Microvesicles: ROS scavengers and ROS producers

Bisphenol AF induces lipid metabolism disorders, oxidative stress and upregulation of heat shock protein 70 in zebrafish

Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is a widespread endocrine disruptor in the environment, and the use of BPAF has been strongly associated with the development of several diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of BPAF on growth, development, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in zebrafish. We chose the concentrations based on the measured LC50 at 96 h post-fertilization (96 hpf), and the zebrafish embryos were exposed to three different concentrations (0.125, 0.5 and 2 μmol/L). The findings indicated that BPAF exposure in zebrafish leaded to alterations in heart rate, body length and hatching rate, as well as an accumulation of red blood cells in the heart. Additionally, BPAF exposure resulted in increased levels of neutrophils, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), thus disturbing the balance between oxidative and antioxidative systems. BPAF promoted fatty acid catabolism and inhibited fatty acid synthesis, ultimately leading to a reduction in fatty acid content. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analysis and RT-qPCR revealed a significant upregulation of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) after BPAF exposure. Inhibition of hsp70 with VER-155008 ameliorated BPAF-induced oxidative stress. These data provided a novel approach to investigate BPAF-induced oxidative stress and suggested that regulation of hsp70 is a crucial target for alleviating this process.

Insight into the Underlying Molecular Toxic Mechanisms of Cyantraniliprole and Broflanilide against Different Targets with Glutathione Transferase Phi8 from Arabidopsis thaliana

As two typical kinds of diamide insecticides, cyantraniliprole and broflanilide are characterized by diverse target receptors and completely distinctive regulation mechanisms. However, the systematical evaluation of oxidative damage on plants induced by cyantraniliprole and broflanilide still remains elusive. In this study, the toxic effects were investigated in the biochemical and physiological aspects using AtGSTF8 as a biomarker. First, cyantraniliprole not only brought about much more detrimental impacts on the growth status of plant seedlings but also resulted in a significant upregulation of AtGSTF8 gene expression compared to broflanilide. Then, the glutathione S-transferase activities of AtGSTF8 decreased greatly with treatment of these two diamide insecticides. Moreover, biolayer interferometry analysis confirmed the interactions of both cyantraniliprole and broflanilide with AtGSTF8, especially for cyantraniliprole with stronger binding affinity, which conformed to the molecular docking results. At last, even more adverse effects on the structural conformations of AtGSTF8 upon binding with cyantraniliprole were observed.

Manganese nanosheets loaded with selenium and gemcitabine activate the tumor microenvironment to enhance anti-tumor immunity

Breast cancer is among the most common malignant tumors globally. Despite advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapies, chemotherapy remains the primary clinical treatment. Gemcitabine, a cytosine nucleoside analog, is widely used for various solid tumors; however, its effectiveness is often limited by drug resistance and adverse side effects. In this study, we developed a novel drug delivery system, Mn/Se-Gem, designed to target tumor cells overexpressing CD44 and facilitate the controlled release of gemcitabine. This system exploits gemcitabine's pH sensitivity and HA-mediated CD44 targeting to induce DNA damage. Simultaneously, it neutralizes the acidic tumor microenvironment and releases nano-selenium and manganese ions, which promote the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to mitochondrial damage and enhanced apoptosis of cancer cells. Furthermore, Mn (II) activates the cGAS-STING pathway, increasing susceptibility to ROS-induced DNA double-strand breaks, promoting macrophage maturation, inhibiting M2 polarization, and enhancing the cytotoxic function of T lymphocytes against tumor cells. In summary, this combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy presents a promising strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.

Protective role of extracellular vesicles against oxidative DNA damage

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress, a source of genotoxic damage, is often the underlying mechanism in many functional cell disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be key regulators of cellular processes and may be involved in maintaining cellular redox balance. Herein, we aimed to develop a method to assess the effects of EVs on DNA oxidation using porcine seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (sEVs).

RESULTS

The technique was set using a cell-free plasmid DNA to avoid the bias generated by the uptake of sEVs by sperm cells, employing increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that generate DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs). Because SSBs contain a free 3'-OH end that allow the extension through quantitative PCR, such extension -and therefore the SYBR intensity- showed to be proportional to the amount of SSB. In the next stage, H2O2 was co-incubated with two size-differentiated subpopulations (small and large) of permeabilized and non-permeabilized sEVs to assess whether the intravesicular content (IC) or the surface of sEVs protects the DNA from oxidative damage. Results obtained showed that the surface of small sEVs reduced the incidence of DNA SSBs (P < 0.05), whereas that of large sEVs had no impact on the generation of SSBs (P > 0.05). The IC showed no protective effect against DNA oxidation (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that the surface of small sEVs, including the peripheral corona layer, may exert a protective function against alterations that are originated by oxidative mechanisms. In addition, our in vitro study opens path to detect, localize and quantify the protective effects against oxidation of extracellular vesicles derived from different fluids, elucidating their function in physiopathological states.

Dendritic Antifungal Peptides as Potent Agents against Drug-Resistant Candida albicans and Biofilm

Candida albicans infection is a major public health problem, exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistant fungi with the widespread use of antifungal drugs. Therefore, the development of novel antifungal drugs for drug-resistant C. albicans infections is crucial. We constructed a series of dendritic antifungal peptides (AFPs) with different chain lengths of fatty acids as hydrophobic ends and 2 or 3 protease-stable repeats (Arg-Pro) as dendritic peptide branches. Among them, C4-3RP exhibited excellent antidrug-resistant fungal and biofilm activity (GMall = 5.04 μM) and was nontoxic. Furthermore, C4-3RP demonstrated high protease stability and salt ion tolerance, making it highly effective in murine skin infection mediated by C. albicans. In addition, C4-3RP uses multiple mechanisms of action to achieve excellent antifungal effects. In conclusion, the construction of dendritic peptides holds substantial potential in the treatment of fungal infections and provides a broader perspective on the design of peptide-based antifungal drugs.

Anas barbariae 200K Modulates Cell Stiffness and Oxidative Stress in Microglial Cells In Vitro

Anas barbariae 200K, a homeopathic medicine, is traditionally used for influenza-like illnesses. We investigated the effects of Anas barbariae 200K on microglial cells, a subpopulation of macrophages specific to the central nervous system often used to study the inflammatory processes and oxidative stress generated during influenza-like episodes. The study demonstrates the effect of Anas barbariae 200K on cell stiffness and the reactive oxygen species production using atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy techniques, respectively. Our results showed that Anas barbariae 200K rapidly increased cell stiffness in resting cells by 41% compared with the vehicle. In inflamed cells, cell stiffness was decreased by 21% when treated with Anas barbariae 200K compared with the vehicle. Finally, Anas barbariae 200K caused a reorganisation of filamentous actin, with marked relocation of actin at the cell extremities. Moreover, Anas barbariae 200K significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in inflamed microglial cells by 40% (total intracellular ROS) and by 67% (mitochondrial ROS) compared with the vehicle. These results strongly suggest an effect of Anas barbariae 200K at a cellular level on cell stiffness and actin cytoskeleton. This sheds light on the biological mechanism of action of this homeopathic preparation.

Oxidative Score and Microvesicle Profile Suggest Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, altered redox state, and chronic systemic inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the redox status of patients with CKD and the phenotype of microvesicles (MVs) subtypes, and cardiovascular events. The oxidative stress level of each participant was determined using an individualized OXY-SCORE. The relationship between pro-oxidant and antioxidant parameters and the expression of membrane markers in endothelial-derived microvesicles (EMVs) and platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) was established. Patients with advanced CKD (ACKD) and hemodialysis (HD) had a higher OXY-SCORE than healthy subjects (HS), whereas peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients had similar scores to HS. PD patients showed elevated PMVs and CD41 expression, whereas HD patients had higher EMVs and CD31 expression. Patients with ACKD had higher tissue factor (TF) expression in the PMVs and EMVs. TF expression was correlated with xanthine oxidase (XO) activity and was negatively correlated with antioxidant parameters. Patients with cardiovascular events show elevated TF. In conclusion, microvesicles and oxidative stress may serve as markers of cardiovascular risk in CKD, with TF expression in PMVs and EMVs being potential predictive and prognostic biomarkers of CVD.

