstrated that transgender and non-binary (TNB) individuals face an elevated risk of experiencing family rejection and violence. However, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding how TNB individuals manage stressors and their gender identity within the family context, particularly in regions where TNB individuals are highly stigmatized and where legal protections against family violence are lacking. The present study represents one of the first pioneering efforts to provide large-scale quantitative data examining the experiences of family stressors, the management of gender identity and expression, and family violence among TNB individuals in China. A national sample of 1063 TNB individuals in China was involved in the study. They completed questionnaires about their experiences of family stressors and violence. The results indicated that 76.0% of TNB individuals reported having encountered at least one form of violence perpetrated by their family members. Transfeminine individuals were more likely to report experiencing emotional and physical abuse, whereas transmasculine individuals were more likely to be subjected to gender identity and/or expression change efforts. Family stressors, including family non-acceptance and the pressure to marry and reproduce, were positively associated with non-disclosure of gender identity, the suppression of gender expression, and family violence. The findings underscore the substantial burden of family violence borne by TNB individuals in China, which warrants immediate legal, institutional, and social responses. Trans-inclusive family violence prevention and intervention are urgently needed, with a focus on Chinese cultural factors and gender identity differences in violence screening and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph C H Chan
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Yiu Tung Suen
- Gender Studies Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Janice Sin Yu Leung
- Gender Studies Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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2
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Godwin EG, Moore LM, Sansfaçon AP, Nishman MM, Rosal MC, Katz-Wise SL. Experiences of cisgender youth with a transgender and/or nonbinary sibling. FAMILY PROCESS 2024; 63:1025-1045. [PMID: 38171537 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
While recent research has begun to address the effects of family support on transgender and/or nonbinary youth (TNY), almost no studies have directly examined how cisgender siblings in families with TNY navigate their sibling's gender disclosure and affirmation within both their families and their larger communities. We conducted an exploratory secondary analysis of in-person, semi-structured interviews with 15 adolescent and young adult siblings (age 13-24 years) of TNY from the northeastern United States from the baseline wave of the community-based, longitudinal, mixed methods Trans Teen and Family Narratives Project. Interview transcripts were analyzed using immersion/crystallization and template organizing approaches. Analyses yielded three main themes: gender-related beliefs and knowledge, peri- and post-disclosure family dynamics, and assessing responses to their sibling. Subthemes included anticipation of their sibling's TN identity, expectations post-disclosure, participants' level of involvement in gender-related family processes, perceptions of changes in family relationships, concern for their sibling (including a high degree of attunement to gender-affirming name and pronoun usage), and concern for themselves. Findings from this study suggest the need to engage directly with siblings of TNY to further elucidate their intrapersonal, intra-familial, and extra-familial experiences related to having a TN sibling and determine their unique support needs. Implications for families, clinicians, and communities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli G Godwin
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lb M Moore
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annie Pullen Sansfaçon
- School of Social Work and the Centre for Public Health Research, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Milagros C Rosal
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabra L Katz-Wise
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Khalifa A, Kim B, Regan S, Moline T, Chaix B, Chen YT, Schneider J, Duncan DT. Examination of multidimensional geographic mobility and sexual behaviour among Black cisgender sexually minoritized men in Chicago. GEOSPATIAL HEALTH 2024; 19:10.4081/gh.2024.1273. [PMID: 38752862 PMCID: PMC11194757 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2024.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Black sexually minoritized men (BSMM) are the most likely to acquire HIV in Chicago- a racially segregated city where their daily travel may confer different HIV-related risks. From survey and GPS data among participants of the Neighbourhoods and Networks Cohort Study, we examined spatial (proportion of total activity space away from home), temporal (proportion of total GPS points away from home), and motivation-specific (discordance between residential and frequented sex or socializing neighbourhoods) dimensions of mobility. To identify potential drivers of BSMM's risk, we then examined associations between mobility and sexual behaviours known to cause HIV transmission: condomless anal sex, condomless anal sex with a casual partner, transactional sex, group sex, and sex-drug use. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed associations. Of 269 cisgender BSMM, most were 20-29 years old, identified as gay, and lowincome. On average, 96.9% (Standard Deviation: 3.7%) of participants' activity space and 53.9% (Standard Deviation: 38.1%) of participants' GPS points occurred outside their 800m home network buffer. After covariate adjustment, those who reported sex away from home were twice as likely to report condomless sex (Odds Ratio: 2.02, [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.08, 3.78]). Those who reported socializing away from home were four times more likely to have condomless sex with a casual partner (Odds Ratio: 4.16 [CI: 0.99, 29.0]). BSMM are on the move in Chicago, but only motivation-specific mobility may increase HIV transmission risk. Multidimensional investigations of mobility can inform place-based strategies for HIV service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleya Khalifa
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; ICAP at Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Byoungjun Kim
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY.
| | - Seann Regan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Tyrone Moline
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Basile Chaix
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Némésis Research Team, Paris.
| | - Yen-Tyng Chen
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
| | - John Schneider
- Department of Medicine, Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Dustin T Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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Carvalho SA, Carvalho F, Fonseca L, Santos G, Castilho P. Beyond the Centrality of Shame: How Self-Concealment and Fear of Receiving Compassion From Others Impact Psychological Suffering in Transgender Adults. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2024; 71:1373-1391. [PMID: 36043899 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2022.2114398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shame-based social interactions are a minority social stressor commonly experienced by transgender individuals. However, few studies have explored the centrality of shame experiences in transgender identity and mental health. Also, the ability to receive care and soothing support may be influenced by intrapersonal shame- and fear-related factors, which may hinder openness, and support and care seeking, thus contributing to psychological distress. This study aims to examine the relationship between central shame experiences, fear of receiving compassion from others, self-concealment, and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms) in a sample of Portuguese transgender adults. Following a cross-sectional design, data from a convenience sample of 70 self-identified transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming medical interventions (GAMIs) were analyzed, using SPSS PROCESS, to determine whether the relationship between central shame experiences and psychological suffering occurred indirectly through fear of receiving compassion from others, and self-concealment. Results suggest that fear of receiving compassion from others, but not self-concealment, was the underlying factor between central shame experiences, and depression and anxiety. Results suggest that the centrality of shame experiences and stress symptomatology associate sequentially through fear of compassion and, in turn, through self-concealment. Clinical implications for mental health interventions with transgender individuals undergoing GAMI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio A Carvalho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- HEI-Lab: Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab, School of Psychology and Life Sciences (EPCV), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederica Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Psychological Medicine (IPM), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Fonseca
- CHUC, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrada de Psiquiatria (CRIP), Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Graça Santos
- CHUC, Centro de Responsabilidade Integrada de Psiquiatria (CRIP), Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Castilho
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Miller GH, Marquez-Velarde G, Suárez MI, Glass C. Support Saves Lives: Exploring the Relationship Between Age of Transition, Family Support, and Retrospective K-12 Educational Experiences in Transgender Suicidality. Transgend Health 2024; 9:118-127. [PMID: 38585247 PMCID: PMC10998011 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2022.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to test the association between protective and risk factors, including age of transition, K-12 experiences, and family support, on suicidality among transgender and gender nonbinary/gender queer (TNB) adults. Methods Our analysis relies on data from the 2015 United States Transgender Survey. We used separate logistic regression models to predict lifetime suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among 19,121 survey respondents. Results Negative K-12 experiences significantly predict higher likelihood of both suicidal ideation and suicide attempt for transgender people, regardless of age of transition, and after controlling for a host of covariates. The age a transgender person begins to live full time in a gender different from the one assigned at birth has little association with suicidality. However, supportive families act as a buffer against suicidal ideation, and unsupportive families significantly predict higher likelihood of suicide attempt for transgender people when controlling for numerous covariates. Conclusion Our findings underscore the importance of supportive environments for TNB adolescents. Interventions that strengthen interpersonal relationships and local environments will reduce suicidality among TNB youth. Importantly, recent anti-trans legislation may interfere with the ability of teachers and families to provide needed supports and will likely have deleterious effects on the mental health of TNB individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabe H. Miller
- Department of Sociology and African American Studies Program, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Mario I. Suárez
- Department of School of Teacher Education and Leadership, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Christy Glass
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Strenth CR, Smith M, Gonzalez L, Grant A, Thakur B, Levy Kamugisha EI. Mediational pathways exploring the link between adverse childhood experiences and physical health in a transgender population. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106678. [PMID: 38309101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) consist of instances of abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction occurring before adulthood. Prevalence rates of ACEs are higher among specific populations, including gender minorities. In addition to ACEs, transgender individuals (TG) face many personal, social, and structural factors that have the potential to negatively impact their physical health. OBJECTIVE This study examines exploratory mediational pathways between ACEs and two health outcomes (i.e., general health and days physically ill) in TG. Mediators include everyday discrimination, social support, gender non-affirmation, and mental distress. METHODS Cross-sectional data from the U.S. Transgender Population Health Survey (TransPop) was used to conduct a serial/parallel mediation analysis. The TransPop survey included a total of 274 TG. RESULTS For both outcome variables, the same three indirect pathways were significant. First, ACEs were associated with increased mental distress, which was associated with a decrease in general health and an increase in days physically ill. Second, ACEs were associated with increased discrimination, which was associated with increased mental distress, and this was associated with a decrease in general health and an increase in days physically ill. Finally, ACEs were associated with discrimination, which was associated with increased gender non-affirmation which was associated with increased mental distress, and this was associated with a decrease in general health and an increase in days physically ill. CONCLUSION Interventions focused on reducing discrimination, gender non-affirmation, and poor mental health may be vital to improving the health of TG and to mitigating the indirect role of ACEs on TG health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chance R Strenth
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Margaret Smith
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Leo Gonzalez
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Abigail Grant
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Bhaskar Thakur
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
| | - Emily I Levy Kamugisha
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, United States of America.
