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Paul S, Konig MF, Pardoll DM, Bettegowda C, Papadopoulos N, Wright KM, Gabelli SB, Ho M, van Elsas A, Zhou S. Cancer therapy with antibodies. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:399-426. [PMID: 38740967 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The greatest challenge in cancer therapy is to eradicate cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells. Targeted therapy has been developed to meet that challenge, showing a substantially increased therapeutic index compared with conventional cancer therapies. Antibodies are important members of the family of targeted therapeutic agents because of their extraordinarily high specificity to the target antigens. Therapeutic antibodies use a range of mechanisms that directly or indirectly kill the cancer cells. Early antibodies were developed to directly antagonize targets on cancer cells. This was followed by advancements in linker technologies that allowed the production of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that guide cytotoxic payloads to the cancer cells. Improvement in our understanding of the biology of T cells led to the production of immune checkpoint-inhibiting antibodies that indirectly kill the cancer cells through activation of the T cells. Even more recently, bispecific antibodies were synthetically designed to redirect the T cells of a patient to kill the cancer cells. In this Review, we summarize the different approaches used by therapeutic antibodies to target cancer cells. We discuss their mechanisms of action, the structural basis for target specificity, clinical applications and the ongoing research to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Paul
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Katharine M Wright
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Sandra B Gabelli
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratory, Merck and Co, West Point, PA, USA.
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Engineering Program, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Shibin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Lungu CN, Putz MV. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Interaction Space. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12058. [PMID: 37569436 PMCID: PMC10418891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a +sense single-strand RNA virus. The virus has four major surface proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N), respectively. The constitutive proteins present a high grade of symmetry. Identifying a binding site is difficult. The virion is approximately 50-200 nm in diameter. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) acts as the cell receptor for the virus. SARS-CoV-2 has an increased affinity to human ACE2 compared with the original SAR strain. Topological space, and its symmetry, is a critical component in molecular interactions. By exploring this space, a suitable ligand space can be characterized accordingly. A spike protein (S) computational model in a complex with ACE 2 was generated using silica methods. Topological spaces were probed using high computational throughput screening techniques to identify and characterize the topological space of both SARS and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its ligand space. In order to identify the symmetry clusters, computational analysis techniques, together with statistical analysis, were utilized. The computations are based on crystallographic protein data bank PDB-based models of constitutive proteins. Cartesian coordinates of component atoms and some cluster maps were generated and analyzed. Dihedral angles were used in order to compute a topological receptor space. This computational study uses a multimodal representation of spike protein interactions with some fragment proteins. The chemical space of the receptors (a dimensional volume) suggests the relevance of the receptor as a drug target. The spike protein S of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 is analyzed and compared. The results suggest a mirror symmetry of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. The results show thatSARS-CoV-2 space is variable and has a distinct topology. In conclusion, surface proteins grant virion variability and symmetry in interactions with a potential complementary target (protein, antibody, ligand). The mirror symmetry of dihedral angle clusters determines a high specificity of the receptor space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu N. Lungu
- Department of Morphological and Functional Science, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Dunarea de Jos, Str. Alexandru Ioan Cuza No. 36, 800017 Galati, Romania;
| | - Mihai V. Putz
- Laboratory of Structural and Computational Physical-Chemistry for Nanosciences and QSAR, Biology-Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Biology, Geography, West University of Timisoara, Str. Pestalozzi No. 16, 300115 Timisoara, Romania
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3
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Chang J, Rader C, Peng H. A mammalian cell display platform based on scFab transposition. Antib Ther 2023; 6:157-169. [PMID: 37492588 PMCID: PMC10365156 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro display technologies have been successfully utilized for the discovery and evolution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, with phage display and yeast display being the most commonly used platforms due to their simplicity and high efficiency. As their prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic host organisms typically have no or different post-translational modifications, several mammalian cell-based display and screening technologies for isolation and optimization of mAbs have emerged and are being developed. We report here a novel and useful mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system to display mAbs in a single-chain Fab (scFab) format on the surface of HEK293F cells. Immune rabbit antibody libraries encompassing ~7 × 107 independent clones were generated in an all-in-one transposon vector, stably delivered into HEK293F cells and displayed as an scFab with rabbit variable and human constant domains. After one round of magnetic activated cell sorting and two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting, mAbs with high affinity in the subnanomolar range and cross-reactivity to the corresponding human and mouse antigens were identified, demonstrating the power of this platform for antibody discovery. We developed a highly efficient mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system for antibody discovery, which could be further utilized for humanization as well as affinity and specificity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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4