Optimization of pH-responsive microgel for the co-delivery of Weizmannia coagulans and procyanidins to enhance survival rate and tolerance

The purpose of this study was to prepare a pH-responsive microgel for co-delivering Weizmannia coagulans 99 (BC99) and procyanidins (PCs) to enhance the survival rate and tolerance of probiotics in complex micro-environment. The effects of different concentrations of PCs on the properties of microgels were optimized, and found that the spherical microgels had higher encapsulation efficiency (90.27 ± 2.51%) and smaller size when the concentration of PCs was 20 μg/mL. The interaction among PCs, pectin and protein could effectively improve the survival rate of BC99 under different pH, bile salt, digestive enzyme and temperature conditions, maintain their stability in acidic gastric fluid, and realize the release of probiotics in neutral intestinal fluid. Moreover, the microgel was able to protect BC99 against H2O2 and antibiotics. This work provides a pH-responsive co-loaded microgels for BC99 and PCs, and has the potential in the loading and delivery of other probiotics and polyphenols.

Biological Cargo: Exosomes and their Role in Cancer Progression and Metastasis

Cancer cells are among the many types of cells that release exosomes, which are nanovesicles. Because of their many potential applications, exosomes have recently garnered much attention from cancer researchers. The bioactive substances that exosomes release as cargo have been the subject of several investigations. The substances in question may operate as biomarkers for diagnosis or affect apoptosis, the immune system, the development and spread of cancer, and other processes. Others have begun to look at exosomes in experimental therapeutic trials because they believe they may be useful in the treatment of cancer. This review started with a short description of exosome biogenesis and key features. Next, the potential of tumor-derived exosomes and oncosomes to influence the immune system throughout the development of cancer, as well as alter tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and pre-metastatic niche creation, was investigated. Finally, there was talk of exosomes' possible use in cancer treatment. Furthermore, there is emerging consensus about the potential application of exosomes to be biological reprogrammers of cancer cells, either as carriers of naturally occurring chemicals, including anticancer medications, or as carriers of anticancer vaccines for immunotherapy as well as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). We briefly review the key ideas and logic behind this intriguing therapy recommendation.

Vascular Stress Markers Following Inhalation of Heated Tobacco Products: A Study on Extracellular Vesicles

The advent of heated tobacco products (HTPs) has introduced new variables in the study of nicotine delivery systems and their health implications. Amidst concerns over cardiovascular effects, this study aims to elucidate the acute impact of HTP inhalation on extracellular vesicles (EV) levels in young, healthy individuals. In this controlled, acute exposure study, 23 young, healthy volunteers were subjected to HTP inhalation. EV levels of endothelial and platelet origin were quantified through flow cytometry before and after exposure. Data analysis was performed using multiple measures ANOVA to assess changes in EV concentrations. Our findings reveal a significant increase in EVs of endothelial and platelet origin following short-term HTP inhalation with nicotine. Notably, no significant change was observed in leukocyte- and neutrophil-derived EVs. This increase in EVs suggests acute vascular stress, with peak levels observed 4 h post-exposure. The rise in endothelial and platelet-derived EVs aligns with documented responses to acute vascular injury, paralleling the effects seen with traditional cigarette and e-cigarette use. Despite HTPs being marketed as safer alternatives, our results indicate that nicotine-containing HTPs may still pose significant vascular risks. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence cautioning against the perceived safety of HTPs and reinforce the importance of regulatory oversight and public health initiatives targeting nicotine delivery technologies. Trial Registrations: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04824495, registered 2021-01-07.

Advancements in Antioxidant-Based Therapeutics for Spinal Cord Injury: A Critical Review of Strategies and Combination Approaches

Spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of secondary damage driven by oxidative stress, characterized by the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and other reactive molecules, which exacerbate cellular and tissue damage through the activation of deleterious signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of recent advancements in antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies for SCI, including natural compounds, RNA-based therapies, stem cell interventions, and biomaterial applications. It emphasizes the limitations of single-regimen approaches, particularly their limited efficacy and suboptimal delivery to injured spinal cord tissue, while highlighting the synergistic potential of combination therapies that integrate multiple modalities to address the multifaceted pathophysiology of SCI. By analyzing emerging trends and current limitations, this review identifies key challenges and proposes future directions, including the refinement of antioxidant delivery systems, the development of multi-targeted approaches, and strategies to overcome the structural complexities of the spinal cord. This work underscores the pressing need for innovative and integrative therapeutic approaches to advance the clinical translation of antioxidant-based interventions and improve outcomes for SCI patients.

Polystyrene Nanoplastics Elicit Multiple Responses in Immune Cells of the Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)

The improper disposal of plastic products/wastes can lead to the release of nanoplastics (NPs) into environmental media, especially soil. Nevertheless, their toxicity mechanisms in soil invertebrates remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of polystyrene NPs on Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) immune cells, focusing on oxidative stress, immune responses, apoptosis, and necrosis. Results showed that 100 nm NPs were internalized into the cells, causing cytotoxicity. NPs were observed to inhibit cell viability by increasing reactive oxygen species, decreasing the levels of antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione), and inducing lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation. Additionally, assays on neutral red retention time, lysozyme activity, and Ca2⁺ levels demonstrated that NPs resulted in a loss of lysosomal membrane stability and a reduction in immune resistance. The depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the results of the apoptosis assays confirmed that the NPs induced the onset of early apoptosis. The difficulty of the NP in causing cell death by disrupting the plasma membrane was demonstrated by the results of the lactate dehydrogenase release assays in relation to cell necrosis. This research provides cellular-level insights into the ecological risks of NP exposure on soil fauna.

Protective Role of Melatonin Against Abamectin-Induced Biochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Alterations in the Testicular Tissues of Rats

Abamectin is one of the most widely used pesticides due to its strong insecticidal and anthelmintic activities. Melatonin is a neurohormone with potent antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of melatonin against abamectin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: control group (1 mL/kg/day corn oil), melatonin-treated group (10 mg/kg/day), abamectin-treated group (0.5 mg/kg/day), and melatonin plus abamectin-treated group. Test substances were administered via oral gavage once daily for 28 days. While MDA and 8-OHdG levels increased in the testicular tissue of rats treated with abamectin, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST enzyme activities decreased significantly. While interleukin-17 levels, TNF-α, and caspase3 expression increased in the testicular tissue, acetylcholinesterase activity decreased. At the same time, serum gonadotropins (luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones) and testosterone levels decreased. Light microscope examinations of testicular tissues revealed severe histopathological changes, such as atrophic hyalinized seminiferous tubules, basement membrane irregularity, degeneration, spermatogenic cell loss, and necrosis. Electron microscopy examinations revealed large vacuoles in Sertoli and spermatogenic cells, swelling and vacuolization in mitochondria, lysosomal structures, and increased pyknotic nuclei. In contrast, melatonin supplementation significantly ameliorated abamectin-induced testicular toxicity in rats through antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Raman spectroscopy of large extracellular vesicles derived from human microvascular endothelial cells to detect benzo[a]pyrene exposure

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown great potential as biomarkers since they reflect the physio-pathological status of the producing cell. In the context of cytotoxicity, it has been found that exposing cells to toxicants leads to changes in protein expression and the cargo of the EVs they produce. Here, we studied large extracellular vesicles (lEVs) derived from human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) to detect the modifications induced by cell exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). We used a custom CaF2-based biochip which allowed hyphenated techniques of investigation: surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) to monitor the adsorption of objects, atomic force microscopy (AFM) to characterise EVs' size and morphology, and Raman spectroscopy to detect molecular modifications. Results obtained on EVs by Raman microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) showed significant differences induced by B[a]P in the high wavenumber region of Raman spectra (2800 to 3000 cm-1), corresponding mainly to lipid modifications. Two types of spectra were detected in the control sample. A support vector machine (SVM) model was trained on the pre-processed spectral data to differentiate between EVs from cells exposed or not to B[a]P at the spectrum level; this model could achieve a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 99.5%. Thus, this experimental setup facilitated the distinction between EVs originating from two cell culture conditions and enabled the discrimination of EV subsets within one cell culture condition.