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7
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Lantz B, Faulkner L, M Mills J. A Descriptive Account of the Nature and Extent of Transgender Homicide in America, 2010 to 2021. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:341-368. [PMID: 37705402 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231197139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing acknowledgment of transgender homicide as a serious social and public health issue; indeed, the American Medical Association has even referred to violence against transgender people as an "epidemic." Addressing this issue, however, requires understanding the patterns associated with this violence. Yet, reliable data for doing so does not currently exist, especially in recent years. As such, the prevalence of these incidents and their key features are not easily understood. The current study addresses this issue using a comprehensive nationwide database on 305 instances of homicide directed against transgender people between 2010 and 2021, collected through extensive open-source data collection methods. The descriptive analyses of these incidents demonstrate pronounced increases in homicide victimization over time, and clear geographic clustering by state, such that roughly one in four incidents occurred in just three states: Texas, Florida, and California. After accounting for the estimated size of the transgender population, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri emerge as the most dangerous states with the highest risk of homicide victimization. The results also clearly demonstrate the intersectional nature of transgender homicide, in finding that most homicide victims are young Black or Hispanic transgender women. We conclude by emphasizing the need for multipronged policy responses to this issue that recognize the uniquely dangerous intersection of social problems that contribute to the vulnerable social position of many transgender people, including their vulnerability to homicide victimization.
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Rashid A, Afiqah SN. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among the Malay Muslim Transgender Women in Northern Malaysia: A Mixed-Methods Study. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2023; 44:1124-1132. [PMID: 37738219 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2023.2242488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of depression, anxiety, and stress among the Malay Muslim transgender women in the northwestern states of Peninsular Malaysia. This mixed-method, quantitative and qualitative, study was conducted in collaboration with a nongovernmental organization that works incognito to advocate and help transgender women. Participants were recruited using a snowball method. A self-administered questionnaire was used that included information related to the demographic background of participants, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Oslo-3 Social Support Scale. For the qualitative part of the study, 13 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured interview guide in the Malay language. The study showed the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 33.3% (n = 47), 48.2% (n = 68), and 26.2% (n = 37), respectively. Difficulty in finding employment was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, whereas a history of physical abuse was also significantly associated with anxiety, and being ostracized by friends was significantly associated with depression. During in-depth interviews, suicidal thoughts were mentioned by several respondents and many lamented poor support from family and cisgender friends, and they complained of societal pressure. In addition to being physically and verbally abused, some also complained about cyberbullying. There is an urgent need to identify those with mental distress among transgender women in Malaysia to enable early interventions. More research is needed to identify mental health issues among transgender women and highlight these issues to sensitize the general public to their problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rashid
- Department of Public Health Medicine, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Afiqah
- Department of Public Health Medicine, RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus, Penang, Malaysia
- Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA), University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Arianmehr T, Mohammadi Y. Suicide ideation and the related factors among Iranian transgender people: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:195. [PMID: 37667315 PMCID: PMC10478463 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide is a significant public health concern worldwide, and efforts to prevent it are crucial. This study aims to assess suicide ideation among transgender individuals in Iran. A cross-sectional design was used, with 235 transgender participants recruited through snowball sampling across Iran. The data collection included a questionnaire containing demographic inquiries, while the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation was employed to gather data. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS The findings indicate that the prevalence of suicidal ideation among the transgender individuals in the study was 83%, with a mean score of 12.8 ± 8.8 on the suicide ideation scale. Individuals with lower levels of education, younger age, unemployment, and being divorced or single demonstrated significantly higher scores compared to others (p < 0.05). This study highlights the high prevalence of suicidal ideation among Iranian transgender individuals, particularly among those with lower age and education levels, as well as those who have not undergone gender reassignment surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranom Arianmehr
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Students Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Fahmideh Street, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Guzman-Parra J, Sánchez-Álvarez N, Guzik J, Bergero-Miguel T, de Diego-Otero Y, Pérez-Costillas L. The Impact of Stressful Life Events on Suicidal Ideation in Gender Dysphoria: A Moderator Effect of Perceived Social Support. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023:10.1007/s10508-023-02594-7. [PMID: 37069467 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Factors associated with suicidal ideation in the gender dysphoria population are not completely understood. This high-risk population is more likely to suffer stressful events such as assault or employment discrimination. This study aimed to determine the association of stressful events and social support on suicidal ideation in gender dysphoria and to analyze the moderator effect of social support in relation to stressful events and suicidal ideation. A cross-sectional design was used in a clinical sample attending a public gender identity unit in Spain that consisted of 204 individuals (51.7% birth-assigned males and 48.3% birth-assigned females), aged between 13 and 59 (M = 27.95 years, SD = 9.58). A Structured Clinical Interview, a list of 16 stressful events, and a functional social support questionnaire (Duke-UNC-11) were used during the initial visits to the unit. The data were collected between 2011 and 2012. A total of 50.1% of the sample have had suicidal ideation. The following stressful events were associated with suicidal ideation: homelessness, eviction from home, and having suffered from physical or verbal aggression. Also, there was an inverse relation between perceived social support and suicidal ideation. There was a statistically significant interaction between a specific stressful event (eviction) and perceived social support. The study suggests that the promotion of safer environments could be related to lower suicidal ideation and that networks that provide social support could buffer the association between specific stressful events and suicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Guzman-Parra
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA). Mental Health Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Plaza Hospital Civil S/N, Hospital Civil. 1a Planta. Pabellón 4, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Transsexual and Gender Identity Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Grupo Andaluz de Investigación Psicosocial, Málaga, Spain
| | - Nicolás Sánchez-Álvarez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA). Mental Health Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Plaza Hospital Civil S/N, Hospital Civil. 1a Planta. Pabellón 4, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Justyna Guzik
- Faculty of Psychology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Trinidad Bergero-Miguel
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA). Mental Health Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Plaza Hospital Civil S/N, Hospital Civil. 1a Planta. Pabellón 4, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Transsexual and Gender Identity Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Yolanda de Diego-Otero
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA). Mental Health Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Plaza Hospital Civil S/N, Hospital Civil. 1a Planta. Pabellón 4, 29009, Málaga, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación. PAIDI CTS456, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Lucía Pérez-Costillas
- Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA). Mental Health Clinical Unit, University Regional Hospital of Málaga, Plaza Hospital Civil S/N, Hospital Civil. 1a Planta. Pabellón 4, 29009, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Public, Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación. PAIDI CTS456, Málaga, Spain
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Hajek A, König HH, Buczak-Stec E, Blessmann M, Grupp K. Prevalence and Determinants of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Transgender People: Results of a Survey. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050705. [PMID: 36900710 PMCID: PMC10000997 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the prevalence of probable depression and probable anxiety and to investigate the determinants of depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms among transgender people. METHODS In this "Transgender Survey" (n = 104) we included transgender people who had joined self-help groups to obtain and share information about the gender-affirming surgeries performed at the Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Data collection took place between April and October 2022. To measure probable depression, the patient health questionnaire-9 was used. The generalized anxiety disorder-7 was used to quantify probable anxiety. RESULTS The prevalence of probable depression was 33.3% and it was 29.6% for probable anxiety. Multiple linear regressions showed that both more depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with younger age (β = -0.16, p < 0.01; β = -0.14, p < 0.01), being unemployed (e.g., full-time employed compared to unemployment: β = -3.05, p < 0.05; β = -2.69, p < 0.05), worse self-rated health (β = -3.31, p < 0.001; β = -1.88, p < 0.05), and having at least one chronic disease (β = 3.71, p < 0.01; β = 2.61, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Remarkably high prevalence rates were identified among transgender people. Furthermore, risk factors of poor mental health (e.g., unemployment or younger age) were identified-which can help to address transgender people at risk for poor mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elzbieta Buczak-Stec
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marco Blessmann