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Liu J, Chiang HC, Xiong W, Laurent V, Griffiths SC, Dülfer J, Deng H, Sun X, Yin YW, Li W, Audoly LP, An Z, Schürpf T, Li R, Zhang N. A highly selective humanized DDR1 mAb reverses immune exclusion by disrupting collagen fiber alignment in breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006720. [PMID: 37328286 PMCID: PMC10277525 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune exclusion (IE) where tumors deter the infiltration of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a key mechanism underlying immunotherapy resistance. We recently reported a novel role of discoidin domain-containing receptor 1 (DDR1) in promoting IE in breast cancer and validated its critical role in IE using neutralizing rabbit monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in multiple mouse tumor models. METHODS To develop a DDR1-targeting mAb as a potential cancer therapeutic, we humanized mAb9 with a complementarity-determining region grafting strategy. The humanized antibody named PRTH-101 is currently being tested in a Phase 1 clinical trial. We determined the binding epitope of PRTH-101 from the crystal structure of the complex between DDR1 extracellular domain (ECD) and the PRTH-101 Fab fragment with 3.15 Å resolution. We revealed the underlying mechanisms of action of PRTH-101 using both cell culture assays and in vivo study in a mouse tumor model. RESULTS PRTH-101 has subnanomolar affinity to DDR1 and potent antitumor efficacy similar to the parental rabbit mAb after humanization. Structural information illustrated that PRTH-101 interacts with the discoidin (DS)-like domain, but not the collagen-binding DS domain of DDR1. Mechanistically, we showed that PRTH-101 inhibited DDR1 phosphorylation, decreased collagen-mediated cell attachment, and significantly blocked DDR1 shedding from the cell surface. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with PRTH-101 in vivo disrupted collagen fiber alignment (a physical barrier) in the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) and enhanced CD8+ T cell infiltration in tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study not only paves a pathway for the development of PRTH-101 as a cancer therapeutic, but also sheds light on a new therapeutic strategy to modulate collagen alignment in the tumor ECM for enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huai-Chin Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor Laurent
- Evotec (France) SAS, Campus Curie, 195 route d'Espagne, 31036 Toulouse CEDEX, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiujie Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Y Whitney Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenliang Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Rong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zhang YF, Sun Y, Hong J, Ho M. Humanization of the Shark V NAR Single Domain Antibody Using CDR Grafting. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e630. [PMID: 36594750 PMCID: PMC9813873 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The variable domain of the new antigen receptor (VNAR ) of shark single domain antibodies is evolutionarily distant from the variable regions (VH ) of mammalian immunoglobulins, yet it still has complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) that are involved in antigen recognition, therefore making it possible to humanize by grafting these CDRs to the framework of human VH homologs. Here, we show the VNAR CDR based on an analysis of currently available VNAR -antigen structure complexes in the global Protein Data Bank archive of 3D structure data, and describe the detailed protocol to humanize VNAR by CDR grafting, using B6 (an anti-Pseudomonas exotoxin VNAR ), the most common type (Type II) of shark VNAR s, as an example. Ongoing efforts will further optimize the protocol for moving shark VNAR s to the clinic for treating cancer and other human diseases. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol: Humanize shark VNAR sequence by CDR grafting Support Protocol 1: VNAR structure prediction and comparison Support Protocol 2: Measure binding kinetics of humanized VNAR using bio-layer interferometry (BLI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Yaping Sun
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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6
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Nakamura T, Kobayashi E, Hamana H, Hayakawa Y, Muraguchi A, Hayashi A, Ozawa T, Kishi H. Evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor of humanized rabbit-derived T cell receptor-like antibody. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:3321-3329. [PMID: 35766417 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-like antibodies that specifically recognize antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules have been developed for next-generation cancer immunotherapy. Recently, we reported a rapid and efficient method to generate TCR-like antibodies using a rabbit system. We humanized previously generated rabbit-derived TCR-like antibodies reacting Epstein-Barr virus peptide (BRLF1p, TYPVLEEMF) in the context of HLA-A24 molecules, produced CAR-T cells, and evaluated their anti-tumor effects using in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Humanization of the rabbit-derived TCR-like antibodies using the complementarity-determining region grafting technology maintained their specificity and affinity. We prepared a second-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) using scFv of the humanized TCR-like antibodies and then transduced them into human T-cells. The CAR-T cells specifically recognized BRLF1p/MHC molecules and lysed the target cells in an antigen-specific manner in vitro. They also demonstrated anti-tumor activity in a mouse xenograft model. We report the generation of CAR-T cells using humanized rabbit-derived TCR-like antibodies. Together with our established and efficient generation procedure for TCR-like antibodies using rabbits, our platform for the clinical application of humanized rabbit-derived TCR-like antibodies to CAR-T cells will help improve next-generation cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nakamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Section of Host Defences, Department of Bioscience, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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7
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Somatic Hypermutation and Framework Mutations of Variable Region Contribute to Anti-Zika Virus-Specific Monoclonal Antibody Binding and Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0007122. [PMID: 35575481 PMCID: PMC9175631 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00071-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a global public health concern due to its ability to cause congenital Zika syndrome and lack of approved vaccine, therapeutic, or other control measures. We discovered eight novel rabbit monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that bind to distinct ZIKV envelope protein epitopes. The majority of the MAbs were ZIKV specific and targeted the lateral ridge of the envelope (E) protein domain III, while the MAb with the highest neutralizing activity recognized a putative quaternary epitope spanning E protein domains I and III. One of the non-neutralizing MAbs specifically recognized ZIKV precursor membrane protein (prM). Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin variable regions increases antibody affinity maturation and triggers antibody class switching. Negative correlations were observed between the somatic hypermutation rate of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region and antibody binding parameters such as equilibrium dissociation constant, dissociation constant, and half-maximal effective concentration value of MAb binding to ZIKV virus-like particles. Complementarity-determining regions recognize the antigen epitopes and are scaffolded by canonical framework regions. Reversion of framework region amino acids to the rabbit germ line sequence decreased anti-ZIKV MAb binding activity of some MAbs. Thus, antibody affinity maturation, including somatic hypermutation and framework region mutations, contributed to the binding and function of these anti-ZIKV MAbs. IMPORTANCE ZIKV is a global health concern against which no vaccine or therapeutics are available. We characterized eight novel rabbit monoclonal antibodies recognizing ZIKV envelope and prM proteins and studied the relationship between somatic hypermutation of complementarity-determining regions, framework regions, mutations, antibody specificity, binding, and neutralizing activity. The results contribute to understanding structural features and somatic mutation pathways by which potent Zika virus-neutralizing antibodies can evolve, including the role of antibody framework regions.