Role of oxidative stress in mitochondrial dysfunction and their implications in intervertebral disc degeneration: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is widely recognized as one of the leading causes of low back pain. Intervertebral disc cells are the main components of the intervertebral disc (IVD), and their functions include synthesizing and secreting collagen and proteoglycans to maintain the structural and functional stability of the IVD. In addition, IVD cells are involved in several physiological processes. They help maintain nutrient metabolism balance in the IVD. They also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Because of these roles, IVD cells are crucial in IVDD. When IVD cells are subjected to oxidative stress, mitochondria may become damaged, affecting normal cell function and accelerating degenerative changes. Mitochondria are the energy source of the cell and regulate important intracellular processes. As a key site for redox reactions, excessive oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species can damage mitochondria, leading to inflammation, DNA damage, and apoptosis, thus accelerating disc degeneration.

Aim of review

Describes the core knowledge of IVDD and oxidative stress. Comprehensively examines the complex relationship and potential mechanistic pathways between oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and IVDD. Highlights potential therapeutic targets and frontier therapeutic concepts. Draws researchers' attention and discussion on the future research of all three.

Key scientific concepts of review

Origin, development and consequences of IVDD, molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress acting on mitochondria, mechanisms of oxidative stress damage to IVD cells, therapeutic potential of targeting mitochondria to alleviate oxidative stress in IVDD.

The translational potential of this article

Targeted therapeutic strategies for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are particularly critical in the treatment of IVDD. Using antioxidants and specific mitochondrial therapeutic agents can help reduce symptoms and pain. This approach is expected to significantly improve the quality of life for patients. Individualized therapeutic approaches, on the other hand, are based on an in-depth assessment of the patient's degree of oxidative stress and mitochondrial functional status to develop a targeted treatment plan for more precise and effective IVDD management. Additionally, we suggest preventive measures like customized lifestyle changes and medications. These are based on understanding how IVDD develops. The aim is to slow down the disease and reduce the chances of it coming back. Actively promoting clinical trials and evaluating the safety and efficacy of new therapies helps translate cutting-edge treatment concepts into clinical practice. These measures not only improve patient outcomes and quality of life but also reduce the consumption of healthcare resources and the socio-economic burden, thus having a positive impact on the advancement of the IVDD treatment field.

Nanozyme-enhanced injectable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel for the treatment of osteoarthritis

The progression of osteoarthritis (OA) is dramatically accelerated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes and the inflammatory response of synovial macrophages. In this study, we developed an injectable hydrogel with a catalase-mimicking nanozyme activity as a therapeutic agent for OA. In vitro experiments confirmed that the HA and peroxide-mimetic nanoenzyme-enhanced hydrogel, containing ε-polylysine/Mn1.8Co1.2O4 (ε-PLE/MnCoO) nanoparticles, continuously eliminated ROS and inflammatory cytokines while promoting the polarization of inflammatory macrophages (M1 phenotype) towards anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2 phenotype) in dysfunctional microenvironments. When used for intraarticular injections in OA models, the nanoenzyme-enhanced hydrogel effectively reduced oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and regulating the immune microenvironment. It resulted in a subsequent reduction in the expression of inflammatory factors, including MMP-13, TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS in both the synovium and joint fluid. Moreover, cartilage repair was enhanced by the promotion of COL-2 and SOX-9 expression in the cartilage tissue, whereas osteophyte formation in OA was reduced. This study introduced an innovative treatment strategy for the clinical management of OA, demonstrating its significant potential for application in treating OA.

Endothelial Reactive Oxygen Species: Key Players in Cardiovascular Health and Disease

Significance: Endothelial cells (ECs) line the entire vasculature system and serve as both barriers and facilitators of intra- and interorgan communication. Positioned to rapidly sense internal and external stressors, ECs dynamically adjust their functionality. Endothelial dysfunction occurs when the ability of ECs to react to stressors is impaired, which precedes many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). While EC reactive oxygen species (ROS) have historically been implicated as mediators of endothelial dysfunction, more recent studies highlight the central role of ROS in physiological endothelial signaling. Recent Advances: New evidence has uncovered that EC ROS are fundamental in determining how ECs interact with their environment and respond to stress. EC ROS levels are mediated by external factors such as diet and pathogens, as well as inherent characteristics, including sex and location. Changes in EC ROS impact EC function, leading to changes in metabolism, cell communication, and potentially disrupted signaling in CVDs. Critical Issues: Current endothelial biology concepts integrate the dual nature of ROS, emphasizing the importance of EC ROS in physiological stress adaptation and their contribution to CVDs. Understanding the discrete, localized signaling of EC ROS will be critical in preventing adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Future Directions: Exploring how the EC ROS environment alters EC function and cross-cellular communication is critical. Considering the inherent heterogeneity among EC populations and understanding how EC ROS contribute to this diversity and the role of sexual dimorphism in the EC ROS environment will be fundamental for developing new effective cardiovascular treatment strategies.

Understanding the Role of Oxidative Stress in Platelet Alterations and Thrombosis Risk among Frail Older Adults

Frailty and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly prevalent in aging populations, sharing common pathological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress. The evidence shows that these factors predispose frail individuals to cardiovascular diseases but also increase the risk of thrombosis. Considering this background, this review aims to explore advances regarding the relationship between oxidative stress, platelet alterations, and cardiovascular diseases in frailty, examining the role of reactive oxygen species overproduction in platelet activation and thrombosis. The current evidence shows a bidirectional relationship between frailty and cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing how frailty not only predisposes individuals to cardiovascular diseases but also accelerates disease progression through oxidative damage and increased platelet function. Thus, oxidative stress is the central axis in the increase in platelet activation and secretion and the inadequate response to acetylsalicylic acid observed in frail people by mitochondrial mechanisms. Also, key biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as isoprostanes and derivate reactive oxygen metabolites, can be optimal predictors of cardiovascular risk and potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The potential of antioxidant therapies in mitigating oxidative stress and improving cardiovascular clinical outcomes such as platelet function is promising in frailty, although further research is necessary to establish the efficacy of these therapies. Understanding these mechanisms could prove essential in improving the health and quality of life of an aging population faced with the dual burden of frailty and cardiovascular diseases.

Dietary kelp meal improves serum antioxidants, intestinal immunity, and lipid metabolism in hybrid snakehead (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂)

BACKGROUND

Dietary kelp possesses a variety of useful biological qualities but does not have a toxic effect on the host. In this study, we examine how kelp dietary supplementation enhances the serum biochemistry, intestinal immunity, and metabolism of hybrid snakehead. A total of 810 juvenile hybrid snakeheads (Channa maculata ♀ × Channa argus ♂), with an initial average weight of 11.4 ± 0.15 g, were allocated randomly to three treatment groups (three replicates per group). The fish were fed for 60 days with isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets. The groups were the control group (C) (20% high-gluten flour), the medium replacement group (MR) (10% high-gluten flour and 10% kelp meal), and the full replacement group (FR) (0% high-gluten flour and 15% kelp meal).

RESULTS

The results showed that dietary kelp increased the activity of serum antioxidant enzymes significantly and decreased the content of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) in hybrid snakeheads, with significant changes in the FR group (P < 0.05). The intestinal morphology results showed that dietary kelp helped to increase the specific surface area of intestinal villi, which was beneficial for intestinal digestion and absorption. According to transcriptome and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, dietary kelp can improve the expression of intestinal immunity and metabolism-related pathways. Among them, immune-related genes MHC1 and HSPA1 were significantly up-regulated, and IGH, MHC2, and IL-8 were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). Lipid metabolism-related genes DGAT2, FABP2, RXRα, and PLPP1 were all significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Dietary kelp can effectively improve the antioxidant function of hybrid snakeheads, improve intestinal morphology, reduce intestinal inflammation, and promote intestinal lipid synthesis and transportation, thereby improving intestinal immunity and metabolic functions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A call for standardization for secretome and extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis: results show disease-modifying potential, but protocols are too heterogeneous-a systematic review

The currently available osteoarthritis (OA) treatments offer symptoms' relief without disease-modifying effects. Increasing evidence supports the role of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to drive beneficial effects provided by their secretome and extracellular vesicles (EVs), which includes trophic and biologically active factors. Aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro literature to understand the potential of human secretome and EVs for OA treatment and identify trends, gaps, and potential translational challenges. A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Embase, and Web-of-Science, identifying 58 studies. The effects of secretome and EVs were analysed on osteoarthritic cells regarding anabolic, anti-apoptotic/anti-inflammatory and catabolic/pro-inflammatory/degenerative activity, chondroinduction, and immunomodulation. The results showed that MSC-derived EVs elicit an increase in proliferation and migration, reduction of cell death and inflammation, downregulation of catabolic pathways, regulation of immunomodulation, and promotion of anabolic processes in arthritic cells. However, a high heterogeneity in several technical or more applicative aspects emerged. In conclusion, the use of human secretome and EVs as strategy to address OA processes has overall positive effects and disease-modifying potential. However, it is crucial to reduce protocol variability and strive toward a higher standardization, which will be essential for the translation of this promising OA treatment from the in vitro research setting to the clinical practice.