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Cartujano-Barrera F, Cox LS, Catley D, Shah Z, Alpert AB, Cupertino AP. "I'm a transgender man… I have to quit smoking for treatment and surgery": Describing the experience of a Latino transgender man during his attempt to quit smoking. Explore (NY) 2023; 19:131-135. [PMID: 34823998 PMCID: PMC9110554 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the experience of a Latino transgender man during his attempt to quit smoking using a text messaging intervention. METHODS A Latino transgender man enrolled in a smoking cessation randomized controlled trial for Latino smokers. The participant was randomized to Decídetexto, a smoking cessation mobile intervention. The participant received a 24-week text messaging intervention. We assessed text messaging interactivity with the program, satisfaction, and self-reported abstinence at Week 12 and Month 6. RESULTS During the 24-week intervention period, the participant sent a total of 287 text messages to the program. When analyzing the content of the text messages sent by the participants, four important themes were identified: 1) gender identity, 2) low social support, 3) stressors (e.g., gender dysphoria), and 4) gender affirmation surgery as a reason to quit smoking. At both Week 12 and Month 6, the participant reported being extremely satisfied with the intervention and self-reported cigarette use. CONCLUSION A smoking cessation mobile intervention generated high satisfaction and frequent interactivity among a Latino transgender man. This case report provides important insights into the experience of one Latino transgender man during his attempt to quit smoking. There is an urgent need to develop or adapt existing smoking cessation interventions to better meet the needs of transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Delwyn Catley
- Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles & Nutrition, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Zainab Shah
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ash B Alpert
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ana Paula Cupertino
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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13
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Grocott LR, Schlechter TE, Wilder SMJ, O'Hair CM, Gidycz CA, Shorey RC. Social Support as a Buffer of the Association between Sexual Assault and Trauma Symptoms Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Individuals. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1738-NP1761. [PMID: 35466782 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of experiencing sexual assault is alarmingly high among Transgender and Gender Diverse people (TGD; people whose gender identities and/or expressions are not traditionally associated with their sex assigned at birth) and is associated with various mental health sequalae. Perceived social support has been shown to abate the negative outcomes of sexual assault among cisgender individuals, yet little is known about this association among TGD people, especially which provider of support (i.e., family, friends, or significant others) may be most beneficial. To that end, 191 TGD adults were recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk to examine perceived social support as a potential moderator of the association between sexual assault victimization and post-sexual assault trauma symptomology. Results showed an interaction trending toward significance between sexual assault and support from a significant other. Decomposition of this interaction demonstrated that sexual assault was associated with post-assault trauma symptoms when support from a significant other was low (ß = .25, p < .05) but not high (ß = .10, p = .089). The interaction between sexual assault and perceived social support was not significant for perceived support from friends (p = .133) or family (p = .954). Findings highlight the need for additional research on perceived social support as a potential buffering mechanism between sexual assault and post-assault symptomology in TGD people.
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14
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Devís-Devís J, Pereira-García S, Valencia-Peris A, Vilanova A, Gil-Quintana J. Harassment disparities and risk profile within lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Spanish adult population: Comparisons by age, gender identity, sexual orientation, and perpetration context. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1045714. [PMID: 36589994 PMCID: PMC9797955 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) harassment disparities have become a public health issue due to discrimination and the effects on these people's health and wellbeing. The purpose was to compare harassment disparities within the Spanish adult LGBT population according to age, gender identity, sexual orientation and the context of perpetration and to describe the harassment risk profile. A sample of 1,051 LGBT adults participated in a cross-sectional study. Frequencies, percentages and Chi-square tests of independence for stablishing significant differences (p < 0.05) were calculated. The corrected standardized residuals allowed to identify the categories in which significant differences emerged. Binomial logistic regression was used to define the probability of the main LGBT groups of suffering harassment. Results show that 54.4% of the participants had experienced harassment. Young adults presented a higher prevalence than the older group. There were significant harassment differences between transgender (67.2%) and cisgender (52.7%) groups, and also between the subgroup of trans women (75.8%) and the subgroups of cis men (60.2%) and cis women (42.9%). The main disparities according to sexual orientation emerged between lesbian trans and the other LGB groups. Most harassment occurred in educational contexts and public spaces. Trans-women and trans non-binary reported a higher rate of harassment than cis LGB persons in all contexts. Trans people with different orientations (especially lesbian and gay trans) differed in harassment from LGB cis in four of the six contexts analyzed. Harassment is likely to diminish between 2 and 3% each year as LGBTs get older in educational contexts and public spaces but increases 1.07 times in the workplace. Trans women, trans non-binary, lesbian cis and trans-men were more likely to suffer harassment than bisexual cis persons. Trans women present the highest risk of harassment in three contexts (workplace, family and public spaces) and trans non-binary in the other three contexts (education, health and sport). Harassment is a serious problem for LGBT adults in Spain, especially among trans people, which differ in characteristics from those of the sexual minorities mainstream. Programs and policies targeted for improving health should therefore consider the differences that came to light in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Devís-Devís
- AFES Research Group, Departament d'Educació Física i Esportiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain,*Correspondence: José Devís-Devís
| | - Sofía Pereira-García
- AFES Research Group, Departament d'Educació Física i Esportiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Alexandra Valencia-Peris
- AFES Research Group, Departament de Didàctica de l'Educació Física, Artística i Música, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Anna Vilanova
- GISEAFE Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Gil-Quintana
- AFES Research Group, Departament d'Educació Física i Esportiva, Universitat de València, València, Spain
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15
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Smith JR, Pakvasa M, Oostrom LA, Gottlieb LJ, Motley DN, Hill BJ. Transgender gender-affirming surgery consultation among patients seeking care in the Midwestern United States. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31319. [PMID: 36397321 PMCID: PMC9666111 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is among the most rapidly growing and expanding subfields in plastic surgery due to increased awareness, decreased stigma, rising demand, and improved access for transgender and gender non-conforming individuals (TGNC). In order to address potential barriers and facilitators in GAS education and training, there is a need to explore the experiences of TGNC individuals. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the factors that influence TGNC patient experiences in surgical consultation for GAS. Targeted recruitment was used to recruit and enroll participants who identified as TGNC and who had undergone consultation with a surgeon to discuss GAS. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore patient experiences with GAS. Recorded audio from these interviews was later transcribed verbatim. Open coding of these transcripts was then performed independently by 3 individual members of the research team using the consensual qualitative coding methods. Fifteen interviews were conducted (transmale, n = 7; transfemale, n = 4; gender non-conforming/non-binary, n = 4). Participants frequently expressed worry and frustration over insurance coverage and exorbitant out-of-pocket expense, whether actual or perceived. Logistical barriers were the most frequently cited category of barriers. The majority of participants made at least 1 reference to relying on others during the process of insurance pre-authorization. The majority of participants described their interactions with surgeons as positive, indicating that they felt comfortable during consultation and that their surgeons ensured their understanding. Our findings provide important insight into this often stressful and challenging process. Ensuring a welcoming, safe, and gender-affirming environment and experience for these individuals is essential. These findings may help to guide future education for medical students, trainees, clinic staff, and surgeons, as well as to direct changes necessary to improve the patient experience in clinics and hospitals for TGNC individuals undergoing consultation for GAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R. Smith
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Mikhail Pakvasa
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division, Chicago, IL
| | - Leonie A. Oostrom
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Lawrence J. Gottlieb
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Darnell N. Motley
- Center for Interdisciplinary Inquiry and Innovation in Sexual and Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
- Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Brandon J. Hill
- Center for Interdisciplinary Inquiry and Innovation in Sexual and Reproductive Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago Medicine & Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
- Planned Parenthood Great Plains, Overland Park, KS
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16