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8
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Hassan R, Tomar S, Zhang J, Khanal M, Hong J, Venugopalan A, Jiang Q, Sengupta M, Miettinen M, Li N, Pastan I, Ho M. Development of highly effective anti-mesothelin hYP218 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells with increased tumor infiltration and persistence for treating solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1195-1206. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesothelin targeting CAR T cells have limited activity in patients. In this study, we sought to determine if efficacy of anti-mesothelin CAR T cells is dependent on the mesothelin epitopes that are recognized by them. To do so, we developed hYP218 (against membrane-proximal epitope) and SS1 (against membrane-distal epitope) CAR T cells. Their efficacy was assessed in vitro using mesothelin positive tumor cell lines and in vivo in NSG mice with mesothelin expressing ovarian cancer (OVCAR-8), pancreatic cancer (KLM-1) and mesothelioma patient-derived (NCI-Meso63) tumor xenografts. Persistence and tumor infiltration of CAR T cells was determined using flow cytometry. hYP218 CAR T cells killed cancer cells more efficiently than SS1 CAR T cells, with 2-4-fold lower ET50 value (Effector to Target ratio for 50% killing of tumor cells). In mice with established tumors, single intravenous administration of hYP218 CAR T cells lead to improved tumor response and survival compared to SS1 CAR T cells, with complete regression of OVCAR-8 and NCI-Meso63 tumors. Compared to SS1 CAR T cells, there was increased peripheral blood expansion, persistence, and tumor infiltration of hYP218 CAR T cells in the KLM-1 tumor model. Persistence of hYP218 CAR T cells in treated mice led to anti-tumor immunity when rechallenged with KLM-1 tumor cells. Our results demonstrate that hYP218 CAR T cells, targeting mesothelin epitope close to cell membrane, are very effective against mesothelin positive tumors and are associated with increased persistence and tumor infiltration. These results support its clinical development to treat patients with mesothelin expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffit Hassan
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sakshi Tomar
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jingli Zhang
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Jessica Hong
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Qun Jiang
- NCI-NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Nan Li
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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9
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Ko D, Kim E, Shin EA, Nam SH, Yoon J, Lee JS, Lee Y, Park S, Ha K, Choi SY, Lee JW, Kim S. Therapeutic effects of TM4SF5-targeting chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies in hepatocellular and colon cancer models. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:452-466. [PMID: 35211652 PMCID: PMC8841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) is aberrantly expressed in hepatocellular and colorectal cancers, and has been implicated in tumor progression, suggesting that it could serve as a novel therapeutic target. Previously, we screened a murine antibody phage-display library to generate a novel monoclonal antibody, Ab27, that is specific to the extracellular loop 2 of TM4SF5. In this study, we evaluated the effects of chimeric Ab27 using cancer cells expressing endogenous TM4SF5 or stably overexpressing TM4SF5 in vivo and in vitro. Monotherapy with Ab27 significantly decreased tumor growth in liver and colon cancer xenograft models, including a sorafenib-resistant model, and decreased the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), p27Kip1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). No general Ab27 toxicity was observed in vivo. Combination treatment with Ab27 and sorafenib or doxorubicin exerted higher antitumor activity than monotherapy. In addition, we humanized the Ab27 sequence by the complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting method. The humanized antibody Ab27-hz9 had reduced immunogenicity but exhibited target recognition and antitumor activity comparable with those of Ab27. Both Ab27 and Ab27-hz9 efficiently targeted tumor cells expressing TM4SF5 in vivo. These observations strongly support the further development of Ab27-hz9 as a novel therapeutic agent against liver and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjoon Ko
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon 34113, Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Department of Pharmacy Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Eun-Ae Shin
- Department of Pharmacy Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Nam
- Department of Pharmacy Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junghwa Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34141, Korea
| | - Yunhee Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34141, Korea
| | - Sora Park
- Antibody Drug Team at New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong 28160, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Drug Efficacy Evaluation Team at New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong 28160, Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- Protein Drug Team at New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong 28160, Korea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Semi Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon 34141, Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejon 34113, Korea
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10
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Zhang H, Itoh Y, Suzuki T, Ihara KI, Tanaka T, Haga S, Enatsu H, Yumiya M, Kimura M, Takada A, Itoh D, Shibazaki Y, Nakao S, Yoshio S, Miyakawa K, Miyamoto Y, Sasaki H, Kajita T, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M, Tachibana T, Ryo A, Moriishi K, Miyoshi E, Kanto T, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y. Establishment of monoclonal antibodies broadly neutralize infection of hepatitis B virus. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:179-192. [PMID: 35084739 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against hepatitis B virus S protein can protect against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Therefore, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), which contains HBsAb, is used clinically as a therapy for HBV infection. In this study, we obtained a series of monoclonal antibodies that recognize multiple HBV genotypes. All the antibodies recognized conformational epitopes of S protein, but not linear epitopes. Several antibodies neutralized HBV infection and exhibited strong affinities and neutralizing activities. Antigenic epitope analysis demonstrated that they recognized residue Ile152 of S protein, which is localized outside the "a" determinant. Ile152 is highly conserved, and a mutation in this residue resulted in reduced expression of large hepatitis B surface proteins (L protein), suggesting that the amino acid at this position is involved in the expression of L protein. In addition, the antibodies neutralized the infection of hepatitis D virus possessing a Gly145 mutation to Arg in S protein, which is a well-known escape mutation against HBIG treatment. Using mouse monoclonal antibodies, we successfully established a humanized antibody possessing affinities and neutralizing activities similar to those of the original mouse antibody. The antibodies generated in this study may have potential for use in alternative antibody therapies for HBV infection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kan-Ichiro Ihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Saori Haga
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Enatsu
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maho Yumiya
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Kimura
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Takada
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Shibazaki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuto Nakao
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kei Miyakawa
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Genome Medical Science Project, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Taro Tachibana
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohji Moriishi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies,Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Laboratory of Viral Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Roman-Sosa G, Leske A, Ficht X, Dau TH, Holzerland J, Hoenen T, Beer M, Kammerer R, Schirmbeck R, Rey FA, Cordo SM, Groseth A. Immunization with GP1 but Not Core-like Particles Displaying Isolated Receptor-Binding Epitopes Elicits Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies against Junín Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020173. [PMID: 35214632 PMCID: PMC8874384 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New World arenaviruses are rodent-transmitted viruses and include a number of pathogens that are responsible for causing severe human disease. This includes Junín virus (JUNV), which is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. The wild nature and mobility of the rodent reservoir host makes it difficult to control the disease, and currently passive immunization with high-titer neutralizing antibody-containing plasma from convalescent patients is the only specific therapy. However, dwindling supplies of naturally available convalescent plasma, and challenges in developing similar resources for other closely related viruses, have made the development of alternative antibody-based therapeutic approaches of critical importance. In this study, we sought to induce a neutralizing antibody response in rabbits against the receptor-binding subunit of the viral glycoprotein, GP1, and the specific peptide sequences in GP1 involved in cellular receptor contacts. While these specific receptor-interacting peptides did not efficiently induce the production of neutralizing antibodies when delivered as a particulate antigen (as part of hepatitis B virus core-like particles), we showed that recombinant JUNV GP1 purified from transfected mammalian cells induced virus-neutralizing antibodies at high titers in rabbits. Further, neutralization was observed across a range of unrelated JUNV strains, a feature that is critical for effectiveness in the field. These results underscore the potential of GP1 alone to induce a potent neutralizing antibody response and highlight the importance of epitope presentation. In addition, effective virus neutralization by rabbit antibodies supports the potential applicability of this species for the future development of immunotherapeutics (e.g., based on humanized monoclonal antibodies). Such information can be applied in the design of vaccines and immunogens for both prevention and specific therapies against this and likely also other closely related pathogenic New World arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.-S.); (A.G.)