Extracellular vesicles: Function, resilience, biomarker, bioengineering, and clinical implications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key players in intercellular communication, disease pathology, and therapeutic innovation. Initially overlooked as cellular debris, EVs are now recognized as vital mediators of cell-to-cell communication, ferrying a cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, providing cellular resilience in response to stresses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of EVs, focusing on their role as biomarkers in disease diagnosis, their functional significance in physiological and pathological processes, and the potential of bioengineering for therapeutic applications. EVs offer a promising avenue for noninvasive disease diagnosis and monitoring, reflecting the physiological state of originating cells. Their diagnostic potential spans a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. Moreover, their presence in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid enhances their diagnostic utility, presenting advantages over traditional methods. Beyond diagnostics, EVs mediate crucial roles in intercellular communication, facilitating the transfer of bioactive molecules between cells. This communication modulates various physiological processes such as tissue regeneration, immune modulation, and neuronal communication. Dysregulation of EV-mediated communication is implicated in diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential. Bioengineering techniques offer avenues for manipulating EVs for therapeutic applications, from isolation and purification to engineering cargo and targeted delivery systems. These approaches hold promise for developing novel therapeutics tailored to specific diseases, revolutionizing personalized medicine. However, challenges such as standardization, scalability, and regulatory approval need addressing for successful clinical translation. Overall, EVs represent a dynamic frontier in biomedical research with vast potential for diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine.

Dabrafenib alleviates hepatotoxicity caused by lenvatinib via inhibiting the death receptor signaling pathway

Lenvatinib is a multi-target inhibitor that exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis and is now commonly used as a first-line treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. However, with the widespread use of lenvatinib, the problem of serious and fatal hepatotoxicity has become increasingly prominent. Currently, the mechanism behind this toxicity is not yet understood, and as a result, there is a lack of safe and effective intervention strategies with minimal side effects. Here, we established the model of lenvatinib-induced liver injury in vivo and in vitro and found that lenvatinib caused hepatotoxicity by inducing apoptosis. Further mechanistic studies in cellular models revealed that lenvatinib upregulated death receptor signaling pathway, which activated the downstream effector Caspase-8, and ultimately led to apoptosis. Meanwhile, lenvatinib-induced apoptosis was associated with ROS generation and DNA damage. In addition, after screening marketed drugs and natural products in combination with cellular modeling, we identified a potential co-administered drug, dabrafenib, which could alleviate lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity. Further mechanistic studies revealed that dabrafenib attenuated lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the activation of the death receptor signaling pathway. Subsequently, cancer cell proliferation assays confirmed that dabrafenib did not antagonize the antitumor effects of lenvatinib. In conclusion, our results validate that apoptosis caused by the death receptor signaling pathway is the key cause of lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity, and dabrafenib alleviates lenvatinib-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting this pathway.

A ROS-responsive hydrogel incorporated with dental follicle stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles promotes dental pulp repair by ameliorating oxidative stress

Pulpitis, an inflammatory disease of dental pulp tissues, ultimately results in the loss of pulp defense properties. Existing clinical modalities cannot effectively promote inflamed pulp repair. Oxidative stress is a major obstacle inhibiting pulp repair. Due to their powerful antioxidative capacity, mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) exhibit potential for treating oxidative stress-related disorders. However, whether MSC-sEVs shield dental pulp tissues from oxidative damage is largely unknown. Here, we showed that dental follicle stem cell-derived sEVs (DFSC-sEVs) have antioxidative and prohealing effects on a rat LPS-induced pulpitis model by enhancing the survival, proliferation and odontogenesis of H2O2-injured dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Additionally, DFSC-sEVs restored the oxidative/antioxidative balance in DPSC mitochondria and had comparable effects on ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction with the mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo. To improve the efficacy of DFSC-sEVs, we fabricated an intelligent and injectable hydrogel to release DFSC-sEVs by combining sodium alginate (SA) and the ROS sensor RhB-AC. The newly formed SA-RhB hydrogel efficiently encapsulates DFSC-sEVs and exhibits controlled release of DFSC-sEVs in a HClO/ClO- concentration-dependent manner, providing a synergistic antioxidant effect with DFSC-sEVs. These results suggest that DFSC-sEVs-loaded SA-RhB is a promising minimally invasive treatment for pulpitis by enhancing tissue repair in the pulp wound microenvironment.

Impact of microparticles released during murine systemic inflammation on macrophage activity and reactive nitrogen species regulation

Microparticles (MPs) packaged with numerous bioactive molecules are essential vehicles in cellular communication in various pathological conditions, including systemic inflammation, Whereas MPs are studied mostly upon isolation, their detection in vivo is limited. Impact of MPs might depend on target cell type and cargo they carry; thus herein, we aimed at verifying MPs' impact on macrophages. Unlike neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages are rather inactive during sepsis, and we hypothesized this might be at least partially controlled by MPs. For the above reasons, we focused on the detection of MPs with intravital microscopy (IVM) and report the presence of putative neutrophil-derived MPs in the vasculature of cremaster muscle of endotoxemic mice. Subsequently, we characterized MPs isolated not only from their blood but also from the peritoneal cavity and observed differences in their size, concentration, and cargo. Such MPs were then used to study their impact on RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line performance (cell viability/activity, cytokines, oxygen, and nitrogen reactive species). Addition of MPs to macrophages with or without co-stimulation with lipopolysaccharide did not affect respiratory burst, somewhat decreased mitochondrial activity but increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and NO production especially in case of plasma-derived MPs. The latter MPs carried more iNOS-controlling ceruloplasmin than those discharged into the peritoneal cavity. We conclude that MPs can be detected in vivo with IVM and their cellular origin identified. They are heterogeneous in nature depending on the site of their release. Consequently, microparticles released during systemic inflammation to various body compartments differentially affect macrophages.

Design and Fabrication of Environmentally Responsive Nanoparticles for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease poses a significant threat to human health in today's society. A major contributor to cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis (AS). The development of plaque in the affected areas involves a complex pathological environment, and the disease progresses rapidly. Nanotechnology, combined with emerging diagnostic and treatment methods, offers the potential for the management of this condition. This paper presents the latest advancements in environment-intelligent responsive controlled-release nanoparticles designed specifically for the pathological environment of AS, which includes characteristics such as low pH, high reactive oxygen species levels, high shear stress, and multienzymes. Additionally, the paper summarizes the applications and features of nanotechnology in interventional therapy for AS, including percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and drug-eluting stents. Furthermore, the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis of AS shows promising real-time, accurate, and continuous effects. Lastly, the paper explores the future prospects of nanotechnology, highlighting the tremendous potential in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases, especially with the ongoing development in nano gas, quantum dots, and Metal-Organic Frameworks materials.

Effects of glutaraldehyde and povidone-iodine on apoptosis of grass carp liver and hepatocytes

Since disinfectants are used all over the world to treat illnesses in people and other animals, they pose a major risk to human health. The comprehensive effects of disinfectant treatments on fish liver, especially the impacts on oxidative stress, toxicological effects, transcriptome profiles, and apoptosis, have not yet been fully analyzed. In the current investigation, healthy grass carp were exposed to 80 μg/L glutaraldehyde or 50 μg/L povidone-iodine for 30 days. First, the findings of enzyme activity tests demonstrated that the administration of glutaraldehyde could considerably increase oxidative stress by lowering T-SOD, CAT, and GPx and raising MDA. Furthermore, KEGG research revealed that exposure to glutaraldehyde and povidone-iodine stimulated the PPAR signal pathway. To further elucidate the transcriptome results, the relative expressions of related DEGs in the PPAR signal pathway were verified. Glutaraldehyde induced apoptosis in liver tissue of grass carp; however, it activated cytotoxicity and apoptosis in grass carp hepatocytes when exposed to glutaraldehyde or povidone-iodine. According to the current study, disinfectants can cause the impairment of the immune system, oxidative stress, and attenuation of the PPAR signal pathway in the liver of grass carp, making them detrimental as dietary supplements for grass carp, particularly in the aquaculture sector.