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Lerner JE, Lee JJ. Transgender and Gender Diverse (TGD) Asian Americans in the United States: Experiences of Violence, Discrimination, and Family Support. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21165-NP21188. [PMID: 34860612 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211056721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) Asian Americans in the U.S. have multiple stigmatized identities, yet their experiences of violence and discrimination are not well understood. We utilized the 2015 United States Trans Survey, the largest survey to date with U.S. TGD people, to study the experiences of TGD Asian Americans. Our study included 699 TGD Asian Americans who experienced violence and discrimination in the form of unequal treatment, verbal harassment, and physical attack. We assessed how experiences differed by sociodemographic characteristics, including birthplace, income, age, education, disability, gender identity, and region. We also explored how family support was associated with experiences of violence in the sample. Bivariate analyses and multivariable regressions were used to understand how sociodemographic variables and family support are linked to experiences of violence and discrimination. Results indicated that income, age, disability, gender identity, and family support are significantly associated with violence and discrimination. As TGD Asian Americans currently experience high levels of violence and discrimination due to transphobia and a rapidly rising anti-Asian bias stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to better understand factors that may increase vulnerability and identify how family support can mitigate those experiences are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E Lerner
- School of Social Work, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane J Lee
- School of Social Work, 7284University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Bosse JD, Katz-Wise SL, Chiodo LM. Sexual and Gender Diverse Young Adults’ Perception of Behaviors that are Supportive and Unsupportive of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identities. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584221124957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To explore specific responses that sexual and gender diverse young adults (SGD YA) perceive to be supportive and unsupportive of sexual orientation and gender identity by caregivers and other adults following identity disclosure. SGD YA ( N = 101), ages 18 to 25 years ( M = 21.2) were predominantly White (83.1%), non-Hispanic (89.1%), assigned female at birth (82.2%). The majority (97.8%) were sexually diverse (e.g., queer, pansexual, lesbian, gay, asexual, bisexual) and half (50%) were gender diverse (e.g. transgender, agender, genderqueer, nonbinary). Participants completed an online survey. This analysis is focused on participants’ responses to open-ended questions regarding responses they perceived to be supportive and unsupportive of their SGD identity/identities. Content analysis of participants’ open-ended survey responses was conducted using a combination of inductive and deductive coding. Six themes emerged for both supportive responses (communication, actions, acceptance, open-mindedness, unconditional love, and advocacy) and unsupportive responses (distancing, hostility, minimizing, controlling, blaming, and bumbling). For some themes, different sub-themes emerged based on identity. Parents/caregivers as well as other adults in the lives of SGD YA can implement specific responses to demonstrate support for sexual orientation and gender identity with the potential to improve the mental health of SGD YA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon D. Bosse
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Sabra L. Katz-Wise
- Boston Children’s Hospital, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa M. Chiodo
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Shook AG, Tordoff DM, Clark A, Hardwick R, St Pierre Nelson W, Kantrowitz-Gordon I. Trans Youth Talk Back: A Foucauldian Discourse Analysis of Transgender Minors' Accounts of Healthcare Access. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1672-1689. [PMID: 35818038 DOI: 10.1177/10497323221114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary transgender youth in the U.S. today face increasing stigmatization as extraordinary legislative attacks intensify discrimination and exclusion of these young people in healthcare, recreation, and school life. These attacks reflect broader political, religious, and cultural ideologies embedded in systems of power that regulate the provision of healthcare for American transgender youth. We apply Foucauldian discourse analysis and a theory-driven conceptual framework for structural analysis of transgender health inequities-Intersectionality Research for Transgender Health Justice-to identify discourses youth encounter within healthcare practice. We analyzed data from interviews conducted in Western Washington State with youth ages 13-17 (n =11) and asked how transgender subjectivity was constructed in their accounts and in what ways youth made use of the discursive resources available to them when navigating systems of care. Three sets of discourses-discourses of normativity, discourses of temporality, and discourse of access-characterized participants' narratives. We discuss how participants negotiated discursively situated systems of power in order to ensure their safety and access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - April Clark
- 12301Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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19
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She R, Mo PKH, Cai Y, Ma T, Liu Y, Lau JTF. Mental health service utilisation among transgender women sex workers who are at risk of mental health problems in Shenyang, China: An application of minority stress theory. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e981-e993. [PMID: 34240507 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgender women sex workers (TGSW), as a highly stigmatised population, are at substantial risk for mental health problems but lack access to mental health care. This study investigated factors of mental health service utilisation (MHSU) behaviour and related behavioural intention among TGSW who were at risk of mental health problems in the past year [subsample 1: scored above the cut-off for probable depression or probable anxiety or had suicidal ideation (N = 126); subsample 2: perceived needs for mental health services (N = 109)]. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among TGSW in Shenyang, China during 2017-2018. Data on minority stress, coping, mental health and MHSU were collected. 10.3% of participants in subsample 1 and 14.7% in subsample 2 had sought help from mental health professionals in the last year. Unwillingness to disclose minority identity and gender non-affirmation were negatively associated with MHSU. Factors for behavioural intention of MHSU included unwillingness to disclose minority identity and social support for both subsamples and adaptive coping for subsample 2. Confidentiality concern, discrimination and cost were the most frequently endorsed barriers to mental health services. Interventions should promote gender affirmation, social support and adaptive coping as well as remove stigma to increase health service access and utilisation among minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui She
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Phoenix K H Mo
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiecheng Ma
- Shenyang Consultation Centre of AIDS Aid and Health Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shenyang Consultation Centre of AIDS Aid and Health Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Joseph T F Lau
- Centre for Health Behaviours Research, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Rothbaum B, Etengoff C, Uribe E. Transgender community resilience on YouTube: Constructing an informational, emotional, and sociorelational support exchange. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:2366-2384. [PMID: 34942028 PMCID: PMC9304180 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This strength-based, mixed-methods study explored how trans individuals utilize transvlogs as a community building and resilience resource. Eighty-six transvlog viewers explained their motivation for viewing transvlogs and additionally rated their self-efficacy and well-being. Narrative analyses indicate that participants viewed transvlogs to gain informational, emotional, and sociorelational resources. Twelve percent of participants additionally shared those resources with others and contributed to a relational resilience exchange. In addition, transvlog viewers' self-efficacy and well-being scores were higher than previously reported means. While prior research has noted the benefits of transvlog creation, the present study furthers this study by suggesting that transvlog viewers interactionally benefit as well. Participants in this study were not passive viewers, but rather active, agentive contributors to a trans community resilience exchange. Building on this study, we conclude with a discussion of how therapists can incorporate extant trans-created resources to foster trans community resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chana Etengoff
- Derner School of PsychologyAdelphi UniversityGarden CityNew YorkUSA
| | - Elizabeth Uribe
- Derner School of PsychologyAdelphi UniversityGarden CityNew YorkUSA
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21
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Álvarez RG, Parra LA, Ten Brummelaar M, Avraamidou L, López ML. Resilience among LGBTQIA+ youth in out-of-home care: A scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 129:105660. [PMID: 35525034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the experiences of LGBTQIA+ youth in out-of-home care has mainly focused on these youth's adversities and the resulting negative impact on their wellbeing. Little is known about the ways through which LGBTQIA+ youth in out-of-home care are resilient to these adversities. To date, a review study on resilience in this population is lacking. OBJECTIVE To map and synthesize the existing research on resilience among LGBTQIA+ children and youth in out-of-home care. Specific goals were to summarize and analyze 1) the general characteristics of the existing studies, and 2) the resilience resources found at the individual, relational, sociocultural, and ecological levels. METHODS We carried out a scoping review examining empirical published academic literature. RESULTS The 14 studies included in this scoping review indicated that resilience studies among LGBTQIA+ youth in out-of-home care are mainly qualitative, cross-sectional, US-based, and were centered on gay youth. Studies suggested that resilience resources were mostly focused at the socio/relational level (e.g., foster family acceptance) with fewer studies at the individual (e.g., LGBTQ positive identity), and community levels (e.g., LGBTQ centers). Importantly, no studies explored the interaction of resilience resources across these different domains. CONCLUSIONS Resilience among LGBTQIA+ youth in out-of-home care remains understudied and the results of this scoping review point to specific research gaps. Recommendations are provided for research, practice, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Armando Parra
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO, United States of America.
| | | | - Lucy Avraamidou
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Mónica López López
- Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Fernandez N, Zuluaga L, Paris G, Norato MJ, Silva JM, Pérez J. Gender Dysphoria Publication Trends: A Bibliometric Analysis between 1900 and 2018. UROLOGÍA COLOMBIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective Research on gender dysphoria (GD) has been growing over the last decades with increasing interest in understanding and characterizing the causal relationships between psychological, genetics, hormonal, and sociocultural factors. Changes and acceptance of this condition as non-pathologic have led to significant changes in general perspective and its management over time. Our objective is to carry out a bibliometric analysis to know the publication trends and quality of evidence related to gender dysphoria.