| | - Anne Leske
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Tung Huy Dau
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (T.H.D.); (R.K.)
| | - Julia Holzerland
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Laboratory for Integrative Cell and Infection Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Martin Beer
- National and OIE Reference Laboratory for BHV-1, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (T.H.D.); (R.K.)
| | - Reinhold Schirmbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University Hospital, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (X.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Felix A. Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, CNRS UMR3569, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Sandra M. Cordo
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), University of Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, Piso 4, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Allison Groseth
- Laboratory for Arenavirus Biology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald, Germany; (A.L.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.R.-S.); (A.G.)
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12
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Li D, Lin S, Hong J, Ho M. Immunotherapy for hepatobiliary cancers: Emerging targets and translational advances. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:415-449. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Ito T, Minamitani T, Hayakawa M, Otsubo R, Akiba H, Tsumoto K, Matsumoto M, Yasui T. Optimization of anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies for the treatment of ADAMTS13-related bleeding disorder in patients receiving circulatory assist device support. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22341. [PMID: 34785706 PMCID: PMC8595387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motif 13)-related bleeding disorder has been frequently observed as a life-threatening clinical complication in patients carrying a circulatory assist device. Currently, treatment modalities for the bleeding disorder are very limited and not always successful. To address the unmet medical need, we constructed humanized antibodies of mouse anti-ADAMTS13 antibody A10 (mA10) by using complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting techniques with human antibody frameworks, 8A7 and 16E8. The characteristics of the two humanized A10 antibodies, namely A10/8A7 and A10/16E8, were assessed in vitro and in silico. Among the two humanized A10 antibodies, the binding affinity of A10/16E8 to ADAMTS13 was comparable to that of mA10 and human-mouse chimeric A10. In addition, A10/16E8 largely inhibited the ADAMTS13 activity in vitro. The results indicated that A10/16E8 retained the binding affinity and inhibitory activity of mA10. To compare the antibody structures, we performed antibody structure modeling and structural similarity analysis in silico. As a result, A10/16E8 showed higher structural similarity to mA10, compared with A10/8A7, suggesting that A10/16E8 retains a native structure of mA10 as well as its antigen binding affinity and activity. A10/16E8 has great potential as a therapeutic agent for ADAMTS13-related bleeding disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeharu Minamitani
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiologics Evaluation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research, Imizu-City, 17-1 Nakataikoyama, Toyama, 939-0363, Japan
| | - Masaki Hayakawa
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Ryota Otsubo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiologics Evaluation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroki Akiba
- Laboratory of Advanced Biopharmaceuticals, Center for Drug Design Research (CDDR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida-shimoadachicho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Center for Drug Design Research (CDDR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masanori Matsumoto
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara City, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Teruhito Yasui
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
- Laboratory of Immunobiologics Evaluation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki City, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Integrated Omics, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Facility of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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14
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Yang L, Chen X, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Wu C, Ma X, Zuo D, He H, Huang L, Li J, Xia C, Hu S, Yang X, Feng M. Generation of TIM3 inhibitory single-domain antibodies to boost the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:542. [PMID: 34079595 PMCID: PMC8157332 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules has significantly altered cancer treatment regimens. T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM3) is one of the major inhibitory immune checkpoints expressed on T cells. Blocking the engagement of TIM3 and its inhibitory ligand galectin-9 may potentiate the effects of immunotherapy or overcome the adaptive resistance to the therapeutic blockade of programmed cell death protein 1, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and lymphocyte-activation gene 3, amongst others, as each of these immune checkpoints harbors unique properties that set it apart from the rest. Heavy chain variable fragment (VH)-derived single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) represent a class of expanding drug candidates. These sdAbs have unique advantages, including their minimal size in the antibody class, ease of expression, broad scope for modular structure design and re-engineering, and excellent tumor penetration. In the present study, two sdAbs, TIM3-R23 and TIM3-R53, were generated by immunizing rabbits with the recombinant extracellular domain of TIM3 and applying phage display technology. These sdAbs were easily expressed in mammalian cells. The purified sdAbs were able to bind to both recombinant and cell surface TIM3, and blocked it from binding to the ligand galectin-9. In vivo studies demonstrated that TIM3-R53 was able to potentiate the antitumor activity of chimeric antigen receptor T cells that targeted mesothelin. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that TIM3-R53 may be a novel and attractive immune checkpoint inhibitor against TIM3, which is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yuankui Zhu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Changfa Wu
- Clinical Testing Branch, Hongshan District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Xuqian Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Dianbao Zuo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huixia He
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingwen Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiao Xia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Mingqian Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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15
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Peplau E, De Rose F, Eichinger A, Reder S, Mittelhäuser M, Scafetta G, Schwaiger M, Weber WA, Bartolazzi A, D'Alessandria C, Skerra A. Effective rational humanization of a PASylated anti-galectin-3 Fab for the sensitive PET imaging of thyroid cancer in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7358. [PMID: 33795750 PMCID: PMC8016950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of a non-invasive test for malignant thyroid nodules makes the diagnosis of thyroid cancer (TC) challenging. Human galectin-3 (hGal3) has emerged as a promising target for medical TC imaging and diagnosis because of its exclusive overexpression in malignant thyroid tissues. We previously developed a human-chimeric αhGal3 Fab fragment derived from the rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) M3/38 with optimized clearance characteristics using PASylation technology. Here, we describe the elucidation of the hGal3 epitope recognized by mAb M3/38, X-ray crystallographic analysis of its complex with the chimeric Fab and, based on the three-dimensional structure, the rational humanization of the Fab by CDR grafting. Four CDR-grafted versions were designed using structurally most closely related fully human immunoglobulin VH/VL regions of which one-employing the acceptor framework regions of the HIV-1 neutralizing human antibody m66-showed the highest antigen affinity. By introducing two additional back-mutations to the rodent donor sequence, an affinity toward hGal3 indistinguishable from the chimeric Fab was achieved (KD = 0.34 ± 0.02 nM in SPR). The PASylated humanized Fab was site-specifically labelled with the fluorescent dye Cy7 and applied for the immuno-histochemical staining of human tissue sections representative for different TCs. The same protein was conjugated with the metal chelator Dfo, followed by radiolabelling with 89Zr(IV). The resulting protein tracer allowed the highly sensitive and specific PET/CT imaging of orthotopic tumors in mice, which was confirmed by quantitative analysis of radiotracer accumulation. Thus, the PASylated humanized αhGal3 Fab offers clinical potential for the diagnostic imaging of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Peplau
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Francesco De Rose
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Eichinger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany
| | - Sybille Reder
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Mittelhäuser
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgia Scafetta
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University Sapienza, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Weber
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University Sapienza, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Nuclear Medicine Department, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising (Weihenstephan), Germany.