Real-Time Observation of Conformational Changes and Translocation of Endogenous Cytochrome c within Intact Mitochondria

Cytochrome c (cyt c) is a multifunctional protein with varying conformations. However, the conformation of cyt c in its native environment, mitochondria, is still unclear. Here, we applied NMR spectroscopy to investigate the conformation and location of endogenous cyt c within intact mitochondria at natural isotopic abundance, mainly using widespread methyl groups as probes. By monitoring time-dependent chemical shift perturbations, we observed that most cyt c is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and partially unfolded, which is distinct from its native conformation in solution. When suffering oxidative stress, cyt c underwent oxidative modifications due to increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS), weakening electrostatic interactions with the membrane, and gradually translocating into the inner membrane spaces of mitochondria. Meanwhile, the lethality of oxidatively modified cyt c to cells was reduced compared with normal cyt c. Our findings significantly improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ROS by cyt c in mitochondria. Moreover, it highlights the potential of NMR to monitor high-concentration molecules at a natural isotopic abundance within intact cells or organelles.

Utilizing Extracellular Vesicles for Eliminating 'Unwanted Molecules': Harnessing Nature's Structures in Modern Therapeutic Strategies

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small phospholipid bilayer-bond structures released by diverse cell types into the extracellular environment, maintaining homeostasis of the cell by balancing cellular stress. This article provides a comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicles, their heterogeneity, and diversified roles in cellular processes, emphasizing their importance in the elimination of unwanted molecules. They play a role in regulating oxidative stress, particularly by discarding oxidized toxic molecules. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum stress induces the release of EVs, contributing to distinct results, including autophagy or ER stress transmission to following cells. ER stress-induced autophagy is a part of unfolded protein response (UPR) and protects cells from ER stress-related apoptosis. Mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) also play a role in maintaining homeostasis, as they carry damaged mitochondrial components, thereby preventing inflammation. Moreover, EVs partake in regulating aging-related processes, and therefore they can potentially play a crucial role in anti-aging therapies, including the treatment of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or cardiovascular conditions. Overall, the purpose of this article is to provide a better understanding of EVs as significant mediators in both physiological and pathological processes, and to shed light on their potential for therapeutic interventions targeting EV-mediated pathways in various pathological conditions, with an emphasis on age-related diseases.

Concurrent impacts of polystyrene nanoplastic exposure and Aeromonas hydrophila infection on oxidative stress, immune response and intestinal microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Research has demonstrated that polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) can have adverse effects on the immune responses of fish. NPs have the potential to increase the likelihood of infections in fish by pathogenic bacteria, such as the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila, potentially increasing the virulence of pathogenic bacteria infections in fish. The concurrent effects of PS-NPs and A. hydrophila on grass carp intestinal tissues were assessed by exposing grass carp to different concentrations of PS-NPs (10 μg/L, 100 μg/L, 1000 μg/L) after infection with A. hydrophila. As the concentration of PS-NPs in the exposure and the duration of A. hydrophila infection both escalated, intestinal tissues showed damage in the form of disordered breakage of intestinal villi, thinning of the intestinal wall, and reduced necrosis of the cells in the annulus muscle layer. The AHS-PS100 group and AHS-PS1000 group exhibited a substantial rise in the function of CAT, SOD, GST, and MPO, as well as increased MDA content and elevated ROS levels (p < 0.05). In the AHS-PS1000 group, the expression levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ2 experienced a significant upsurge (p < 0.05). In addition, exposure to PS-NPs and A. hydrophila infection induced modifications in the microbial composition of the grass carp gut, affecting both phylum and genus taxonomic categories. Moreover, an increase in the abundance of Spirochaetota and Bacteroidota was observed not only in the positive control group but also in the AHS-PS100 and AHS-PS1000 groups following A. hydrophila infection. These experimental results indicate that PS-NPs exposure will aggravate the oxidative stress and inflammatory response of grass carp intestinal tissue in response to A. hydrophila infection, and lead to changes in intestinal microbial diversity and abundance. Overall, this study provides valuable hints on the potential concurrent effects of PS-NPs exposure on grass carp's response to A. hydrophila infection.

Janus kinase inhibitors modify the fatty acid profile of extracellular vesicles and modulate the immune response

Background

Janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) are immunomodulators used for treating malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies. However, they induce adverse effects such as thrombosis, lymphocytosis, and neutropenia that could be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). These particles are cell membrane-derived structures that transport cellular and environmental molecules and participate in intercellular communication. Jakinibs can modify the content of EVs and enable them to modulate the activity of different components of the immune response.

Objective

to evaluate the interactions between immune system components of healthy individuals and EVs derived from monocytic and lymphoid lineage cells generated in the presence of baricitinib (BARI) and itacitinib (ITA) and their possible effects.

Methods

EVs were isolated from monocytes (M) and lymphocytes (L) of healthy individuals, as well as from U937 (U) and Jurkat (J) cells exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of BARI, ITA, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle control). The binding to and engulfment of EVs by peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy individuals were analyzed by flow cytometry using CFSE-stained EVs and anti-CD45-PeCy7 mAb-labeled whole blood. The effect of EVs on respiratory burst, T-cell activation and proliferation, cytokine synthesis, and platelet aggregation was evaluated. Respiratory burst was assessed in PMA-stimulated neutrophils by the dihydrorhodamine (DHR) test and flow cytometry. T-cell activation and proliferation and cytokine production were assessed in CFSE-stained PBMC cultures stimulated with PHA; expression of the T-cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 and T-cell proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the cytokine levels were quantified in culture supernatants by Luminex assays. Platelet aggregation was analyzed in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) samples by light transmission aggregometry. The EVs' fatty acid (FA) profile was analyzed using methyl ester derivatization followed by gas chromatography.

Results

ITA exposure during the generation of EVs modified the size of the EVs released; however, treatment with DMSO and BARI did not alter the size of EVs generated from U937 and Jurkat cells. Circulating neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes showed a 2-fold greater tendency to internalize ITA-U-EVs than their respective DMSO control. The neutrophil respiratory burst was attenuated in greater extent by M-EVs than by L-EVs. Autologous ITA-M-EVs reduced T-cell proliferation by decreasing IL-2 levels and CD25 expression independently of CD69. A higher accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in PHA-stimulated PBMC cultures exposed to M-EVs than to L-EVs; this difference may be related to the higher myristate content of M-EVs. Platelet aggregation increased in the presence of ITA-L/M-EVs by a mechanism presumably dependent on the high arachidonic acid content of the vesicles.

Conclusions

Cellular origin and jakinib exposure modify the FA profile of EVs, enabling them, in turn, to modulate neutrophil respiratory burst, T-cell proliferation, and platelet aggregation. The increased T-cell proliferation induced by BARI-L/M-EVs could explain the lymphocytosis observed in patients treated with BARI. The higher proportion of arachidonic acid in the FA content of ITA-L/M-EVs could be related to the thrombosis described in patients treated with ITA. EVs also induced a decrease in the respiratory burst of neutrophils.

Extracellular microvesicles: biologic properties, biogenesis, and applications in leukemia

Microvesicles are cellular membrane vesicles of which size is limited to 30-1000 nm. Almost all cells release them in response to activation signals and apoptosis. Their ability for intercellular communication and enhancement of potential for information exchange (between them) has attracted much interest. Their content is affected by the content of the mother cell, which can help identify their origin. Furthermore, these particles can change the physiology of the target cells by transferring a set of molecules to them and changing the epigenetics of the cells by transferring DNA and RNA. These changes can be induced in cells close to the mother and distant cells. Significant activities of these microvesicles are known both in physiological and pathologic conditions. In this regard, we have reviewed these small particle elements, their contents, and the way of synthesis. Finally, we discussed their current known roles to reveal more potential applications in leukemia.

The Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin Nanoparticles on The Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in The Rats-The Roles of The Protein Kinase RNA-Like ER Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase and Transcription Factor EB proteins

OBJECTIVE

Reduction of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)/re-oxygenation injury, is defined as the paradoxical exacerbation of the cellular dysfunction and death, following restoration of the blood flow to previously ischemic tissues. The re-establishment of blood flow is essential to salvage the ischemic tissues. As a result, the treatment of IRI with novel therapies, which have fewer side effects, are of great importance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin nanoparticle (CN) pre-treatment on the cerebral I/R rat model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this experimental study, CN was administered to rats orally five days before the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) and continued for three days. The intensity of oxidative stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content, the activity of mitochondrial enzymes, including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), curcumin bioavailability, pERK/ERK expression ratio and TFEB protein were studied. Data analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism V.8 software, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS V.26 software).

RESULTS

Cerebral IRI-damage significantly increased the oxidative stress (P=0.0008) and decreased the activity of the antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT) (P<0.001), super oxide dismutase (SOD) (P<0.001), reduced GSH (P<0.001), mitochondrial enzymes, pERK/ERK expression ratio (P=0.002) and TEFB protein (P=0.005) in rats' brains. In addition, the pre-treatment of the rats with CN resulted in a decrease in the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and an increase in the activities of antioxidants and mitochondrial enzymes. This in turn up-regulated the pERK/ERK expression ratio and TEFB expression.

CONCLUSION

CN has neuroprotective effects on the cerebral IRI condition due to its antioxidant properties and is able to overexpress the pERK and TFEB proteins; thus, it can be considered as a suitable treatment option during and after the incidence of stroke.

Mitochondria: A Promising Convergent Target for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, for which current treatment options are limited. Recent studies have shed light on the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis, making them an attractive therapeutic intervention target. This review contains a very comprehensive critical description of the involvement of mitochondria and mitochondria-mediated mechanisms in ALS. The review covers several key areas related to mitochondria in ALS, including impaired mitochondrial function, mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species, metabolic processes and energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, turnover, autophagy and mitophagy, impaired mitochondrial transport, and apoptosis. This review also highlights preclinical and clinical studies that have investigated various mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment. These include strategies to improve mitochondrial function, such as the use of dichloroacetate, ketogenic and high-fat diets, acetyl-carnitine, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. Additionally, antiapoptotic agents, like the mPTP-targeting agents minocycline and rasagiline, are discussed. The paper aims to contribute to the identification of effective mitochondria-targeted therapies for ALS treatment by synthesizing the current understanding of the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis and reviewing potential convergent therapeutic interventions. The complex interplay between mitochondria and the pathogenic mechanisms of ALS holds promise for the development of novel treatment strategies to combat this devastating disease.

Senescent response in inner annulus fibrosus cells in response to TNFα, H2O2, and TNFα-induced nucleus pulposus senescent secretome

Senescence, particularly in the nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of disc degeneration, however, the mechanism(s) of annulus fibrosus (AF) cell senescence is still not well understood. Both TNFα and H2O2, have been implicated as contributors to the senescence pathways, and their levels are increased in degenerated discs when compared to healthy discs. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify factor(s) that induces inner AF (iAF) cell senescence. Under TNFα exposure, at a concentration previously shown to induce senescence in NP cells, bovine iAF cells did not undergo senescence, indicated by their ability to continue to proliferate as demonstrated by Ki67 staining and growth curves and lack of expression of the senescent markers, p16 and p21. The lack of senescent response occurred even though iAF express higher levels of TNFR1 than NP cells. Interestingly, iAF cells showed no increase in intracellular ROS or secreted H2O2 in response to TNFα which contrasted to NP cells that did. Following TNFα treatment, only iAF cells had increased expression of the superoxide scavengers SOD1 and SOD2 whereas NP cells had increased NOX4 gene expression, an enzyme that can generate H2O2. Treating iAF cells with low dose H2O2 (50 μM) induced senescence, however unlike TNFα, H2O2 did not induce degenerative-like changes as there was no difference in COL2, ACAN, MMP13, or IL6 gene expression or number of COL2 and ACAN immunopositive cells compared to untreated controls. The latter result suggests that iAF cells may have distinct degenerative and senescent phenotypes. To evaluate paracrine signalling by senescent NP cells, iAF and TNFα-treated NP cells were co-cultured. In contact co-culture the NP cells induced iAF senescence. Thus, senescent NP cells may secrete soluble factors that induce degenerative and senescent changes within the iAF. This may contribute to a positive feedback loop of disc degeneration. It is possible these factors may include H2O2 and cytokines (such as TNFα). Further studies will investigate if human disc cells respond similarly.

Antioxidant peptides, the guardian of life from oxidative stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during oxidative metabolism in aerobic organisms. Under normal conditions, ROS production and elimination are in a relatively balanced state. However, under internal or external environmental stress, such as high glucose levels or UV radiation, ROS production can increase significantly, leading to oxidative stress. Excess ROS production not only damages biomolecules but is also closely associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as skin photoaging, diabetes, and cancer. Antioxidant peptides (AOPs) are naturally occurring or artificially designed peptides that can reduce the levels of ROS and other pro-oxidants, thus showing great potential in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. In this review, we discussed ROS production and its role in inducing oxidative stress-related diseases in humans. Additionally, we discussed the sources, mechanism of action, and evaluation methods of AOPs and provided directions for future studies on AOPs.

Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Drug System: Advances in Exosome Loading, Surface Functionalization and Potential for Clinical Application

Exosomes are subtypes of vesicles secreted by almost all cells and can play an important role in intercellular communication. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other natural substances from their metrocytes. Exosomes are expected to be a new generation of drug delivery systems due to their low immunogenicity, high potential to transfer bioactive substances and biocompatibility. However, exosomes themselves are not highly targeted, it is necessary to develop new surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies, which are the focus of drug delivery research. In this review, we introduced the biogenesis of exosomes and their role in intercellular communication. We listed various advanced exosome drug-loading techniques. Emphatically, we summarized different exosome surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies. In addition, we discussed the application of exosomes in vaccines and briefly introduced milk exosomes. Finally, we clarified the clinical application prospects and shortcomings of exosomes.

Environmental relevant concentrations of polystyrene nanoplastics and lead co-exposure triggered cellular cytotoxicity responses and underlying mechanisms in Eisenia fetida

Heavy metal pollution of soils and the widespread use of plastics have caused environmental problems worldwide. Nanoplastics (NPs) contaminants in water and soil environments can adsorb heavy metals, thereby affecting the bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals. In this paper, the effect of co-exposure of polystyrene microspheres with 100 nm particle size and lead acetate (Pb) on the Eisenia fetida coelomocytes was investigated. The environmental concentration of NPs used was 0.01 mg/L and the concentration of Pb ranged from 0.01 to 1 mg/L, and the exposed cells were incubated at 298 k for 24 h. Our study demonstrated that exposure of cells to environmental relevant concentrations of NPs did not significantly affect the cytotoxicity of Pb exposure. It was shown that co-exposure induced cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS, increased to 134.4 %) disrupted the antioxidant system of earthworm body cavity cells, activated superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT), produced reduced glutathione, and inhibited glutathione-dependent enzyme (GST) activity (Reduced to 64 %). Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) is first enhanced against ROS due to the stress of NPs and Pb. When the antioxidant reserves of cells are exhausted, the antioxidant capacity will decrease. The level of malondialdehyde, a biomarker of eventual lipid peroxidation, increased to 231.7 %. At the molecular level, due to co-exposure to NPs and Pb, CAT was loosely structured and the secondary structure is misfolded, which was responsible for exacerbating oxidative damage in E. fetida coelomocytes. The findings of this study have significant implications for the toxicological interaction and future risk assessment of co-contamination of NPs and Pb in the environment.