Methods A systematic search and critical review of the literature was carried out between January 1900 and December 2018 to perform a bibliometric analysis. Research was done in the following databases: OVID, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The medical subject headings (MeSh) terms used were: gender dysphoria; and surgery and psychology. The results were plotted using the VOSviewer version 1.6.8. Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS, Version 25.0.
Results A total of 1,239 manuscripts were identified, out of which 1,041 were selected. The average number of cited times per year per manuscript is 1.84 (interquartile range [IQR] 0-2.33). The average impact index was 47.8 (IQR 20-111.6). The median of total citations per manuscript was 3 (IQR 0-33.1), and the highest number of citations per manuscript was 484. Most publications focus on the psychological aspects of GD, and there is a significant amount of manuscripts related to social and anthropological issues. Most articles have a low level of scientific evidence.
Conclusion There is a great amount of published literature on GD; however, there is a significant level of disagreement in many respects on this topic. Regarding surgical gender-affirmation, there is a lack of information supported by high level of evidence to uphold the emerging expansion of medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fernandez
- Division of Urology, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura Zuluaga
- Urology Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Paris
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - María Juana Norato
- Urology Department, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - José Miguel Silva
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Jaime Pérez
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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23
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Rimmer SE, Cohn TJ, Hastings SL, Steele JC, Woods C. Does social support moderate the relationship between gender minority stress and suicide within a sample of transgender and gender diverse people? JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2021.1997855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Rimmer
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Tracy J. Cohn
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah L. Hastings
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Jenessa C. Steele
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
| | - Charles Woods
- Department of Psychology, Radford University, Radford, Virginia, USA
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24
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Pachankis JE, Soulliard ZA, Morris F, Seager van Dyk I. A Model for Adapting Evidence-Based Interventions to Be LGBQ-Affirmative: Putting Minority Stress Principles and Case Conceptualization into Clinical Research and Practice. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Thompson-Blum DN, Coleman TA, Phillips NE, Richardson S, Travers R, Coulombe S, Wilson C, Woodford M, Cameron R, Davis C. Experiences of Transgender Participants in Emergency Departments: Findings from the OutLook Study. Transgend Health 2021; 6:358-368. [PMID: 34993307 PMCID: PMC8664106 DOI: 10.1089/trgh.2020.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Even in cases of medical emergency, mistreatment and negative experiences in life or in medical settings can deter trans patients from seeking necessary care. The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with trans persons' emergency department (ED) avoidance in the mixed urban-rural Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Methods: The OutLook Study was a community-based partnership that created an online, cross-sectional questionnaire for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other sexual and gender minority community members. Participants in this analysis were 16 years of age or older, lived, worked, or attended school in Waterloo Region, and identified as trans (n=112). Binary logistic regression was used to test associations between sociodemographic, resilience, and risk variables, and ED avoidance. Sociodemographic variables statistically significant at p<0.05 at the bivariate level were included as controls to explore different combinations of resilience and risk factor in multivariable models. Results: Participants reporting complete or partially complete medical transitions were more likely to report ED avoidance, compared to those who had not initiated medical transition. Elevated transphobia was associated with greater likelihood of avoidance. However, increasing levels of social support decreased the likelihood of avoidance. In multivariable models, social support, support from a special person, and transphobia were always significant, regardless of controlled variables. Conclusion: Transphobia-enacted in the contexts of everyday life and health care-can deter patients from seeking care. Patient-centered care requires careful attention to trans identity and health needs, especially in emergency settings. In the absence of structural changes, providers can take steps to mitigate the erasure and discrimination trans patients experience and anticipate when accessing EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd A. Coleman
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Sean Richardson
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Robb Travers
- Department of Health Sciences, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Coulombe
- Department of Psychology and Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ciann Wilson
- Department of Psychology and Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Michael Woodford
- Faculty of Social Work, Wilfrid Laurier University, Kitchener, Canada
| | - Ruth Cameron
- Department of Psychology and Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Charlie Davis
- Department of Psychology and Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
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Asseervatham RA, Eng S, Eang S, Tuot S, Yi S. Barriers and facilitators of post-violence help-seeking behavior among 21-49-year-old transgender women in Phnom Penh: A qualitative study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2021; 24:368-380. [PMID: 37901056 PMCID: PMC10601521 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2021.1985677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Transgender women are disproportionately affected by gender-based violence (GBV). However, little is known about how they respond to GBV. Aims: This study aims to understand transgender women's response to GBV and identify barriers and facilitators in accessing healthcare and legal aid after experiencing the violence. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study between February to March 2020 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 20 transgender women aged between 21 and 49 who had experienced GBV or knew a peer who had experienced GBV. Thematic analysis was conducted for the coding process, and an inductive approach was used to develop a coding frame. Results: All participants had experienced at least one form of GBV in their lifetime, and most participants had experienced multiple forms of GBV. However, most of them did not seek any services from healthcare providers, law enforcement officers, or assistance for healthcare and legal aid from non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Participants reported the following barriers to access to GBV services: anticipated stigma, the internalized stigma, which resulted in shame and low self-esteem, a lack of knowledge on NGOs' services that can assist with healthcare and legal aid, the perception that mental health services were unavailable, a lack of social support, enacted stigma by the police, and the perceived healthcare cost. The participants reported social support and knowledge of NGOs' services as facilitators of access to GBV service. Social media and NGO staff were reported to be preferred sources of information. Participants wanted more effective law enforcement services, comprehensive healthcare catered to the unique transgender women's needs, and non-discriminating service providers. Discussion: Interventions to address GBV and improve the health outcomes of transgender women should involve creating an enabling environment for help-seeking with the partnership between NGOs and different sectors and building social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rysheila Anne Asseervatham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sothearith Eng
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Songheang Eang
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovannary Tuot
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Royal University of Phnom Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Siyan Yi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health, Singapore, Singapore
- KHANA Center for Population Health Research, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Center for Global Health Research, Touro University California, Vallejo, California, USA
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Gailits N, Pastor-Bravo MM, Gastaldo D, Bajwa U, Bilbao-Joseph C, Castro C, Godoy S. Fighting for inclusion across borders: Latin American Trans women's health in Canada. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2021; 23:5-23. [PMID: 35403120 PMCID: PMC8986298 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2021.1988877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, Trans women from Latin America experience some of the highest rates of violence, which has led many to emigrate. There is limited research exploring the experiences of Trans migrants, and most LGBTQI2S + migrant research focuses on immigrant gay men. This study uses the frameworks of Intersectionality and the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) to examine the impact of migration on the health and wellbeing of Latin American Trans women living in Toronto, Canada. METHODOLOGY This qualitative arts-based study included nine participants and used hand mapping, a sociodemographic questionnaire, and focus groups to generate data. Data analysis encompassed inductive and deductive approaches and rigor was maintained through reflexivity and several verification strategies. RESULTS While migration was used as a safety strategy, participants' multiple identities as immigrants, Trans women, and Latinas, produced compounded experiences of oppression post-migration. Facing transphobia and xenophobia simultaneously, participants were forced to navigate precarious housing and employment, minimal social capital, and low social position. This limited their ability to exercise power and ultimately caused poor health and wellbeing post-migration; however, participants used sophisticated strategies to resist asymmetrical power relations, actively searching for safety and community participation, and caring for themselves and each other. CONCLUSION The participants fought for inclusion across borders of economic exclusion and gender identity, borders of power and social position, as well as geopolitical borders. Their intersectional experiences across these "borders" should be understood in the context of migration without liberation, consumption without income, compounding oppressions, as well as positive intersectionality. While the women's resistance and strength are positive by-products of fighting oppression, they cannot be the solution. Access to health and wellbeing should not be a privilege for some; it must be a right for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Gailits
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M. M. Pastor-Bravo
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Nursing School of Cartagena, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - D. Gastaldo
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - U. Bajwa
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Bilbao-Joseph
- Global Migration & Health Initiative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Centre for Spanish Speaking Peoples, Toronto, Canada
| | - C. Castro
- Family Service Association, Toronto, Canada
- Ryerson School of Social Work, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - S. Godoy
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Arianmehr T, Cheraghi Z, Ahmadpanah M, Mohammadi Y. Quality of life and the related factors in Iranian transgender people: a cross-sectional study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-021-01657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Discrimination, Mental Health, and Suicidal Ideation among Sexual Minority Adults in Latin America: Considering the Roles of Social Support and Religiosity. TRAUMA CARE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/traumacare1030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high rates of discrimination and mental health issues experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) adults at an international level, very little research has focused on this population in Latin America. As a result, the purpose of this study was to explore relationships among discrimination experiences, mental health (i.e., anxiety and depressive symptoms), suicidal ideation, religiosity, and social support in LGBT adults in Latin America. A sample of 99 participants from the region completed an online survey assessing these constructs. Results suggested that 51.5% of the sample reported lifetime suicidal ideation. Experiences with harassment/rejection-type discrimination predicted suicidal ideation, while work/school-type discrimination predicted mental health problems (anxiety and depression). Depressive symptoms predicted suicidal ideation, while anxiety symptoms alone did not. Further, depressive symptoms mediated relationships between work/school discrimination and suicidal ideation, as well as between harassment/rejection discrimination and suicidal ideation. Moderated mediation analyses suggested that high, but not low or moderate levels of social support and religiosity buffered LGBT adults in Latin America against discrimination, specifically by weakening links among discrimination, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Clinical intervention research with LGBT adults in Latin America should focus on increasing social support networks for this population and on helping LGBT adults reconcile conflicts between religious identities and sexual or gender minority identities, as healthy religiosity may serve as a protective factor against mental health problems generally, and suicidal ideation specifically.