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16
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Liu C, Dong W, Xia L, Lv J, Jiang D, Wang Q, Wang M, Wu M, Miao J, Tao T, Wang D, Zheng L, Su S, Liu L, Fang Y. Safety and tolerability of a humanized rabbit monoclonal antibody (SSS07) in healthy adults: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled single ascending dose trial. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 91:107263. [PMID: 33383447 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE SSS07, a humanized rabbit monoclonal antibody, can selectively block human tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The objective of this study was to assess the safety, tolerability, and relative immunogenicity of SSS07 after multiple single subcutaneous (SC) doses in healthy volunteers. METHODS A total of 71 healthy volunteers were randomized to six sequential ascending-dose groups (5, 15, 30, 50, 75, and 100 mg), and except for the 100 mg group that only had one subject who received a placebo, all of the other groups included two placebo-control subjects. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity were assessed by physical examinations, vital signs, electrocardiography (ECG), clinical laboratory tests, and plasma anti-drug antibody (ADA) over 28 days for each group. Their concentrations of TNF-α were also analyzed. Only after safety and tolerance were determined in the lower-dose groups was the next dose group initiated. The dose increments did not exceed 100 mg. RESULTS No serious adverse events or dose-limited toxicity (DLT) were observed, so 100 mg was defined as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Overall, 71 AEs and 59 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were reported in 36 (60.0%) and 30 (50.0%) volunteers, respectively, who received SSS07. All AEs and TRAEs were mild or moderate and expected based on previous results with similar types of drugs, without new safety concerns. Except for infections and administration site reactions, the frequency and intensity of the other TRAEs were similar for SSS07 and placebo. No severe acute immune reactions occurred. The lower dose's immunogenicity was stronger than the higher doses. The highest ADA titer was observed 3 to 6 months after administration. CONCLUSION SSS07 was generally safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese volunteers. Higher immunogenicity was observed at low SSS07 concentration levels. The infections and administration site conditions might have been related to the immunogenicity and the degree of inhibition of TNF-α. However, the existence of ADA did not appear to affect the safety of the subjects throughout the follow-up period. These findings could support further investigations of treatments with humanized monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China
| | - Wenliang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Department of Intensive Care Units, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Daoli Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221006, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Maofeng Wu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China
| | - Jingwei Miao
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110027, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110027, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Shenyang Sunshine Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province 110027, China
| | - Shiguang Su
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China
| | - Lizhong Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan Road, Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province 511518, China; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
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17
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Fleming BD, Urban DJ, Hall M, Longerich T, Greten T, Pastan I, Ho M. Engineered Anti-GPC3 Immunotoxin, HN3-ABD-T20, Produces Regression in Mouse Liver Cancer Xenografts Through Prolonged Serum Retention. Hepatology 2020; 71:1696-1711. [PMID: 31520528 PMCID: PMC7069773 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas using our glypican-3 (GPC3)-targeting human nanobody (HN3) immunotoxins causes potent tumor regression by blocking protein synthesis and down-regulating the Wnt signaling pathway. However, immunogenicity and a short serum half-life may limit the ability of immunotoxins to transition to the clinic. APPROACH AND RESULTS To address these concerns, we engineered HN3-based immunotoxins to contain various deimmunized Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) domains. This included HN3-T20, which was modified to remove T-cell epitopes and contains a PE domain II truncation. We compared them to our previously reported B-cell deimmunized immunotoxin (HN3-mPE24) and our original HN3-immunotoxin with a wild-type PE domain (HN3-PE38). All of our immunotoxins displayed high affinity to human GPC3, with HN3-T20 having a KD value of 7.4 nM. HN3-T20 retained 73% enzymatic activity when compared with the wild-type immunotoxin in an adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation assay. Interestingly, a real-time cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated that a single dose of HN3-T20 at 62.5 ng/mL (1.6 nM) was capable of inhibiting nearly all cell proliferation during the 10-day experiment. To enhance HN3-T20's serum retention, we tested the effect of adding a streptococcal albumin-binding domain (ABD) and a llama single-domain antibody fragment specific for mouse and human serum albumin. For the detection of immunotoxin in mouse serum, we developed a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and found that HN3-ABD-T20 had a 45-fold higher serum half-life than HN3-T20 (326 minutes vs. 7.3 minutes); consequently, addition of an ABD resulted in HN3-ABD-T20-mediated tumor regression at 1 mg/kg. CONCLUSION These data indicate that ABD-containing deimmunized HN3-T20 immunotoxins are high-potency therapeutics ready to be evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. Fleming
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Daniel J. Urban
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Matthew Hall
- Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, 20850
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany, 69120
| | - Tim Greten
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892
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18