Protective Effect and Mechanism of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury

Intestinal inflammation is a complex and recurrent inflammatory disease. Pharmacological and pharmacodynamic experiments showed that aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) has good anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. However, the role of AEE in regulating intestinal inflammation has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate whether AEE could have a protective effect on LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and thus help to alleviate the damage to the intestinal barrier. This was assessed with an inflammation model in Caco-2 cells and in rats induced with LPS. The expression of inflammatory mediators, intestinal epithelial barrier-related proteins, and redox-related signals was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and RT-qPCR. Intestinal damage was assessed by histopathological examination. Changes in rat gut microbiota and their functions were detected by the gut microbial metagenome. AEE significantly reduced LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (p < 0.05) and oxidative stress levels in Caco-2 cells and rats. Compared with the LPS group, AEE could increase the relative expression of Occludin, Claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and decrease the relative expression of kappa-B (NF-κB) and matrix metalloproteinase-9. AEE could significantly improve weight loss, diarrhea, reduced intestinal muscle thickness, and intestinal villi damage in rats. Metagenome results showed that AEE could regulate the homeostasis of the gut flora and alter the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Flora enrichment analysis indicated that the regulation of gut flora with AEE may be related to the regulation of glucose metabolism and energy metabolism. AEE could have positive effects on intestinal inflammation-related diseases.

Porcine milk exosomes modulate the immune functions of CD14+ monocytes in vitro

Exosomes mediate near and long-distance intercellular communication by transferring their molecular cargo to recipient cells, altering their biological response. Milk exosomes (MEx) are internalized by immune cells and exert immunomodulatory functions in vitro. Porcine MEx can accumulate in the small intestine, rich in macrophages. No information is available on the immunomodulatory ability of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes, which are known precursors of gut macrophages. Therefore, this study aims at (1) assessing the in vitro uptake of porcine MEx by porcine monocytes (CD14+), and (2) evaluating the in vitro impact of porcine MEx on porcine monocytes immune functions. MEx were purified by ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. The monocytes' internalization of PKH26-labeled MEx was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Monocytes were incubated with increasing exosome concentrations and their apoptosis and viability were measured. Lastly, the ability of MEx to modulate the cells' immune activities was evaluated by measuring monocytes' phagocytosis, the capacity of killing bacteria, chemotaxis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. MEx were internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro. They also decreased their chemotaxis and phagocytosis, and increased ROS production. Altogether, this study provides insights into the role that MEx might play in pigs' immunity by demonstrating that MEx are internalized by porcine monocytes in vitro and exert immunomodulatory effects on inflammatory functions.

Mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles protect against oxidative stress-induced xenogeneic biological root injury via adaptive regulation of the PI3K/Akt/NRF2 pathway

Xenogeneic extracellular matrices (xECM) for cell support have emerged as a potential strategy for addressing the scarcity of donor matrices for allotransplantation. However, the poor survival rate or failure of xECM-based organ transplantation is due to the negative impacts of high-level oxidative stress and inflammation on seed cell viability and stemness. Herein, we constructed xenogeneic bioengineered tooth roots (bio-roots) and used extracellular vesicles from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASC-EVs) to shield bio-roots from oxidative damage. Pretreatment with hASC-EVs reduced cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial changes, and DNA damage. Furthermore, hASC-EV treatment improved cell proliferation, antioxidant capacity, and odontogenic and osteogenic differentiation, while significantly suppressing oxidative damage by activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) nuclear translocation via p62-associated Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) degradation. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and Nrf2 knockdown reduced antioxidant capacity, indicating that the PI3K/Akt/NRF2 pathway partly mediates these effects. In subcutaneous grafting experiments using Sprague-Dawley rats, hASC-EV administration significantly enhanced the antioxidant effect of the bio-root, improved the regeneration efficiency of periodontal ligament-like tissue, and maximized xenograft function. Conclusively, therefore, hASC-EVs have the potential to be used as an immune modulator and antioxidant for treating oxidative stress-induced bio-root resorption and degradation, which may be utilized for the generation and restoration of other intricate tissues and organs.

Chlorogenic Acid Alleviated AFB1-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Regulating Mitochondrial Function, Activating Nrf2/HO-1, and Inhibiting Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a kind of mycotoxin, imposes acute or chronic toxicity on humans and causes great public health concerns. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a natural phenolic substance, shows a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. This study was conducted to investigate the effect and mechanism of CGA on alleviating cytotoxicity induced by AFB1 in L-02 cells. The results showed that CGA (160 μM) significantly recovered cell viability and cell membrane integrity in AFB1-treated (8 μM) cells. Furthermore, it was found that CGA reduced AFB1-induced oxidative injury by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. In addition, CGA showed anti-inflammatory effects as it suppressed the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and AFB1-induced noncanonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation. Moreover, CGA mitigated AFB1-induced apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and inhibiting mRNA expressions of Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Bax, and Bax/Bcl-2. These findings revealed a possible mechanism: CGA prevents AFB1-induced cytotoxicity by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, activating Nrf2/HO-1, and inhibiting the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, which may provide a new direction for the application of CGA.

Detection of micro-plasma-induced exosomes secretion in a fibroblast-melanoma co-culture model

BACKGROUND

Melanoma is a highly aggressive tumor and a significant cause of skin cancer-related death. Timely diagnosis and treatment require identification of specific biomarkers in exosomes secreted by melanoma cells. In this study, label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method with size-matched selectivity was used to detect membrane proteins in exosomes released from a stimulated environment of fibroblasts (L929) co-cultured with melanoma cells (B16-F10). To promote normal secretion of exosomes, micro-plasma treatment was used to gently induce the co-cultured cells and slightly increase the stress level around the cells for subsequent detection using the SERS method.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Firstly, changes in reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) concentrations in the cellular microenvironment and the viability and proliferation of healthy cells are assessed. Results showed that micro-plasma treatment increased extracellular ROS/RNS levels while modestly reducing cell proliferation without significantly affecting cell survival. Secondly, the particle size of secreted exosomes isolated from the culture medium of L929, B16-F10, and co-cultured cells with different micro-plasma treatment time did not increase significantly under single-cell conditions at short treatment time but might be changed under co-culture condition or longer treatment time. Third, for SERS signals related to membrane protein biomarkers, exosome markers CD9, CD63, and CD81 can be assigned to significant Raman shifts in the range of 943-1030 and 1304-1561 cm-1, while the characteristics SERS peaks of L929 and B16-F10 cells are most likely located at 1394/1404, 1271 and 1592 cm-1 respectively.

SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY

Therefore, this micro-plasma-induced co-culture model provides a promising preclinical approach to understand the diagnostic potential of exosomes secreted by cutaneous melanoma/fibroblasts. Furthermore, the label-free SERS method with size-matched selectivity provides a novel approach to screen biomarkers in exosomes secreted by melanoma cells, aiming to reduce the use of labeling reagents and the processing time traditionally required.

Exercise, healthy ageing, and the potential role of small extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be released from most cells in the body and act as intercellular messengers transferring information in their cargo to affect cellular function. A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of EVs, referred to here as 'small extracellular vesicles' (sEVs), can accelerate or slow the processes of ageing and age-related diseases dependent on their molecular cargo and cellular origin. Continued exploration of the vast complexity of the sEV cargo aims to further characterise these systemic vehicles that may be targeted to ameliorate age-related pathologies. Marked progress in the development of mass spectrometry-based technologies means that it is now possible to characterise a significant proportion of the proteome of sEVs (surface and cargo) via unbiased proteomics. This information is vital for identifying biomarkers and the development of sEV-based therapeutics in the context of ageing. Although exercise and physical activity are prominent features in maintaining health in advancing years, the mechanisms responsible are unclear. A potential mechanism by which plasma sEVs released during exercise could influence ageing and senescence is via the increased delivery of cargo proteins that function as antioxidant enzymes or inhibitors of senescence. These have been observed to increase in sEVs following acute and chronic exercise, as identified via independent interrogation of high coverage, publicly available proteomic datasets. Establishing tropism and exchange of functionally active proteins by these processes represents a promising line of enquiry in implicating sEVs as biologically relevant mediators of the ageing process.