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30
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Johnson EEH, Wilder SMJ, Andersen CVS, Horvath SA, Kolp HM, Gidycz CA, Shorey RC. Trauma and Alcohol Use Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Women: An Examination of the Stress-Buffering Hypothesis of Social Support. J Prim Prev 2021; 42:567-581. [PMID: 34546505 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-021-00646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) women (i.e., individuals who were assigned male at birth and identify as women or trans women) experience trauma at disproportionate rates compared to cisgender populations. While trauma is associated with increased alcohol use among TGD women, research regarding factors that are protective of this association is scant. The stress-buffering hypothesis of social support suggests that perceived social support, defined as the judgment that social network members will be helpful when individuals experience stress, may buffer and reduce the association between trauma symptoms and alcohol use. However, this relationship has not been examined among TGD women. We examined whether perceived social support moderates the association between trauma and alcohol use among 89 TGD women. Exploratory multiple regression analyses provided support for this hypothesis, insofar as trauma symptoms were related to alcohol use by individuals with low, relative to high levels of perceived social support. Exploratory analyses demonstrated that this finding was driven by perceived social support from friends and family. Our results are the first to suggest that social support reduces alcohol use among TGD women and add to the literature on their trauma and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haley M Kolp
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 238B Garland Hall, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Ryan C Shorey
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 238B Garland Hall, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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31
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Spielmann J, Feng S, Briley DA, Stern C. Mental Health Contributors Among Transgender People in a Non-WEIRD Society: Evidence From China. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211039388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transgender people face numerous social hurdles and consequently report elevated rates of mental health problems. However, little research has examined whether established mental health findings generalize to experiences of transgender people outside of Western contexts. In an analysis of the 2017 Chinese Transgender Population General Survey ( N = 1,106), we examined how discrimination and environmental support in a school context related to mental health and self-harm among transgender people. We found that more frequent school discrimination was associated with worse mental health and increased self-harm. Further, perceived environmental support was associated with better mental health but was unrelated to self-harm. These relations did not differ based on whether people were “out” about being transgender at school or between men and women. These findings highlight nuance in the experiences of transgender people outside of Western contexts and hold implications for developing effective social interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siqi Feng
- University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - Chadly Stern
- University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, IL, USA
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32
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Liu H, Wilkinson L. Marital status differences in suicidality among transgender people. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255494. [PMID: 34473753 PMCID: PMC8412348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The suicide rate for transgender people is among the highest of any group in the United States. Yet, we know little about disadvantages or resources available to transgender people to prevent suicide. The overall purpose of this study is to assess how marital status modifies the risk of suicide among transgender people. We analyzed data from the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey to predict marital status differences in both suicide ideation and suicide attempt in the past year. The analytic sample for suicide ideation included 17,117 transgender respondents (9,182 transwomen and 7,935 transmen), and the analytic sample for suicide attempt was limited to 8,058 transgender respondents (4,342 transwomen and 3,716 transmen) who reported suicide ideation in the last 12 months. Results from binary logistic regression models suggested that never married and previously married transmen and transwomen, regardless of their partnership status, generally had higher risk of both suicide ideation and attempt than their married transgender counterparts with only one exception: never married transwomen had lower risk of suicide ideation (but not attempt) than their married transwomen counterpart after sociodemographic characteristics were accounted for. These findings draw attention to the heterogeneity of the transgender population, highlighting marital status as a key social factor in stratifying the life experiences of transgender people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Sociology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lindsey Wilkinson
- Department of Sociology, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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33
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Towards Making an Invisible Diversity Visible: A Study of Socially Structured Barriers for Purple Collar Employees in the Workplace. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13169322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eunuchs and members of the transgender community are yet to be recognized as an effective human resource and this diversity in the workforce is still invisible. A tiny portion of the transgender community is employed, and they are tagged as purple collar employees. It is generally claimed that coworkers do not accept members of the transgender community in the workplace and are not willing to work with them due to their different personal, social, and work-related characteristics. This study aimed to investigate coworkers’ attitudes towards transgender colleagues and their willingness to work with them in the workplace. We selected the Punjab province of Pakistan as the context for the study where more than five hundred thousand members of the transgender community live. We collected data from 363 randomly selected respondents working in an organization where transgender people also worked. We applied Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. Our findings revealed that coworkers do not hesitate to work with transgender people merely based on their biological differences. Coworkers’ willingness was more influenced by social attributes (trust and support) and work attributes (knowledge, ability, and motivation) irrespective of gender differences. The study strongly suggests tapping this invisible human resource and mainstreaming this resource to emancipate transgender people from poverty and to bring a productive diversity in the workforce. Government should frame policies to provide all human rights including national identity, health and educational facilities, and organizations should provide transgender people with jobs to properly utilize this untapped human resource.