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Goydel RS, Weber J, Peng H, Qi J, Soden J, Freeth J, Park H, Rader C. Affinity maturation, humanization, and co-crystallization of a rabbit anti-human ROR2 monoclonal antibody for therapeutic applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5995-6006. [PMID: 32193207 PMCID: PMC7196640 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are widely used as cancer therapeutics, but their current use is limited by the low number of antigens restricted to cancer cells. A receptor tyrosine kinase, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), is normally expressed only during embryogenesis and is tightly down-regulated in postnatal healthy tissues. However, it is up-regulated in a diverse set of hematologic and solid malignancies, thus ROR2 represents a candidate antigen for antibody-based cancer therapy. Here we describe the affinity maturation and humanization of a rabbit mAb that binds human and mouse ROR2 but not human ROR1 or other human cell-surface antigens. Co-crystallization of the parental rabbit mAb in complex with the human ROR2 kringle domain (hROR2-Kr) guided affinity maturation by heavy-chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3)-focused mutagenesis and selection. The affinity-matured rabbit mAb was then humanized by complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting and framework fine tuning and again co-crystallized with hROR2-Kr. We show that the affinity-matured and humanized mAb retains strong affinity and specificity to ROR2 and, following conversion to a T cell-engaging bispecific antibody, has potent cytotoxicity toward ROR2-expressing cells. We anticipate that this humanized affinity-matured mAb will find application for antibody-based cancer therapy of ROR2-expressing neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Goydel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Junpeng Qi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Jo Soden
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Freeth
- Retrogenix Ltd., Chinley, High Peak SK23 6FJ, United Kingdom
| | - HaJeung Park
- X-Ray Crystallography Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458. Tel.:
561-228-2053; E-mail:
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19
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Cnudde T, Lakhrif Z, Bourgoin J, Boursin F, Horiot C, Henriquet C, di Tommaso A, Juste MO, Jiacomini IG, Dimier-Poisson I, Pugnière M, Mévélec MN, Aubrey N. Exploration and Modulation of Antibody Fragment Biophysical Properties by Replacing the Framework Region Sequences. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9020009. [PMID: 32326443 PMCID: PMC7344962 DOI: 10.3390/antib9020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to increase the successful development of recombinant antibodies and fragments, it seems fundamental to enhance their expression and/or biophysical properties, such as the thermal, chemical, and pH stabilities. In this study, we employed a method bases on replacing the antibody framework region sequences, in order to promote more particularly single-chain Fragment variable (scFv) product quality. We provide evidence that mutations of the VH- C-C′ loop might significantly improve the prokaryote production of well-folded and functional fragments with a production yield multiplied by 27 times. Additional mutations are accountable for an increase in the thermal (+19.6 °C) and chemical (+1.9 M) stabilities have also been identified. Furthermore, the hereby-produced fragments have shown to remain stable at a pH of 2.0, which avoids molecule functional and structural impairments during the purification process. Lastly, this study provides relevant information to the understanding of the relationship between the antibodies amino acid sequences and their respective biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cnudde
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zineb Lakhrif
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Justine Bourgoin
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Fanny Boursin
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Catherine Horiot
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Corinne Henriquet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne di Tommaso
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
| | | | - Isabella Gizzi Jiacomini
- Laboratório de Imunoquímica, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81530, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM Institut Régional du Cancer, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nicolas Aubrey
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, F-37000 Tours, France; (T.C.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Feng R, Wang R, Hong J, Dower CM, Croix BS, Ho M. Isolation of rabbit single domain antibodies to B7-H3 via protein immunization and phage display. Antib Ther 2020; 3:10-17. [PMID: 32166218 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies have certain advantages including their small size, high stability and excellent tissue penetration, making them attractive drug candidates. Rabbit antibodies can recognize diverse epitopes, including those that are poorly immunogenic in mice and humans. In the present study, we established a method to isolate rabbit VH single domain antibodies for potential cancer therapy. We immunized rabbits with recombinant human B7-H3 (CD276) protein, made a phage-displayed rabbit VH single domain library with a diversity of 7 × 109, and isolated two binders (A1 and B1; also called RFA1 and RFB1) from phage panning. Both rabbit VH single domains exhibited antigen-dependent binding to B7-H3-positive tumor cell lines but not B7-H3 knockout tumor cell lines. Our study shows that protein immunization followed by phage display screening can be used to isolate rabbit single domain antibodies. The two single domain antibodies reported here may have potential applications in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Feng
- NCI Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Hong
- NCI Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christopher M Dower
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- NCI Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Gui X, Deng M, Song H, Chen Y, Xie J, Li Z, He L, Huang F, Xu Y, Anami Y, Yu H, Yu C, Li L, Yuan Z, Xu X, Wang Q, Chai Y, Huang T, Shi Y, Tsuchikama K, Liao XC, Xia N, Gao GF, Zhang N, Zhang CC, An Z. Disrupting LILRB4/APOE Interaction by an Efficacious Humanized Antibody Reverses T-cell Suppression and Blocks AML Development. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1244-1257. [PMID: 31213474 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (LILRB4), which suppresses T-cell activation and supports tissue infiltration of AML cells, represents an attractive drug target for anti-AML therapeutics. Here, we report the identification and development of an LILRB4-specific humanized mAb that blocks LILRB4 activation. This mAb, h128-3, showed potent activity in blocking the development of monocytic AML in various models including patient-derived xenograft mice and syngeneic immunocompetent AML mice. MAb h128-3 enhanced the anti-AML efficacy of chemotherapy treatment by stimulating mobilization of leukemia cells. Mechanistic studies revealed four concordant modes of action for the anti-AML activity of h128-3: (i) reversal of T-cell suppression, (ii) inhibition of monocytic AML cell tissue infiltration, (iii) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and (iv) antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. Therefore, targeting LILRB4 with antibody represents an effective therapeutic strategy for treating monocytic AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gui
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mi Deng
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Taishan Immunology Program, Basic Medicine School, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zunling Li
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Taishan Immunology Program, Basic Medicine School, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Licai He
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Hematology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hai Yu