Converging protective pathways: Exploring the linkage between physical exercise, extracellular vesicles and oxidative stress

Physical Exercise (EXR) has been shown to have numerous beneficial effects on various systems in the human body. It leads to a decrease in the risk of mortality from chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic and central nervous system disorders. EXR results in improving cardiovascular fitness, cognitive function, immune activity, endocrine action, and musculoskeletal health. These positive effects make EXR a valuable intervention for promoting overall health and well-being in individuals of all ages. These beneficial effects are partially mediated by the role of the regular EXR in the adaptation to redox homeostasis counteracting the sudden increase of ROS, the hallmark of many chronic diseases. EXR can trigger the release of numerous humoral factors, e.g. protein, microRNA (miRs), and DNA, that can be shuttled as cargo of Extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs show different cargo modification after oxidative stress stimuli as well as after EXR. In this review, we aim to highlight the main studies on the role of EVs released during EXR and oxidative stress conditions in enhancing the antioxidant enzymes pathway and in the decrease of oxidative stress environment mediated by their cargo.

Efficacy of Mesenchymal-Stromal-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Ameliorating Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity, as Modeled Using Three-Dimensional, Gravity-Driven, Two-Layer Tubule-on-a-Chip (3D-MOTIVE Chip)

Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to have a therapeutic effect on nephrotoxicity. As animal models require significant time and resources to evaluate drug effects, there is a need for a new experimental technique that can accurately predict drug effects in humans. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of MSC-derived EVs in cisplatin nephrotoxicity using a three-dimensional, gravity-driven, two-layer tubule-on-a-chip (3D-MOTIVE chip). In the 3D-MOTIVE chip, 10 μM cisplatin decreased the number of attached cells compared to the vehicle. Conversely, annexin V and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased. Cell viability was increased 2.8-fold and 2.5-fold after treatment with EVs at 4 and 8 µg/mL, respectively, compared to the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity group. Cell attachment was increased 2.25-fold by treatment with 4 µg/mL EVs and 2.02-fold by 8 µg/mL EVs. Annexin V and ROS levels were decreased compared to those in the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity group. There were no significant differences in annexin V and ROS levels according to EV concentration. In sum, we created a cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity model on a 3D-MOTIVE chip and found that MSC-derived EVs could restore cell viability. Thus, MSC-derived EVs may have the potential to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Understanding Solid-Based Platelet-Rich Fibrin Matrices in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: An Integrative Review of the Critical Protocol Factors and Their Influence on the Final Product

Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a second-generation platelet concentrate whose use in clinical practice has been widely disseminated. This has led to the development of several commercial protocols, creating great confusion as to the terminology and implications of each of them. This integrative review aims to identify the critical factors of each of the phases of the solid-based PRF matrix protocol and their possible influence on their macro- and microscopic characteristics. An electronic search of the MEDLINE database (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, and OpenGrey was carried out. The search was temporarily restricted from 2001 to 2022. After searching, 43 studies were included that met the established criteria. There were numerous factors to consider in the PRF protocol, such as the material of the blood collection tubes, the duration of phlebotomy, the parameters related to blood centrifugation, the time from centrifugation to dehydration of the fibrin clots and their dehydration into membranes, as well as the time to clinical use. These factors influenced the macro- and microscopic characteristics of the PRF and its physical properties, so knowledge of these factors allows for the production of optimised PRF by combining the protocols and materials.

Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Immune Regulation, Biomarkers, and Immunotherapeutic Potential

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype accounting for ~10-20% of all human BC and is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification. Owing to its unique molecular profile and limited targeted therapies, TNBC treatment poses significant challenges. Unlike other BC subtypes, TNBC lacks specific molecular targets, rendering endocrine therapies and HER2-targeted treatments ineffective. The chemotherapeutic regimen is the predominant systemic treatment modality for TNBC in current clinical practice. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy in TNBC is variable, with response rates varying between a wide range of patients, and the emerging resistance further adds to the difficulties. Furthermore, TNBC exhibits a higher mutational burden and is acknowledged as the most immunogenic of all BC subtypes. Consequently, the application of immune checkpoint inhibition has been investigated in TNBC, yielding promising outcomes. Recent evidence identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an important contributor in the context of TNBC immunotherapy. In view of the extraordinary ability of EVs to transfer bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, DNA, mRNAs, and small miRNAs, between the cells, EVs are considered a promising diagnostic biomarker and novel drug delivery system among the prospects for immunotherapy. The present review provides an in-depth understanding of how EVs influence TNBC progression, its immune regulation, and their contribution as a predictive biomarker for TNBC. The final part of the review focuses on the recent key advances in immunotherapeutic strategies for better understanding the complex interplay between EVs and the immune system in TNBC and further developing EV-based targeted immunotherapies.

An Anthracene Carboxamide-Based Fluorescent Probe for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Mitochondrial Hypochlorite in Living Cells

Mitochondrial hypochlorite (ClO-) plays important and often contradictory roles in maintaining the redox balance of mitochondria. Abnormal ClO- levels can induce mitochondrial inactivation and further cause cell apoptosis. Herein, we have developed an anthracene carboxyimide-based fluorescent probe mito-ACS for imaging mitochondrial ClO- in living cells. This probe exhibits some distinctive features as excellent resistance to photobleaching, high selectivity and sensitivity, as well as good water solubility. Mito-ACS showed a noticeable fluorescence response toward ClO- with a fast response (within 6 s) and a low detection limit (23 nM). Moreover, the introduction of triphenylphosphonium makes the probe soluble in water and selectively localizes to mitochondria. Furthermore, mito-ACS was successfully applied to image mitochondria ClO- in living cells with low toxicity. Remarkably. the less used fluorophore anthracene carboxyimide exhibiting excellent photostability and desirable optical properties provides a promising application prospect in biological systems.

Polyethylenimine-based iron oxide nanoparticles enhance cisplatin toxicity in ovarian cancer cells in the presence of a static magnetic field

Background

Drug resistance in cancer cells is a major concern in chemotherapy. Cisplatin (CIS) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutics for ovarian cancer. Here, we investigated an experimental approach to increase CIS cytotoxicity and overcome cell resistance using nanoparticle-based combination treatments.

Methods

Polyethylenimine (PEI)-based magnetic iron oxide nanocomplexes were used for drug delivery in genetically matched CIS-resistant (A2780/CP) and -sensitive (A2780) ovarian cancer cells in the presence of a 20 mT static magnetic field. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and bonded to PEI cationic polymers to form binary complexes (PM). The binding of CIS to the PM binary complexes resulted in the formation of ternary complexes PM/C (PEI-MNP/CIS) and PMC (PEI-MNP-CIS).

Results

CIS cytotoxicity increased at different concentrations of CIS and PEI in all binary and ternary delivery systems over time. Additionally, CIS induced cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases and reactive oxygen species production in both cell lines. Ternary complexes were more effective than binary complexes at promoting apoptosis in the treated cells.

Conclusion

PEI-based magnetic nanocomplexes can be considered novel carriers for increasing CIS cytotoxicity and likely overcoming drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells.

Isolation and Characterization of Human Conjunctival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to isolate and culture human conjunctival mesenchymal stromal cells (Conj-MSCs) from cadaveric donor tissue, and to obtain and characterize their extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their effect on conjunctival epithelium.

Methods

Stromal cells isolated from cadaveric donor conjunctival tissues were cultured and analyzed to determine whether they could be defined as MSCs. Expression of MSC markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were cultured in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrocyte differentiation media, and stained with Oil Red, Von Kossa, and Toluidine Blue, respectively, to determine multipotent capacity. EVs were isolated from cultured Conj-MSCs by differential ultracentrifugation. EV morphology was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, size distribution analyzed by dynamic light scattering, and EVs were individually characterized by nanoflow cytometry. The effect of EVs on oxidative stress and viability was analyzed in in vitro models using the conjunctival epithelial cell line IM-HConEpiC.

Results

Cultured stromal cells fulfilled the criteria of MSCs: adherence to plastic; expression of CD90 (99.95 ± 0.03% positive cells), CD105 (99.04 ± 1.43%), CD73 (99.99 ± 0.19%), CD44 (99.93 ± 0.05%), and absence of CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45 and HLA-DR (0.82 ± 0.91%); and in vitro differentiation into different lineages. Main Conj-MSC EV subpopulations were round, small EVs that expressed CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD147. Conj-MSC EVs significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species in IM-HConEpiCs exposed to H2O2 in similar levels than adipose tissue-MSC-derived EVs and ascorbic acid, used as controls.

Conclusions

It is possible to isolate human Conj-MSCs from cadaveric tissue, and to use these cells as a source of small EVs with antioxidant activity on conjunctival epithelial cells.