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34
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Grossman AH, Park JY, Frank JA, Russell ST. Parental Responses to Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Youth: Associations with Parent Support, Parental Abuse, and Youths' Psychological Adjustment. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2021; 68:1260-1277. [PMID: 31774377 PMCID: PMC10676004 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1696103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine parental responses to transgender and gender nonconforming [TGNC] youths' gender identities and explore associations of parent support with parental abuse, depressive symptoms, and LGBT-identity disclosure stress. TGNC youth (N = 129), ages 15-21 (M = 18.00, SD = 1.74), completed surveys (2011-2012); experiences of transfeminine (TF; n = 58) and transmasculine (TM; n = 71) youth were analyzed separately. Among mothers of TF youth, 42.0% of initial and 45.3% of current responses were positive; among fathers, 30.0% of initial and 36.0% of current responses were positive. Among mothers of TM youth, 26.0% of initial and 53.3% of current responses were positive; among fathers, 24.0% of initial and 44.6% of current responses were positive. Among TM youth, higher levels of parental support were associated with more positive responses from mothers and fathers. Among both TF and TM youth, greater parent support was associated with less parental abuse, depressive symptoms, and LGBTQ-identity disclosure stress. Parental responses to youths' gender identities became more positive with time for TF youth; however, approximately 50% of all TGNC youth continued to experience minority stress related to parent rejection. Limitations and implications for practice and research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold H. Grossman
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jung Yeon Park
- ITEC Research Unit, University of Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Stephen T. Russell
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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35
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Hall SF, DeLaney MJ. A Trauma-Informed Exploration of the Mental Health and Community Support Experiences of Transgender and Gender-Expansive Adults. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2021; 68:1278-1297. [PMID: 31799893 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2019.1696104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study applied a trauma-informed care (TIC) framework to explore transgender and gender-expansive (TGE) adults' experiences with mental health and community supports. Data were drawn from the qualitative component of a more extensive mixed-methods study that aimed to assess TGE individuals' support needs. Participants (N = 100) were recruited from online support groups using a combination of convenience and snowball sampling and invited to take an online survey. Open-response questions asked participants to describe their most positive experiences with a mental health provider and provide recommendations for improving the supportiveness of the communities to which they belonged. Participants' responses were coded and sorted into five overarching themes: (a) trust and emotional safety, (b) environmental and physical safety, (c) choice and collaboration, (d) empowerment, and (e) cultural and gender issues. Finally, we discussed implications for improving practice and further developing a TIC model that meets the needs of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seventy F Hall
- Department of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maur J DeLaney
- Department of Social Work, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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36
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She R, Mo PKH, Ma T, Liu Y, Lau JTF. Impact of Minority Stress and Poor Mental Health on Sexual Risk Behaviors among Transgender Women Sex Workers in Shenyang, China. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:1790-1799. [PMID: 33438152 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the associations between minority stressors, poor mental health, and sexual risk behaviors, and whether there were interactive effects of minority stress and mental health factors in their associations with sexual risk behaviors in a sample of Chinese transgender women sex workers (TGSW). A cross-sectional study was conducted in 204 TGSW in Shenyang, China (mean age 33.4 years and 18.1% self-reported as HIV positive). We found a high prevalence of condomless anal intercourse (CAI) with male clients (27.9%) and CAI with male regular partners (49.5%) in the past three months among TGSW. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that discrimination, victimization, and life dissatisfaction were significantly associated with higher odds of CAI with male clients (AOR range: 1.05-1.42, all p < 0.05). Likewise, CAI with male regular partners was more frequently reported by participants who experienced higher levels of victimization, rejection, and anxiety (AOR range: 1.37-2.88, all p < 0.05). No significant interaction effects of gender minority stress and mental health on sexual behaviors were observed. Interventions addressing the multiple psychosocial risks are warranted to prevent behavioral risks of TGSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui She
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Phoenix Kit-Han Mo
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tiecheng Ma
- Shenyang Consultation Centre of AIDS Aid and Health Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Shenyang Consultation Centre of AIDS Aid and Health Service, Shenyang, China
| | - Joseph Tak-Fai Lau
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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37
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Tantirattanakulchai P, Hounnaklang N. Perceived social support and its relationship with depression among Bangkok's trans women. JOURNAL OF HEALTH RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jhr-05-2020-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence of depression and to determine the association between social support and depression among transgender women in Bangkok, Thailand.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 transgender women in Bangkok, Thailand between March 2019 and May 2019 using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire included demographic questions and measures of social support (MSPSS) and depression (CES-D). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the association between social support and depression.FindingsThe prevalence of depression among transgender women was 58.2%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that depression was significantly associated with perceived low social support (OR: 9.55, 95%CI: 2.10–43.39) and moderate social support (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.19–3.46) after being adjusted for religion, sufficient income and alcohol drinking.Originality/valueTransgender women were prone to experience a higher prevalence of depression than the general population. Social support would reduce the risk of depression among transgender women. Therefore, social support service systems for transgender women should be embedded into organizations concerned.
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38
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Hodges-Simeon CR, Grail GPO, Albert G, Groll MD, Stepp CE, Carré JM, Arnocky SA. Testosterone therapy masculinizes speech and gender presentation in transgender men. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3494. [PMID: 33568701 PMCID: PMC7876019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Voice is one of the most noticeably dimorphic traits in humans and plays a central role in gender presentation. Transgender males seeking to align internal identity and external gender expression frequently undergo testosterone (T) therapy to masculinize their voices and other traits. We aimed to determine the importance of changes in vocal masculinity for transgender men and to determine the effectiveness of T therapy at masculinizing three speech parameters: fundamental frequency (i.e., pitch) mean and variation (fo and fo-SD) and estimated vocal tract length (VTL) derived from formant frequencies. Thirty transgender men aged 20 to 40 rated their satisfaction with traits prior to and after T therapy and contributed speech samples and salivary T. Similar-aged cisgender men and women contributed speech samples for comparison. We show that transmen viewed voice change as critical to transition success compared to other masculine traits. However, T therapy may not be sufficient to fully masculinize speech: while fo and fo-SD were largely indistinguishable from cismen, VTL was intermediate between cismen and ciswomen. fo was correlated with salivary T, and VTL associated with T therapy duration. This argues for additional approaches, such as behavior therapy and/or longer duration of hormone therapy, to improve speech transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Hodges-Simeon
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay Stated Rd., Room 102-B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Graham P O Grail
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay Stated Rd., Room 102-B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Graham Albert
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, 232 Bay Stated Rd., Room 102-B, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Matti D Groll
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara E Stepp
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin M Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Steven A Arnocky
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, ON, Canada
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39
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Pellicane MJ, Cooks JA, Ciesla JA. Longitudinal effects of social media experiences on depression and anxiety in LGB+ and heterosexual young adults. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2020.1776805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer A. Cooks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Ciesla
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Bowling J, Vercruysse C, Bello-Ogunu F, Krinner LM, Greene T, Webster C, Dahl AA. "It's the nature of the beast": Community resilience among gender diverse individuals. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:2191-2207. [PMID: 32841381 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Marginalization causes gender diverse individuals to experience increased stress compared with cisgender individuals, such as social stigma and discrimination, which can lead to poor physical and mental health outcomes. This population uses various resources to cope with these challenges, including community social support. This qualitative research aimed to understand how gender diverse individuals perceive their community resilience. Supported by a community partner organization, we recruited N = 20 gender diverse participants for semi-structured interviews analyzed through inductive thematic qualitative analysis. The data revealed similarities with community resilience factors observed among other minority groups as well as novelty. Themes emerged on both individual and group levels and include strengths (e.g., opening to the group, role modeling for resilience, and group resources) and threats to community resilience (e.g., social anxiety, physical health conditions, and stigma). This paper informs the development of community resilience interventions in the context of gender diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Chloe Vercruysse
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Faustina Bello-Ogunu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Lisa Maria Krinner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Taryn Greene
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Caitlan Webster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Alicia Anne Dahl
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Batista RL, Verduguez EDR, Inacio M, Cunha FS, Marques MD, Gomes NLRA, Faria JAD, Sircili MHP, Mendonça BB, Costa EMF, Domenice S. Impact of schooling in the HIV/AIDS prevalence among Brazilian transgender women. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2020; 64:369-373. [PMID: 32813764 PMCID: PMC10522086 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective Discrimination and bullying are common conditions among LGBT people. During schooling, these practices compromising education. The aim of this study is to evaluate educational attainment among Brazilian transgender women (TW) and how their education level affects the risk of HIV infection. Study design a cross-sectional population-based study. Subjects and methods 95 adult TW were selected. Information concerning verbal and physical aggression, school dropout, school years (SY), and educational level were assessed. HIV status was screened using a fourth-generation immunoassay followed by western blot testing. Results The mean of SY was 9.1 ± 3.8 ys. The mean age at school dropout was 16.3 ± 3.4 ys old. Verbal aggression was reported by 83%, physical by 48%, and 18% of the TW dropped out school immediately after being physically assaulted. Participants who suffered physical aggression attended school for almost 4 years less than those participants who did not suffer this abuse (OR = -3.96, p < 0.0001). A similar result was found for verbal aggression (OR = -4.35; p < 0.0001). HIV/AIDS prevalence was 18% (n = 17). The mean of SY among HIV/AIDS positive and negative individuals were 6.8 ± 43 versus 9.7 ± 3, respectively (p = 0.004). Lower education was associated with higher frequency of HIV/AIDS among TW and this relationship was sustained after adjustment for injectable drug use and sex work (OR = 0.79, p = 0.04). Conclusion Among Brazilian TW, lower education level was a risk factor associated with HIV. The reasons for low schooling among TW are multifactorial, but verbal and physical harassment strongly contribute for it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Loch Batista
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elisa dal Rosario Verduguez
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Marlene Inacio
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Flávia Siqueira Cunha
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Mateus Diniz Marques
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrasilDepartamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Natália Lisboa Rosa Almeida Gomes
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - José Antônio D Faria
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Helena Palma Sircili
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Berenice B. Mendonça
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Elaine M. Frade Costa
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Hospital de ClínicasFaculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloSPBrasil Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular (LIM/42), Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Taube LN, Mussap AJ. Evaluating the transgender positive identity measure (T-PIM) across intersecting identities. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2020.1789019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee N. Taube
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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43
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Taube LN, Mussap AJ. Character strengths in transgender and gender diverse people. PSYCHOLOGY & SEXUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19419899.2019.1668465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee N. Taube
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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44
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Meanings attributed by a group of adult men to the experience of having type 2 diabetes mellitus. INTERACCIONES: REVISTA DE AVANCES EN PSICOLOGÍA 2020. [DOI: 10.24016/2020.v6n2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Trans people may find themselves in a situation of social discrimination, reflected in their health and in the lack of scientific research. The minority stress theory points out the importance of social support for the stress of sexual or gender minorities. This study aims to explore social support and its dimensions in this population. Method: 81 people participate, of which 36 are trans and 45 non-trans (cisgender), as a control group. The Mos Social Support Survey is applied to measure perceived social support and a questionnaire with sociodemographic variables. Results: The results show that there are no differences in the perceived social support between both groups. However, sociodemographic variables such as having a partner, age, and employment situation show change for the trans population in some dimensions. Conclusion: These findings promote future lines of research that expand the knowledge of these variables in this group.