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chenyi Yu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,School of Xiangya Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leike Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zihao Yuan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoying Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Immune-Onc Therapeutics, Inc., Palo Alto, California
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Ningshao Xia
- School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Cheng Cheng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
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22
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Bu D, Crewe C, Kusminski CM, Gordillo R, Ghaben AL, Kim M, Park J, Deng H, Xiong W, Liu XZ, Lønning PE, Halberg N, Rios A, Chang Y, Gonzalez A, Zhang N, An Z, Scherer PE. Human endotrophin as a driver of malignant tumor growth. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125094. [PMID: 30896449 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the carboxy-terminal proteolytic cleavage product of the COL6α3 chain that we refer to as "endotrophin" has potent effects on transformed mammary ductal epithelial cells in rodents. Endotrophin (ETP) is abundantly expressed in adipose tissue. It is a chemoattractant for macrophages, exerts effects on endothelial cells and through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enhances progression of tumor cells. In a recombinant form, human endotrophin exerts similar effects on human macrophages and endothelial cells as its rodent counterpart. It enhances EMT in human breast cancer cells and upon overexpression in tumor cells, the cells become chemoresistant. Here, we report the identification of endotrophin from human plasma. It is circulating at higher levels in breast cancer patients. We have developed neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against human endotrophin and provide evidence for the effectiveness of these antibodies to curb tumor growth and enhance chemosensitivity in a nude mouse model carrying human tumor cell lesions. Combined, the data validate endotrophin as a viable target for anti-tumor therapy for human breast cancer and opens the possibility for further use of these new reagents for anti-fibrotic approaches in liver, kidney, bone marrow and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Bu
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Clair Crewe
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christine M Kusminski
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ruth Gordillo
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra L Ghaben
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hui Deng
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xiao-Zheng Liu
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Eystein Lønning
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, and Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nils Halberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Adan Rios
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Anneliese Gonzalez
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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23
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Youkharibache P. Protodomains: Symmetry-Related Supersecondary Structures in Proteins and Self-Complementarity. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1958:187-219. [PMID: 30945220 PMCID: PMC8323591 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9161-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We will consider in this chapter supersecondary structures (SSS) as a set of secondary structure elements (SSEs) found in protein domains. Some SSS arrangements/topologies have been consistently observed within known tertiary structural domains. We use them in the context of repeating supersecondary structures that self-assemble in a symmetric arrangement to form a domain. We call them protodomains (or protofolds). Protodomains are some of the most interesting and insightful SSSs. Within a given 3D protein domain/fold, recognizing such sets may give insights into a possible evolutionary process of duplication, fusion, and coevolution of these protodomains, pointing to possible original protogenes. On protein folding itself, pseudosymmetric domains may point to a "directed" assembly of pseudosymmetric protodomains, directed by the only fact that they are tethered together in a protein chain. On function, tertiary functional sites often occur at protodomain interfaces, as they often occur at domain-domain interfaces in quaternary arrangements.First, we will briefly review some lessons learned from a previously published census of pseudosymmetry in protein domains (Myers-Turnbull, D. et al., J Mol Biol. 426:2255-2268, 2014) to introduce protodomains/protofolds. We will observe that the most abundant and diversified folds, or superfolds, in the currently known protein structure universe are indeed pseudosymmetric. Then, we will learn by example and select a few domain representatives of important pseudosymmetric folds and chief among them the immunoglobulin (Ig) fold and go over a pseudosymmetry supersecondary structure (protodomain) analysis in tertiary and quaternary structures. We will point to currently available software tools to help in identifying pseudosymmetry, delineating protodomains, and see how the study of pseudosymmetry and the underlying supersecondary structures can enrich a structural analysis. This should potentially help in protein engineering, especially in the development of biologics and immunoengineering.
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24
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A Two-Step Approach for the Design and Generation of Nanobodies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113444. [PMID: 30400198 PMCID: PMC6274671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies, the smallest possible antibody format, have become of considerable interest for biotechnological and immunotherapeutic applications. They show excellent robustness, are non-immunogenic in humans, and can easily be engineered and produced in prokaryotic hosts. Traditionally, nanobodies are selected from camelid immune libraries involving the maintenance and treatment of animals. Recent advances have involved the generation of nanobodies from naïve or synthetic libraries. However, such approaches demand large library sizes and sophisticated selection procedures. Here, we propose an alternative, two-step approach for the design and generation of nanobodies. In a first step, complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are grafted from conventional antibody formats onto nanobody frameworks, generating weak antigen binders. In a second step, the weak binders serve as templates to design focused synthetic phage libraries for affinity maturation. We validated this approach by grafting toxin- and hapten-specific CDRs onto frameworks derived from variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (VHH). We then affinity matured the hapten binder via panning of a synthetic phage library. We suggest that this strategy can complement existing immune, naïve, and synthetic library based methods, requiring neither animal experiments, nor large libraries, nor sophisticated selection protocols.