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45
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Dowers E, White C, Cook K, Kingsley J. Trans, gender diverse and non-binary adult experiences of social support: A systematic quantitative literature review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2020; 21:242-257. [PMID: 34993509 PMCID: PMC8726637 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1771805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Trans, gender diverse and non-binary (TGDNB) adults experience significant health disparities relative to their cisgender peers. While social support is a known health-protective factor within the general population, no systematic reviews of TGDNB experiences of social support exist. Aim: To systematically review prior research of social support for TGDNB adults. We sought to assess the defining characteristics of the research, the participants and the research findings, mapping emerging trends across disciplines. Methods: Six electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, LGBT Life and PsycNet) were searched for literature pertaining to TGDNB adults, social support, and health or well-being published in the past decade. Results: The findings illustrate a predominance of USA-based quantitative research that measures social support of friends, family and a singular intimate partner. The majority of participants were white, binary-identified transgender women and TGDNB people living in metropolitan settings. Social support was commonly reported as a protective factor, with TGDNB peer support the most frequently reported correlate of health and well-being for TGDNB adults. Discussion: The results suggest standardized inventories do not capture the emic nature of social support for TGDNB adults. A key opportunity lies in an inductive, hypothesis-forming approach to the study of what is socially supportive for TGDNB adults. In turn, this knowledge will enable the appropriate measurement, implementation and interpretation of social support studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Dowers
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Kay Cook
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kingsley
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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46
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Ho F, Mussap AJ. Development of the Trans and Gender Diverse Social Anxiety Scale. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:675-697. [PMID: 32436732 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1768533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We develop and evaluate a Trans and Gender Diverse Social Anxiety Scale (TSAS) suitable for use with trans and gender diverse (TGD) people. Methods: We evaluate the TSAS on a sample of 171 TGD adults (40 transmen, 80 transwomen, and 51 gender nonbinary). We test the TSAS's construct validity against measures of perceived and enacted anti-trans stigma, and in comparison to a generic (i.e., non-TGD-specific) measure of social anxiety, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Results: Factor analyses reveal a four-factor structure consisting of fear and avoidance of (i) social interactions with familiar people, (ii) public scrutiny, (iii) interactions with organizations, and (iv) interactions with religious people or religious authority. Hierarchical regressions confirm that although symptoms of social anxiety assessed by the TSAS overlap with symptoms of generic social anxiety, responses to the TSAS target social situations specifically related to anti-trans stigma. MANOVAs of TSAS score by TGD gender subgroups also reveal that transmen report more social anxiety than either gender nonbinary TGD people or transwomen. Conclusions: The TSAS is a brief instrument that can be used to measure social anxiety in TGD people in social situations in which anti-trans stigma is commonly encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Ho
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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47
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Russomanno J, Jabson Tree JM. Food insecurity and food pantry use among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the Southeast United States. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:590. [PMID: 32349699 PMCID: PMC7191729 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) people face high rates of poverty, joblessness, and homelessness, rendering this population vulnerable to experiencing food insecurity. Yet, there is almost no empirical evidence concerning food insecurity and the use of local and federal food assistance resources in the TGNC community. Food insecurity, the use of local and Federal food assistance resources, and associations with gender-related minority stressors and resilience using the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience (GMSR) scale among TGNC individuals living in the Southeast United States (U.S.) were documented in this study. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with TGNC people living in the Southeast U.S. Participants were recruited via targeted Facebook advertisements. RESULTS In total, 105 TGNC people completed the survey; 79% of survey participants experienced food insecurity, 19% utilized Federal, and 22% utilized local food assistance resources. High levels of minority stress and community resilience were reported. The GMSR resilience scale Pride (aOR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.00-1.19, p = .04) was significantly associated with the use of local food pantries, but minority stressors were not. No significant associations were found between GMSR and food security. CONCLUSION TGNC people living in the Southeast U.S. experienced food insecurity, unstable housing, low wages, and social stigma that were a barrier to using emergency food resources. Multi-level public health solutions that address discriminatory legislative policies and create linkages between TGNC people and local and federal food assistance are required to address issues of food insecurity in the TGNC population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Russomanno
- The University of Tennessee Department of Public Health, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Jabson Tree
- The University of Tennessee Department of Public Health, 1924 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN, 37920, USA
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48
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Youths with a non-binary gender identity: a review of their sociodemographic and clinical profile. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2020; 4:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Wirtz AL, Poteat TC, Malik M, Glass N. Gender-Based Violence Against Transgender People in the United States: A Call for Research and Programming. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:227-241. [PMID: 29439615 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018757749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gender-based violence (GBV) is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person's will and that results from power inequalities based on gender roles. Most global estimates of GBV implicitly refer only to the experiences of cisgender, heterosexually identified women, which often comes at the exclusion of transgender and gender nonconforming (trans) populations. Those who perpetrate violence against trans populations often target gender nonconformity, gender expression or identity, and perceived sexual orientation and thus these forms of violence should be considered within broader discussions of GBV. Nascent epidemiologic research suggests a high burden of GBV among trans populations, with an estimated prevalence that ranges from 7% to 89% among trans populations and subpopulations. Further, 165 trans persons have been reported murdered in the United States between 2008 and 2016. GBV is associated with multiple poor health outcomes and has been broadly posited as a component of syndemics, a term used to describe an interaction of diseases with underlying social forces, concomitant with limited prevention and response programs. The interaction of social stigma, inadequate laws, and punitive policies as well as a lack of effective GBV programs limits access to and use of GBV prevention and response programs among trans populations. This commentary summarizes the current body of research on GBV among trans populations and highlights areas for future research, intervention, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Wirtz
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tonia C Poteat
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mannat Malik
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Glass
- Department of Community-Public Health, Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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King WM, Hughto JMW, Operario D. Transgender stigma: A critical scoping review of definitions, domains, and measures used in empirical research. Soc Sci Med 2020; 250:112867. [PMID: 32163820 PMCID: PMC7442603 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A growing body of transgender (trans) health research has explored the relationship between stigma and health; yet, studies have conceptualized and operationalized anti-trans stigma in multiple ways. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aims to critically analyze quantitative measures of anti-trans stigma in the U.S. using a socioecological framework. METHOD We organized and appraised measures from 126 included articles according to socioecological level: structural, interpersonal, or individual. RESULTS Of the identified articles, 36 measured anti-trans stigma at the structural level (i.e., institutional structures and policies), 102 measured anti-trans at the interpersonal level (i.e., community interactions), and 44 measured anti-trans stigma at the individual level (i.e., internalized or anticipated stigma). Definitions of anti-trans stigma varied substantially across articles. Most measures were adapted from measures developed for other populations (i.e., sexual minorities) and were not previously validated for trans samples. CONCLUSIONS Studies analyzing anti-trans stigma should concretely define anti-trans stigma. There is a need to develop measures of anti-trans stigma at all socioecological levels informed by the lived experiences of trans people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M King
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jaclyn M W Hughto
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Don Operario
- Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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