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25
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Esteves PJ, Abrantes J, Baldauf HM, BenMohamed L, Chen Y, Christensen N, González-Gallego J, Giacani L, Hu J, Kaplan G, Keppler OT, Knight KL, Kong XP, Lanning DK, Le Pendu J, de Matos AL, Liu J, Liu S, Lopes AM, Lu S, Lukehart S, Manabe YC, Neves F, McFadden G, Pan R, Peng X, de Sousa-Pereira P, Pinheiro A, Rahman M, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Subbian S, Tuñón MJ, van der Loo W, Vaine M, Via LE, Wang S, Mage R. The wide utility of rabbits as models of human diseases. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-10. [PMID: 29789565 PMCID: PMC5964082 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0094-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus contributed to elucidating numerous fundamental aspects of antibody structure and diversification mechanisms and continue to be valuable for the development and testing of therapeutic humanized polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, during the last two decades, the use of the European rabbit as an animal model has been increasingly extended to many human diseases. This review documents the continuing wide utility of the rabbit as a reliable disease model for development of therapeutics and vaccines and studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying many human diseases. Examples include syphilis, tuberculosis, HIV-AIDS, acute hepatic failure and diseases caused by noroviruses, ocular herpes, and papillomaviruses. The use of rabbits for vaccine development studies, which began with Louis Pasteur’s rabies vaccine in 1881, continues today with targets that include the potentially blinding HSV-1 virus infection and HIV-AIDS. Additionally, two highly fatal viral diseases, rabbit hemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis, affect the European rabbit and provide unique models to understand co-evolution between a vertebrate host and viral pathogens. Rabbits offer a powerful complement to rodents as a model for studying human immunology, disease pathology, and responses to infectious disease. A review from Pedro Esteves at the University of Porto, Portugal, Rose Mage of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, USA and colleagues highlights some of the areas of research where rabbits offer an edge over rats and mice. Rabbits have a particularly sophisticated adaptive immune system, which could provide useful insights into human biology and produce valuable research and clinical reagents. They are also excellent models for studying - infectious diseases such as syphilis and tuberculosis, which produce pathology that closely resembles that of human patients. Rabbit-specific infections such as myxomatosis are giving researchers insights into how pathogens and hosts can shape each other’s evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Esteves
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine School of Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Comparative Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Giacani
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Comparative Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gilla Kaplan
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Xiang-Peng Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016, USA
| | - Dennis K Lanning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ana Lemos de Matos
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Ana M Lopes
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy and Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sheila Lukehart
- Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Grant McFadden
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA
| | - Ruimin Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10016, USA
| | - Xuwen Peng
- Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Comparative Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patricia de Sousa-Pereira
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.,Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Pinheiro
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Masmudur Rahman
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines, and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5401, USA
| | | | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBHS), Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maria Jesús Tuñón
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Wessel van der Loo
- CIBIO, InBIO, Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Michael Vaine
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Laura E Via
- Tubercolosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shixia Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Rose Mage
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Targeting Human-Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells by Redirecting T Cells Using an Anti-CD3/Anti-Glycoprotein B Bispecific Antibody. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.01719-17. [PMID: 29038280 PMCID: PMC5740302 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01719-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The host immune response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is effective against HCMV reactivation from latency, though not sufficient to clear the virus. T cells are primarily responsible for the control of viral reactivation. When the host immune system is compromised, as in transplant recipients with immunosuppression, HCMV reactivation and progressive infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality. Adoptive T cell therapy is effective for the control of HCMV infection in transplant recipients. However, it is a highly personalized therapeutic regimen and is difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this study, we explored a bispecific-antibody strategy to direct non-HCMV-specific T cells to recognize and exert effector functions against HCMV-infected cells. Using a knobs-into-holes strategy, we constructed a bispecific antibody in which one arm is specific for CD3 and can trigger T cell activation, while the other arm, specific for HCMV glycoprotein B (gB), recognizes and marks HCMV-infected cells based on the expression of viral gB on their surfaces. We showed that this bispecific antibody was able to redirect T cells with specificity for HCMV-infected cells in vitro In the presence of HCMV infection, the engineered antibody was able to activate T cells with no HCMV specificity for cytokine production, proliferation, and the expression of phenotype markers unique to T cell activation. These results suggested the potential of engineered bispecific antibodies, such as the construct described here, as prophylactic or therapeutic agents against HCMV reactivation and infection.
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Spidel JL, Albone EF, Cheng X, Vaessen B, Jacob S, Milinichik AZ, Verdi A, Kline JB, Grasso L. Engineering humanized antibody framework sequences for optimal site-specific conjugation of cytotoxins. MAbs 2017; 9:907-915. [PMID: 28541812 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1330734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing techniques used to generate antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) involve random conjugation of the linker-drug to multiple lysines or cysteines in the antibody. Engineering natural and non-natural amino acids into an antibody has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to produce homogeneous ADC products with defined drug-to-antibody ratios. We recently reported an efficient residue-specific conjugation technology (RESPECT) where thiol-reactive payloads can be efficiently conjugated to a native unpaired cysteine in position 80 (C80) of rabbit light chains. Deimmunizing the rabbit variable domains through humanization is necessary to reduce the risk of anti-drug antibody responses in patients. However, we found that first-generation humanized RESPECT ADCs showed high levels of aggregation and low conjugation efficiency. We correlated these negative properties to the phenylalanine at position 83 present in most human variable kappa frameworks. When position 83 was substituted with selected amino acids, conjugation was restored and aggregation was reduced to levels similar to the chimeric ADC. This engineering strategy allows for development of second-generation humanized RESPECT ADCs with desirable biopharmaceutical properties.
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Albone EF, Spidel JL, Cheng X, Park YC, Jacob S, Milinichik AZ, Vaessen B, Butler J, Kline JB, Grasso L. Generation of therapeutic immunoconjugates via Residue-Specific Conjugation Technology (RESPECT) utilizing a native cysteine in the light chain framework of Oryctolagus cuniculus. Cancer Biol Ther 2017; 18:347-357. [PMID: 28394698 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1312232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugation of toxins, dyes, peptides, or proteins to monoclonal antibodies is often performed via free thiol groups generated by either partial reduction methods or engineering free cysteine residues into the antibody sequence. Antibodies from the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus have an additional intrachain disulfide bond, whereby the light chain variable kappa domain is bridged to the constant kappa region between cysteine residues at positions 80 and 171, respectively. Chimerization of rabbit antibodies with human constant domains allows for the generation of a free thiol group at the light chain position 80 (C80) that can be used for site-specific conjugation. An efficient process for the purification and simultaneous removal of cysteinylation at the C80 site was developed. The unpaired C80 was shown to be efficiently conjugated using several different maleimido-based ligands. REsidue SPEcific Conjugation Technology (RESPECT) antibody-drug conjugates prepared using rabbit-human chimeric anti-human mesothelin rabbit antibodies and maleimido-PEG2-auristatin conjugated to C80 were shown to be highly potent and specific in vitro and effective in vivo in reduction of tumor growth in a highly aggressive mesothelin-expressing xenograft tumor model.
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